IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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1.0 


l.i 


1.25 


2.5 
2.2 


S    lis    ill  2.0 


1.8 


1.4 


1.6 


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PlioLograpliic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SB0 

(716)  872-4503 


%-b^- 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notas  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 


n 


n 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


[~~|    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couvertui 


couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  an  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  sn  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relli  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  ■•  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  eertaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'oht 
pas  AtA  filmtos. 


The 

totr 


L'lnstitut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  do  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  dicolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachies 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'lmpression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponibie 


|~n  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~7|  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~7]  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

r~|  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

nn  Only  edition  available/ 


The 
posi 
of  tl 
film 


Orig 

begi 

the 

sion 

othc 

first 

sion 

or  il 


The 
shal 
TINI 
whii 

Mar 
diffi 
enti 
begi 
righ 
reqi 
met 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmies  i  nouveau  de  facon  it 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


Irregular  pagination  :    [1]  -  vii,  [9]  - 16,  [i]  -  xx,  [17]  -  800,  l-V.  [i]  -  iii,  801-832  p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film^  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Bibliothdque  natlonale  du  Qudbec 


L'exempiaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
g6n6ro8it6  de: 

Bibllothdque  natlonale  du  Quebec 


The  Images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exempiaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  criginaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  p-ige  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^-(meening  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmis  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

» 


V 


'if 


» 


yO 


CLASS-BOOK  OP  BQTAliJ 


/  ^  r 


BCIXO  0IITUV1C8  OF  THB 


'♦      K 


D 


STRUCTURE,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  CUSSmCAHOiV 


or 


PLANTS; 


WITH 


%  Sim  of  %  littJtJ)  5fef,s  3^  (|j;j,^j^ 


BY 


ALPHONSO   WOOD,   A.M. 


<«' 


A.    S.    BARNES     &     COMPiVNY 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO.     "  ""^    ^  » 

H.  B.  NIMS  &  COMPANY,  TROY,  N.  Y 


ftH* 


(<^^V' 


.  routf 


IMIKFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


Tn  the  presont  edition  tho  Flora  lias  boon  cxtonsivoly  revised,  and  nu. 
inorous  changes  have  been  nuule,  in  accordance  with  recent  discoveries  and 
tiie  penoml  progress  of  tho  science  of  Phytology.  These  changes  consist 
especially  of  the  addition  of  species  hitherto  unknown  to  our  Flora,  of  neAV 
and  corrected  names  for  the  old  species,  of  new  localities  of  species  and  cor- 
n^ted  dat«'S  of  flowering.  In  these  improvements  wo  hayo  received  valuable 
aid  from  Mr.  E.  L.  ITaukenson,  of  Newark,  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Messrs.  W.  R. 
(lerard,  and  (}.  M.  Wilbur,  of  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Mr.  J.  Wolf,  Canton, 
Fulton  Co.,  III.,  and  others  whose  names  appear  in  the  pr«)per  place. 

BOTANICAL.    APPARATUS. 

The  publishers  (Messrs.  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.)  have  recently  provided  and 
have  on  sale,  suitable  apparatus  for  the  use  of  the  student  in  Botany,  made 
according  tt>  directions  in  this  work  (])ago  15).  It  consists  of  a  kuife-trmcel 
for  digging  and  cutting  specimens ;  ft  microseope,  awA  tweezera  for  the  exami- 
nation of  them ;  a  tin,  Iwx  for  collecting  and  preserving  them  fresh,  and  n 
jtrens  for  drying  them.  Tho  set  is  securely  packed  and  sent  by  express  to 
order,  at  a  moderate  price. 


WOOD'S    BOTANICAL    SERIES. 


UsS 

\\'h 

wo,'' 

>.'.' ' 

1.    OBJECT   LESSONS   IN    BOTANY, 
Pleasing  lessons  for  young  le.inicrs. 

II.    BOTANIST   AND   FLORIST, 

A  thorough  lext-book,  comprehejisive  and  practicrA. 

111.   THE   NEW   CLASS-BOOK, 

A  superb  and  cxh.iustivc  conipil.ition  and  encj-clopedia  of  the  scJence. 

IT.  THE  STUDENT'S  PLANT  RECORD, 

A  twok  of  bl.ink  forms,  litcilit.-itiit);  the  nitiilrsis  of  pl.infs,  and  recording 
lite  results  of  such  analysis,  and  tiie  progrei^s  of  tlie  student. 

CopvTiRtited,  187s 

Entered  accor^linp  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1869,  by 

A.    8.    BARNES    &    CO., 

In  ■  .'8  OtRco  of  the  District  Court  of  tho  UnJtetl  Slates  for  the  Southoam 

District  of  New  York. 


PREFACE, 


The  Class-Book  of  Botany  was  first  offered  to  the  student  in  1845 
It  was  ongmally  prepared  with  immediate  reference  to  the  wants  of 
the  authors  own  pupil«,  with  scarcely  a  hope  of  approval  from  the 
commun,  y  beyond.  The  event,  however,  pr.ved  that  the  wants  of  his 
own  pup,  s  were  precisely  the  same  as  tlioso  of  .nyriads  of  others;  and 
the  use  of  the  book,  notwithstanding  its  numerous  impe.feetion..  soon 
became  general.  * 

The  lapse  of  fifteen  years  has  done  mu.H  to  develop  not  only  the 
knowledge  of  our  native  Flora,  but  of  the  science  of  Botany  in  general- 
and  matenals  for  the  revision  of  our  whole  work  have  indefinitelJ 
uccunulated.     In  this  revision,  which  seems  to  be  demanded  not  h^. 
by  the  growing  appreciation  of  scientific  studies  as  a  means  of  intel- 
lectual and  moral  discipline,  than  by  the  progress  of  the  science  itself 
we  have  st.  1  confined  ourselves  to  the  limits  of  a  single  volume,  and 
sternly  resolved  against  any  essential  enlargemer-t,  except  such  as  the 
increased  territory  of  our  Flo.  =i  requires.     This  we  have  done  with 
direct  reference  to  the  convenience  and  the  meam  of  the  thousands  <.f 
youths  who  will  still  enter  upon  this  delightful  pursuit,  and  make  their 
text-book  their  vade-mecum.     The  labor  expended  in  this  condensation 
will  be  appreciated  by  few,  and  those  few,  while  they  justify  the  mo- 
tives,  will  regret  the  necessity. 

The  limit  of  our  Flora  in  this  new  series  has  been  much  extended. 
It  now  embraces  the  territory  lying  East  of  the  Mississippi  River  with 
the  exception  of  the  Southern  Peninsula  of  Florida,  and  South  of  the 
<Treat  Lakes  and  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  The  States  bordering  umm 
the  western  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  although  not  strictlif  included 
are  esmitially  so,  as  well  as  those  provinces  of  Canada  upon  the  north- 
ern shore  of  the  St  Lawrence.  This  Class-Book  is,  therefore,  now 
professedly  adapted  to  the  student's  use  from  Quebec  to  Now  Orle-ui. 
and  from  St.  Paul  to  St.  Augustine. 

The  southern  peninsula  of  Florida  is  neglected  in  consequence  of 
the  authors  inability  to  visit  that  region  hitherto.  During  his  extended 
tour  southward  iu  1867,  the  Seminole  war  rendered  the  route  to  th^ 


PREFACK. 

Everglades  unsafe,  or  at  least  undesirable.  The  species  omitted  are 
generally  unknown  northward  of  Key  West.  Students  at  Micanopy 
Ucala,  to  St.  Augustine,  will  scarcely  miss  them ;  but  should  thev  do 

t^thTauthdr'''"^^'  ""  ^'^^^""^  ^*'''''  ^^  contributing  specimens  of  such 

That  every  species  of  native  plant  in  this  extensive  region  is  accu- 
rately defined,  or  even  noticed,  we  cannot  presume ;  yet  this  has  been 
our  aim  ;  and  as  in  the  former  series,  so  here,  we  have  distrusted  every 
source  of  mformation  except  that  of  our  own  personal  inspection. 
Therefore,  mto  nearly  every  section  of  this  territory,  from  the  St 
Lawrence  and  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  the  Sea-Coast  to  the 
Ureat  River  the  author  has  made  repeated  excursions  in  delighted  con- 
verse  with  the  vegetable  world.  ««^  i^uu 

Together  wiOi  the  plants  of  spontaneous  growth  which  constitute 
our  proper  Flora  we  have  included  in  our  sketches  also  our  exotic 
Flora ;  that  is,  all  those  plants  which  seem  to  us  to  have  attained  a 
general  cultivation  in  this  country,  either  as  useful,  curious,  or  orna. 
mental.  By  this  accession,  learners  in  the  city,  as  well  as  in  the  coun- 
try  may  be  supplied  with  subjects  for  illustration  and  for  practice  in 
botanical  analysis;  and  all  with  the  means  of  acquainting  themselves 

Tories         ^"""^'^"^  *'"*"^  ""^  *^'"*  '*''"  ^'^^"'  ^^''^^"''  ^"^  "^"^^^^^^ 

From  the  multiplication  of  species  and  genera  we  have  studiously 
refrained,  believing  that  our  books  already  contain  more  than  Nature 
will  warrant  In  the  case  of  any  doubtful  specimen,  which  might  have 
served  as  the  basis  of  a  new  species,  or  possibly  genus,  (had  this  been 
our  aim)  we  have  always  inclined  rather  to  the  extension  of  the  limits 
of  some  kmdred  group  for  its  reception,  having  less  apprehension  of 
error  in  this  direction  than  in  the  opposite,  with  all  due  regard  for  the 
permanence  of  true  species.  The  same  principle  has  compelled  us  to 
disallow  the  claims  of  many  reputed  species  of  the  best  authors 

In  the  sequence  of  the  Natural  Orders,  we  have,  in  common  with  all 
recent  Amencan  authors,  mainly  adopted  the  arrangement  of  De  Can- 
doIIe,-an  arrangement  seen,  in  part,  in  the  ♦  Flora  of  the  State  of  New 
lork,  by  i)r.  Torrey.  It  commences  with  those  Orders  supposed  to 
be  ot  the  higher  rank  in  organization,  and  proceeds  gradually  to  the 
lower,  regarding  the  completeness  of  the  flower  and  the  distinctness  of 
Its  parts  as  the  general  criterion  of  rank. 

Tables  of  analysis  by  the  dichotomal  method  were  first  in  the  Class- 
Book  applied  to  the  genera  of  plants,  and  introduced  into  general  use 
They  are  now  regarded  as  indispensable,  and  have  been  adopted  into 
their  Floras  by  nearly  every  subsequent  author.     In  the  present  new 


PREFACH.  ^ 

Mrie,,  wo  have  greatly  modified,  extended,  «,d  improved  thi,  aysten. 
^Pt.ng  .t  to  the  analysis  of  Specie,  a,  well  a,  of  Orden,  and  lT2 
By  means  of  th,,  addition,  onr  Flora  is  now  adapted  to  claste^Zl 
.n  analys,,  ,hroughm,t,  fi^  M,  Orand  divmon  i  the  S^,Z7Z 

.JlTJ  ^"^  *"  ""  °"^"'-  '^'•'y  "'i*"'-".  "■»«  simple  tL 
any  h  thorto  constructed  by  us,  founded,  a,  in  the  previous  edifW 

«T  wm  'S"  °'"r:i  '""="  '"""  '"=  flowers'auTleaves  M 
floweril  '^  """^"^^  *'"'  ""'^'="'  '^  *»'  O"!-''  where  any  Jven 

flowenng  specmen  may  belong.  Next,  nnder  the  Order  a  table  ol'tC 
ntmos  s,mpl  city,  analyse,  the  GeneraJ^o.^  i„  suehTwav  i  toi 
but  I,,  le  valence  to  their  natural  affinities.    Lastl^  u^dr'thTGe^'r 

n  g"„Zfr'°  ':,'^^"™  ■')  »°»">-  ^^^0  -ndnct,  to  the  spec":, 
n  groups  of  twos  or  threes,  which  groups  are  instantly  resolved  bv  . 

sparingly  illustrauve  engravings  in  this  part  of  our  wort  which  o,.c» 

panlyw^h  reference  to  the  FCwi:rf:e  ^ Xerestlt 
found.    The  few  which  we  have  adopted  in  the  Flora,  are  nmoircd 

X  fur'nthtr  ";  "'""""'"  '^''  '"  "•»  '--  treatise    rlgt 
crally  furnished  with  one  or  more  in  the  Flora.    Throuirhout  tho  w„rV 

these  are  mostly  from  original  sketches  and  drawings  on  wood  Wtt 

author  s  own  hand   Others  are  copied  from  Liudley,  HenfreyXer  Ac 

aeknowledTdrf    '"'"''i'"'''"  '"  Bet^-y.  "hole  invaluable' lid  t 
acknowledged  in  former  editions,  namely  Dr.  Edward  E  Phelps,  D 

JJr.  A.  W.  Chapman  of  Apalachicola,  Fla.,  presented  us  with  manv 
of  the  more  rare  Dlant«»  nf  Pin«^»       7i-  ^=c"«'^'U  us  witn  many 

to  his  own  famlilarwaTk.  ^       *"  °°""°"  °'  ""'  "''•"■  "«' 

valt^'f,!;  "^"f'r'.o'  Macon,  Ga,  has  made  contributions  of  great 
mII  PI     *.»'  *""«^,»»<'  «•«■"  the  vicinity  of  Tallahassee  anfst 
t""^si     "  ""°^™"'=^  -"^"^  '"^  »"-«"">-  o"  "-e  Flora  of 


vl 


r  ftBr  A  c  B. 


Prof.  William  T.  Foay,  M.D.,  and  Prof.  Thomas  G.  Pond,  both  of 
Savannah,  Ga.,  have  sent  almost  the  entire  Flora  of  that  State,  with 
copious  original  notes  and  observations,  such  as  result  only  from  the 
most  extensive  and  accurate  investigation. 

Miss  Sarah  Keen  of  Bainbridge,  Ga.  (now  of  Mariana,  Fla.),  has  also 
sent  an  herbanum  of  beautiful  specimens  prepared  by  her  own  and  her 
sister's  hands.  To  her,  as  well  as  to  the  gentlemen  last  mentioned,  the 
author  is  also  indebted  for  every  kind  hospitality  and  encouragement 
during  a  protracted  herborizing  tour  along  our  southern  coasts. 

Mr.  William  Wright  of  Bainbridge,  and  Prof.  N.  H.  Stuart  of  Quincy, 
Ho'ida  (smce  deccised),  also  contributed  to  the  consummation  of  our 
work  by  many  facilities  aftbrded  us  in  our  laborious  researches  in  their 
respective  precincts,  and  by  the  shelter  of  their  hospitable  mansions 

To  Rev.  Dr.  Curtis  of  Hillsborough,  N.  C,  and  to  Rev.  Dr.  Bach- 
man  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  we  are  indebted  for  the  free  use  of  their  verv 
complete  herbaria,  during  our  sojourn  in  their  respective  cities;  and 
Mr.  S.  B.  Buckley,  recently  of  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  has  afforded  us 
similar  fiicilities  through  his  rich  collection. 

Dr.  Cousens  generously  supplied  us  with  the  plants  of  the  State  of 
Iowa.     His  name  often  appears  in  our  pages. 

Dr.  George  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  has  also  favored  us  with  the 
free  use  of  his  admirable  monograph  of  the  genus  Cuscuta,  and  with 
many  important  notes  in  MS.  on  other  difficult  genera  in  our  Flora, 
especially  on  the  Euphorbiaccae.  Our  entire  collection  of  specimens 
belonging  to  this  Order  was,  by  his  kind  permission,  submitted  to  his 
inspection  and  determination. 

The  Rev.  Chester  Dewey,  D.D.,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  the  venerable 
pioneer  m  American  Caricography,  has  placed  us  and  our  readers  un- 
der renewed  obligations  by  additional  contributions  to  the  genus  Ca- 
rex,  rendering  it  complete  for  the  extended  territory  of  our  present 
Flora. 

Communications  containing  specimens,  critical  notices  or  corrections, 
or  soliciting  information,  will  always,  as  heretofore,  be  acceptable. 

West  Fakms,  N.  Y. 


CONTENTS. 


1*REFA0B PAfll 

iNTaODDOTION ^ 

ChAPTKR  I.-THE  LKADINa   PH.NCIPI,E8'oP  sVlBxVJjlMENirj;;^  Moul^         ^ 

Discipline  ITS  Am  AND  End 

Chaptbb  IL— The  Depabtments  op  Botany ^  *  i ^ 

CuAPTEa  IIL—Appabatcs.— Methods  of  Study.  ...,,[ ^  ? 

Part  Fibst.-Structubal  Botany,  ob  Oroanogkaphy. !^ 

Chapteb  I.-Paiif aby  Divisions  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom i , 

Chapter  II.-The  Term  of  Plant  Life 

Chapter  IIL-The  Ph^nogamu  ;-How  Developed 2^ 

Chapteb  IV.  -The  Root,  or  Descending  Axis ^1 

Chapter  V.-The  Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis  . . .,. 

Chapter  VL-The  Leaf-Bud.-Vebnation ,, 

Chapter  VIL—The  Leap ^ 

§  Phyllotaxy,  or  Leaf-Abeangement !.'.*..!...... ^° 

§  Morphology  OF  the  Leap ^^ 

§  Op  the  Stipules ^® 

§  Of  the  Veins ^^ 

§  Form  op  the  Leaf,  ob  Figube .V.V.V. .  [ ^^ 

§  Maeoin ^* 

§  Apex V/.V... ^* 

§  Compound  Leaves ^ 

Chapteb  VIIL-TRANSFOBMATiolra'oFTHELErF ^^ 

Chapter  IX.— Inflorescence ^^ 

§  Flowering ^^ 

Chapter  X. -Morphology  op  the  Floweb'V.* '^ 

§   -ifiSTIVATION '^ 

§  Thb  Floral  Oroanb ..*/,..,.,/. ^* 

§  ThePlanofthePloweb,,,!',' ^^ 

Chapter  XI.-THE  F^^oral  ENVEL^PBklpERiANTn.' V. "' 

Chapter  xn.-THE  Essential  Obgans 91 

§  The  Stamens,  or  Andr(eciuii.  . , , ' ^* 

§  The  Pistils,  or  Gyn(ecium.  . . . " ^* 

§ThbOV0LB8,,  ^^* 

108 


Vlli 


OOITTEKTS. 


Chapter  XIII.— The  Pbuit;—Peiucabp..... *"*" 

CuAPTEB  XIV.— The  Fruit  :— Sbku.  .  , , » 

§  Gkhmikation 

121 

Chapter  XV.— The  Crtptooamia.— Orqans 124 

Part  Second. — Physiological  Botany ,,„ 

Chaiteb  I.— The  Vegetable  Cell [  ^3^^ 

Chapter  11.— The  T188CE& 

Chapter  III.— The  Epidermal  System 137 

Chapter  IV.— The  Lio.veous  System j3q 

§  Structure  of  Leiaves. ,  ^ , 

145 

Chapter  V.— Op  Vegetation,  or  the  Physiology  op  Plant  Life us 

g  Fbrtilizatiw . 

§  Ripening  op  Fruits jri 

Chapter  VI.— Of  Adsorption j52 

§  Circulation *  ,., 

§  Transpiration .,„ 

§  Respiration ,  _  „ 

•  •.. ^^^    25g 

Chapter  VII.— Review  op  the  Principles  op  Nutrition. 153 

Part  TnrBD. — Systematic  Botany ,„. 

Chapter  L— Of  the  Classification  op  Plants 1  §4 

Chapter  II. — Op  the  Artificial  System 2gg 

Chapter  III. — Of  the  Natural  System Igg 

Chapter  IV.— Nomenclature.- Analysis 1^4 

§  Index  and  Glossart jgd 

§  Key  Analytical  to  the  Natural  Orders 191 

Part  Fourth.- Descriptive  Botany  ;— The  Flora. 199 

Orders  op  the  Polypetal^ 200 

Orders  op  the  GAMOPETALiE. 393 

Orders  op  the  Apetal.* ^qj 

OrDEBS  op  the  C0NOIDE.fi ggg 

Orders  op  the  Spadiciplor^ ggg 

Orders  of  the  Floridejl q>jq 

Orders  op  the  Gbaminoide^e 731 

Obdsbs  or  the  Cryftogaka 810 


INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER    I. 


n-S    AIM    AND   BND. 

•nd  (llaciplinary  study.  ^  ™''°'  °°  "'""'"ess  BeW  for  interwiag 

Natun,  are  ordamod  'ubS  Toth°^"''^  ""'  "f"""-    ^"^  ">,  pl,e„omeL  o. 

ye.  u„ir  depths  a:^u2roLiuXTin::vi;';ir;,  ""rr"'-''  """^ 
ha™  b,™  rrpJitrrr.iTS;r„^e°""'V"''""°™^  -«" 

motive  for  study.     Or  on  the  othpr  h«T*K  .^.     curiosity,  presenting  no 

^  a,  ^  defy  L>  e^oroM^rtlt  Ve^r^ eft  L^r  Tr  ^'°'"  "^ '""^ 

«eetedi;„^Ta„",Wra:dT„:r^  ""'  "  "^'"^"^  »"-  "«" 
oommenfumte  with  the  powe™  of^r.  7  .  J^*"''  '*°  "'"'■' ""' '»  H"""  "» 
Step  by  step  Hi,  p,a„:  l^ot d    :^°'^Z  .^ZT'  "■™  ""' '"  ™'"- 

5.— Pleasurable.     Hence  thn  of,,^^^   f  •""j  ir-wara. 
relation,  becomes  a  sour^Tthe'^^J  ,  nature  through  this  beautifully  adjusted 

discoveries  of -truth  i^tS  plant  and  o^^^"''; '"°^  "''■■  ^^"'"P-^ied  by  freeh 
6  -DisciPLivA  J    T  F     I  .     ^'P^'^t'^ns  of  a  sublime  Intelligence. 

by  this  meanrnamely,  Z.t,^\'r.''' ^'^  ^"""^  ^^^^^^^  ^  ^--P"^'^^'^ 
into  intelligence  and  v  rtur  h  Lh  T'T""  u^"  ^  ^  ™'™  ^™'  ^'^^  «>"J  ^^P^n'^^ 
ences.  In  this  good  work  the  beaut!  T''T  "'  «"'-«»'J-»  objects  and  influ- 
blo  world  bear  a  mu  share  The'eZUC^-  '"'  "'^"™  "'^P^^^"^  '"^  *^«  ^«^t«- 
impress  upon  their  votaries  th^r     ?         '"^^^tigation  ;  and  their  tendency  is  to 

flying  cloud  which  now  Zes  oTer  th^''  """^^  "°'"  "^''^^^ '"  «P«rt.    Even  the 
assumes,  and  the  colors  weTeU'l;  '!f' '*"  ™^'°"'  *'^«  ^«™«  ^^^'^^h  it 

Purpose.  The  hills  and  ^aZT^i^Tr'  '"'  ''^'°^'^  "PP^-^^-^  fo"-  that  special 
-oeivod  each  their  contour  atd  pt  LT  dT  ^^'  "  r''^"*^'  confusion,  have 
Consequently,  each  stone  or  rninem  ol  ^  ^.'  ^"^'"'^'"^  *°  *^«  «"*^«  ^--^^een. 
special  de^-gn.  a«  to  its  m^^iZ.  fo^ 3^^ '"^  '"^  ""^  ^  *^^  -^'^  «^- 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


r.    I 


1.1  I 


8.  No  ACCIDENT  OB  CAPEiCE  IN  NATURE.  Muc'i  more  ia  the  living  kingdoms 
of  nature  may  wo  look  for  an  adequate  purpose  ai  d  end  accomplished  by  every 
movement  and  in  every  creature  of  the  Divine  hand.  Each  species  is  cruated  and 
iwstainei  to  answer  some  worthy  end  in  the  vast  plan  ;  and  hence  no  individual, 
animal  or  plant  is  to  be  regarded  in  science  as  insignificaut,  inasmuch  as  tlie  indi- 
vidual constitutes  the  species.  Nor  is  accident  or  caprice  to  be  found  in  the  form  of 
the  leaf  or  the  color  of  the  flower.  There  is  for  each  a  special  reason  or  adaptation 
worthy  of  unerring  wisdom. 

9.  Object  of  natural  Soience.  In  the  study  of  nature  we  are  therefore 
concerned  in  reasons  and  ends  as  well  as  in  forms  and  appearances.  That  investi- 
gation which  ceases  contented  with  the  latter  cnly  ia  puerile.  It  may  amuse,  but 
can  scarcely  instruct,  and  can  never  conduct  to  tiiat  purest  source  of  the  student's 
enjoyment,  namely,  the  recognition  of  Intelligence  by  intelligence. 

10.  Dksign,  a  settled  principle  in  Science.  The  end  or  purpose,  it  ia 
true,  is  not  always  as  easily  discerned  as  the  form  and  fashion  are.  In  a  thousand  in- 
stances thee.  ■'  .3  yet  inscrutable.  Nevertheless  it  is  now  a  settled  principle  of 
.science  that  there  is  an  end— a  purpose—a  reason,  for  every  form  which  we  contem- 
Jilate ;  and  the  aUaptatiou  to  that  end  is  t.s  beautiful  as  the  form  itself.  That  tho 
tendril  of  the  viae  and  the  runner  of  the  strawberry  were  happily  adapted  to  a 
:^pecial  purpose  is  readily  admitted ;  for  that  purpose  is  immediate  and  obvious  to 
all.  Let  us  not  then  say  that  the  spine,  the  stipule,  or  tho  varying  tints  of  tho  rose, 
were  made  merely  in  caprice,  their  uses  being  less  obvious  in  the  present  state  of 
our  knowledge. 

11.  Design,  as  distinguished  from  "Typical  Forms."  In  addition  to  thig 
sequence  of  cause  and  effect  in  nature,  disclosing  the  Infinite  Designer  in  all 
things,  as  early  taught  by  Paley  in  his  "  Natural  Theology,"  another  class  of  prin- 
ciples more  recently  developed  are  shown  by  the  author  of  "Typical  Forms" 
(McCosii),  to  indicate  witli  a  still  clearer  light  the  tlioughts  of  the  Omniscient  Mind 
in  the  operations  of  nature.  A  single  observation  often  suffices  for  the  discovery  of 
desigri,  as  m  tho  down  of  the  thistle,  by  means  of  which  the  seed  is  wafted  on  tho 
winds  to  flouush  in  distant  lands.  But  a  typical  form  or  plan  requires  '\  long  series 
of  observations  for  its  discernment, 

12.  Typical  Forms  illustrated.  The  seientifie  world  were  slow  to  learn 
that  tlv>  numerous  organs  of  plants  so  diversified  in  form  and  use  are  all  modeled 
from  a  single  type,  one  radical  form,  and  tliat  form,  the  kaf! 

13.  Results.  This  interesting  doctrine,  now  universally  admittod,  sheds  a  new 
.••?ht  upon  nature,  making  it  all  luminous  with  the  Divine  Presence.  It  brings  tho 
operations  of  the  Great  Architect  almost  within  the  gn.jp  of  human  intelligence, 
revealing  tho  conceptions  which  occupied  His  mind  bcforo  they  were  embodied  iit 
actual  exiat^enco  by  His  word. 

14.  Graduated  Forms.  Again,  by  continued  observation,  the  principle  of 
graduated  forms,  r.llied  to  tho  last,  appeared  as  another  grand  characteristic  of  na- 
ture. This  principle  implies  that  whfie  natural  objects  vary  to  w'do  and  seemingly 
irreconcilable  extremes,  their  differences  are  never  abrupt,  but  they  pass  by  insen- 
sible gradations  and  shades  from  species  to  species  in  a  continuous  series. 

15.  Illustration.  Thus  in  magnitude,  allhougn  tho  tiny  moss  is  far  removed 
from  the  gigantic  oak,  yet  a  series  connects  them  representing  every  imtiginable  iri- 
teruiediato  grade  in  size.  So  in  numbe);  from  tho  one-stamened  saltwort  to  tho 
hundred-stamened  rose,  there  is  a  connecting  series,  representing  ov^ry  intervenit»f<, 
numb'.r.  Moreover,  in  >?-??»  nnd  figure,  wo  pass  from  the  tiiread-leafed  pine  to  tho 
brcau-leafcd  poplar  tlirough  a  series  of  every  intermediate  degree  of  loaf-expansion 


LEADINO    PRINCIPLES   OF   SCIENCB.  H 

femUiar  ^'"'  *''  °°'  ^"""'"^^  "^«  J  «f  ^i^i^li  there  are  many 

Cod's  boundless  resour<.p<,nf«l  ill  o   ^  ,.  ™^ '^^•' ^^  t^'O  pine-appIe.   Thus 

■nay  liereDfter  tost  its  Moblhrn.  h!  7  .  '"JPoU'esis,  that  the  studeDl 

wl4  clothe  the!  ,  r,uS  „lt  rrr."?'''^ '"'•     "'"  """™«  "'""'^ 
aro  in  trull,  but  aminorlrt  rfiu^r!   '  "T"'"""*  "">  W"""'  vegetable  w«-R 

rar^k,  embracing  tCnS  of    'e^^rSjr"^,    ""T"""  """^  '^'°'«" 

toooocua,  e.  j.,  an  arrested  twllon  (train-  tlis  n,eill„i,  "°"''"°'*  """«:  ""s  fro- 
«o  on  up  .„  .,,0  Marsilloa,  \''kJZ:>'lT'lr^TlTX"':T/  °"1 
«':Tibryo  of  the  rioworing  tilant     Thiw  «,a  «.-^  7^  ,  ^^'^  *''®  full-formod 

they  are  tbe  a.m-.../JJ  o'LIlX"      "^     ^^^  "^  °'  *'°  '"""  ^'^"'^  ">"* 

that  con  i.  ind.«  iir'^  r,::^::;;,: :« or^:^  t'"'"'"'  ^'^'^^  *- 

n.astgrowuptoboc.omo;;u,hapUntrt       aUbv^^^        developmont,  so  that  it 


12 


/NTRODUCTION. 


least,  from  that  of  the  grape :  btit  the  individuality  of  each  is  widely  different     Thi. 

8,on  .,.  the  same  hvmg  fabric.  The  plant  both  lives  and  dies  at  once.  L^eC^s 
on  imm  cell  to  cell,  and  in  the  parts  which  it  has  abandoned  dissolution  n^ZZ 
are  soon  manifest  Thus  the  whole  existence  of  the  indiv^ZTaZ^el  ul 
advances, death  pursues,  and  ultimately  triumnhs     But  r-f  T- \^ 

»..,  We„^  u>  .ho  s^,  .,„  „v4  ;:raSal  plUta  „  itz  fs 

begin,  ,ts  career  «„e»,  m„l,iplM  a  hundred  fold  '    '  ""'' 

1""     y'e   tT  ;:"T^'  '^^"''^"  ^"^••^^  ^''^'^  win  raise  it  fi-omtlLf" 
T-'     Hel  *"'  "'^  °*'"  """^  "'''^'"""°*  bequickened  except  it 

fa^^rfd^rLrJ  rT""  ""'  '"''"""  ^^  '"'^'^^^  ™'^««-    -"^'"-le  we  study  tho 
e^om^^ri  and  th!        T^""''?  "''"''•  "^  ^'""''^  «*'««  '^^  *«  »---  "-  Purposes 

J^tS Tth  hl„  .  !/  "^  overlooked)  which  declare  that  nature  sym- 
J^L  irsturaCe'r,  :  r ^"'"«»«--  ^^  ^^^  ^«".  t^e  Redernptbn,  and 'ho 
gen  C^tor  anJtoT  '.^.^''"P*«V"  «^*l»'"»t  ««  ^i«>  the  thoughts  of  the  intelli- 

29   BotTwv  Iv         ^P  "'  ''"^''*  "^"  '"'"^  ^'"■^''  ^««  '"^ated  in  His  image. 
intoJfiXanXT  ''''f"'''  ^''"  improvkmekt.    It  conducts  the  student 
t^We  char^^  1^^^^^^^^^^  *'"  l^^'^"'^  ''  ^P""^'  «"^  t^e  bloom  of  summer; 

smiles  undrjho^  n?rl  ?  T  ?  '^'^  ^"^  luxuriance,  or  where  she  patienti; 
Terdrboth  o?  S      J  ^""f  °^  cultivation.    It  furnishes  him  with  vigorous 

tai.  and  impr^Che^  ""  '"^  "'"P'^'  *"  ^^^^^  *^^  ^^«'  ^^«  «'- 


»» ♦  «» 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE  DEPARTMENTS  OF  THE  STUDY. 

30.  Three   great   departments  in   nature    are   nniversallv  rr^ 
cogn.zed    cou,„.only  called  the  n^ineral,  ve^table,  JZ^fU^. 

31 .  A  MINERAL  K«  an  inorganic  mass  of  matter,  that  is,  without  dis 
cha«Ltt.r""^     n '/  "'"'  "'"  "^"^  «"  ^'-  --"tial 

32.  A  PLANT  is  an  organized  bo<iy,  endowed  with  vitah'ty  but  not 
wuh  sensation,  composed  of  distinct  parts,  each  of  which  il  ZJI^Z 


IHK    DEPARTMSNTS    OF    THE    STUDY. 


13 


tlie  completeness  of  its  being.  A  tulip  is  composed  of  organs  which 
may  be  separated  and  subdivided  indefinitely,  but  no  one  of  the  fraff- 
ments  alone  will  be  a  complete  plant.  , 

33.  Animals,  like  plants,  are  organized  bodies  endowed  with  vitality 
and  composed  of  distinct  parts,  no  one  of  which  is  complete  in  itself,  but 
they  are  elevated  above  either  plants  or  minerals  by  their  power  of  per- 
ception. ^ 

34.  These  distinctions,  long  since  suggested  by  Linn^us,  the  founder  of  botani- 
cal  science,  are  perfectly  obvious  and  definite  in  the  higher  grades  of  the  animal  and 
vegeUblo  kingdoms.  But  in  descending  the  scale,  we  recognize  a  gradual  approach, 
in  both,  to  inorganic  matter,  and  consequently  to  each  other,  so  that  in  the  lowest 
forms  of  life  all  traces  of  orgauizatioa  aro  lost  to  our  perception,  and  the  three 
kingdoms  of  nature,  like  i-  »-  -,  *mw 
converging  radii,  apparent- 
ly meet  and  blond  in  a  com- 
mon centre. 

35.  The  POSITION  OF  TUB 

PLANT-WORLD  IN  RANK  and 

office  is  intermediate.  Whilo 
inferior  to  the  animal  in  re- 
spect to  perception  and  in- 
stinct, it  is  superior  to  the 
mineral  in  its  vitality.  In 
office  it  constitutes  the  food 
and  nourishment  of  the  ani- 
mal, the  vesture  and  orna- 
ment of  the  mineral  world, 
whence  alone  itself  is  fed. 
In  other  words,  plants  feed 
on  minerals,  animals  feed 
on  planta  ^.^ 

36     Phvstph    ia    i\.r.     ^'°^''"  '•    ■*•  dlaSfftm  Illustrating  these  views  of  the  three 
•   -^"^SICS    is    the  liing.lotns  of  nature-how  relatod  looach  other. 

general  name  of  the  science  which  treats  of  the  mineral  or  inorganic 

37.  Zoology  relates  to  the  animal  kingdom. 

38  Botany  is  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  includes 
the  knowledge  of  the  for.n.s,  organs,  structure,  growth,  and  uses  of 
plants,  together  with  their  history  and  classification.  Its  several  de- 
partments correspond  to  the  various  subjects  to  which  they  relate.     Thus 

39.  Structural  botany,  or  Organography,  treats  of  the  special  or- 
gans  ot  plants  as  compared  with  each  other,  answering  to  Comparative 
Anatomy  m  the  science  of  Zoology.  Morphology  is  a  term  often  used 
HI  a  similar  sense;  but  it  especially  relates  to  the  mutual  or  typical 
transformations  which  the  organs  undergo  in  the  course  of  development. 

40.  i!,LEMENTARY  BOTANY  ti'cats  of  the  elementary  tissues— the  or- 
ganic elements  out  of  wliich  the  ve^.etable  fabric  is  constructed. 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


V  Jac«:„Tr"ve  :r" :?/;'''''''"'°'  "■""''  -'"-^^  to  ^. 

and  chemical  phenomenT  „ T"  ^  '"""=*'  '""'""""K  ''»«'  "»  'ital 
of  plant,.  I.  ha,Thc"efo°c  rilT" T-  ^"""''  """  -FoduCic, 
labor,  of  husbandrV  r„  hrDronar?  """  T?™'  '""'""g  "P°"  tl.e 
tl.c  garden  and  i„  Z  m!  ^"'^'^""'  '"^  -""'«  "f  plan./both  i„ 

rellLtrricrTai^'r  '""  "■%»-"-«<>"  -f  P<a«.s  in 

.o  eonstjtute  of  t.,e™!„  o^nZre:'  fr:  r,"!:"'^  -""•  •»- 

-ai«vTraL=,;^^^^^^^^^^^ 

and  precision,  in  order  to  fJ.pir  ..  ?  ^  P^"*^  "^'^^  accuracy 
descriptive  work  of  th  kL  1  ^^  '1  recognition.  A  Jlora  ^s  a 
counfy  or  district.  '    "^'"'""^  *''^  P'^"^  ^^  ««"-  Particular 

44.  Botanical  Nomenclature,  which  is  tho  ^rf  ^t 
>ng  names  to  the  species  and  group,    sntimtll  ^-''P'/'^  'PP'^'* 

above  department.  Terminolo^  flat  s  to  t^  ^  r''- '''^  "'**^  *^^' 
cation  of  botanical  terms  whereby  tie  "In  V?'"'''"^  '"^  ^PP"" 
-erous  modifications,  are  accm'aterS^^^^^^^  :^"^- 

inseparable  from  Structural  Botany.  ^"^^'^-     ^'^^^  '«'   therefore, 

45.   Ultimate  aim  op  boh^ny     Pimihr    •     v 
preho,*»lso,|,„t„„„,,d       f  ^    reaZsrfn'l     T!™?''  "*"*•  ''"""J'  «"n- 
natore,  particuLrly  .„  „  Jkw.    T  JLTII  „L  "f  .f"     °  "'T  *P"'"«»"=  of 

or  p.«.  .,«„;„, ;:«-  s!i:;r^xrt  -  «^'  ^.. 

co.pil",;:;ro:prdioul\:„';/°'^r  >"«--''«>-'^  - » 

the  learner,  we  shall  eomm.r      a  L  *'"'  'P"™'  »"'-enienco  of 

(the  consti  ue^t tins  7II;  "°*"'''  ■''"''"^■'  "''°-  ™''J»'» 

prehendcd.  ^  ^^  ""*">  '"■°  ^"^P'^-o"^  and  most  readily  i,n>. 

tentL'^z::!;":;™";"' "'°  *™"'^'^  "■''"-  -"  <='»■•■- »-  «'- 

o-gan.  and  cnl^I  t  J  ?:; ."r  "'"  "'^'  '""f »  "^  «»  "- 
FouBTHiv,  the  princiDle,  nf  v„  , ,  P''™"""'""  "'  vegetable  life, 
foundation  of  ag'Stll  IS      °  "'"""""  '""^"  "o-""""  "- 

pri::ipf:  :'rarr;:j:r:d:;tfdi„'r  inr  """'"^■'  «•» 

method,  of  Botanical  Analv.U  "'""'  ®^^'™'  ""d  «■» 

onrlrtSltSllJird.""  ""  "'"-^'""^  "'-'"^  "^ 


INTRODPCTION. 


15 


51.  NOTWITHSTANDINO  the  extreme  brevity  of  this  work,  the  author  balievoa 
that  no  principle  of  the  science  essential  to  a  liberal  course  in  Botany  is  omitted 
The  brevity  is  attained  by  a  studied  conciseness  of  expresgion,  and  by  the  omission 
of  all  needless  illustrations,  theoretical  views  and  wordy  discussions.  In  the  flora 
those  multitudinous  repetitions  which  are  liable  to  encumber  the  descriptions  of 
alhed  groups  are  avoided,  without  the  sacrifice  of  minuteness  by  means  of  copioua 
tables  of  aaalysis.  »•   »w 


♦  »» 


CHAPTER    III. 

APPARATU  S — M  ETHODS  OF  STUDY. 

52.  The  proper  season  for  the  commencement  op  the  study  of  Botanv  iu 
schools  is  m  late  winter,  at  the  opening  of  the  first  session  or  terra  after  New-Yoara 
The  class  wUl  thus  be  prepared  before  hand  by  a  degree  of  acquaintance  with  firet 
principles,  for  the  analysis  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers-tho  sweet  Epiga3a,  Anemone 
Erigenia  or  spring  beauty,  of  the  North,  tlie  yeUow  jessamine,  Chaptalia  or  Crvso^ 
gonum  of  the  South,  the  blood-root  and  violet  every  where.  ' 

53.  Specimens  of  leaves,  stems,  roots,  fruit,  flowers,  &c.,  in  unlimited  supply  are  ro- 
qmmte  during  the  whole  course.  In  the  absence  of  the  living,  let  thedried  speciraena 
of  the  herbarium  be  consulted.  Crayon  sketches  upon  the  black-board,  if  truthful 
are  always  good  for  displaying  minute  or  obscure  forms.  In  the  city  classes  itl 
Botany  may  employ,  at  small  expense,  a  collector  to  supply  them  daily' with  fresh 
specimens  from  the  country.  Moreover,  the  gardens  and  conservatories  will  furnish 
to  such  an  abundant  supply  of  cuMivated  species  for  study  and  analysis,  with  almost 
equal  advantage;  since  the  present  work  embraces,  together  with  the  native  flora 
all  exotics  which  are  in  any  degree  common  in  cultivation.  * 

64.  An  herbarium  (h.  s.,  Imtus  siccus,  dry  garden),  is  a  collection  of  botanic 
specimens,  artificially  dried,  protected  in  papers  and  systematically  arranged  Ifer- 
bana  are  useful  in  many  ways ;  (a.)  for  preserving  the  knowledge  of  rare,  or  inacces- 
«ble,  or  lost  species ;  (6.)  for  exchanges,  enabling  one  to  possess  the  flora  of  other 
countries:  (c.)  for  refreshing  one's  memoiy  of  early  scenes  and  studies :  (d)  for  aid- 
ing m  more  exact  researches  at  leisure;  (e.)  for  the  comparison  of  species  with 
species,  genus  with  genus,  &c. 

55.  For  collecting  botanic  specimens,  a  strong  knife  for  digging  and  cuttinir  i. 
needed,  and  a  close  tin  box  eighteen  inches  in  length,  of  a  portable  form.  Enclosed 
in  such  a  box,  with  a  little  moisture,  specimens  will  remain  fresh  for  a  week 

5&  Specimens  for  ti^e  herbarium  should   represent  the  leaves,  flowers  and 
fruit,  and.  If  herbaceous,  the  root  also.    Much  care  is  requisite  in  so  drying  them  as 
to  preserve  the  natural  appearance,  form  and  color.     The  true  secret  of  tins  art  con- 
amts  m  extracting  tlio  moisture  from  them  by  pressure  in  an  abundance  of  drv 
bibulous  paper,  before  decomposition  cao  lake  place. 

57.  The  drying  press,  to  be  most  .fP-,ient  and  convenient,  should  consist  of  a 
dozen  quires  of  ordinary  blotting  paper,  , .  least  11  x  14  inches,  two  sheets  of  wlro 

gauze,  (same  size)  as  covers,  stiffened  bv  fnlrlnrl  oHn-oa  on^  ^u ^j.  r,,.,-  i„a..,-^ 

8  raps  a  yard  in  length,  with  buckles.  When  in  use  suspend  it  in  tl>o  wind  and  sun- 
Hune.  In  such  a  press,  tlfe  specimens  dry  well  in  fair  weather  without  once 
0 hanging.  If  boards  bo  used  for  covers  mstead  of  wire-gauze,  the  papers  must  bo 
changed  and  dried  daily.  ^^  w 


Id^ 


iwTBODucnoir. 


II  ! 


».th  th»  lona,  a  needle  taeS  T.  WnH^!  ?  J  appreciaUNi.    Per  dtaectton 

.^d.d._..e"irrrrrrr^.:"s;:L-£ 

bri!fl,%r«!:H -f  "■"!'  "'  ■"'■*'"°"  «™^"  «"  o:tan.m.tion  we  «m^ 
ively  b^r  the  moveme  J  rfa™«^"  "°  *"  ""  ""*'  "'"'"  ™P»'*»°  ""«»>»■ 
.eSd«LT."IerLtnZ:r^''fL?~''"''"'*'-      ^^-^ 


J  ills: 


,il,: 


QUESTIONS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


CHAPTER   I. 

What  Is  the  subject  treated  of  In  this  chapterf 
What  is  the  "  end  and  aim  "  of  all  science  ? 

^S'rtoSd  S?"  r^ro^'luS^*''' "  •  '"'^"  *"  *'•"'•«•  *"-'<''  Recitation,  wpref^rrt. 


30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
91. 

85. 


36 
37 
38. 


CHAPTER   II. 

"Nivnae  the  three  kingdoms  of  Nattire, 
What  ia  a  mineral  ?    A  stone  ? 
What  is  a  plant  ?     A  tulip  ? 
What  is  an  animal  7 

Are  the  three  kingdoms  perfectly  distinct  f 
Explain  the  diagram. 

How  is  the  Vegetable  kingdom  related  to  the  Animal  f 
How  ia  it  related  to  the  Mineral  kingdom  > 


Define  the  scierjice  of  Physics. 
Define  the  science  of  Zoology, 
Repeat  the  full  definition  of  the  science  of  Botany, 

39.  Of  what  does  Structural  Botany  treat  ? 

40.  Of  what  does  Elementary  Botany  treat  ? 

41.  Of  what  does  Physiological  Botany  treat? 

42.  What  is  the  aim  of  Systematic  Botany  ? 

43.  What  of  the  art  Phytology  ?     What  is  a  Flora? 
45.  Some  of  the  uses  of  Botany. 


CHAPTER    III. 

Ko    ^**  '*  *^®  subject  of  this  chapter  ? 

M    wS^**'**'"i^  ^^^  **"'*y  of  Botanv  be  commenced  early  in  Sprtng? 
63.  What  speclniens  are  wanted  ?     Use  of  the  black-board. 
KA    wu^.™y  classes  in  cities  be  supplied  with  spedmens  V 
•       ^"  ^^''J '»  «n  herbarium  ?    Mention  some  of  its  uses  ? 
22"  wh  ♦  '*PP*™t"8  is  required  for  collecting  specimens  ? 
Wh  ♦  ?*""*       specimens  are  wanted  for  the  herbariam  ? 
Kiy    "-  !!i'*  *h6  ^^^  secret  of  the  aft  of  oreuarfnir  the  softrfmens  » 
60"  Whn;  ?^  iiii-.  drying  mem     How  often  should  the  specimens  be  turned  ? 
ow,   wnat  apparatus  needed  in  examining  flowers? 

pn,f?o""""''°'  "'  **"  ""P**  "»»y  »>«"*^  •!<»<»  or  rmAUA  *y  the  piipils  m  th«  tMctatr  msy 


u 


QUKSXIOXS   ON 


PART    FIRST. 


es 

66, 
67. 

68. 
69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

75. 
76. 

77. 
78. 
80. 
81. 


CHAPTER   I, 

State  the  title  of  this  chapter. 

Name  the  two  Natural  Giand  Divisions  of  the  Vegetable  kircdom. 

What  of  the  Organs,  or  Organic  System  of  the  Ph^noeaS  ^ 

How  do  the  Cryptogamia  differ  from  this?         ^^^noga^m? 

How  does  the  Fern  differ  from  the  Rose? 

How  does  the  Lichen  differ  from  a  Violet  ? 
.  Name  the  two  subdivisions  of  the  Phaenogamia. 

vy  hat  plants  are  comprehended  among  the  Exocrens? 
Explfim  the  meaning  of  the  word.  ° 

What  plants  are  comprehended  among  the  Endo^ens  ? 

Explam  the  import  of  tiie  word. 

Why  are  the  Exogens  called  also  Dicotyledons? 

Why  are  the  Endogens  called  also  Monocotyledons? 

How  may  these  two  subdivisions  be  known  by  their  leaves? 

How  may  they  be  distinguished  by  their  flowers  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  two-fold  name  of  a  plant  ? 

Which  name  is  provincial,  and  which  universal? 

Show  by  example  how  the  Latin  name  is  double 

Kecite  verbatim  the  definition  of  a  species. 

Notice  an  example  of  a  species. 

How  may  we  define  a  variety  ?    Give  an  example 

Kccite  verbatim  the  definition  of  a  genus. 

Please  illustrate  by  two  good  examples  .-—Clover ;  Pine. 


if 


83. 
84. 

85. 
86. 


CHAPTER  II. 

Repeat  the  title  of  this  chapter. 

Whereia  does  animal  life  differ  from  plant  life  ? 

Name  the  several  stages  of  plant  life. 

Notice  the  five  picture  sketches  of  its  biography. 

How  much  does  the  "  term  of  plant  life  "  vary  ? 

Strange  exception  of  the  castor-oil  bean 
87.  What  of  flowering  and  fruiting  ?     When  do  they  prove  fatal  ? 

How  does  tlie  florist's  "  tree  mignonette  "  bear  Jn  this  question  ? 
89.  State  the  definitiou  of  "  Annual  herb,"  "  Biennial  herb  " 
qV  wf  ^  ^^     Monocarpic  herb  ,"  «  Perennial  plant  " 

Zul  1       ?.«''b^<^««"3  perennial  ?     The  woody  perennial  ? 
Qi    wu      ,   ^^  distmclions  among  woody  perennials? 
Qfi    Zu^^  •   ""  '^^^'""*'  °^  *  *"*^-^    ^^  ^»  undsrshrnbP 
Q?'  w.   !  i^  *^^  ^"'''"  ""'^  sf'^ture  of  a  tree  ?    Of  a  shrub? 
m    What  IS  remarked  of  the  age  of  trees? 
as.  How  may  the  age  of  a  tree  be  estimated? 

im"  S?"  ^","  '"^'l'"'^''-'  some  trees  remarkable  for  aee* 

101.  Please  instance  some  trees  remarkable  for  grandeur 

102.  Now  give  the  distinotion  of  trees  relative  to  their  verdure. 


wood's  class-book  of  botany 


•  •• 

Ul 


CHAPTER    III. 

103.  What  is  the  earliest  stage  of  the  plant  ? 

104.  In  growmg,  whither  does  the  radicle  direct  itself? 

10^   ^  f-^ lu^  ^^"'^^"^y  °f  *he plumule  f  ' 

105.  Explain  the  structure  of  the  bud.     How  does  it  ctow  ? 

in?"  wh  ^"^  °[ *f' '  ^""^^  t^«  ^«™inal  bud  alone  develon  ? 
107.  What  other  bu(  s  are  also  found  ?     WhL!^^     •     Tu    ?        , 

?}?•  ^^"^^u  "^^^^  *he  flower  oSte  7^'°''  ''"'"  *^«  ^^*°^««? 

110    5^     "^  *^,^°  '^  ^^^  "^^"•'6  of  the  flower? 

iif  f ''"l^'^^^^  ""-gan  does  the  fruit  originate? 

113.    Explain  these  views  by  the  figure  of  the  p^ouy  and  its  parts. 


114. 
116. 
117. 


118. 

119. 
120. 
121. 
122. 

124. 
125. 
127. 

130. 
131. 
132. 
133. 
134. 
135. 
136. 

137. 
138. 
139. 
140. 

141. 

143. 
144. 
145. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

Of  what  does  this  chapter  treat  ? 
Define  the  root.     How  distinguish  root  from  stem? 
Rease  state  the  two-fold  offici  of  the  root 
What  IS  the  leading  propensity  of  the  root? 
What  Th       """'^  P''*^^''  appendacres  of  the  root? 

trlhiesr  ^""^"^  "  ^'^^"^^^^  ^^  ^fa«  multipliUn  of  these  ex- 
What  is  the  part  designated  by  the  term  coUumf 
What  are  the  spongioles,  or  spongeleis  ? 
What  are  the  fibrilte  ?     Their  office  and  use  ? 
Why  should  a  tree  or  shrub  be  transolanted  in  qnrm«9 
Name  the  two  definite  modes  of  rootTvelo;menT  ^' 
Define  accurately  the  axial  mode.     The  inaSka 
Give  instances  of  them  both  ^naxm. 

Name  the  four  varieties  of  the  axial,  or  tap-root 
Define  the  ramous  tap-root.     The  tuberous. 
iJetine  the  fusiform  tap-root.     The  conioAl      TMo^.x,..^' 
How  are  all  these  thicLned  roots  reservl?^'^'^^"^ 
^ame  the  six  forms  of  iaaxial  roots 
Describe  with  examples,  the  fibrous  root. 

wrt't't'fhtT'"^""^"' ™'^*     Moniliform.    Tubercular. 

w  at  13  .he  thickening  matter  in  all  these  cases? 

What  roots  are,  said  to  be  adventitious  ? 

What  roots  are  said  to  be  cirrhons? 

What  curious  style  of  root  has  the  screw-pine  ? 

Axial  and  inaxial— which  requires  deep  tillage  ? 
irtw'o  crops  are  sovvn  together— what  should  thev  be? 
What  IS  the  nature  of  those  plants  called  Epiphyt^? 
Wha  are  Parasites  ?     Give  examples  of  th4  cfaSL 
Read  the  paragraph  on  subterranean  stems. 


iv 


QUESTIONS    OX 


147. 

148. 


149. 
160. 

161. 

153. 


154. 


166 

166, 

168. 

160, 

161. 

162. 

163. 

164. 

166. 

167. 

166. 

167. 

168. 

169. 

170. 

172. 


CHAPTER    V. 

What  is  the  title  of  this  chapter?    Define  this  phrase. 

What  is  tlie  general  idea  of  the  term  "axis?" 

Does  the  ascendins  axis  always  continue  to  grow  erect  f 

What  IS  the  idea  of  the  procumbent  stem  ?    Of  the  decumbent  ? 

What  tiie  idea  of  the  ascending  stem  ?    Of  the  subterranean  ? 

How  may  this  last  bo  distinguished  from  roots  ? 

Explain  the  development  of  tiic  simple  stem. 

Where  may  the  original  plumule  bud  bo  always  found? 

iiXplain  the  development  of  a  branching  stem. 

If  the  axillary  buds  grow,  what  do  they  then  become  ? 

Is  there  any  apparent  plan  in  the  arrangement  of  the  branches? 

1  lease  define  the  alternate  arrangement.     The  opposite. 

Define  the  verticillato.     Give  examples  of  each  mode. 

What  vnri('t  ic8  in  the  "  angle  of  divergcnoo  "  hi  bmnclies  ? 

What  is  notieeaiilo  in  tlic  bcccli  f    The  oait  !•    eini  ? 


178. 

176. 
177. 

178. 

179. 
181. 

183. 

ia3. 

184. 

185. 

186. 

187. 

189. 

191. 

Inn 
VO. 


What  are  some  of  the  distinctions  made  by  nurserymen  ? 
,  Wliat  IS  a  Sucker  ?    A  Stolon,  or  Layw  ?    A  Cion? 
.  How  are  the  grape-vine  and  hop  propagated  ? 
,  Define  an  Offset     Define  the  Runner. 
,  What  is  a  Node  ?    An  Internode  ? 

Why  does  the  stem  diminish  upwards? 

Can  you  describe  the  process  of  the  growth  of  the  stem? 

State  briefly,  one  great  exception  to  this  rule. 

Give  the  precise  definition  to  the  "  leaf-stem." 

Give  the  precise  definition  of  the  "scale-stem." 

Name  the  five  principal  foims  of  the  leaf-stems. 

Name  the  six  princi))al  forms  of  the  scale-stems. 

Distinguish  between  the  herbaceous  and  woody  leaf-stems. 

What  IS  the  caulis  ?     Define  caulescent     Acaulescent 

What  IS  the  culm  ?    What  stems  are  called  trunks? 

What  forms  of  trunk  have  you  noticed  ? 

Distinguish  the  "  exeurrcnt "  from  the  "  solvent "  axis. 

Instance  some  examples  of  cjieh. 

What  term  is  applieabie  to  tlie  stem  of  the  pahn  tree  ? 

Describe  the  singular  jttor*  of  the  Cactus  tribe. 

Describe  the  vine  and  its  two  varieties. 

Which  is  furnished  witli  tendrilt,  the  climbers  or  twiners? 

\yhat  IS  the  law  in  regard  to  the  course  of  the  twiners  ? 

How  is  the  creeper  defined  ?     Its  two  classes  please  mention. 

How  is  the  witch  grass  best  cultivated  ? 

What  can  be  said  of  the  utility  of  such  repent  stems  ? 

What  prevents  our  sandy  or  clayey  hills  from  wasidug  f 

What  is  tlie  proper  description  of  the  root-stock  ? 

Show,  by  figure  M,  the  manner  of  its  growth. 

Describe  the  premorse  root-stock. 

The  stem  of  clover,  asparagus,  etc.,  in  winter,  is  what  ? 

What  is  a  tuber?    Show  by  fig.  54,  etc.,  how  it  grows. 

What  is  a  corm  ?    Show  how  it  grows. 

Describe  the  bulb.    Show,  by  fig.  60,  how  it  multiplies. 

Varieties  in  bulbs — describe  some. 

Finally,  notice  the  gradation  in  tuber,  corm,  and  bulb. 


wood's  claks-book  of  botany. 


195. 
196. 
197. 

loa 
aoa 

208. 
203. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

What  is  the  topic  of  this  chapter  ? 

What  two  kinds  of  buds  are  mentioned  ? 

Repeat  the  definition  of  the  leaf-bud. 

What  is  the  nature  of  the  scales  f    Show  this  bv  fl<r«  it?  M 

Where  are  bud-scales  needed  and  found?         ^  ^        '  * 

How  are  the  buds  protected  In  rain  or  cold? 

Which  Is  the  parent  bud  ?    What  the  axillary  bud  f 

Distinguish  the  two  liinds  of  axUlary  buds! 

onA    JJl!^"-?*^'^®  **'"*''y''^°'""  terminal? 

2U4.  What  if  a  part  of  them  be  suppressed  ?     What  if  all  ? 

m    When  Is  the  axis  said  te  be  &ra.Aiate;    How  In  the  pUik  f    (Fig.  Ttt) 

207.  What  are  adventitious  buds?    How  are  they  caused  ?  ^       . 

lu   rZ.T^  "  "^^v*? '  .  ^.^'^^  '"^**^°^  °f  displaying  it  ? 

213.  Considering  each  leaf  alone,  when  is  it  said  to  be  reclined f 

mii;n  conduphcah?     Plaited  f    Circinate?       "^ '^^*"***' 

When  ,3  It  convolute?     Involute?    Resolute? 

i',vl7"r^  "  '",""  ir  ?!j  ('^^^  ^1')  ?    I«  the  tulii>.tree  ?    Pern  ? 
9U   ri    •     ?u^!;'^'    P'^^^    Balm-of-Gilead?    Sycrmore? 

'''•m:ftHq^et^TTqu7rtr^^ 

216.  State  the  principle  of  "  budding."    What  are  bulblets  ? 


217. 
218. 

219. 
220. 

221. 

222. 

223. 
224. 
226. 
227 
228. 
229. 
230. 

231. 

232. 

233. 

234. 

235.  i 

236. 

237. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

What  is  the  subject  of  this  chapter  ? 

How  does  the  leaf  figure  in  landscape  scenery  ? 

What  13  the  general  characteristic  of  the  leaf? 

What  variations  in  the  color  of  the  leaf? 

What  is  the  etymology  of  the  word  Phyllotaxy  ? 

WlmrV'lrS^?^'?^'"    ^«^^««  ^'^"'in-.     Leaves  ramial. 
■   ^S,"  S'^  ^f7««  anangement  of  leaves?    Scattered?     Rosa- 
late?    Fasciculate?    Opposite?     Verticillate  ? 
^  you  reduce  all  these  to  two  types,  what  are  the  two  ? 
What  experiment  reveals  the  true  nature  of  the  alternate  type  ? 
Can  you  show  that  the  opposite  leaved  type  may  be  spiral » 
Decussate  leaves— what  are  they  ? 
State  an  established  law  in  plant-developmtnt 
Wi  1  you  carefully  define  the  elm  cycle  ? 

dSminaSr  ?*  '^''''  "'^'''  ^'"^  '^'  ^""^^"*°^  •^«'»°*«?    What  the 
How  is  the  alder  cycle  ? 

Calling  this  the  J  cycle,  what  does  the  1  denote  ?     The  3  ? 
Describe  the  cherry  cycle.  "«  o  f 

Why  call  this  the  §  cycle  ? 
Describe  the  Osage  orange  cycle. 
Why  denominate  this  the  g  cycle  ? 
Show  how  these  cycles  are  related  to  each  other 
It  the  third  is  f  and  the  fourth  f,  what  will  the  fifth  be  ? 
-_  Wftat  plants  J3  tnis  (the  -,-*„)  cycle  reallBed  ? 
What  cycle  is  next  in  order  ?     What  its  numerical  sign  ? 
I  ou  may  read  the  remarks  on  the  higher  cycles. 


I. 


QUK8TION8   OX 
MORPIIOLOOY     OK     TIIK     LEAP 

'^"^'Klain^''"''^''     What  iHtho  petiole; 

241.  NH,no  the  threo  ,li"tJno   n«rt.  o^'l'f  *^r**^:    i»V«4ai«. 

242.  To  what  tranalo„„«tion?:;e%l;,;af  ^  '«'^^- 

OP     TIJK     rKTIOLK. 

246.  la  what  sort  of  leaves  do  wr.>  V.n.i    ^'  ^"^'/"*) 

ui  waves  uo  we  tind  compound  petioles? 


« 
OP 


TIIK     STII'ULBS. 


OP     TIIK     VEINS. 

255    Why  a.^.   h  >t^o^'n"i"''"'''  "f  '*'''  '^'"^^  composed? 
WUm!  1      ^  ?^'^  *'^*"*  •'"^''^'''  tl'an  ribs? 
Na    1  'f,:^7"^'^^^^  t>y  t»'«  tera.  venation  t 

}i'Z-'w  :::.;!;r rf  "^''*  ^^''«t  >oaf  has  such? 

-^b-.  \\  ha    varieties  >,,  the  parallel  venation  i 

\Miat  venation  inllg.  IOC?     107?     jqS?     109?     110? 

rOUM,    OR   FIGURE. 

o.  Define  ti.-    .  x  d  c'    s  o^^?    1"""''  b.>lonping  to  it 
N«,,,p  „    i  -A..a  < ,  „:jof  feather-veined  leaf-form, 
i^..n>e  a    }  d^,,,.bc  Uiu  /.;ur  torms  belonging  tolhi* 


287 


The  Bagittate. 
112?    113? 


wood's  class-book  of  botany. 

266.  In  the  third  claas,  where  are  the  longest  veinlets? 
Narno  And  describe  the  four  forms  of  this  class 
in  the  fourth  class,  how  are  Uie  lowest  veinlets? 

The  Imstl^tr  °^"  ^°  *'*""'^**^  ^^*^*     ^'^®  auriculate. 

^uiyiT5)V?'^5l??'^'^'"^    Abo  of  111? 
Observe  fig.  130--what  is  its  form  ?    What  of  m  ?     lQn» 
On  what  do  the  pinnatiful  fonnsTepend  ?  ^^^^ 

llw  terra  p.n««<ed  contrasts  with  what  other  term? 
Do^cnbe  the  pmnatifid  loaf.     The  runcinate     lZL 
Wlmt  IB  pinately  parted  f    Sinnate?  ^       * 

WnVhfc  ''''  m^^^J^'^y^ palmate  venation? 

Ob  .^  ,.  Z  fi    ''"'^^^  ^    ^^'«h  '«  P«'t«t«?    Which  trilobate? 
Ubs..rv<.  the  Hgnres  on  page  58,-which  is  palmatelv  cleft? 
Wh.oh  palrnatelj  pnrtecr?''  Which  merely  lobcd?   ^         ' 
Wha    form  is  pedate  f    Find  an  example 

W  la   !',  'Z!'^''^  i  ?f  parallel-veinid  leaves  ? 
What  13  the  linear  leaf?    Give  examples. 
Define  the  ens.form  leaC     What  good'  example  is  here  ? 
By  what  term  Is  the  palm  leaf  denoted  ? 


▼il 


268 

269. 

270, 
271. 

272. 

273. 
274. 
275. 

276. 


137? 


277.  What  two  forms  of  leaf  are  peculiar  to  the  fir  tribe  ? 

MARGISr. 

fm   w.   J  ^^""^  .^PP'^"  *°  irregularly  divided  mar/rins? 
282.  What  does  the  term  cris^td  denote?       "^'«'°^' 

APSX. 

'''•  ""otherTo'mf ''^^    *°   """**««'^    ^P^^     ^  -'«•     An  oU.^ 
284.  The  <ru«cate  lekc     The  marginate,  etc. 


OP    TUB    COMPOUND    LEAF. 

"jfiQ    A    f  ^  modification  of  pinnate  is  fig.  161?    160?    159? 
288.  As  to  the  number  of  leaflets  in  thf  pinnate  eaf-how  many? 
How  many  m  Uie  trifoliate  f    Binate  ?  ^ ' 

289    Ffni   '"^*'°"  *•''  ^'-''^  l'^^*  *^«  '«"'^"  leaf  (167)  is  compound? 

890.  "What  are  <mn.««onfea»«s/  np«pHh«  fj™  i^t 
291.  Define  a  6,ter«ate  leaf.  A  iritemate.^'  ^^' 
292   Please  d.stmguish  the  palmaicly  ^nd  pinnaiely  temat^ 


VIU 


QUESTIONS    OS 


|i   ! 


Fig.  102  represents  what  kind  of  leaf?    163  ?     ICA  ? 

Describe  fig.  ]  68.     166.     169.  • 

on?"  JJT  *^®  amplexicaul  leaves  inserted  ?     Describe  1 70 
294.  Define  perfoliate  le.yes.     Connate.     Point  out  the  Agu,^. 

TBXTUEE   AND   SURFACE. 

?ap"  ?'T''  ?''®  varieties  in  the  texture  of  leaves. 

^J7.  Define  uarenally  a  ^jM^escm^  surface.     A  villous     Sericeomi.      Ta«„. 
ooo   ■n^'"''"';    Momentous,    i^foccose.  ^enceous.     Laau. 

298.  Define,  also,  hirsute.     Pilous.     Hispid. 

^00.   VV  hat  covers  the  pruinous  surface,  as  of  grapes  ? 
^'    r;?vl"'  ^"«"^".  such  terms  as  ovate-lanceolate. 
802.    Can  you  show  the  use  of  the  preposition  ««6> 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

^J'f^T  is  the  title  of  this  chapter? 

What  IS  one  of  the  first  aims  of  the  botanist? 

wZ/-"";!'^  •''-''/'^'""  *^t  *'"^  ""'^  transforn,ed  leaves  ? 
What  IS  the  nature  of  the  brown  scales  of  buds  ? 
What  13  the  nature  of  the  cotyledons  ?    Proof? 
What  IS  the  cause  of  their  deformity? 
Can  you  toll  yfhatphj/Uodia  are  ?    Examples  ? 

M(-    ihn  tuZ.r''^-''  ™^y  ^^  transformed  leaves. 
Mention  three  curious  examples. 

•  Wlmt  are  air-bladders?     What  their  uses ? 
flow  IS  the  leaf  of  "Venus'  fly-trap "  constructed ? 
VV  hat  IS  the  use  of  the  tendril  ? 
Is  it  a  new  organ  ? 

How  does  the  tendril  of  the  pea  originate  ? 
VV  liat  Its  origin  in  Gloriosa  superba  ?     In  Lathvrus  ? 
in  Llomatis,  wha  ,  organs  serve  as  tendrils  ?      "' 
in  green-bnar,  what  organs  become  tendrils  ? 
^1  heiioo  come  the  tendrils  of  the  grape-vine  ? 
Jlow  are  some  plants  armed  ? 

Wrn7^.f  °''^''"'  ''^  '■'"  'P''''-'  "f  ^"'•beris  originate  ? 

^  hence  the  spmes  of  goat's-thom  ?     Of  locust  ? 

How  do  thorns  differ  from  spines  ? 

wi      ^'i«  o"g'n  of  the  thorns  in  Osage  oranee  ? 

Whence  the  thorns  of  honey-locust  T         ^ 

Wliat  are  prickles  ?    Examples? 

What  are  bracts  ?     What  is  their  nature  ? 


303 

304, 
305 
306, 

.307. 

308. 
309, 

311. 

312. 

313. 


314, 

315. 
316. 


318. 
319. 


CHAPTER     IX. 

f^\  ^^^'^  '■«  ;he  title  of  this  chapter  ?    Define  the  term. 
333.  Whence  do  the  flower-buds  originate  ? 
323.    What  proof  of  this  theory  is  given  « 

3'>5    WhS  Zt"^''"'';*T^i^f  'T  ^"""*'^^  °^  flower-bud.? 
y-<->-    y^  liat  may  a  single  hud  develop  '^ 

ooS"  S?'''*  i^  ^^''^  ^^  t'^^  a^'«  of  the  flower-bud  ? 
d^7.  ^  hat  is  a  peduncle  ?    May  it  bear  leaves  ? 


wood's   CLASS-BOOii.    OF   JIOTANY. 


u 


328 
329 
1)30. 

3;n. 
:J33. 


333 
334 
335 
336. 
337, 
338 

339. 
340. 
342. 


343 
344 
345, 
346, 

347. 

348. 
349. 
350. 
351. 

352. 
353. 
355. 


356. 
357. 
359. 
360. 
361. 

363. 


What  are  pedicels?    When  is  a  flower  seasile?  ■ 

How  does  a  scape  diflfer  from  a  peduncle  ? 
What  IS  the  rachis  of  an  inflorescence  ? 
What  is  the  torus? 

Mention  some  odd  varieties  of  the  peduncle 
Describe  flg.  115.     116.    117.    118.  ^*-""°"^- 

What  are  brae  tooles  ? 

How  are  the  bracts  in  Aster  ?     How  in  the  Crucifers  ? 

V\  hat  IS  Slid  of  the  color  of  bracts  ? 

What  is  a  spathe  ?    Examples  in  figures  189  190  191 

How  may  an  involucre  be  formed  ?  '        ' 

Describe  a  compound  Jlower  of  the  Composite 

What  13  the  cAa/ on  the  torus?     Describe  fi<r   193 

In  the  grasses,  what  are  the  glumes  ?     The  pales  ?     rpitr  195  \ 

In  the  oak  etc.,  what  is  the  nature  of  the  cup  ?     (Fii  194  r 

Why  IS  axillary  inflorescence  called  eWf^wt^e?  ^"        '^ 

Why  IS  it  called  centripetal  ? 

Where  is  the  centre  of  a  lengthened  inflorescence  ? 

Why  13  terminal  inflorescence  definite  f     Centrifu-ral ' 

Are  both  terminal  and  axillary  inflorescence  evei^combined  ? 

^ame  the  nine  varietiesof  axillary  inflorescence 

How  13  the  inflorescence  of  the  mullein,  and  how  named  ? 

In  liinothy  grass,  what  iiie  the  spikes  aad  spUcehUf 
.   vVhat  IS  a  spadix  ?    Give  examples. 

Wliat  inflorescence  in  fig3.  200  ?    201 2    202? 
■  What  is  a  catkin  ?     Examples? 
.  How  does  the  raceme  difl'er  from  the  spike? 
How  does  the  corymb  diflfer  from  the  raceme  ? 
How  does  the  umbel  differ  from  the  corymb  ? 
What  the  compound  -.rnbel  ?     The  rays  ?    The  umbellets? 

What  IS  a  panicle  ?     Give  common  examples. 
What  13  a  thyrse  ?     Whal  is  a  head  ? 

^"wJtf  ;r  ''«";P^''"'|,?«we>-  of  Composite,  what  answer  to  calyx? 

^"S%o%;2iS'iii:fZ^i  "'"■■"''  '"• ' ""''  '^'  ^''  ^'  ^''  '''«' 

Name  three  varieties  of  terminal  inflorescence. 

vVhat  IS  a  cyme  ?     What  is  a  scorpoid  <;ymG  ? 

bhow  the  evolution  of  a  cyme  in  duckweed  (fi<r.  219) 

bhow  the  evolution  of  a  scorpoid  cyme  by  figs.°220  221 

What  13  a  fascicle  ?     A  glomerule  ?  o  ,        • 

What  does  fig.  216  represent  ?    Fig.  217  ?    Fig.  218?    Fig.  221  ? 

IIow  may  a  spike  become  a  raceme  (fi"'.  222)  ? 

^^'?Ing:^!i^''mrml'''^^-     ^^  ""'^'^l  (224)  ?    a  head (227)?    What 

Into  wliat  is  the  entire  inflorescence  transformed  in  grapes  ? 


I'-- 


FLOWERING. 

■364.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  ? 
365.  What  is  said  of  the  date  of  flowering  for  each  species? 
dl)0.  How  would  you  make  a  floral  calendar  f 
How  is  this  related  to  the  climate  ? 


QUKSTrONS   Olf 


.!«..     Rx.inii.  (.  «K  U*  (hi>  nul  iiiaplo  in  mimml  cIIiikw. 

Kxiuuiilo  iiH  lo  (|l(j.,|-,,iii,  pbiitM  III  Nuw  Kiittliiml. 
MV\      low  wuiilil  ^oii  coiwinict  u  /^>,•,^/  WwA/ 

\\  ml.  pliuit  opniH  lis  (l,.«<-rs"ut  ;J  oVlui-k,  a.m.? 

Wluit  pbiit  HI,  1^  M.y     ,vi  -I,  1'.  M.,  .'U'  « 
:t(;i).   As  lo  ,1...  .H>lo,-s  of  lIow,Ms~»,v  ||u>y  s.,l.j...f,  to  art  at  alf  ? 

•17<»    I.    •  .  "'V,'"' V"'  V"  '•'"  '•**'*•'■  "'  ""•  "^>^v.>i-  in  (Ivscriplum:^? 
J7t>.  l»f«.nU.  ilu.  \u..l,l.u,  s.>ri.^  of  <.oI„rH.     Thu  C!yunic  .sLL" 

Wr,AT  f«  tl,n  fffle  of  fJn..  rhapt.-r  ?     Moaniuir  of  tm,ry,Ao^./jy  f 
•Tv    ,V'»\>»'<^  li'vvo  whiil,  ivliiilon  It.  umul 
.«^.«.    How  ,|„  ttow.Ts  hui.nwf  In  th,>  llnhi,  of  hoI.mko? 
.{/•I.   lldw  is  tlu?  Ilowor  n-lin,>(|  m  Iniiy  brundi? 

m  \j  ,,.  1,  „.„„„-k,,i  ■„•  ,i„.  ,,,,1,  |„„|  „}  i,t;v"lv'i  „  „,,, , 

* iv  ;*''*"'.';•"  '1'"  ^•"''••'''•-  »)<'s(Tih,.  ii.s  tw,.  vaiit.t,i«>H. 

•mi     VvT'?      "'"  ^':*'"'"'''-''-     l>''«<'n[M.  «...  i.Mbricalo. 
.Ul.    ^^hat  t.w(»  van.'trrs  of  Mi.>  iiuhiiculo  aro  iiuMitiouo,!? 

Tlu>  v..x,ll,.,.y.    Tl.o  plicato.    The  suiH^rvoluto.  '"° '"^'^^'^f"'^ 

.»!•< .    U  hat  i>»  llif  torus  i 
3S)1>.   Wl>iil.  mv  tl.iv  IK)i-al  rtivclopo.s  ? 

WluH.  of  fl.oin  is  tilt.  vA\yx?     Which  the  corollu ? 

lA*  l.olU  (>alyx  uut!  «-i.i-i>Ha  alwayM  t.-xist  ? 

li  but.  oiii>  U>  pivs(>iif,  which  is'il? 

Tm    n  •''■"r,:''"T':i">'  '!"'  '•»'>■''•     '^Vl.ut,  an>  tl.o  .(.pals  ? 

4    1    (.uv  ..lly  .i,.(M„  tl.o  vorolla.     Wl.af,  ,Jo  u-o  call  iUs  loavc.f 

40 J.   \\  l.at  IS  tho  uso  or  ir.o  M-,»r(i  prritnfh  / 

4(M.    II.,.  .vss^MiMat  oi-oans wliat  two  kiiuls  ? 

404.  n,.(i„o  tl.o  stauu-ns.     What,  of  their  iiumbor? 
(.  (^II^.(•llv^^y,  wlmt  arc  ihoy  calfoil? 

40,».  IVlii.o  tlK>  pistils.     Uy  what  oth.T  names  (nUioiT 

4  (_,.  NoNv  ,;.H.,p,t„laf.>  theso  lo.ir  .sots  of  o.-puis  in  order. 

*(u.  >*  hat.  IS  Siud  t»l  apjx.ndagos  ? 

405.  Tlio  pupil  imvy  load  ur  roJu-arso  Soc  -tOS. 
■  11  ',yi?'',?''  "*  ■7''»""'''>-  wluu  of  the  mi,-,f.o.-  i„  each  sctP 

In  vkuivo  posl,io.,-luuv  a.v  tho  petals  with  s.p.Us  "to!? 
lVfMH>,  thou,  tfH>  typical  tlowcr. 

Whyisitporlbol?     Cuiuplctv?     K..f,M.Iar?     Fy,ni»otru,aI? 
Is  Hils  lyjm  often  n>nli7,cii  ? 

4M     u'!""!'«'  "'*'  V"'*'''"'"*  ^""''''^  '"  '♦'«■  ""nil  world ? 

; pj     M  1",  •  .      ''^'  '^  ""'■  "'"■''  »»n'i-"'»''l>cs  nearest  the  type  ? 

4Ui.     How  do  the  tloweiN  ut  Si-dum  deviate  from  It  ? 

417.  Can  yon  tnciifit>n  some  of  tho  modes  of  dt-vialion? 

■'*''•     w)'"!  •'*"  i^ ""  "'»<>^"'^l'"'i«  f'.v  the  ra,U,;ir  fntinUr ■' 

>v Uut  IS  the  most  ron.mon  radical  of  the  Evoireiia? 

What  most  eoii.inoii  in  the  Ki.-r(,«,.,.o «        '    ^^'""^ 

What  IS  the  nullcnl  nnn.fn-r  of  the  flower  in  vour  hand? 

W  hat  ilo  iiutiuipUtf  lh>  wcM  lick  » 

What  Is  un  apenilons  tlo wer  1    U'lwt  oxaiupUi  ? 

y^bai.  l8  un  achli.nydcous  tlowery    Examplca.     (Fljfs.  3W,  965.) 


411. 
412. 

41;?. 


4ia 


iM 


421. 


'VS,. 
42ti. 


wood's   CLAHH-nooiC   OF   HOTANV. 
What  do  {rnpr'^frrtnowi'TA  lank  ?    DoKcrllu!  a  /r/.r/fc  flowr 

ITh(i  oI  (,Ii(.  word  lUi-luiomi'    Kxiilaln  U-'iin-H  "(IH    >it7  XL  .«-</  o-»a 
WImr,  iH  a  m;tf,-al  II.mv.t  *    (l'l|r.  y"/.)  ''  "''"'  '^^^'  *^'^'  -''^''  270. 

I)()ftcrll)o  till.  ll<)W(!r  of  niUMlunl.  •'-mwhi'ich. 


XI 


4;i7. 

4;iH. 

4:io. 
4;u. 

4;M. 

4;{r>. 

4;Ki. 
4:t7. 

4:5a 

4'I0. 
441. 

443. 
-141. 
4'l(). 
447 

418. 


I)cK<Til.c  tlu,  (low.iH  or  Hi,.  Min't  fari.lly,  aH  Monarda  .-t,. 

vy,;:i  Ki:;';:;'!4.^;::':;  :;i.S;c^^'  ^«^'  ^«^.  ^«^  ^^-^  ^ho 

lllivi;  lu  thin  iii>. >■.>,.!..  ......i.i..  .  I  >.       ..        .    . 


Of  lark-Hpur? 


H(.w  iHtilHiinoimily  ,..vi,|,i|,„.,iy    KxnlaltUlL'fl  '>7'>  "7-?  '>7a  o~r. 

UH  rau,    .1.   »  lb..  liJl,,H.     Th.,  ro^ivvorrH.     HJood-root 
IllijHtrato  tli(!  law  oC  rA<>r//(M  t)y  (l^rH.  yjcj^  ^77,  jw. 

,  MoMfioii  Home;  njipciKlJciilur  organs. 

,  Willi),  arc  «/</n-,s  in  varioua  examples? 
What  Aro  mt//',-«  in  (lio  various  oxamf,l,!H<;i(,(Ml? 
n  hat  IS  iIh!  iimmt  in  NaroisMis  y     I„  <;ut<.I,(Jv7 
Du,s<;ril,«  tl,.,  "Kiuinl.dar  iKidios"  in  Krass-['ama.,s.i3. 
WImt  In  wdd  of  thr,  rr<'<,«,.,M.y  of  ■"miioii  of  oru-uiH  v» 
Ifow  may  thin  ui.lou  J)o  de/^rtcd  y  •"^■"'Hy 

Kxplaii.  I,h,.  (liirorcnco  l.,.tw..(.ri<r«/ir.v,>>n  nri.]  ndhemon. 
I'^xplai.t  1,l„.  prop,.r  .,«,.  of  f,!.,,  words /r.e  an.l  .//.<^V.«f. 
What  IS  said  ol  ivKularily  ii,  (!«,  ...arly  hmls  of  nowcrs? 
Montioii  ocrtam  iiiodci  of  invtrularity  in  /hnvcrs 
j;('s«MMlte  a  I(>ii);'lU('ii(.(l  re 
1)( 

W  .     „,„ 

What  IS  said  of  '^'(.iid)inf-(r<l«vi'atioCs.?'' 
divo  iui^iwiiaidi!,  in, -my  flowcTat  Imnd. 


aonrioii  ocrtani  nuxh-i  ol   invtrularity  in  /hnvcrs 

;<-.s«MM he  a  I.Mixl U..i.(..l  r(...,.ptad(.,     jjow  is  this  in  fijrs.  288  287  280? 

J; hat  IS  <!,«  ,hslv?     ,I>,.s<Tih.^  it  in  /j.rs.  2!)].  ^92  2'Ji 


44  D 
450. 
451, 
451, 
453. 
454. 
455. 


450. 
457. 
458. 


45f). 
4(iO. 
4(il. 
4(i;{. 
4G4. 


K». 


CMIAPTKU    Xt, 

Can  yon  ,l,.ni,o,  one.,  more,  (J,(,  true  idoa  of  tlio  tyr>ioal  nower? 

What  is  the  only  truo  distinction  hetwc.n  <.aly  v  and  c.Irolb  v 

Ijow  nro  st'pals  an<l  pct^ds  us  to  iinmlxM-v 

llovv  do  H..pals  n..s..ml)lo  loavos?     How  d„  petals? 

What  oorro,spon<Is  to  Mad,,  'i     What  to  ,„.|  i.,|,.  ? 

luthescpala   xvhatnppr.uslohntluvanalo.ry?     (S^„  fi„  \\   a  h  ^\ 

hi  on  lino,  what  aro  ,ho  ior.usof  p-tals?    'L  ( i  oy'^^J  viJs  Vnlir; ?'^ 

bta  0  th,,  p,.,,nl,an,y  ,n  ,ho  p,,,l  ibnn  of  tho  iJrnhilSl^^     L 

-I  «    .ohtl  of  .•lu..kw,v.d    2!);0.     or  ouinpion  (29GL     0  "  M.^ukV 

liooiL     Mitr('wort'(2!JHi.  ^  ivjouKS- 

What  of  tli(!  ucffary  y 

Ai-,,  the  floral  <,rf.-,.,ns  n„»ro  likoly  to  ho  tlistinot,  or  unitodf 
What ,  o  w,.  call  a  v:,lyx  with  .initod  sepals  V 
What  ,lo  we  rail  a<>orolla  with  '.mited  p,.fcils? 
VV hat  t/M-ins  are  oppos,.,!  h,  tliesotwo? 
V\  hat  do  wo  nn(lerstui„[  1,y  H,,.  limb?    Tlio  tube? 

V     at  sort  ,^  roh..um  in  ,.aly.  of  E.^chsehoFt^ia,  „;  grape  ?  ^ 

U  l.y  are  the  outer  organs  of  huttor-cnp  hv,u,>r^u^n.^  ' 

-xplainth,.ter,nep.^T"oas?  What  two  phmse^aroofthesameimportf 

Also  dosc.il.  SS(ia£.S,ri<^s;>t;r  ''^  ^'^  ^^^'^^ 


xu 


QUESTIONS   ON 


li   I 


2  !:r'^-'«---«s^i"pi^^^^^^^^         ■" « "■-"" 

408.  n  liauwo  pbrasea  aro  synonymous  will,  '-calyx  hypoevnons ?" 
Mow  «  the  calyx  ,„  »axif„,gc  (fl,,.  310)  „„,!  i,f  moEfInT' 

470-^4.  Describe  each  md  all  those  forma  in  order 

lo  which  of  these  classes  belong  the  tulio?      Thn  man  9     tu 

tard?   Pea?   Elder?    KaImi^?    HaSl  ?    WhnTl     ^\T^' 

^T^^/  SytSJln^r---"    -^^^^^^^^^ 
What  IS  pappus?    Its  etymology  ?     Give  examples. 
Describe  Hgs.  338,  329,  330,  331,  883,  333 

til'  }n  P^Jr^'l  f  ^*'°"'"''''  T'^'^'  represents  the  calyx  (fi...  334)  ? 
toa   T    ?"''''  '^''''*  represents  the  perianth  ffig.  335)  ?         °         "^ 

489.  In  the  frrasses,  what  organs  replace  the  perianth  ? 

4Qn    {!'^-;?V^'''^*^^^''P'''^'^'^^    The  glumes?    The  pales? 

490.  Define  tlie  term  caducous.    Deciduoul!     Marescent     Persistent. 


485. 


CHAPTER    XII. 


491 
492 


493 
494 

495. 
496. 
497. 

498. 
499. 


503. 

503. 

504 
505. 
50G. 

507. 

508. 

509. 
510, 
511. 


In  wJiat  position  are  the  essential  organs  found  ? 
How  may  they  be  known  from  the  envelopes  ? 

Wl!;il?'if"?.'^  describe  each  of  the  three  parts  of  the  stamen. 

W  Inch  of  these  parts  is  not  essential  ? 

What  is  the  conective  name  of  the  stamens  ?     (Fie  336  ) 

In  £■  i^  ^'  '•'';  '■'  ?,^  «n'i™»m  ?     Which  theVnoiium  ? 

DeSibf'K:m;:;l;jn^'^"""^^    ^"^^^^^     Pollen?^^onnectiIe? 

Please  dosciibe  the  anther.     Connectile.     Dehiscence. 

mim  is  the  antlior  versatile  ?    Adnatc  ?    Innate  « 

\V hen  IS    10  (ieh.sceiice  valvular ?     Porous V    Opercular  » 

n Iicii  IS  tlie  iuitlier  intiorse  ?    Extrorse  v         ^I'^^cuiar . 

pescriho  ti^irs.  339,  340,  Wl,  343,  343,  34*.  ' 

At  wliat  points  may  the  anther  be  appendaced'    Dpseribe  flc-s  ^tQ  Vin 

\V  hen  IS  the  anther  dimidiate !-     Deseribe  ftrs  354  S.S1         ^  '  ^• 

Point  out  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  tiffs.  356  ^56  357  S-^s  v.a 

Describe  liffs.  360, 361.  *'  '        '      ''  *''*°'  ^^ 

What  are  staminodia  ?    Where  do  y  e  find  them  » 

Describe  flg.  3?2,  and  show  tlie  staminodia. 

^drnnT^T'"'^'''**'^;^"!;"''"^     Indefinite?    Monandrous ?    Dian- 
drous?     Triandrous?     Pentamlrous,  etc  ? 

As  to  position-what  is  hypogynous  ?     Perigynous,  etc. 

As   n  Jj^P"'-.*^'^^ '«"§:th,  what  is  didynamous?     Tetradynamous? 

Po?vSlnl.T"9     Q^'*'"^"''  "^''^^  *'  nionadelphous?     Diadelphous? 
Polyadelphous?    Syngenesious  ? 

As  to  absence  how  is  a  plant  rendered  monoecious?    Dioecious? 

xiow  are  the  flowers  m  a  polygamous  species?     (§  421.) 

vy  hat  IS  the  pollen  ?    Its  microscopic  appearance  ? 

Describe  figs.  302,  363,  364,  365,  366. 

Describe  particularly  a  grain  of  pollen. 

How  does  pollipia  differ  from  pollen  ? 

Position  of  the  gynoecium  ? 

How  is  the  gynoecium  regularly  constituted  ? 


wood's  class-book  of  botany. 


Xlll 


512. 
A 13. 


514. 
515. 
5i6. 

rA7. 

519. 
520. 
521. 
522. 
523. 


524. 

525. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 
526. 

1. 

2. 
527. 
528 


529. 
532. 

533. 
634. 


535. 
636. 

539. 


Are  its  pistils  always  distinct  as  in  columbine  ? 

is  the  gynoeciuni  always  f.ee  and  superior  as  in  columbine? 

What  IS  said  of  the  number  of  the  pistils  ? 

Wliat  IS  the  meaning  ui'  the  terms  monogynous  ?     Trievnous  ? 

How  may  a  sm^fe  pistil  be  known  ?  -^r'gynousr 

Name  the  three  parts  of  the  pistil  ?    Which  is  non-essential  ? 

How  .s  this  carpellary  leaf  foJded  in  becoming  a  piTtU? 

What  forms  the  two  sutures  ?  ^ 

Explain  figs.  378  bis,  379  6w,  and  illustrate  this  view 

Also  compare  these  witli  tigs.  380,  381. 

What  IS  therefore  the  full  expression  of  the  doctrine  ? 

What  are  the  placentaj  ?     When  is  it  double  ? 

Ilkistrate  a  simple  carpel  by  a  pea-pod. 

What  IS  the  stigma  ? 

Of  what  (loe-i  a  compound  pistil  consist  ? 

Also  h,!,e  describe  ags.  384,  385,  386  and  371  to  379 

Xeb""     ^  ,he  five  ,ne.hod,of  de.e™ii,g-the  number  .f 

Jn  Sfsts,;-:*  t^:^Az  t%'-^"  -*«-^ ' 

Mow  wil  the  dissepiments  be  conditioned  ? 

Wwi'vtin  T'^'^r  ^'"  \^  ^"'^  ^^"  caned  S2>uriovsf 
Where  will  the  placentic  be  located? 

In  Sk'r''"?  '"''^^'  °^  ^^'^^''""'  ^«w  are  the  carpels? 

In  this  case,  how  many  cells  will  there  be  ?         ^ 
-  How  will  the  iilacentie  be  located? 

Can  you  mcnthm  any  intermediate  conditions  » 
•  Can  you  de.scribe  the  free  axile  placenta?  ' 

InZh^n  "'''^''°'^'  ''^'  ^^P'aining  this  singularity  ? 
In  which  figiin-s  IS  such  a  placenta  seen  ?     (394  398  ) 
Descnl,e  figs  ;«n),  400,  401,  403,  403,  404  405  "^ 

Here  notice  tonus  of  style  and  etignri'ntg;  38.5,  and  in  371  to  879 
What  IS  the  nature  of  the  ovtile  ? 

Ts  to  nni^'r""  1'  *'"'  *J""°''^  «^"  y«"  '"^'^tion  ? 
As  to  number,  what  is  definite  ?     Indefinite? 
As  to  position,  what  is  erect  ?     Ascending  etc  ? 
Illustrate  by  fij^s.  414,  415,  416,  417  ' 

Mtro^J"?'  "''' '^  ^^" '""'^'''^^^      Chalaza?    Tegmen?    Testa? 
As  to  turns,  what  does  orthotropous  mean  ?     Anatropous  ? 
Kf  ^.^•"'J«  «g-  40(J.     Describe  figs.  4  3,  407  408  409  ""P""'  '^ 

'"&2.^^"'"^  -^  "-  ^""^-'-.  chaiaz^'e^ren,  testa,  mieropyle,  and 


541. 
542. 

543. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

What  short  definition  of  fruit  i.s  fr"v  ri  ? 

What  18  remarked  of  consolidated  fruit? 


544.  Why  IS  an  early  examination  of  the  ovary  safer  than  a  late? 


«iv 


yUKSTlONS    ON 


?JJ"  SK''''/r "''?  '••v''°  '*''"'""•  s,^  ""■  f"-"''  of  birch. 

540.    \\  m t  hUut  cliaiiirt.  (.(.curn  ?    llluHlnilo  by  tliorn-anple 
Wlmt  is  Hliown  in  )!««.  418,  411),  4a0?  ' 

047.  Nuino  tiio  two  part.s  of  tlio  fruit,  and  describe. 
Niuno  tiio  vfiru.iiH  foxturoa  of  tho  poncttrp. 

048.  C-an  you  nmno  instano-s  of  open  pericarps?   Describe  figs.  491,  492 
How  are  tho  seeds  of  (losliy  fruits  liberated  ?  o  ,  *v;a 

rr^   I.       '"■''  *''°'''''  "''  ''"''  '''T  f'-i'its  "«»ully  liberated  ? 
ooO.  (an  you  name  tiu>  modes  of  dehiscence? 

1 .  Wiiat  is  sntural  dehis('(>n«>  ?     In  wliat  fruits  seen  ? 
KrT'  <xTi      I  •'"!  *^!'  *^''"'"*'<^'^''»<'^''*  is  «i-^'»i  ii»  diapram  429  ?     430  ?     431  ? 
rrl'  Av,        •  "    1     *>^>I''«<'\nco  in  pappy  ?    In  h,..ni,ane,  etc.  ?    (Fijr.  444.) 
f)53.  What  smgular  organ  13  seen  in  caraway?     (Fig.  433.) 
555.    Explain  tlio  synopsis  of  tl.o  Irults,  bo>v  fruits  may  bo  doHucd  by"it. 
55(5.  Wiiat  is  an  aclieiiimn  ?     A  cremo(^'lrp  ?     A  cyiK^(>la  ? 
tf;  "7^V'i«f''"-'^"!«l;«'l  ''-mu  seeds?    Show  f.,r„rcs  of  each  kiml. 
55!).  U  liat  IS  a  utricle  ?     Show  us  one,  or  tlie  figure 
Kw'ui''''"!;'''''""'     Thefnrnro.     A  samara?     Tiic  figunv. 
5RI-081.  (Ihe  same  (p.cstions  on  each  kiml.  showing  tho  figure,  or  if  DO* 
siblo^  tho  very  fruit.).  -^      .        » pv"- 


CIIAPTEK    XIW 


582. 
583. 

584. 

SS.'k 


580. 


588. 
58!). 
590. 

591. 
61)2. 
5i)4. 
5!)(). 

598. 

50!). 

tiol. 

()02. 
iWA. 

f)04. 
005. 

cm. 

(307. 
COS. 

(iio. 

611. 


Define  tho  seed.     What  does  it  coiasist  of? 

What  IS  the  name  of  tlie  outer  covering?     Of  the  inner? 

\V  liat  are  tiic  varimis  textures  of  tho  testa  ?     Of  its  surlhco  ? 

How  ilistiiiguisli  tlic  cmia  from  tlic  pappus  ? 

Which  o(^  (h(-se,  i)i-opt«rIy,  is  cotton  ?     Explain  fig.  405. 

\V  liat  orcftsioiiol  covering  is  named  ?     Exami)les 

Show  it  in  nutmeg  (fig.  4GI).,    In  staff-tiw  (rig.'4()0V 

\V  hat  IS  the  ani  c;.lied  in.  the  seed  of  Tolygala  ?     (Fi-r  041  V 

W  hat  IS  the  eye  of  tho  st>od  proi^^rly  called  v  '^'        '' 

\V  hen  is  the  sixhI  said  to  be  albuminous  ?     When  exaHnnninous  ? 

IJcscnbe  the  album<>n.     Its  .p.antity  compared  with  tho  embryo. 

U  lat  lis  varieties  ot  texture  ?     Show  examples 

jyhat  three  parts  of  the  embryo  anr  mentioned  ? 

I  cfmel he  radicle.     The  plumule.     The  cotyledons 

J  low  do  these  alterna(i>  with  the  albumen? 

1  low  arc  the  nionocotyleilons  chaniclcrized  ?     The  dicotyledons ? 

1  ow  are  those  great  classes  dislinguished  by  their  leaves? 

I  lave  any  plants  more  than  two  cotylctions? 

What  of  lig.  4()(J  ?     Of  iig.  407  ?     408?     409  ? 

\Miat  varieties  in  position  are  mentioned  ? 

U  hen  do(\s  the  .seed  sleep? 

\yhat  is  then  its  condition,  or  state? 

(jive  examples  of  the  great  longinity  of  tho  seed. 

ilow  may  seeds  longest  retain  their'vitality  ? 

How  are  lliistlo  seoils  disiiorscd  ? 

II'!!!-  ''T  '''■'\-'*^'*''.'n,  •''^'-  tlisi.oi-s'od  ?    The  toucli-mo-not  ? 
Jims  iiicsocilsol  ihe  s(iiurtiiiu-(Micunihcr» 
\\hattheagoncy  of  rivers?    Squirivls  V    Binl.s 

What  is  gormination  ?     Where  mav  W(^  oI)se.T.>  the  pmnc°«» 

Jiow  and  n-lnj  is  the  seed  to  be  planted? 

vVliat  changes  take  nlaco  in  the  material  of  the  seed? 


wood's  class-book  of  botany. 


XV 


(112, 

<;i3. 

(•14. 

(iir>. 

<ilG. 
<il7. 
(•18. 
020. 


<i21. 

()22. 
<i2;}. 

INOTJ!.— 


Show  (he  <-onea  embryo  in  Qir.  475- 

» low  the  bursting  embryo  hi  fljr  47a 

Show  the  liberated  embryo  In  t^.  ^\  478,  479.  480. 

Wliut  tecomes  of  the  radicle  ?    Of  the  coty  edons  ? 

How  does  the  p  umule  develop  ?     Show  bf  the  fimires 

In  what  plantylo  the  cotyledons  remain  beW?^ 

mZ  Sf  ';f  •  ^'''  f'^  '"^  '''«  '"onocotyLrn  germinates 

W  at  the  three  conditions  reciuisite  for  geJminatiS? 

Why  IS  inoistnre  requisite  ?  "«*"on  f 

Whyair?    Whence  comes  the  sagar  ? 

What  degree,,  of  warn.th  ?    Give  some  strange  exceptions. 

VVhatgoodexplunationofthedownwardteudcnc^oflToU^ 

OIIAPTEU    XV. 

In  the  West  Cryptogams,  are  the  parts  distinct? 

J n  the  higher,  how  is  it? 

How  are  tl.oy  distinguished  from  the  Phfenogaras? 

What  IS  said  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves  in^Sgi,  etc  ? 

-ThiH  chapter  may  be  a,  wcU  r«.leircd  by  the  K.pic«  as  l.y  ^uLona) 


PART    SECOND. 
CHAPTER    I, 


€38. 
<i;39. 
(Ml. 
(142. 

im. 

045. 
C4G. 
C47. 
648. 
(349. 
050. 


051. 

052. 
053. 
054. 


655. 

050. 
057. 
058. 

tm. 

661 


Of  what  is  an  vegetable  strncture  composed  ? 

Of  what  Ic'iii-th  arc  some  wood-cells  aud  bark-cells  » 

J|escribe  the  two  layers  of  the  cell-walL 

How  may  we  bring  the  primordial  utricle  to  view  as  in  fiLr  'ifWT 

How  does  It  appear  that  the  cell-wall  is  pomus?  ^ 

What  appearance  does  a  third  layer  make? 

Wha    ills  up  the  wood-cells  ?    Show  them  bj  fig.  560 

U  hat  the  appearance  of  pitted  cells  ?  ^ 

Illustrate  these  colls  in  (iga.  569  and  570 

m  '\7Z^"%f^  ^structure  of  spiral  cells?    Show  them  in  fi^ 
on,  oiZ^  &/.j,  577.  and  in  petioles  ^^* 

Show  an  annular  coll  in  fi^..  574,  and  where  else? 

^low  a  scalanform  coll  in  fig.  575,  and  where  eke? 

What  13  the  material  of  the  onte/cell-wall  ? 

W  liat  are  its  chemical  elements?    What  irr.  fi,«  ^\.      •    1   1 
the  inner  cell-wall ?  «"^  ^     "^  ^at  are  the  chemical  elements  ui 

What  are  raphides  »    Show  flirs.  ,'5,83  ,%3  K^'o^-  OU,  oW.) 

Show  how  the  colls  are  niuUiplied. 


tfi 


QUESTIONS   ON 


CHAPTER    II, 


662. 
663. 
664. 
666. 
667. 


What  is  the  simplest  possible  form  of  vegetation  ? 
What  constitutes  a  tissue  ?     Naiuo  tlie  four  tissues 
What  the  form  of  the  cells  of  Parenchyma  ?     Classify  them. 
What  the  forui  of  the  cells  of  Pleurenchyma  ?     Two'varietiea. 
In  what  trees  do  we  find  the  pitted  cells?    What  is  fio-.  579  ? 
Explain  this  beautiful  appearance  by  fig.  579  bis.  ° 

What  is  trachenchym:i  ?     How  are  these  tubes  made  ? 
Show  the  structure  of  dot.ted-ducts  in  figs.  566,  576. 
671.  Office  of  cienchyma  ?     What  their  nature  ? 

673.  What  is  said  of  the  intercellular  passages  ? 

674.  Give,  finally,  the  import  of  the  cell.     ° 

675.  How  is  elevation  of  ranlc  in  plants  indicated  ? 


668. 


.1 
I 


CHAPTER    III. 

What  does  the  '« epidermal  system  "  include  ? 
676.  What  is  the  office  of  the  epidermis  ?    What  its  cells? 
678.  What  are  the  stomata  ?     When  are  they  open,  and  when  closed? 
b79.  liow  many  are  found  in  the  space  of  one  square  inch  ? 

Point  out  the  stomata  in  the  figs.  582-586. 

What  is  said  of  the  structure  of  hairs  ? 

What  is  the  office  of  glands  ?     What  varieties  are  there  ? 

Describe  the  mechanism  of  the  sting,  in  fig.  591. 

How  do  prick'es  difier  from  spines?    Describe  the  figurea^ 


681 
682, 
683 
684. 


685, 
686. 

687. 
688. 
689. 

690. 
691. 
692. 
693. 

694. 

695. 
697. 
698. 

699. 
700. 
701. 
702. 
703. 

705. 

707. 
708. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

.  What  does  the  "  ligneous  system''  include  ? 
Of  what  kind  of  tissue  does  the  young  rootlet  consist? 
What  IS  the  early  tissue  of  all  new  growths  '■* 
Wbat  changes  occur  in  the  rootlet  ?  ' 

How  is  the  increasing  demand  for  moisture  met  ? 
Name  the  four  grand  divisions  of  plants. 
Describe  a  cross-section  of  the  stem  of  an  Exogen. 
Describe  the  pith;  its  composition,  contents  etc 

Where  do  we  find  the  medullary  sheath?    What  are  its  vessels ?    Its 
connections?     Its  office? 

Of  what  does  the  wood  consist?    How  much  grew  the  first  year? 

How  much  each  successive  year  ? 
Whence  is  the  distinction  between  the  annual  wood-circles? 
1  he  alburnum  and  duramen — how  distinguished? 
Which  is  the  Zjvw^  wood  ?    How  does  it  become  duramen  ? 
Which  is  valuable  as  timber  ? 
What  has  perished  in  a  hollow  tree  ? 
Name  the  three  layers  of  the  bark. 
The  liber— of  what  tissues  ?     Whence  is  its  toughness  ? 
What  IS  the  green  bark  ?     What  its  structure  ? 
The  brown  bark— what  are  its  varying  colors?     What  is  its  tissue? 

How  is  It  in  the  cork  oak  ? 
Define  the  medullary  rays.     What  is  their  structure  ? 
_\\  hy  are  they  called  the  silver  grain  ?     Show  it  in  fi-rs.  597  598 
What  good  purpose  do  they  serve  ?  "^  '        *       . 


WOOD'S   CLASS-BOOK    OP   BOTANY. 


zvii 


709.  Where  is  the  cambium  layer  found  ">     What  i^  if  ? 
m.    Why  is  it  called  the  generative  layer  V  ■      "^^^''"^'^ 

713.  What  of  a  cross-section  of  au  endoL^enous  atem  ? 

714.  Explam  particularly  its  structure      ^  ^ 

715.  A.S  to  these  bundles-of  what  does  each  consist  ? 
717.  Has  the  Endotren  a  <rae  bark  ?     VJU.r.L-.     I 

How  a„e,V  root^/rif;  ?i'a  pSm^^lralfi  ?  "'°  "«"'"• 
_        What  13  the  s,ib3toiiee  of  the  veins? 


721. 
733. 

784. 

725. 
726. 

729, 


CHAPTER    V. 


736, 

738. 


739. 
740. 
742. 

744. 

745. 
746. 

747. 

749 
750, 

751. 

752. 

753. 

754. 

755. 

756. 

757. 

758. 

759. 


What  inquiriea  are  we  now  to  start? 

wnat  problem  remains  unsolved?  WVmf  r^v,«« 
the  vitality  of  tlie  plant?  phenomena  do  we  refer  to 

What  is  the  lowest  form  of  lifp  ?     Wi,„„„„  j 

What  two  km*  of  organic  matter  make  ,ip  file  oeS? 

"^^rri^TS^^^    «■"-"--»  of  the  water 
■  ^ip't&pZ^l£f^r  of  the  exce.  of  ^ 

Can  a  plant  consist  of  a  sin-i-le  cell  ?     aiu«  «»  „  i 

Describe  the  two  modes  of  "cell  growth  '^'"'P'"- 

W&iSI-L^„t:z-^^^^^^         , 

Ho.  aoe3  Sch,ei.en\  viel-.r^rir^-SpS  a,  e« 


xviii 


QUESTIONS   OV 


What  Btoro  ia 


760.  In  tho  ConiforaB,  where  does  the  pollen  fall  ? 

762.  Wimtd,o,nical  changes  ensuo?     What  is  diastase  ?    Doxtrino  ? 
7fin    T.  7'' '''•*'' ^r*^     The  heat?     The  suptrT  ^^t""«  ? 

-67    W.  n^  '"""'fr  ^*  "P^^"'""  ''"'^^  ^''«t  nmterial  i.  formed? 


CHAPTER    VI. 


770, 

771. 

772. 

77;{. 

774. 

775. 

777. 

778. 

78(). 

781. 

784. 


785 
'  787 
788. 
789. 
790. 
791. 
792. 
793. 
794. 
795. 

790. 

797. 

798. 

791). 

800. 

KUl. 

80;^. 

8W. 
80G. 
808. 
809. 

810. 
811. 
812. 

813. 
814. 

815. 
816. 
817. 
«18. 


What  U,e  subject  ?    What  is  the  most  important  oflico  of  the  root  ? 
lUustnuion,  by  a  plant  of  spmnnint,  hyamnsea,  etc. 
Wliat  organs  absorb  th;)  water  in  those  cases? 
lUnstrato  tliis  by  a  nvcUsli  plant. 

w\i?Tlr^'?^'  trees   what  s,>eeial  care  must  be  used? 

What  of  the  force  ol  tlus  alxsorption  ?     How  may  it  bo  Hhnwn  7 

Nan.e  the  two  causes  of  the  aJent  of  the  sap       ^  ^ 

Illustrate  by  a  bhulder  I'lnd  lonj--  glass  'mije 

How  does  It  advance  in  the  tissue  of  a  Crypto^m  ? 

In  h,g|^r  phints  what  is  notice.l  in  the  <iim!rcnt  tissues? 

\\  hat  vessels  and  jvissages  convey  air  only  ? 

What  seems  to  be  the  moving  force  which  raises  the  sap  ? 

1     oug  .  what  tissue  does  the  sap  chiefly  ascend  ?  ^ 

iliruu^h  which  layers,  and  why? 

What  IS  the  composition  of  the  crude  sap? 

How  do  yon  Ufroiint  for  the  issm*  «f  «,.«  n.,^r^  ♦>...  ,     . 

Spring?    What  ctiuses  the  flow  to  o'X?         ^^"^  '"'"^'"  '"''P^**  '"  ^"^^ 
How  does  the  crude  sap  bceoiDe  the  tr.ie  sap  ? 
Iraee  the  distribution  of  this  ihii.l  as  it  returns  from  the  leaves. 
SpcMMly  the  places  where  tliis  sap  makes  .lenosits 
In  what  dn-eet.on  is  the  growth,  fronj  above  or  from  below  ? 
I  histm  o  this  by  the  girdling  pro«>ss.     Why  docs  the  trc*.  din? 
Illus  rue  by  a  ligature     Illustrate  by  a  w<.u«diutlu>  trunk 

W  v!     r  -"^^^  ''^  ''""""^^  "^  '"'*'"^'"  ^■"''f  below  a  node  * 
W  hat  of  girdhng  a  potato  plant  ?    /ruit  tree  V    Why  •/ 

\\  bore  does  the  flow  called  rotation  occur  ?     De«eril>e  it 
\Vull  !!tl       ^'''''^^''  ?"^  transpiration  ?    It  occurs  wher'e  «nd  when  -^ 
water  o>[i;r"'  ''^^"'^  "^"'^  '''     ""'''  ''  ^^^^  ^-7  p"- 
How  much  water  did  a  sunflower  transpire  per  day  ?    A  cabbajre  ? 
DesenU)  a.i  arrangement  for  showing  the  quantity  of  trrJSSu 
What  do  we  understand  by  mp/m^«>»  in  plants  ?        *'^*"^P''^*'tion. 

^Iv^r^*"!'!"*?'^  '"'■'^ll.''"  "*«"P»'nP  sbows  its  importance* 
^  hv  does  the  tree  sutTer  when  its  roots  have  bec^  buHed  too  deep  * 
Defme  respiration  in  plants.     Where  does  it  occur  ?  " 

J!^f_*-^""^/'^'^,;:'^«*.^-\*^"t  0^  the  respiratory  apparatus  show? 
^  a,;.  i„  order  the  six  iae(^  given  in  relation'to  resniration.    " 
State  carefully  tlie  two  opposite  pliases  of  re-jpiratiW 


wood's   CLASS-nOOK    OP   nOTANY. 


six 


819. 
830. 
821. 

832. 

H24. 
825. 

826. 
8*J7. 
828. 


When  (Iocs  the  former  |)hu8c  bccoino  visible  ?    When  the  latter? 

Kxplilin  tlie  iihcrjoiJK'im  of  Ijlunr/wa  pluiUH. 

Describe  tlic  iutereHtiii<r  exiKiriineut  of  S;iusHurc. 

Wliy  18  no  oxygi!ii  ol»Ljilne(l  wJu-n  bink-A  or  distilled  water  Is  used  ? 

Wliat  are  tlio  results  of  tnitiapiratiori  atid  respiration  on  tho  sap? 

VViiiit  proportion  of  (•urbonic  u<;i(l  in  tiie  airV     Whoncu  is  it  doriveU? 

How  much  is  added  to  tho  atmosphere  annually  ? 
Wliy  doKs  tho  caibotiio  acid  not  accumulate  in  tho  air? 
How  miprht  tho  uir  become  poisonous  for  animals? 
Now  show  how  the  animal  and  vegetablo   kingdoms  mutually  aid 

each  otlicr.  ^ 


C  II  APT  Ell    VII. 


82!) 


8!U. 

832 
833. 

834. 
834. 

835. 

837. 
838. 
8.'5i). 
840. 
841. 

842. 

843. 

844. 
84.5. 
84«. 

848. 
841). 
8.50. 
851. 

8.52. 
8.53. 
854. 
85.5. 

85(5 

857 


Name  the  four  organogcns,  i.  e.,  organic  cloments. 

In  what  proportion  docs  each  exM y    lu  what  i)roportion  nil? 

u  lat  llu;  per  cent,  of  earboii  y     What  ti'ivM  Holidily  and  strength? 

\V  hat  do  the  o.xygcn  and  hydrogen  form  in  plants  J- 

l.ive  wome  exaniplea  of  its  (juanlity  fnjni  the  table. 

Name  some  earthy  elements  found  in  plants. 

Give  from  the  table  some  examples  of  the  proportion  of  ashes  and  otbor 
eleiiKMits  m  veifetables: 

What  is  the  object  of  inquiry  in  A!,'rieultural  Chemistry? 
What  is  the  food  of  plants?     Whence  comes  their  nourishment f 
Whence  their  carbon  ?    Their  oxygen?     Hydrogen?     Nitrogen? 

What  the  whole  quantity  of  carbon  in  tho  air? 

Of  what  does  soil  consist »    Its  organic  materials. 

Of  wh.it  IS  water  composed  ?     Whentie  the  ammonia  in  rain  f 

What  IS  the  composition  of  ammouiiiv 

What  source  of  nitric  acid  in  the  air  V 

What  are  air-plauts  ?    Give  «omc  examples. 

Name  three  requisite  conditions  of  lujulthy  vegetation. 

What  of  the  supply  of  the  first  ?     Of  the  second ? 

What  is  the  object  of  tillage  ?     What  of  snb-soiliuir  ? 

What  the  ol)ject  of  manuring  »     What  the  use  of  amendmenUf 

What  IS  the  good  ot  boue-nuumre  ?    Wliat  of  guano  ? 

What  is  fallow  ground  ?     What  its  benefit  ? 

VV  hat  gives  efficiency  to  all  tiiese  inut^M-ials  ? 

Can  you  here  state  the  outlines  of  digestion  ? 

What  are  the  constituents  of  the  proper  juice? 

From  this  vital  fluid  what  is  first  formed  f    Next  ?    Thirdly  ? 

Wliere  are  gum,  starch,  and  su^ar  deiiositcd  ? 

How  does  sugar  differ  in  composition  from  starch  » 

llow  may  starch  l)ec.»me  cellulose  y    How  become  sugar  ? 

Can  you  distinguish  the  vegetable  products  into  two  classes? 

Ua  what  principle  is  tlie  table  constructed  ?    Illustrate. 


PART     THIRD. 

CHAPTEIi    I. 

?5a   ^n  **  ''^  *^®  °^^^^^  ^^^  *™  °^  Systematic  Botany  ? 
8fa0.   What  IS  the  higher  purpose  accomplished  by  it? 


Hi 


•WOOD  8   CLASS-UOOK    OF   BOTANV. 


861.    IIuw  docs  it  appear  that  the  subject  is  vaat  I 
863.    Mention  u  wrong  way  to  study. 

863.  What  causes  the  limita  of  species?    How  may  the  student  become 

acquainted  with  all  the  individuals  of  a  species  ? 

864.  Give  an  example  of  this  mode  of  study. 

865.  Define  a  genus.     Give  an  example  of  a  genus. 
SOS.    IIow  are  the  Genera  associated  into  Orders  ? 

869.  For  example,  howls  the  Order  Chucifek^  made  up?    The  Conifene  t 

870.  Into  what  groups  are  the  Orders  themselves  associated? 

CHAPTER    II. 

873.  Subject  of  this  chapter  ?    Illustrate  an  artificial  classification. 

874.  Who  was  Carl  von  Linnd  ?    What  system  did  he  invent  ? 

875.  What  are  its  defects  as  a  system  ? 

876.  Are  these  defects  objections  to  it  as  a  key  ?    Is  it  now  in  usef 

877.  How  many  classes  in  the  Linnaeari  system  ? 

(Further  examination  at  the  teacher's  option.) 


886. 
•887. 
888. 
889. 
891. 

892. 
893. 

894. 

895. 

896. 
897. 

898. 


899. 
900. 
901. 
903. 

904. 

905. 
906. 
907. 
908. 


CHAPTER    III. 

The  subject  ?    What  is  the  aim  of  tliis  system  ? 

How  does  it  dififer  from  the  Artificial  System  ? 

What  the  principle  of  the  species  and  genera  ? 

What  rule  is  given  as  to  the  relative  value  of  characters? 

As  to  history,  who  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  ?   What  did  he  ?    Wbak 

did  Linnajus ?    JussieuV    Robert  Brown?    DeCandoUet 
What  uncertainty  in  the  system  yet  remains  ? 
Whence  is  the  difficulty  in  settling  these  divisions  ? 
Is  thtire  more  than  one  true  Natural  System  ? 
What  is  the  first  and  highest  division  of  the  Natural  System  ? 
Define  the  Phienogamia.    The  Cryptogamia. 
What  of  the  indetiniteness  of  natural  groups  ? 
Into  what  two  provinces  are  the  Phaeriogamia  next  resolved  ? 
State  tlic  diagnosis  of  the  Exogens.    Of  the  Eudogens. 
What  divisions  next  follow  ?     Define  the  Angiospermse. 

Define  the  Gymnospermae.    Name  the  two  classes  formed  by  the  Endogena 
Describe  each. 

Into  what  two  provinces  is  the  sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia  divided? 

Define  the  Acrogens.    Define  the  Thallogens. 

What  two  classes  correspond  with  theso  two  provinces  ?    Define  the 

Angiospone.     Define  the  Gymnospoiii>. 

What  name  is  given  to  the  fourth  set  of  gidups  ?    Are  the  cohorts  quite 
natural  gr-jups  ?    Why  not  '< 

Whose  plan  is  generally  adopted  in  this  country  ? 
Into  what  three  cohorts  are  the  Angiospermse  divided  f 
Define  the  Dialypetalae.    The  Gamopetalae.    The  Apetalte. 
How  is  the  class  Petaliferae  divided  ?     Define  the  Spadiciflorie.     Do- 
fine  the  Florideae. 
The  class  Gluniiferse  is  equivalent  to  what  cohort? 
Name  the  three  cohorts  of  the  class  Angiosporae. 
Name  the  three  cohorts  of  the  class  Gymnosporse. 
Write  on  the  black-board  the  synopsis  of  the  Natural  System, 


PART    FIRST. 

STRUCTURAL   BOTANY;  OR,  OKGASOGRAPUI. 


»»  ♦  »« 


CHAPTER    I. 

PRIMARY   DIVISIONS  OF   THE   VEGETABLE   KINGDOM. 
65.    Two    NATURAL  GraND   DIVISIONS    OF    THK  VEGETABLE    KiNODOM 

have  long  been  recognized  by  botanists,  viz.,  the  Phajnoganiia  or 
Flowering  Plants ;  the  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants.  Besides  th« 
obvious  distinction  made  by  the  presence  and  absence  of  the  flower, 


2,  Rose  (flowers  d.mble)— im  Exosreii.    3,  Lily— mi  Kndoecn.    4.  F<rn— an  ooroeenoni 
CryptogauL    5,  Lichen— a  thallogenous  GryptOo'am. 


18 


PRIMARY    DIVISIONS    OF   THE    VEQETADLB    KIN'ODOM. 


without  svminotrv  or  nrnnnrf;,«.      ti  ■     -  .•      .  ""ihomu  tissue, 

boii^i'a::;;;:^.':;!;;;:;::::  -i:;-^-  /« t..  ^.m^r  a  rc^„w  axis 

fruit.     In  iho  foru  no    0^^- H     1        ''^'"'•-'\"".'^™  """  ""^^^'•«  ^'H^oodod  by 
buck  c,f  ,J.o  loaf:     Ak^  Z,  u  ";■;"■•  •"/"  ''°  "■"''  '"'"^  "'"•""^'"  "V'or  ll.o 

produced  indiirc'routly  in  anri^rrd  tl.:!,:  "'"""""■^  "'"  '""'"^"^^  ^'^^^--) 

CO.  KxooKNoi-s  PLANTS  ou  KxooENs  (oufside-ffrowors)  incluclin..  .11 
the  trees  (except  pahus)  and  most  herl.aeeous  plnnS,  of    '.nl^^^f 

On  t  ns  account  hxog^ns  wore  first  called  Diootvledonous  (two-cotv  c 
o  ,  ants,    a.ul    Endogens,  Monocotylodon^us   (one-cltyL     fed) 

pi.u  s       nan.es  <iu,tc  appropriate,  hut  too  hard  and  long  ibr  gin-al  Z 

'2      luKV    AUK    ALSO    VEHV    BEADILV    DISTINO.ISHED    hy    tJ.ci     le^^^^^^^^ 

U::^:Z  TZ'  '' '"  ''^"^^"^'  ^"^^  raraHel-voin.!  in  L    K  d  ^^  ' 

Mo. eouM-,  their  fiowera  are  remarkahly  different  hei.,..  ahn.Kf    .1 

t hroe-j.u.ted  in  the  latter  and  ahont  fivlparted  in    h    L      r  itlT 

these   ,s„.et.ons, with so,neothers,willheLredefiniteIvstat    1^.0.:^^^^^^^ 
7.?.   li.K  Namr  op  a  ..lant  or  other  natural  object  ia  two>olrl      .../  V 

enjployed  in  science.  '^  "*^''  accurate  uaine.-j 


TKRM   OF   PLANT  LIFE. 


19 


15.  The  Latin  NAME  IS  ALWAYS  DouBLE;-genenc  and  specific.  Thus 
Fraffuna  ,s  gener.c,  or  the  name  of  the  genus  of  the  plant,  vesca  « 
specihc,  or  the  nanic  of  the  species. 

Id.  A  Species  embraces  all  such  individuals  as  may  have  originated 
from  a  common  stock.  Such  individuals  bear  an  essential  resemblance 
to  each  other  as  well  as  to  their  common  parent,  in  all  their  parts 

11.  For  example,  the  white  clover  (Trifolium  repens)  is  a  species 
ombracmg  thousands  of  cotcmporary  individuals  scattered  over  our  hills 
and  plains  all  of  common  descent,  and  producing  other  individuals  of 
tucir  own  kmd  from  their  seed. 

Id.  Varieties.  To  this  law  of  resemblance  in  plants  of  one  common 
ongm  there  are  some  apparent  exceptions.  Individuals  descended  from 
the  same  parent  often  bear  flowers  differing  in  color,  or  fruit  differing  in 
flavor,  or  leaves  differing  in  form,  etc.  Such  plants  are  called  varieties. 
ll'.cy  arc  never  permanent,  but  exhibit  a  constant  tendency  to  revert  to 
their  original  type. 

79.  Examples.  Varieties  occur  chiefly  in  species  maintained  by  cultivation 
as  the  apple  po^to  ro«c,  Dahlia.  They  also  occur  more  or  less  iu  natfve  plants  (a^ 
Hopatioa  triloba),  often  rendering  the  limits  of  the  species  extremely  doubtful  Thev 
are  duo  to  tho  different  circumstances  of  climate,  soil,  and  culture  to  which  thev 
arc  subjooted.  and  continue  distinct  only  until  left  again  to  multiply  spontaneously 
Irom  seed  m  their  own  proper  soil,  or  some  other  change  of  circumstances. 
^  80.  A  Genus  is  an  assemblage  of  species  closely  related  to  each  ot"her 
m  the  structure  of  their  flowers  and  fruit,  and  having  more  points  of 
resemblance  than  of  difference  throughout. 

81.  Illustration.  Tho  genus  clover  (Trifolium)  includes  many  species,  as  the 
white  clover  (T.  repens),  tlio  red  clover  (T.  pratenso),  the  buffiilo  clover  (T.  refloxum) 
etc.,  agreemg  m  floral  structure  and  general  aspect  so  obviously  that  the  most  hastv 
observer  would  notice  their  relationship.  So  in  tho  genus  Finns,  no  one  would  hes- 
itate to  include  the  white  pine,  tho  pitch  pine,  tho  long-loafed  pine  (P.  strobus. 
ngida,  and  palustris),  any  more  than  we  would  fail  to  observe  their  differences. 

82.  Thus  individuals  are  grouped  into  species,  and  species  are  asso- 
CLitcd  mto  genera.  These  groups  constitute  the  bases  of  all  the  systems 
of  classification  in  use,  whether  by  artificial  or  natural  methods. 


•t  ♦ «» 


CHAPTER    II. 

TERM     OF     PLANT     LIFE. 

83.  Plant  Life  defined.  Tho  vital  principle  in  the  plant  or  its  life 
is  known  only  by  its  effects.  In  the  animal  those  efft-cts  are,  in  kind, 
twofold,  indicating  two  kinds  of  life,  the  organic  and  tho  nervous  life! 
In  tho  plant  the  latter  kind  is  wanting,  and  tho  sum  of  its  vital  phe-" 
nomena  is  populm-ly  expressed  in  the  one  word,  vegetation. 


20 


TERM    OP   PLANT    LIVS. 


W    I 


™  may  add  ai;^  with  ZTl^^^^'^T' ,"'''''«• '''"^ '  "»'' 
development  of  every  plant  heAorZ'"'  *'^"°"'  '""'••^''°"-  '^^ 
embryo,  advanees  through  a  co.  ti "     leri     "fT^T'*  ""=  ■"'"""> 

gr^xa,  increase  of  atat„t;t:r:;:;;i:t:nmit*™''"™""°"''"'''' " 
J:j:iX"  s  :rTj^,;«r  Tae  ;ir  j\--"  ^™-^ 

its  leafy  robes,  when  crowned  wthZln       ,  T^  ^"^  'P""^^'  ^^^^<^^  «'°t»^«d  ^n 

'  oekoned  by  thousands.  The  tern  of  life  fonT.1,  ^  '  ^^°'^  ^'"^'^  ""^ 
.nainly  dependent  on  its  own  law  of  i  owU  Zt  TT  '^  "f.r""^' 
the  eli,„ate  and  seasons.  Thus  tl«  Sir  o  I  V  ^^,"-'"°''^''  ""^ 
annual  herb  in  the  Northern  St»«  J  T  T  <''"='"""  «  "» 
tree  forty  feet  in  height^  il'it^.:;;''"*  '"  "'"  '°""'^™'  »■"'  « 

ifit  ofrXnTfirr^T  '^ '"  —-0... 

generally  proves    he  ftatrinjl  oV'  "'  '''".°'  '""  ?'""'  '' 
ceded  or  tbllowed  by  a  staroTneedfu   reposT  T  Vl  "'""  P"- 

n£if  t:="ir::'tre  ;=(;»;  -  -  --  - 
^eivvg^^ar^ttr^^^ 

soms,  bears  fruit,  and  dies  in  autumn  as  ti.e  «  ^'■""    '  '•'°'- 

90.  A  bib™,*,,  „k«„  isapla,    wuI  '  ;±^"°™^■"°'■'''"^^^^ 
ing  leaves  only  the  first  8ei.o„  hi !  f  ™'"Mtcs  and  vegetates,  bear- 

.3  the  beet  and  turnip  Wea  tTt'  '"  *°"' """  "'"'  «'"  --«'■ 
3ow„  in  autumn  th^hav^tt  habit  of  b' "^  r""'  f'"""'  •""  "''™ 
prevention  of  flowerigX  tt  t^ddl'e^M""""''  '"  ™"'^"™^^  "'  "■" 

"ulUpUod  a  thousand  Wd  in  rS"       "  -""e'"*«i '"  tho  paro,,^  i,  survh« 

02.  Pebebkial  PiANia  are  sneb  ..  !..„.  .„  :m  »- •,    a       ■ 
iife,  usually  of  manv  voars     Tl.„       ""  "■■■.,'■"  "■a'=""ite  duraiiuu  of 
63.  Her.ac«oJpe™^  r°^       c-therherbaeeou,  or  woody. 
PEBESKuis,  or  perennuil  her^  are  plant,  whoso 


TKRM  O      PLANT  LIFE. 


H 


parts  are  annual  above  ground  and  perennial  below.  In  other  words, 
their  roots  or  subterranean  stems  live  fron>  year  to  year,  sending  up  an- 
«ually  in  spnng  flowering  shoots,  which  perish  after  they  have  ripened 
their  fruit  in  autumn  ;  as  the  lily,  dandelion,  hop. 

94.  Woody  perennials  usually  vegetate  several  years,  and  attain 
well  nigh  their  ordinary  stature  before  flowering;  thenceforward  they 
fructify  annually,  resting  or  sleeping  in  winter.  They  are  know'n  as 
trees,  shrubs, bushes  and  undershrubs— distinctions  founded  on  size  alone 

95.  A  SHRUB  IS  a  diminutive  tree,  limited  to  eighteen  or  twenty  feet 
in  stature,  and  generally  dividing  into  branches  at  or  near  the  surface  of 
the  ground  (alder,  quince).    If  the  woody  plant  be  limited  to  a  still 
lower  growth,  say  about  the  human  stature,  it  is  called  a  bush,  (snow-ball 
Andromeda.)     If  still  smaller,  it  is  an  undershrub  (whortleberry) 

96.  A  TREE  is  understood  to  attain  to  a  height  many  times  gi^eater 
than  the  human  stature,  with  a  permanent  woody  stem,  whose  lower 
part,  the  trunk,  is  unbranched. 

97.  Longevity  of  trees.  Some  trees  live  only  a  few  years,  rapidly 
attaining  their  growth  and  rapidly  decaying,  as  the  peach  ;  others  have 
a  longevity  exceeding  the  age  of  man,  and  some  species  outlive  many 
generations.  •' 

98.  The  age  of  a  tree  may  be  estimated  by  the  number  of  wood- 
circles  or  rings  seen  in  a  cross  section  of  the  trunk  (8  667),  each  rin^ 
being  (very  generally)  an  annual  growth. 

ye'^  1214 to  2820       '  "^  ""''  ^^''  ^  °'"'"^°'  ^'^'  '^^''  ^^"^  ^^' '^  '^'' ' 

100.  Adanson  estimated  the  age  of  the  baobabs  of  Africa  at  5000  veara     Liv 
.ngston  reduces  it  to  1800.    The  yew  trees  of  Britain,  as  described  by  Balfour,  aro 
of  wonderful  longevity.     One  in  Bradbum  church-yard,  Kent,  is  3000  yeara  old 
3200  ^oal-r*  ^^"^  '''  ^'^''''  ^'''^''  *^^«ty-««ven  feet  in  diameter,  has  vegetated 

101    Magnitude.    At  the  first  establishment  of  Dartmouth  CoUege,  a  pine  tree 
was  felled  upon  the  coUege  plain  which  measured  210  feet  in  height     In  the  Ohio 
Valley  the  red  maple  attains  a  girth  of  20  feet,  tl»e  tulip-treo  of  30,  and  tue  syca 
more  of  more  than  60.  But  the  monarch  tree  of  the  world  is  the  Soquoya  gigantea 

beant^rf  f  1     "^  ^'*  '*'"'^'""^  ""^  ^'^'"^  °^  «""  «^^*'^'-  dimensions,  as 

wood-circles)  of  more  than  3000  years,  ^ 

102.  Trees  are  again  distinguished  as  decidous  and  evergreen— the 
former  losing  their  foliago  in  autumn  and  remaining  naked  until  the 

lollowinir  sprinnr:  thft  bitff.r  roto;i,i').n.ti.,>;- i„„. ._--,- J        >        ., 

•     ^      ^'  ' '''.T  ^^-''^  JeavCH  aiid  verdure  ihrouifh. 

out  all  seasons.  The  fir  tribe  (Coniforae)  includes  nearly  all  the  ever- 
greens  of  the  North ;  those  of  the  South  are  far  more  numerous  in  kind 
e.  9^  the  magnolias,  the  live-oaks,  holly»  cherry,  palmetto,  &c. 


22 


THB   Pll^NOGAMIA— HOW   DEVELOPED. 


CHAPTER     III. 

THE  PH^NOOAMIA— HOW   DEVELOPED. 

bo  h  ,„  „„„,y  seed^  „,  the  poa!^bea„,  acorn.        '      """ 
to  !!•!         "'  "'  ""'  ""'"'''•    Af"='-  'ho  seed  begins 

nxi      Thr.f  ^'V^  >.^"^^'  ^"'"'"^  ^^«  root  or  descending 
seeking  tho  light,  and  expanding  itself  as  much       » 

-possible  to  the  influence  of  tl.e  atmosphere 
rins  constitutes  the  stc-n  or  ascending  axis, 
bearing  the  leaves.  ^         ' 

105.  Growth  of  the  terminal  bud. 
first  the  ascending  axis  is  merely  a  bud 
that  IS,  a  growing  point,  clothed  and 
protected  by  little  scales,  tlie  rudiment- 
ary leaves.     As  the  growing  point  ad- 
vances, and  Its  lower  scales  gradually 
expand  into  leaves,  new  scales  sue 
cessively  appear  above.     Tms  the       - 
axis  18  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 
106.  AxiLLAiir  DUDS.     By  the 
growth  of  the  terminal   bud   the 
axis  is  simply  lengthened  in  one 
direction,  an  undivided  stem. 
But  besides  this,  buds  also 
exist,  ready  formed,  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  one  in 
each. 

107.      How     nRANcriKs 

ARE     FORMED.       ThcSC     axil- _„  ,^, ._. „^. 

lary  buds,  a  nart  or  .ill  «p  *k„™  .^. 

minalbud,o;thevm".v".lJ       'i     ■*^'  ^'^''  and  develop  like  the  ter- 

or  palm.     But  rg^winttL  r^''  "  V'  ^™P'«-tommed  mullein 
F  growing  they  become  dranches,  and  these  branches 


Acorn  (seed  of  Qmrctu  paZut 
«'•««)  ifornilimtinR;  6,  section  show, 

r„  :    '      "  '■'""'''**  '•- <lescen(ling;  8  and  9   the 

radicle.  ..  aoacendin,.  and  the  pInmuMp,  Tendlij! 


THE   riliENOOAMIA— HOW   DEVELOPED. 


23 


may,  in  turn,  generate  buds  and  branchleis  in  the  axils  of  their  own 
leaves  in  like  manner. 

108.  Bv  THE  caxTiNUAU  UEPETITION  OF  THIS  SIMPLE  PROCESS  the  vegetable 
fubnc  ansos,  ever  advancing  in  the  direction  of  ail  its  growing  points,  clothing  itself 
With  leaves  as  it  advances,  and  enlarging  tlio  diameter  of  its  axis,  until  it  reaches 
tiio  limit  or  existence  assigned  by  its  Creator. 

100  The  OROA.VS  op  nutrition.  Reared  by  this  process  alone  the  plant  con- 
sists of  such  organs  only  as  were  designed  for  its  own  individual  nonrishrnent-roots 
to  absorb  Its  food,  stem  and  branches  to  transmit  it,  and  leaves  to  digest  it  These 
are  called  organs  of  nutrition.  But  the  divine  command  which  caused  the  tribes 
of  vegetation  m  their  diversified  beauty  to  spring  from  the  earth,  required  that 
each  plant  should  have  its  "seed  within  itself"  for  the  perpetuation  of  its  kind. 

110.  Haw  THE  FLOWER  ORIGINATES.  In  the  third  stage  of  vegeta- 
tion, therefore,  a  change  occurs  in  the  development  of  some  of  the  buds. 
The  growing  point  ceases  to  advance  as  hitherto,  exnands  its  leaves  in 
crowded  whorls,  each  successivo  whorl  undergoing  a  gradual  transfor- 
mation departing  from  the  original  type,— the  leaf.  Thus,  instead  of  a 
leafy  branch,  the  ordinary  progeny  of  the  bud,  ajlower  is  the  result. 

111.  Nature  of  the  flower.    A  flower  may  be  considered  as  a 
transformed  branch,  having  the  leaves  crowded  together  by  the  non- 
development  of  the  axis,  moulded  into  nwre  delicate  structures,  and 
tinged  with  more  brilliant  hues,  not  only  to  adorn  the  face  of  nature 
but  to  fulfill  the  important  office  of  reproduction.  * 


10. 


I  some 


organs^  gradiittud 


pistil. 


24 


THE    BOOT,    OR   DB8CKNDIKO    AXIS. 


112.  Thk  fruit.  After  the  flower  has  fulfilled  its  office,  the  de- 
ciduous parts  fall  away,  and  the  remaining  energies  of  the  plant  arc 
directed  to  the  development  of  the  pistils  into  the  perfect  fruit.  Let  us 
Illustrate  this  doctrine  by  tracing  out 

.  '3.  A  VIEW  OF  THK  ORGANS  OP  TUB  P^oNY,  for  example,    (r)  The  ro^t  with 
.^  numerou3yi6er.and  ;?6,.^.  i,omo  Obors  tuberous)  continues  th    axisdoTnw"  d 
and  (,)  the  ./em  upward     The  leaves  (a)  approachmg  the  summit,  graduallyTso 

leavea     Next  by  an  easy  gradation  they  appoar  as  sepals  (c,  d,  e,)  in  the  calyx  the 
outer  envelope  of  the  flower,  with  stalk  expanded  and  bi  contracted'.     The^  by 

of  the  corcUa  (/  g,),  stdl  retaining  the  essential  mar  •,  <  leaf.     To  the  cLlla 

next  succeed  those  slender  organs  called  stamens  (m,  known  to  be  altered 

Zl^^Z   )-    T.    u  their  being  often  converted  into  petals  {i,  h).     Lastly  the 
p^Usic)  destmed  to  bear  the  seeds,  two  or  more  central  organs  green  in  color,  are 

toi  "^  ""^  ""  '''^  "''  "^^""'^  ^""^  united  edges  being  yet 


-♦-♦■^ 


CHAPTER    IV. 


if 
i 


THE    ROOT   OR   DESCENDING   AXIS. 

114.  Definition.  The  root  is  the  basis  of  the  plant  and  the  princi- 
pal organ  of  nutrition.  It  originates  with  the  radicle  of  the  seed ;  the 
tendency  of  its  growth  is  downward,  and  it  is  generally  immersed  in 
the  soil. 

115.  DiAGNosia     Roots  are  distinguished  from    stems  by  their  downward  di- 

^nr^-l'u    i  !  P?'"'"''  ^'^  ^^'^'^'"'^  ^^^'"^  (^^""*)'  ^'^'l   by  the  absence  of 
color,  pith,  buds,  leaves,  and  aU  other  stem-appendages. 

116.  Office.  The  two  important  offices 
in  vegetable  life  which  the  root  is  designed 
to  fulfill,  are  obvious  to  every  one,  viz.,  to 
support  the  plant  in  its  position,  and  to 
imbibe  from  the  soil  the  food  and  moist- 
ure requisite  for  its  growth.  How  well 
God  has  adapted  its  structure  and  in- 
stincts to  this  twofold  purpose  observa- 
tion is  continually  showing. 

117.  The  leading  propensity  of  the 
ROOT  is,  to  divide  itself  into  branches,  and 
its  only  normal  appendages  are  branches, 
branchlets,  fibers  and  fibrilla?,  which  are 
multiplied  to  an  indefinite  extent  corrcs- 
^',,'l;^'hT"''H''"""'!*'^*'f'""'''f  ponding  with  the   multiplication    of  the 

K-ith  Its  nbrillie  and  sponKiole /^mosni-  i  .  •  ^ 


with 
fled  50 


ltsflbrlll«and8ponglole(niagnl-  r  "      •  .         '""""F"^'*^'""     "^     ^'H' 

0  dumetem.)  leaves,  twigs,  <fec.,  Above.    This  at  once 


THE    ROOT,    OR    DESCBNDINO    AXIS.  ^ 

insures  a  firm  hold  upon  the  earth,  and  brings  a  large  absorbing  sur- 
face  in  contact  with  the  moist  soil.  ^ 


8a  White  cl»ver-an  ..i„,  root  (wUh  minute  tubers).    24,  B„ttcrcu,>s-flbrous  root*, 
inaxial.    25,  ErJgenia— root  tuberous. 

th."«f  ^^"^  '7Tf  *^'^  '^^^'  ^'  *^^^  P^^««  ^^^'•^  *^«  '«ot  meets 
.d,?m''fi^  K*  °  T''""'"  '^'  ^^^'"^t^' opposite  extremities,  the 
end  of  the  fibers  bemg  chiefly  active  in  absorption,  are  the  spon,icles. 
Neither  of  these  terms  denote  distinct  organs,  but  places  onlvCan'd  are 
otten  convenient.  "^ 

.v^tW*l^'r'''i:^\^  ^f"^  *'T'  '■'^'''  *°  ^^'^^^  ™^""*«  J'«^''^'  (seen  only 
vithalensrwhich  clothe  the  younger  fibers.     They  arise  from  the 

tender  epidermis  or  skin,  and  perish  when  that  thickens  into  bark 

These  cooperate  with  the  fibers  in  the  absorption  of  fluids.     These  two 

organs  are  the  only  efficient  absorbers  of  liquid  nourishment 

J^t  ■^'^^^^''^f'^^'^  T«^«s-    The  fibrilte  am  developed  and  pensh  xmnuaflv 

LI  lat    a^  1^^  ^  r'""'''  y  "^^  P'""P^''  *™^  ^-  transplanting  trees  or  shrubl 
^the_late  autumn,  winter,  or  early  spring,  when  there  are  but  few  tender  fibriU«  to 

121.  Two  MODES  OF  nooT-DEVELOPMENT  are  definitely  distinguished, 
—the  axtal  and  the  inaxial,  ^  ' 

122.  The  axial  mode  is  that  where  the  primary,  simple  radicle  in 
growing  extends  itself  downwards  in  a  main  body  mL  or  Ls  branVhed 
continuous  with  the  stem,  and  forms  the  pennanent  root  o7the  plant! 


i9 


THE    ROOT,    OR   DESCENDING    AXIS. 


Such  is  the  case  with  the  mustard,  beet,  maple,  and  most  of  tlic  Dice- 
tyledonous  plants.     In 

123.  The  inaxial  mode,  the  primary  radicle,  proves  abortive,  never 
developing  into  an  axial  root:  but,  growing  laterally  only,  it  sends  out 
little  shoots  from  its  sides,  which  grow  into  long,  slender  roots  nearly 
equal  in  value,  none  of  them  continuous  with  the  stem.  Of  this  nature 
are  the  roots  of  all  the  grasses,  the  lilies  and  the  Monocotyledons  gen- 
erally,  and  of  the  Cryptogamia.  Plants  raised  from  layers,  cuttings, 
tubers,  and  slips,  are  necessarily  destitute  of  the  axial  root. 


FiS8.  26,  Mnple-an  nxial,  ramose  root.    27,  Parsnip-a  fusiform  root.    2S,Turnii>-a 
iiai)lforin  root.    29,  Corallorhija-n  coralline  root 

124.  The  various  forms  of  the  root  are  naturally  ai.        mvo- 
niently  referred  to  these  two  modes  of  development.     The  pr,     ^pal 
axial  forms  are  tlie  ramose,  fusiform,  napiform,  conical.     To  all  li 
tbrm.s  the  general  name,  tap-root,  is  applied. 

125.  The  ramose  is  the  woody  tap-root  of  most  trees  and  shrubs, 
where  the  main  root  branches  extensively,  and  is  finally  dissolved  and 
lost  in  multiplied  ramifications. 

126.  Tuberous  tap-roots.  In  herbaceous  plants  the  tap-root  often 
becomes  thick  and  flesliy,  with  comparatively  few  branches.  This  ten- 
dency is  peculiarly  marlved  in  biennials  (§  90),  where  the  root  serves  as 
a  reservoir  of  the  supcrabiindant  food  wliich  the  plant  accumulates 
during  its  first  year's  growth,  and  keeps  in  store  against  the  exhausting 
process  of  fruit-bearing  in  its  second  year.     Such  is 

127.  The  fusii.x)rm  (spindie-sJiaped)  root,  thick,  succulent,  tapering 
downwards,  and  also  for  a  short  space  upwards.  The  beet,  radish,  gin- 
seng arc  examples. 


THE    ROOT,    OR    DESCENDING    AXIS. 


27 


128.  Tjtk  conical  root  tapers  its  whole  lengtli,  from  tlio  colhmi 
(lownwar  s  (carrot). 

129.  The  napiform  root,  (turnip,)  swells  out  in  its  upper  part  so 
that  Its  diameter  equals  or  exceeds  its  length,  as  in  Erigenia  bulbosa 
(25),  Turnips  (28). 

8*  80  81  w  ^83 


n,o^nm'foryrXri?^'n;L"''T''  T?"    ^'  «'"««"^-^»«'forn,  root.    82,  Pelargonium  triste-, 
tiouVrootr  '^        flKpendula-noUulose  root.    84,  A  creeping  ste.nfwtth  adrenti- 

130.  The  forms  of  inaxial  roots  are  fibrous,  fibro-tuberous,  tu- 
bercular, coralme,  nodulous,  moniliform. 

131  The  fibrous  root  consists  of  numerous  thread-like  divisions 
sent  off  directly  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  no  main  or  tap-root. 
Such  are  the  roots  of  most  grasses,  which  multiply  their  fibres  exces- 
sively in  light  sandy  soils. 

132.  FiBRo-TUBERous  ROOTS  (oT  fasciculate).  Inaxial  roots  are  so 
called  when  some  of  the  fibres  are  thick  and  fleshy,  as  in  the  asphodel, 
crow-foot,  pseony.  Orchis,  Dahlia.  When  the  fibre  is  enlarged  in  cer- 
tain parts  only,  It  IS  NODULOUS,  and  when  the  enlargements  occur  at 
regular  intervals,  it  is  moniliform  (necklacc-like).  When  it  bears  little 
tubers  hero  and  there,  as  in  squirrel-corn  (Dicentra  Canadensis),  it  is 

TUBERCULAR.  ' 

133  Deposits  of  starch,  or  farinaceous  matter,  in  all  these  cases, 
constitute  the  thickening  substance  of  the  root,  stored  up  for  the  future 
use  of  the  plant. 

134  Adventitious  roots  arc  such  as  originate  in  some  part  of  the 
ascending  axis,— stem  or  branches,  whether  above  or  below  the  around 
Ihey  are  so  called  because  their  origin  is  indeterminate,  both  fn  place 
and  time.     Examples  are  seen  in  the  ground-ivy,  twin-flower,  and  other 
creeping  plants.     Several  special  forms  should  be  noticed  •  as 


28 


THE  ROOT,  OR    DESCENDING  AXIS. 


:l! 


135.  The  cirrhous  roots 
of  certain  climbing  vines  (Euro- 
pean ivy,  poison  ivy,  trumpet- 
creeper)  put  forth  in  great 
numbers  from  the  stem,  serv- 
ing for  its  mechanical  support 
and  no  other  known  use. 
Again, 

136.  The  fulcra  of  certain 
endogenous     plants    originate 
high  up  the  stem,  and  descend- 
ing obliquely,  enter  the  soil.     Of  this  kind 
are  the  roots  of  the  screw-pine  (Panda- 
nus)  of  the  conservatories,  which  are  often 
several  feet  in  length  before  reaching  the 
ground.     The  figure  represents  a  screw- 
pine  which  was   wholly   propped  up   by 
i-oots  of  this  kiud  as   if  on   stilts.     Sim- 
ilar roots  occur,  in  a  smaller  way,  at  the 
lower  joints  of  the  Indian  corn. 

137.  The  Banyan  Tree  (Ficus  Indica)  develops 
adventitious  roots  oa  a  graad  scale.     When  the 
branches  have  stretched  out  so  far  as  to  need  ad- 
ditional support,  they  send  fortli  adventitious  roots,  descending  to  tlie  earth.     Hav- 
ing penetrated  the  soil,  these  roots  l.ecome  supporting  columns.     The  branches 


Vx^N^'^s3»c^<-^v^NW  C^V  r^ 


85.  Screw-pine  (Pandaniis). 


dC.  Bnny^it)  (Ficua  Indica). 


THE    ROOT,   OR    DESCRIPTIVE    AXIS. 


99 


t^utiaumg  to  a<lvance,  send  dosvn  other  roots,  which  in  turn  become  columns  similar 
to  trunks^  untd  a  .ngle  tree  becomes  a  grove  capable  of  sheltering  an  army  0^1 

138  T„K  MAXOaovE  (Rhizopora),  of  the  West  Indies,  sends  down  axial  ooS 
ftom  Its  br,mches.  The  seed  germinates  before  detached,  sending  down  its  lon^ 
radical  unt.1  it  reaches  the  mud  in  which  these  trees  grow.  Thuslhe  young  nlant^ 
gam  a  firm  standing  before  quitting  their  hold  of  tiie  parent  tree 

139  To  FAVOR  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ADVENTITIOUS  ROOTS  on  any  particular 
par^  keep  that  par  ^n  contact  with  moist  soil  Wo  often  observe  such  roots  to  arise 
uuually,  in  prostrate  branches  or  stems,  at  those  points  which  touch  the  ground 

In  slips  cuttings,   Ac,  the  same  thing  occurs  artificially.     Hence  to  increaL  thJ 
mots  of  the  potato  vine,  or  corn,  heap  ike  earth  agaiit  the  stems,     ilie  Zdd  r 

lully  treated  m  no  otlu^r  way.     Its  adventitious  roots  are  excessively  multipliedTy 
deep  spading  and  high  "  hilling."  "luuipiieu  oy 

140.  TO  PRODUCE  DWARF  TREES  it  is  only  nccessaiy,  by  any  contrivance   to  re 
tain   a    q,«,ntity  of  moist  earth   against   the  base  of  The  Llecyd  brZ  1  a 
sT'-^pSVT""''  '  -y  be  severed  from  the  tree  and  transferred  t:  the 

141.  Axial  AND  iNAxiAL  roots  in  agriculture.  This  distinction 
must  never  be  lost  sight  of.  The  former  strike  deep,  anchor  firmly,  and 
draw  their  nourishment  from  the  lower  strata  of  the  soil.  The  latter 
abide  near  the  surface,  and  feed  upon  the  upper  soil.  Hence  let  us  learn 

a    Which  class  o(  crops  requires  deep  and  which  shallow  tillage  : 

b.  Which  should  succeed  each  other  in  the  rotation  of  crops  •      ' 

c.  Which  may  be  sown  together  in  the  mixture  of  crops        ' 

142.  To  TRANSFORM  A  TAP-ROOT  TO  A  FIBROUS.  At  a  Certain  distance  below  the 
CO  lum  sever  the  tap-root  without  otherwise  disturbing  the  plant.  The  conserence 
will  be  an  increased  growth  of  the  lateral  or  fibrous  roots  nearer  the  8urf3  Je 


■^  „,!  u  "  /""  •  "■■'*''  ''"'•'^""'a'  bronch  bearing  epiphytes  and 
parasites,  a,  A  fern  (Polypodi.mi  incanum).  b,  Epiden.lruin  con- 
opseiini).  ec,  Long  tr^m  (Tillandsla).  d,  Mistletoe  (Viscum). 
«,  Lichen. 

143.  Epiphytes  (em,  upon,  (f>vTov,  a  plant),  a 
class  of  plants  called  also  air-plants,  have  roots 
which  are  merely  mechanical,  serving  to  fix  such 


% 


30 


THE  ROOT,  OR    DEaCRIPTlVE  AXI8. 


plants  firmly  upon  other  plants  or  trees,  while  they  derive  their  nour- 
ishment wholly  from  the  air.  The  long-raoss  (Tillandsia)  and  Conop- 
seum  arc  examples. 

144.  Parasites — three  classes.  Very  different  in  nature  are  the 
roots  of  those  plants  called  parasites,  which  feed  upon  the  juices  of 
other  plants  or  trees.  Such  roots  penetrate  the  bark  of  the  nurse-plant 
to  the  cambium  layer  beneath,  and  appropriate  the  stolen  juices  to  their 
own  growth,  as  the  dodder  and  mistletoe.  Other  parasites,  although 
standing  in  the  soil,  are  fixed  upon  foreign  roots,  and  thence  derive 
either  their  entire  sustenance,  as  the  beech-drops  and  other  leafless,  col- 
orless plants ;  or  a  part  of  their  sustenance,  as  the  cow-wheat  (Melam- 
pyrum),  Gerardia. 

145.  Sdbterranean  stems.  As  there  are  ferial  roots,  so  there  are  subterranean 
stems.  These  are  frequently  mistaken  for  roots,  but  may  be  known  by  their  habit- 
ually and  regularly  producing  buds.  Of  this  nature  are  the  tubers  of  the  Irish  po- 
tato, the  root-ctock  of  the  sweet  flag,  the  bulb  of  the  tulip.  But  even  the  true 
root  may  sometimes  develop  buds— accidentally  as  it  were,  in  consequence  of  some 
injury  to  the  upper  axis,  or  some  other  unnatural  condition. 


« »  ♦  » I 


CHAPTER    V. 


THE     STEM,     OR     ASCENDING     AXIS, 


I!  :i!i 


::.it 


146.  Definition.  That  part  of  the  plant  which  originates  with  the 
plumule,  tends  upward  in  its  growth  and  expands  itself  to  the  influence 
of  the  air  and  the  light,  is  called  the  stem  or  ascending  axis. 

147.  The  general  idea  of  the  axis  is  the  central  substantial  portion  of  the 
plant,  bearing  the  appendages,  viz.,  the  root  below  and  the  leaf-organs  above. 
Although  not  marked  by  gay  coloring  or  fantastic  forms,  yet  we  regard  the  stem 
with  a  lively  interest  for  its  substantial  value,  its  gracefulness  and  lofty  propor- 
tions, its  infinite  gradation  of  form  and  texture  from  the  tender  speedwell  crushed 
beneath  the  foot  to  the  strong  forest  oak. 


Procumbent  stem— Chiogenes  hiapidula. 


148.  Direction  op  its  growth.  Although  the  first  direction  of 
the  stem's  growth  is  vertical  in  all  plants,  there  are  many  in  which  this 
direction  docs  riot  continue,  but  changes  into  the  oblique  or  horizontal, 
either  just  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  just  beneath  it.    If  the 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCKSDIKO    AXIS. 


»l 


it  .  .i,.  to  be  .™» J;,/;:X"X"  «;o„„U  Without  ,.„„ti,,« 
«r„„n,l  after  l,.vi„g  „t  tho  base  .,Jn  .om  3nt  bit;  ,"  -"T  """ 
fc»^     If  it  ari8.  obliquely  from  a  wo,trZZ     '  ,'       "  ''"""'• 

..,  .nd  ifit  eo„ti„uo\„La  benirct^i:::^^:."'''"^- 


89.  Decumbent  stcra-AnagaUis  arvcnsls. 


;-y  »a,.,e,  .bile  „o  b„a,  (i  r::i;^r„;ui::)t^ri„T:- 

150.  Stems  are  either  simple  or  BRANcnpn      TI.«     •      i 

iongtbening  Jm.it;  ::;ti„tlyeplL:t  r'  "^'^  '?  "'" 
»iway,  borne  at  the  termination  onhorter   h'Io  ,  '  "V"  " 

terminated  by  a  bud.  """  ""*  "*  "'»■■■'?» 

151.  The  Branched  Stem  whieb  ;«  l^rfo-  *i 

d..ced  by  tho  development  of  b"  ^rL  I  a  "dTxi  Z^  '  C 
Mis  produees  a  bud  in  the  axil  of  it,  every  leaf  b!t  T  '  ^^ 
above  the  origin  of  tho  leaf-stall-  Tl,  I  ?'  .  "'  ■''  P"'"'  J""' 
ea.  of  the  /mple  stem,  t'  rmull^rhut  Ir""  "  T""  '"  *" 
«H  into  lea,  subdivisions  of  the^^i^ldTe  frfee^ 

-loi'pm'o'-or  iSif^td'  ""t, rrudii:''"  -'- "-'"-"  "^  *» 

attho  termination  of  the^branchJollatxi^bX:::^':;'':^ 
cotno  terminal.  "^  "  ^"  """  be- 

.he'!ie':;„^r:~  eTt  oTibrr™™'  r,-  *"^  ^^^-  ""^-'^ 

ticularly  noticed  heroaZ     TbU  '"'"'  "■""'"  "'"  '"'  """"  !""- 

accordi',  ,o  cslb U  led   aws       ^r^T™'  ''  v'""'*"^  '»g°'="-' 
general  mode,  •  "  ?'"''''  *"  >'"''%  """ce  three 


i  * 


33 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


The  opposite,  where  two  branches  stand  on  opposite  sides  of  the  same 
node,  as  in  the  maple. 

Verticillate,  where  three  or  more  branches,  equidistant,  encircle  the 
stem  at  each  node,  as  in  the  pine. 

154.  The  angle  op  divergence  in  bmnches  is  also  subject  to  definite  rules 
more  obvious  in  the  earUer  stages  of  growth.  While  the  divergence  is  uniform  in 
the  same  species,  it  varies  to  every  degree  of  tlie  circle  in  different  species,  greativ 
affecting  the  form  of  the  tree.  In  general,  without  marking  the  exact  degre^ 
branches  are  said  to  be  erect  (Lombardy  poplar),  «prmrfm^  or  obliquely  ascending 
{common),  divaricate  or  at  nearly  a  right  angle  (oak),  dejkxed  (beech),  and  pendu- 
lous (weeping  willow).  ^ 

155.  Certain  kinds  op  branches  are  noted  for  their  tendency  to 
Foduce    adventitioua   roots,  and  thus  to  become  independent  plants 
JVurserymen  avail  themselves  of  this  property  in  propagation,  and  name 
such  branches  cions,  stolons,  offsets,  slips,  layers,  cuttings,  and  runners. 

156.  The  Sucker  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  underground  por- 
tion of  the  plant,  leaf-bearing  above  and  sending  out  roots  from  its  own 
base,  becommg  finally  a  separate,  independent  plant.  The  rose  and 
raspberry  are  thus  multiplied. 


40.  «,  Slip  (gooseberry)  taking  root.    .\  Cutting  (grape)  taking  root,    c,  Stolons  or  layers  arti- 
ncially  arranged  for  propagation,    d,  A  mode  of  dwarfing  (§  140).    f,  Cions-proccM  of  graft- 

167.  The  Stolon  or  Layer  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  above- 
ground  portion  of  the  stem,  and  afterward  declining  to  the  ground 
takes  root  at  or  near  its  extremity,  scndr,  up  new  slioots,  and  becomes  a 
new  plant.  The  hobble  bush  and  black  raspberry  do  this  naturally, 
and  gardeners  imitate  the  process  in  many  plants. 

158.  Tns  CioN  is  any  healthy  twig  or  branchlot  bearing  one  or 
more  buds,  used  by  the  gardeners  in  the  common  process  of  grafting. 
Slips  and  cuttings  are  fragments  of  ordinary  branches  or  stems  con- 


THE    STEM,    OR    ASCENDINO   AXIS. 


33 


sisting  of  young  wood  bearing  one  or  more  buds.  These  «  strike"  root 
when  planted  m  the  earth.     So  the  grape-vine  and  hop. 

n  tufUrSff^^'T^  ''  '  '''"  "PP"'^  *^  ^^^^^  side-branehes  ending  in 
a  tuft  (rosette)  of  leaves,  and  capable  of  taking  root  when  separat^ 
from  the  parent  plant,  as  in  houseleek.  separated 


41,  A  strawberry  plant  (Fragaria  vesoa)  sending  out  a  runner 


160   The  Runner  is  a  prostrate,  filiform  branch  issuing  from  certain 
«hort-stemmed  herbs,  extending  i,.elf  along  the  surface  of  the  ground 
stnkmg  root  at  ,ts  end  without  being  buried.     Thence  leaves  arfse  and 
a  new  plant,  which  m  turn  sends  out  new  runners ;  as  in  the  strawberry 

161.  IHE  NODE  or  joint  of  the  stem  marks  a  definite  point  of  a  pecu- 
liar organization  where  the  leaf  with  its  axillary  bud  arises.  The  nodL 
occur  at  regular  intervals,  and  the  spaces  between  them  are  termed  t 

Tk  J^"7r^-  ^-  tl^e  symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  leaves 
mid  branches  of  the  stem.  In  the  root  no  such  provision  is  made  ar" 
the  branches  have  no  manner  of  arrangement. 

162.  Whv   THE    STEl.    OBADUALLV    DIMINISHES    UPWARDS.       In  the  in. 

ternodes  the  fibres  composing  the  stem  are  parallel,  but  at  the  nodes 

his  order  is  interrupted  in  consequence  of  some  of  the  inner  fibre 

from  below  turning  outwards  into  the  leafstalk,  causing  more  or  less  a 

Ze  bewT"'  ''""'"''  "'""'''  ^^"^^^"^  ''''''  «^-«^'-" 
163.  How  THE  STEM  GROWS.  The  growth  of  the  stem  consists  in 
the  development  of  the  internodes.  In  the  bud  the  nodes  are  closelv 
crowded  together,  with  no  perceptible  internodes,  thus  bringing  the  ru! 
d.mentary  leaves  m  close  contact  with  each  other.  But  in  the  stem 
which  IS  afterwards  evolved  from  that  bud,  we  see  full  grown  leaves 
jeparated  by  consi.lorable  .pr.....  That  is,  while  leaves  are  developed 
from  the  rudiments,  internodes  are  evolved  from  the  growing  point 

164.  But  there  are  exceptions  hero  as  to  all  other  rules  in  scfence  addinrr 
another  element  of  d.ver^ty  to  the  endlea«  gradation  of  form  in  NatuXwdr^  if 


J 


34 


THE   STEM,    OB   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


ir,.ny  plants  the  axis  of  the  pn.aary  bud  does  not  develop  into  iuternodes  at  all  or 
but  partially  in  various  degrees,  as  in  the  Trillmm,  Crocus,  blood-root.  Sucli  stems 
seldom  appear  above  ground,  and  are  said  to  be  subterranean 

165.  This  fact  makes  a  wide  difference  in  the  forms  of  stems,  and  natiu-ally  con- 
stitutes  them  into  two  great  divisions,  viz.,  the  leaf-stem  and  the  scale-stem. 

166.  The  leaf-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  iuternodes  fully 
developed,  arise  into  the  air  crowned  with  leaves.  The  principal  forms 
arc  the  cauhs,  culm,  trunk,  caudex,  vine. 

167.  The  scale-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  internodes  par- 
tially  or  not  at  all  developed,  and  generally  bearing  scales,  which  are 
undeveloped  leaves,  scarcely  emerge  from  beneath  the  soil.  They  are 
the  creeper  and  rhizoma  (developed),  the  crown,  tuber,  corm  and  bulb 
(undeveloped). 


42.  gcale-stetn,  (DIcentra  cucullnrin).    «.  A  flowor  .,f  the  sarno.    44,  A  flower  of  D.  Cana.Iensli 

45,  Leiif-stein  (Oliiinaphila  inaculata). 

168.  The  lkap-stems  are  either  heruaceous  or  woody.  The 
herbaceous,  whether  arising  from  annual,  biennial  or  perennial  roots, 
bear  fruit  but  one  season  and  then  perish  at  least  down  to  the  root, 
scarcely  becoming  woody  ;  as  the  ®  mustard,  ®  radish,  and  the  % 
grasses.  The  woody  loaf-stems  survive  the  winter,  and  become  firm 
and  solid  in  text':re  in  after  years. 

169.  Caulis  is  a  terra  generally  applied  to  the  annual  leaf-stems  of 


THE   STBM,   OR   ASCENDING    AXIS.  35 

170.  The  Culm  is  the  stem  of  the  grasses  an,!  th.     ^ 
and  withstands  the  asra:!:^"  hew   aJraTs  TC'^f^  '"'" 

and  s.e„^h  of  the  w.d,  „.  .,„eo„3  «sCrh°:,:::irr:r 

Here  it  is  cylindrieal,  straight  and  erect  as tthe  for!.f  "''* 

often,  as  in  the  ga^.t'ree ;  gnarled  and  eu'ed  ttCoT  ''  '"Tl" 
far  over  its  base,  as  in  the  sycamore.  '  "  "^^  '  "  '"'=''""' 


B  J. 

«■    8.8p™..    B,B.e.h.    E,E,„,  .,„to,„.o™.„„,.„o...,«„,^ 

"™«l  by  li„dley  .he  ^Itr  to  tZk  Zl ""'  """  '°™'-    '"  '"=  '""'■ 


9* 


THE    STEM,    OR    ASCENDING    AXIS. 


beech,  birch,  oak,  and  especially  in  the  spruce— trees  with  oval  or  pyramidal 
orowns. 

lU.  But  in  the  other,  the  solvent  axis,  as  seen  in  the  elm,  the  apple-trea 
the  trunk  suddenly  divides  into  several  subequal  branches,  which  thence  depart  with 
different  degrees  of  divergency,  giving  the  urn  form  to  the  elm,  the  rounded  form 
to  the  apple-tree,  the  depressed  form  to  iho  sloe-tree  (Viburnum)  and  dogwood. 

175.  The  form  of  the  trunk  sometimes  changes  with  age,  especially  in  tropical 
regions,  some  distorted  by  huge  local  excrescences,  others  swelling  out  in  the  midst 
to  "  aldermanic"  proportions. 


.    '  V  ,".  ^  "  '"  ^**''^>''""'™)  with  gnarled  and  misshapen  trunk,    b,  Candta,  of  a 

,!'M  K  "Tf  I"  ?"°"'*^-  '■'  '^"'"''"-S  "f  Brazilian  forests,  with  distended  trunk,  d,  Pal- 
metto (babal,  Adns),  the  caudex  rough  with  the  persistent  bases  of  the  petioles. 

no.  Caudex  is  a  term  now  applied  to  the  peculiar  trunk  of  the  palms  and  tree- 
ferns,  simple,  branchless  columns,  or  rarely  dividing  in  advanced  age.  It  is  pro- 
duced by  the  growth  of  tlie  terminal  bud  alone,  and  its  sides  are  marked  by  the 
scars  of  the  fallen  leaf-stalks  of  former  years,  or  are  yet  covered  by  their  persistent 
bases 

177.  The  stock  or  caudex  of  the  cactus  tribe  is  extraordinary  in  form  and  sub- 
stance. It  is  often  jointed,  prismatic,  branched,  always  greenish,  fleshy,  and  full 
of  a  watery  juice.  Instead  of  leaves,  its  lateral  buds  develop  spines  only,  the  stem 
iteclf  performing  the  functions  of  leaves.  These  plants  abound  in  the  warm  regions 
of  tropical  America,  and  afford  a  cooling,  acid  beverage  to  the  tliirsty  traveler  when 
Bprings  dry  up  under  the  torrid  sun. 

178.  The  vine  is  cither  liorbacpous  or  woody.  Tt  is  .i  ptcm  too  slen- 
der and  weak  to  stand  erect,  but  trails  along  the  ground  or  any  conve- 
nient support.     Sometimes,  by  means  of  special  organs  for  this  purpose, 


THE   STEM,    OR    ASCENDING    AXIS. 


37 


T^^a  rrr rr  ct."-'' '°  -  -^'  ^-^^  - 


6e»gdXtecri°rT.,^i     1^    °''""''  by  ontwimag  .(..j^  around  ,l,o™, 
it  i.  a  curious  f«  That  1  ]i^don  17,°*'°*  '".*°  *"»  ""■  "y  «S»  aid,  and 

oou,-s».    This  fa  a  general  law  r!l?/  "^  ""'°°"'  ''  ">  '^«'^»  il» 

11.0  same  .pc^icSv^h   L     ^  5       "^  *""'■     ^"'"^  '""""'l™'  P'""'  of 

isn    T         '"""l""'"'-  '^'""""""»"""Kgl<>'-yn>™lves«l«-arsagainstthesun 
™CuI"co7Zfr  "/""™™  -^  -"^'1-.  «ften  distorted  h, 

pri .  W  r^^^^^^^^    TI,oy  com,„o,,ly  belong  to  perennial  herbs,  and  th, 

o.™arov I'vn?       °      ■'   "■;  '°"°"''  •""  i"««™«<««t«  connecting 
loinis  arc  ve.y  numerous  and  often  perplexing  * 

:S:;yw"  -v,  ^^""-'"-^  -.nsiveiVULT::  r:  s 

n  a  h  tbfso  I  I    'n    "'"•  "^"="<'"«  ''"■■^"tallyin  all  direetions  bo- 
neath  the  sod,  annually  send.ng  up  f™,u  it,  terminal  buds  cniet  stem. 


08 


THE    STEM,    OK   ASCENDING   AXIS. 


into  tho  air.  The  witch-grass  (Triticum  lepens)  is  an  example.  Such 
plants  are  a  sore  evil  to  the  garden.  They  can  have  no  better  cultiva- 
tion than  to  be  torn  and  cut  to  pieces  by  the  spade  of  the  angry  gar- 
dener, since  they  are  thus  multiplied  as  many  times  as  there  are 
fragments.  , 


Fig.  61.  Creeper  of  "Nimble  Will,"  or  witch.gra«;  a,  Bud;  W,  Bases  of  culms. 

182.  Utility.  Repent  stems  of  this  kind  are  not,  however,  without  their  aso 
They  frequently  abound  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  whicli  they  servo  to  bind  and  secure 
against  the  inroads  of  the  water  and  oven  the  sea  itself  Holland  is  said  to  owe  ita 
very  existence  to  the  repent  stems  of  such  plants  as  the  mat-grass  (Arundo  arenaria) 
Carex  arenarius  and  Elymus  arenarius,  which  overrun  the  artificial  dykes  upon  its 
shores  and  by  their  innumerable  roots  and  creepers  apparently  bind  tiie  loose  sand 
into  a  hrm  barrier  against  the  washing  of  the  waves.  So  the  turf,  chiefly  com-posed 
or  repent  grass-stems,  forms  the  only  security  of  our  own  sandy  or  clayey  hiUa 
agamst  tho  washing  rains. 

183.  The  uhizome  or  root-stock  difforft  from  the  creeper  only  in 
being  shorter  and  thicker,  having  its  internodes  but  partially  developed. 
It  IS  a  prostrate,  fleshy,  rooting  stem,  either  wholly  or  partially  subter- 
ranean, often  scaly  Avith  the  bases  of  undeveloped  leaves,  or  marked 
with  the  scars  of  former  leaves,  and  yearly  producing  new  shoots  and 
roots.  Such  is  the  fleshy,  horizontal  portion  of  the  blood-root,  sweet- 
fiag.  water-lily,  bramble  (the  latter  hardly  different  from  the  creeper). 

184.  The  growth  ov  the  kiiizomb  is  instructive,  marking  its  peculiar  character 
Luch  joint  marks  the  growth  of  a  year.    la  spring  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  into 
M  62  a 


,r!uffh"";.';K""'""  ^•/"'"^""'^-"^al  (Polygonatum  multiaora)  a,  Frog.nunt  of  th.  first  year's 
jrrowth     ft,  the  seeonrt  year's  pror  th  ;  r,  crowth  of  the  third  vear  ;  ,/,  growth  of  the  nresent 


THE   STEM,  OR    ASCENDING    AXIS.  39 

dicatc,  not  «,e  age  of  the  ITbM  t„  ,  ,•  "^  ^"'"^  """  "°"""''  <"■  J"'""  '■'- 
there  are  three  Jetot^  wo  J  r  ,Lt  t  ,ev  L  '  T  "'  '""'  '°"™-"-  ^ta  if 
«,,,,  while  the  plan,  .till  JZ  T     ^        ""'  ""'"""^  "^^  "«■  '"i'"  «■- 

(p™„,or,,„.).     Tins  U  owin^^o       1L,  :    t,::  j!  r'""  .'T'""  ""^ 
tcrnodcs  in  succession,  a,  I  the  horizoln-h  "''/"f. '"""'  '"' 

pclata,  b„nja™i„.ro„t  (Ti-illintn)  Lera™  t ""•"""•     '""""""■  "">" 

.-..condin,  axis,  and  tl.o  pt-fd':*  '„  of  bdl  Toll's  tl^'f^K  "'*  "'° 
stenis  i„«cad  of  ,„o.s.     The  po.a.o  and  tt:,fo:;o^'ll:  ™°"* 

56  -_  ^ 


r™'"»":;::.\reLTe:e,c,::'„v['''«  r*-""-'  »»"*  °°'  -" 

wi.cthcr  issuing  from  tho  above-ground  or  fho  nnri«r      '     1  »ito  tho  a.r, 

expand   rcgulaily  into  leave.  *oTi?1h   *''° '^"^^'^-^'-o^n^l  portion  of  tlio  stem, 
.-po  i'^th^dar^da^pgruld    ;^^^^^^  -"-'^  «-tinuo  to 

■"to  tubers  with  developed  iTids'  .nn.undt  '     r        '"^"'''  ''''^^  "P  ^*  *''«  ^"'^^ 
roneu^cd  growth  the  folCingjw''""^"^^^^  "^''''^  ^^  '^^^^^^  for 


40 


THE   STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


189.  The  corm  is  an  under-ground,  solid,  fleshy  stem,  with  con' 
doused  internodos,  never  extending,  but  remaining  of  a  rounded  form 
covered  with  thin  scales.  It  is  distinguished  from  roots  by  its  leaf-bud, 
which  is  either  borne  at  the  summit,  as  in  the  crocus,  or  at  the  side,  as 
in  the  colchicum  and  putty-root  (Aplectrum). 

1 90.  How  THE  CORM  GROWS.  The  corra  usually  accomplishes  its  part  in  vegeta- 
tion in  one  or  two  seasons,  and  then  gradually  yields  up  its  substance  and  life  for 
the  nourishment  of  the  new  progeny  formed  from  the  axils  of  its  uppea-  scales  is 
case  of  the  Crocus  and  Gladiolus,  or  the  single  new  corm  from  the  axil  of  a  lateral 
scale,  as  in  Colchicum. 


57,  Cornis  of  putty-root  (Aplcctnim)  ;  a,  of  last  yenr,  b,  of  the  present  year.    68,  Scale  bulb  et 
white  lily.    69,  Scale  bulb  of  Oxalis  vlolacea. 

191.  The  Bulb  partakes  largely  of  the  nature  of  the  bud.  It  con- 
sists of  a  short,  dilated  axis,  bearing  an  oval  mass  of  thick,  fleshy  scales 
closely  packed  above,  a  circle  of  adventitious  roots  around  its  base,  and 
a  flowering  stem  from  the  terminal,  or  a  lateral  bud. 

192.  How  MULTIPLIED.  Bulbs  are  renewed  or  multiplied  annually  at  the  ap- 
proach of  winter  by  the  development  of  bulbs  from  the  axils  of  the  scales,  which 
increase  at  the  expense  of  the  old,  and  ulti- 
mately become  detached.  Bulbs  which  flow- 
er from  the  terminal  bud  are  necessarily  either 
annual  or  biennial :  those  flowering  from  an 
axillary  bud  may  be  perennial,  as  the  termi- 
nal bud  may  in  this  case  continue  to  develop 
new  scales  indefinitely. 

193.  Bulbs  are  said  to  be  tunkated 
when  they  consist  of  concentric  layers, 

each  entire  and  enclosing  all  within  it,     «o.  Bulb  of  Liiium  miperbum,  with  habit 
as  in  the  onion.     But  the  more  com-  "^  "  ^'"zome;  o,  fuii-grown  bulb  sending 

,      ,  7     J     71  •   .     "P  a  terminal  Stem  <;,  and  two  offsets  &6,  for 

mon  variety  is  the  scaly  bulb — consist-  the  bulbs  of  next  year. 

ing  of  fleshy,  concave  scales  arranged  spirally  upon  the  axis,  as  in  the 

lily. 


THE    LEAF-BCD. 


41 


«1,  Corm  of  Crocus,  with  new  ones  fomiing  above ;  62,  Vertical  section  of  tho  same  ;  63,  Sec- 
tion of  bulb  of  Hyacinth  with  terminal  scape-  and  axillary  bulblet ;  64,  Section  of  bulb  of  Oxalis 
violacea,  with  axillary  scapes.  "*■»»■ 

194.  The  tcbeb,  corm  and  bulb  are  analogous  forms  approaching  by  degrees 
to  the  character  of  the  bud,  which  consists  of  a  little  axis  bearing  a  covering  of 
scales.  In  the  tuber  the  axis  is  excessively  developed  whUe  the  scales  are  reduced 
to  mere  linear  points.     Tn  tlie  corm  the  analogy  is  far  more  65 

evident,  for  the  axis  is  less  excessive  and  the  scales  more       66 
manifest,  and  lastly  in  the  oulb  tho  analogy  is  complete,  or 
overdone,  the  scales  often  becoming  excessive. 


■♦•  ♦  >» 


CHAPTER     VI. 

THE    LEAB-BUD. 

195.  It  is  but  a  step  from  the  study  of  the  bulb 
to  that  of  the  leaf-bud.  Buds  are  of  two  kinds  in 
respect  to  their  contents;  the  leaf-bud  containing 
the  rudiments  of  a  leafy  stem  or  branch,  the/owr- 
bud  containing  the  same  elements  transformed  into 
the  nascent  organs  of  a  flower  for  the  purpose  of 
reproduction. 

196.  The  leaf-bud  consists  of  a  brief,  cone- 
shaped  axis  with  a  tender  growing  point,  bearing  a 
protectmg  covering  of  imbricated  scales  and  incip- 
lent  leaves.  ^ 

65.    Branch  of  pear  tree.    The  terminal  bud  a,  having  been  de. 

««    tlT    ^'r"\  V'^  fl«wer.bu,ls,  <f,   branch  with  lcaf.bu.li 
«6.  t,  section  of  terminal  bud ;  I,  of  axillary  bud. 


42 


THE    LEAF-nUD. 


19?.  Nature  op  the  scales.  The  scaly  envelops  of  tho  bud  appear  to  be  either 
the  rudimentary  leaves  or  stipules  of  the  preceding  year,  formed  late  in  the  season, 
arrested  in  their  development  by  the  frosts  and  scanty  nourishment,  and  reduced 
to  a  sear  and  hardened  state.  If  the  bud  of  tho  rose,  tulip-tree,  or  liorse-chestnut 
be  examined  when  swollen  in  the  spring,  the  student  will  notice  a  gradual  transi- 
tion from  the  outer  scales  to  the  evident  leaves  or  siipu/^  within. 


«7,  Bud  of  currant  unfolding,— the  scales  gradually  becoming  leaves.    68,  Bud  of  tuHp-tree,— tho 

scales  unfolding  into  stipules. 

^  198.  It  is  an  interesting  illustration  of  designing  Wisdom  that  buds  are  fur- 
nished with  scales  only  in  wintry  climates.  In  the  Torrid  Zone,  or  in  conservatories, 
Where  the  temperature  is  equalized  through  the  year,  plants  develop  their  foliage 
into  buds  immediately  after  formation,  without  clothing  them  in  scales.  In  annual 
plants  also,  the  buds  are  destitute  of  scales,  not  being  destined  to  survive  the  win- 
tor.  Hence  it  is  evident  that  the  transformation  of  autumnal  leaves  into  scales, 
is  a  means  ordained  by  the  great  Author  of  Nature  to  protect  the  young  shoots  in 
their  incipient  stages  from  sudden  cold  and  moisture,— au  office  wliich  they  effect- 
uaUy  fulfil  by  their  numerous  downy  folds  and  their  insoluble  coat  of  resin. 

199.  How  BUDS  ARE  PROTECTED.  In  many  trees  the  bud-seales  are  clothed  with 
dense,  downy  hairs.  In  others,  as  in  the  horse-chestnut,  balm  of  Gilead,  and  other 
specira  of  poplar,  the  buds  are  covered  with  a  viscid,  aromatic  resin,  resembling  a 
coat  of  varnish.  A  considerable  quantity  may  bo  separated  from  a  handful  of  such 
buds  in  boiling  water. 

200.  The  parent  bud.  In  regard  to  position,  buds  are  either  terminal  or  axil- 
Jary--a  distinction  already  noticed.  The  plumule  of  the  embryo  is  the  original 
parent  bud,  containing  within  its  minute  organization  the  manifoid  parts  of  the  fu- 
ture plant— stem,  leaves,  flower,  fruit— all  to  be  successively  unfolded  in  future 
months  or  years.  The  unfolding  of  this  first  terminal  bud  in  tho  one  direction  of  ita 
point  produces  the  simple  stem. 

201.  Origin  op  branches.  But  in  every  plant  a  special  provision  is  made  for 
tho  development  of  branches.  It  is  a  general  law  that  every  expanding  leaf  shall 
subtend  an  infant  bud  in  its  ax'l,  that  is,  in  the  upper  angle  "of  the  insertion  of  the 
ioaf-staik ;  hence  the  plant  may  always  have  as  many  axillary  buds  as  it  has  leaves. 

202.  Axillary  buds  are  especially  noted  as  being  either  active  or 


THK    LEAF- BUD. 


43 


INTENT.  In  the  former  ca.e  they  are  unfolded  into  branches  at  once  or 
,n  the  spnng  following  their  formation.  But  latent  buds  suspend  the  > 
acuities  from  year   to  year,   or  perhaps  are  never  quickened  to 

203.  AxiLLAKv  BUDS  BECOME  TERMINAL  SO  soon  as  thdr  development 

anly  commence,,  therefore  each  branch  also  has  a  terminal  bud  and 

■ke  the  mam  axm,  is  capable  of  extending  its  growth  as  long  as  thai 

bud  remams  unharmed      If  it  be  destroyed  by  violence  or  frost,  or 

should  M  be  transformed  mto  a  flower-bud,  the  growth  in  that  direction 

lorever  ceases. 

204  The  suppression  of  axillarv  buds  tends,  of  course,  to  sim- 
plify the  form  of  the  plant.  Their  total  suppression  during.  Ih  first 
years  growth  of  the  terminal  bud  is  common,  as  in  the  annual  stem  of 
mullein  and  m  most  perennial  stems.  When  axillary  buds  remain  per- 
luanently  latent,  and  only  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  year  after  year  a 
simple,  branchless  trunk,  crowned  with  a  solitary  tuft  of  leaves  is  the 
result,  as  in  the  palmetto  of  our  * 

southern  borders. 

205.    A     PARTIAL      SUPPRESSION     OP 

BUDS  occurs  in  almost  aU  species,  and 

generally  in  some  defmito   order.     In 

plants  with  opposite  leaves,  sometimes 

one  bud  of  the  pair  at  each  node  is  de- 
veloped and  the  other  is  suppressed,  as 

m    the    pink    tribe    (CaryophyllaceaO. 

When   both    buds   are   developed,   the 

branches,  appearing  in  pairs  like  arms, 

are  said  to  be  brachiate,  as  in  the  LabiatfB. 

In  many  trees  the  terminal  buds  are  ar- 
rested by  inflorescence  each  season,  and 
the  growth  is  continued  by  axillary  buds 
alone,  as  in  the  Catalpa  and  horse-chest- 
nut In  all  trees,  indeed,  buds  are  sup- 
pressed  more  or  less,  from  various  causes, 
disguising  at  length  the  intended  sym- 
metry of  the  branches,  to  the  utter  eon- 
fiinion  of  twigs  and  spray. 

206.  Accessory  buds,  one  or  more, 
are  sometimes  found  just  above  the  true 
axillary  bud,  or  clustered  with  it,  and 
only  distinguished  from  it  by  their 
smaller  size :  as  in  the  cherry  and  honey- 

siicklo 


C9,  nypcricum  Sarothra,  with  brachiate 
branches.  70,  Pink  (DianUius)-axillary  buds 
.iltersiatelj  SiifiprciseJ. 


207.  Adventitious  or  accidental  buds  are  such  as  are  neither  ter 
mmal  nor  axillary.     They  occasionally  appear  on  any  part  of  the" 


44 


TIIK    LEAF    BUD. 


plant  in  tho  internodes  of  the  stem  or  branches,  on  the  root,  or  even 
leaves. 

208.  Causes  and  examples.  Such  buds  generally  result  from  some 
abnormal  condition  of  the  plant,  from  pruning  or  other  destruction  of 
branches  or  stem  above,  while  the  roots  remain  in  full  vigor;  thus  de- 
stroying the  equilibrium  of  vital  force  between  the  upper  and  lower 
axis.  The  leaf  of  the  walking-fern  emits  rootlets  and  buds  at  its  apex ; 
tho  leaf  of  Bryophyllum  from  its  margin,  each  bud  here  also  preceded  by 
a  rootlet.  Some  plants  are  thus  artificially  propagated  in  conservato- 
ries from  the  influence  of  heat  and  moisture  on  a  leaf  or  the  fragment 
of  a  leaf. 

209.  Vernation  or  pr^foliation  arc  terms  denoting  the  mode  ol 
arrangement  and  folding  of  the  leaf-organs  composing  the  bud.  This 
arrangement  is  definitely  varied  in  different  orders  of  plants,  furnishing 
useful  distinctions  in  systematic  botany. 

210.  The  vernation  of  the  bud  is  exhibited  in  an  interesting  man- 
ner by  making  with  a  keen  instrument  a  cross-section  of  it  in  its  swollen 
state,  just  before  expansion ;  or  it  may  be  well  observed  by  removing 
one  by  one  the  scales. 

211.  The  forms  of  vernation  are  entirely  analogous  to  those  of 
aestivation,  and  denoted  by  similar  terms.  We  shall  here  notice  only 
such  as  are  more  peculiar  to  the  leaf-buds. 

212.  Vernation  is  considered  in  two  different  aspects,  first,  the 
manner  in  which  the  leaf  itself  is  folded  ;  second,  the  arrangement  o; 
♦He  leaves  in  respect  to  each  other.  This  depends  much  upon  the 
phyllotaxy.   (§  220.) 


Vernation,  Tl,  of  oak  leaf ;  T2,  of  LIriodondron  (tulip  tree) ;  T8,  of  fern  ;  74,  of  carex ; 

T5,  sage  ;  T6,  iris. 

213.  Each  leaf  alone  considered  is  aMher  fiat  and  open,  as  in  the 
mistletoe,  or  it  \%  folded  or  rolled,  as  follows : 

Reclined,  when  folded  crosswise  with  apex  bent  over  forward  towards 
the  base  as  in  the  tulip-tree. 

Conduplicate,  when  folded  perpendicularly,  with  the  lateral  halves 
brought  together,  face  to  face,  as  in  the  oak. 


THE    LEAF    BUD. 


ifi 


Plaited  or  plicate,  each  leaf  folded  like  a  fan ;  vine,  birch. 

Circinate,  when  each  leaf  is  rolled  or  coiled  downwards  from  the 
apex,  as  in  the  sun-dew  and  ferns. 

Convolute,  the  leaf  wholly  rolled  up  from  one  of  its  sides,  as  in  the 
cherry.  Involute,  having  both  edges  rolled  inwards  as  in  apple,  violet 
Revolute,^N\t\\  both  margins  rolled  g^ 

outwards  and  backwards,  as  in  the 
dock,  willow,  rosemary. 

TT  78  79 


Vernation.  77,  of  birch  leaf;   78,  of  lilac,  (imbricate):  T9,  cherry  leaves,  (convoluto)  ;  80,  dock 
bud,  (revolute) ;  81,  balm  of  Oilead,  (involute). 


214.  The  general  vernation  is  Mosely  distinguished  in  descriptive 
botany  as  valvate  (edges  meeting),  and  Imbricate  (edges 
overlapping),  terms  to  be  noticed  hereaftr  c.     The  val- 
vate more  often  occurs  in  plants  with  opposite  leaves. 
Imbricated  vernation  is 

Equitant  (riding  astraddle),  when  conduplicate  leaves  _ 

alternately  embrace— the  outer  one  the  next  inner,  by  ,2.  ve^^lSTTf  s  . 
its  unfolded  margins,  as  in  the  privet  and  iris. 

Obvolute,  or  half-equitant,  when  the  outer  leaf< 
embraces  only  one  of  the  margins  of  the  inner. 


camore  bud. 
63 


as  in  the  sage. 


Triquetrous,  where  the  bud  is  triangular  in  sec- 
tion, and  the  leaves  equitant  at  each  angle,  as  in 
the  Carices. 

215.  The  principle  op  budding.  Each  leaf-bud 
may  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  individual,  capable  of 
vegetating  either  in  its  native  position,  or  when 
removed  to  another,  as  is  extensively  practiced  in 
the  important  operation  of  budding. 

216.  Bulblets.  In  the  tiger-lily,  Cicutabulbifera, 
and  Aspidium  bulbiferum,  the  axillary  buds  spon-         of" budding." 
taneously  detach  themselves,  fall  to  the  ground,  and  become  new  plants. 
These  remarkable  little  bodies  are  called  bulblets. 


83, 84,  Showing  the  process 


4d 


THE    LEAF. 


CHAPTER     VII. 

THE     LEAF.  . 

217.  Its  importance.  The  leaf  constitutes  the  verdure  of  planta, 
atul  is  by  tar  tlio  most  conspicuous  and  beautiful  object  in  the  scenery 
of  nature.  It  is  also  of  the  higliest  importance  in  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy, being  the  organ  of  dujestion  and  respiration. 

218.  The  leap  is  characterized  by  a  thin  and  expanded  form 
presenting  the  largest  possible  surface  to  the  action  of  the  air  and  light! 
which  agents  are  indispensable  to  the  life  and  increase  of  the  plant. 

219.  TuE  COLOR  OF  TUE  LEAF  is  almost  universally  groen,  which  of  nil  colors  is 
the  most  agreeable  to  the  eye ;  but  its  intensity  varies  by  infinite  shades,  and  iH 
oJlen  finely  contraatod  with  the  more  ddicato  tints  of  the  liower.  Towards  maturity 
its  veidure  is  clianged,  often  to  the  most  brilliant  hues,  as  red,  crimson,  orange,  yol- 
fow,  giving  our  autunuial  f  it  scenery  a  gaiety,  variety,  ai'  A  cplcndor  o*"  coloring 
which  the  wildest  fancy  ct      1  scarcely  surpass. 


PHYLLOTAXY,  OR  LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 

220.  As  the  position  of  the  leaf  upon  the  stem  marks  the  position  oi  tuc  cxfUarr 
bud,  it  follows  that  the  order  of  the  loaf-arrangement  will   bo   the  ordei  of  the 
branches  also.     ITie  careful  investigation  of  this  subject  has  developed  a  science  oi 
unexpected  exactness  and  beauty,  called  phyllotaxy  {iS>vU.Qv,  a  leal^  rafif,  order.. 


W,  Ladles'-slipper  (Iwives  nUerniitp) ;  8B.  Synnmlrn  (rrnndlflora  (lenves  opposite) ;  88,  Mede*I» 
VirglnicR  (leaves  verUcillate) ;  87,  Lorix  Amwiomia  (leatcs  fascloulute). 


PHYLLOTAXV,    OR   LEAF-ABRANOKMENT. 


41 


221.  Position  upon  the  stem.  Leaves  are  radical  when  thev  grow- 
out  of  the  stem  at  or  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  as  to  appear 
to  grow  from  the  roots ;  cauline  when  they  grow  from  the  stem,  and 
ramial  (ramus,  a  branch),  when  from  the  branches. 

222.  Insertion  upon  the  axis.  The  arrangement  of  the  scales 
and  young  leaves  in  the  bud  appears  to  be  in  close,  contiguous  circles. 
By  the  development  of  the  axis  the  leaves  are  separated,  aiTd  their  order 
variously  modified,  according  to  the  following  general  modes  ;— 

Alternate,  one  above  another  on  opposite  sides,  as  in  the  elm. 

Scattered,  irregularly  spiral,  as  in  the  potato  vine. 

Eosulate,  clustered  regularly,  like  the  petals  of  a  rose,  as  in  the 
plantain  and  shepherd's-pursc. 

Fasciculate,  Uifted,  clustered  many  together  in  the  axil,  as  seen  in  the 
pine,  larch,  berberry. 

Opposite,  two,  against  each  other,  at  the  same  node.    Ex.  maple. 

Vcrticillate,  or  whorled,  more  than  two  in  a  circle  at  each  node,  as 
in  the  meadow-lily,  trumpet-weed.     We  may  reduce  all  these  modes  to 

223.  Two  GENERAL  TYPES,— the  alternate,  including  all  cases  with 
one  leaf  at  each  node,— the  opposite,  including  cases  with  two  or  more 
leaves  at  each  nodo. 

224.  The  true  character  op  the  alternate  type  may  be  learned 
by  an  experiment.  Take  a  straight  leafy  shoot  or  stem  of  the  elm  or 
flax,  or  any  other  plant  with  sewiiingly  scattered  leaves,  and  beginnincr 
with  the  lowest  leaf,  pass  a  thread  to  the  next  above,  thence  to  the  nex^t 
in  the  same  direction,  and  so  on  by  ail  the  leaves  to  the  top  ;  the  thread 
will  form  a  regular  spiral, 

225.  Fasciculate  leaves  are  the  members  of  an  undeveloped  branch,  and  in 


Pbyllotaxy.    89.  leafy  branch  of  elm.-cycloi.    90,  leafy  branch  of  aUIor.-cyclo  i  ;  91.  ^,,tr 

brunch  of  cherry,— cycle  f  • 


48 


PHYLLOTAXy,    OR    LEAF    ARRAKQEMEKT. 


ease  of  tho  subacquent  development  of  tho  branch,  as  often  oooure  in  tho  Bcrl)- 
eria  and  lurcli,  their  spiral  arrangement  becomes  manifest  In  tlio  pines  the  fas- 
cicles liavo  fewer  leaves,  their  number  being  defluito  and  eliaracteristic  of  tiie  specioa 
Thus  r.  8trobus,  tho  white  pine,  has  5  leaves  in  each  fascicle,  P.  palustris,  tho  long- 
leaved  pine,  has  3,  1'.  iuops,  2. 

22G.  The  opposite  leaved  type  is  also  spiral.  Tho  leaves  in  eacl>  circle^ 
whether-  two  cr  more,  arc  equidistant,  dividing  tho  circumferenco  of  tlio  stem  into 
t»qual  arcs.  Tho  members  of  tho  second  circlo  aro  not  placed  directly  above  those 
of  tho  first,  but  are  turned,  as  it  wero,  to  tiio  right  or  loft,  so  aa  to  stand  over  the 
interveuiiig  sptvcea.  Hence  thero  may  bo  traced  as  many  spirals  as  there  aro  leaves 
in  each  whorl. 

227.  Decussate  leaves  result  from  this  law,  as  in  tho  motherwort 
and  all  tho  mint  tribe,  where  each  pair  of  opposite  leaves  crosses  in  di- 
rection tho  next  pair,  forming  four  vertical  rows  of  leaves.  Therefore, 
it  is 

228.  An  established  law  that  tho  coui-ac  of  development  in  the 
growing  plant  is  universally  spiral.  But  this,  the  formative  cycle  as,  it 
is  called,  has  several  variations. 


09 


■«SPi 


r4 


<^" 


92,  98,  94,  showing  tlio  course  of  tlie  opfrol  f bread  nnd  tho  order  of  the  lenf-siiccossion  in  the 
ixes  of  elm,  older,  (iiid  cherry.  95,  axis  of  Osiigo-oraiige  with  a  section  of  tho  barl;  peeled,  dls- 
jdoying  the  order  of  the  leaf-scars  (cycle  J). 

229.  The  elm  cycle.    In  the  strictly  alternate  arrangement  (elm,  linden,  grasses) 
tho  spiral  tliread  makes  one  complete  circuit  and  commences  a  now  ono  at  the  tiiirci 
K-af.     Tlie  lliird  loaf  stands  over  the  first,  tho  fourth  over  tho  second,  and  so  on 
forming  two  vertical  rows  of  leaves.     Hero  (calling  each  complete  circuit  a  eyde) 
we  observe 

230.  First,  That  this  cycle  is  composed  of  two  leaves ;  second,  that  tho  angu- 
lar  disf/innn  hetwocn  it^  leaves  is  \  a  cycle  (IHOo);  tliirri,  if  w<'-  oxpro.-s  this  eyela 
mathematically  by  j,  tho  numerator  (1)  will  deiioto  tiie  turns  or  revolution,"),  tlie  de- 
nominator (2)  I'ts  leaves,  and  tho  fraction  itself  the  angular  distance  between  the 
leaves  (J  of360o). 


PHYLLOTAXY,    OR   LEAF    aBRANOEMBNT. 


49 


231.  TnE  ALDER  CYCLE.  In  the  alder,  birch,  sedges,  Ac,  the  cjcle  is  not  com- 
pleto  until  the  fourth  leaf  is  reached.  The  fourth  leaf  stands  over  the  first  the  fifth 
over  the  second,  &c.,  forming  three  vertical  rows.  Here  call  the  cycle  i  •  1  denotes 
the  turns,  3  the  loaves,  and  this  fraction  itself  the  angular  distance  (J  of  360O) 

232.  The  ciiEBitY  CYOLK.  In  the  cherry,  apple,  peach,  oak,  willow,  etc.,  neither 
the  thinl  nor  tlie  fourtii  leaf,  but  the  sixth,  stands  over  the  first ;  and  in  order  to 
reach  it  the  thread  makes  two  turns  around  the  stem.  Tlie  sixth  loaf  ia  over  the 
first,  iho  seventh  over  tho  second,  &c.,  forming  five  vertical  rows.  Call  this  the  ^ 
cycle;  2  denotes  tho  turns,  5  t"  ■>  leaves  in  the  cycle,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  a  J 
gular  distance  (f  of  360o). 

233  Tub  Osage-oranoe  cycle.  In  the  common  hedge  plant,  Osage-orange 
the  holly,  evonmg  primrose,  flax,  etc.,  wo  find  no  loaf  exactly  over  tho  first  until  wo 
come  to  tho  9th,  and  in  reaching  it  the  spiral  makes  three  turns.  Here  the  leaves 
form  eight  vortical  rows.  It  is  a  f  cycle  ;  3  tho  number  of  turns,  8  tho  number  of 
leaves,  and  tho  fraction  the  angular  distance  between  the  leaves  (f  of  360°) 

234  The  cycles  compared.  These  several  fractions  which  represent  the  above 
cycles  form  a  scries  aa  follows:  ^,  i,  2,  |,  in  which  each  term  is  tho  sum  of  tho  tw» 
preceding.  The  fifth  terms  in  order  will,  tlierefore,  bo  J,;  and  this  arrangement  U 
actually  realized  in  uo 


96,  rhyllotoxy  of  tho  coiio  (cycle  ^  )  of  Pinus  sorotina.  97,  cherry  cycle  (?)  as  seen  from 
above,  forming  „eco88urlly  that  kind  oVoistivation  called  .,uincunUal.  ''  " 

235.  The  white  pine  cycle.  In  tho  young  shoots  of  the  white  pine,  in  cones 
ot  most  pines,  m  flea-bano  (Erigeron  Canadonse),  etc.,  the  fourteentli  leaf  stands  over 
the  first,  tho  fifteentli  over  tho  second,  etc.  Tho  spiral  thread  makes  five  revolu- 
tions to  complete  tlio  cycle,  which  is,  therefore,  truly  expressed  by  -«.. 

236.  The  houseleek  cycle  is  next  in  order,  expressed  by  the' fraction  (?±-') 
jV  having  oigiit  turns  and  twonty-ono  leavca  Examples  are  found  in  tho  Scit2h 
pino,  iiousL'leek,  &c. 

237.  IIow  TO  DETERMINE  THE  niOHER  CYCLES.  To  traco  tho  courso  of  the  for- 
mativo  spiml  in  those  higher  cycles  becomes  difflonlt  on  account  of  tlie  close  prox- 
imity of  tiio  leaves.  In  tho  pine  cono  (Pig.  90,  Pinus  serotina)  several  sets  of  soo- 
ondary  spirals  are  seen ;  one  act  of  five  parallel  spirals  turning  riglit  (1—6—11—16, 


00 


THE    BOOT,    OR   DESCENDING    AXi3. 


etc.    he  common  difference  being  ak,  five);  two  sets  (one  of  tlxree,  the  other  of 
egh  )  turmng  left;  aud  HtiU  another  set,  of  thirteen,  steepest  of  all,  turning  right 

Lri  '  T^'  .    r        '"""  "^  ^^'  '■^^'■"^  '°"'«*'"«'^  *'"  <^  '«'«  of^^^^l  sets  gives 

fJ^rc<mvnator  of  the  fra^tum  expressing  the  true  forn^ative  spiral  sight.     Thus 

b"^    r    ;       u     ""'°^''^'°'"  corresponding  is  already  known,  and  the  fraction  is 
5^.     beo  also  the  white  pine  cone,  whose  cycle  is  j 

JiSn  ^'T""  l^  'T^'f*^  '^^  ^^^^'^^  «f  a  cbe'ri^y  cycle  as  seen  from  above,  and 
Terified  m  the  septivation  of  the  flowers  in  the  rose-family. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE  LEAF, 

239    General  character.     The  leaf  may  be  regarded  as  an  expan- 
sion of  the  substance  of  the  bark,  extended  into  a  broad  thin  plate  by 
means  of  a  woody  frame  work  or  skeleton,  issuing  from  the  inner  part 
ot  the  stem.     The  expanded   portion   is  called  the  lamina  or  blade  of 
the  leaf,  and  it  is  either  «m^7^,  that  is,  attached  to  the  stem  by  its  base 
or  It  ^,pet?olate,  attached  to  the  stem  by  a  footstalk  called  the  petiole  ' 
240.  Stipules.     But  the  regular  petiole  very  often  b.ars  at  its  base 
a  pair  of  leaf-like  appendages,  more  or  less  ap- 
parent,  called  stipules.     Leaves   so  appendaged 
are  said  to  be  stipulate,  otherwise  they  are  ex- 
stipulate. 

241.  Therefore  a  complete  leaf  consists  of 
three  distinct  parts ;  the  lamina  or  blade,  the 
petiole,  and  the  stipules. 

242.  Transformations.  Both  the  petiole, 
blade  and  stipules  are  subject  to  numerous  mod- 
ifications of  form.  Either  of  them  may  exist 
without  the  others,  or  they  may  all  be  transformed 
into  other  organs,  as  pitchers,  spines,  tendrils, 

A  and  even  into  the  organs  of  the  flower,  as  will 
J  hereafter  appear. 

OF  THE  PETIOLE. 

243.  The  form  op  the  distinct  petiole  is 
rarely  cylindrical,  but  more  generally  flattened 
or  channeled  on  the  upper  side.  When  it  is 
flattened  in  a  vertical  direction,  it  is  said  to  be 
compressed,  as  in  the  aspen  or  poplar.  In  this 
case  the  blade  is  very  unstable,  and  agitated  bv 

98.   Leaf    of  willow    (Sallx  *\.^  \ .     t.  \,        ^t.      e       •     ^  ° 

luclda);   «,  the  stipules.    The  *^^  ^^^^  ^""^^^^  ^f  WUld. 

iniilvein    is     i^.linor)  •    volnloto  944.     TviV   ■nrTvmE>r>    T>r<nnT/>T  n     \c   ^^^^ ,-,-1    -._     -„ 

2-..nc.,;veinuiets«i„g.e-i.ned.panded  into  a  margin,  but   laterally  instead  of 


99,  clovor  leaves ;  #,  stipules, 

p,  petiole,  /,  leoflets.  Vertically,  as  in    the  asters. 


Sometimes  the 


OF   THE    8TIPULK8. 


61 


margins  outrun  the  petioles,  and  extend  down  the  stem,  making  that 
wmged  or  alate  also.     Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  decurrent  Idecurro 
run  down).     Ex.  Mullein.  ' 

246.  The  amplexicaul  or  stem-clasping  petiole  is  dilated  at  the 
base  into  a  margin  which  surrounds  or  clasps  the  stem,  as  in  the 
nmbihfers.  Frequently  we  find  the  stem-clasping  margins  largely 
developed,  constituting  a  sheath— vf\ih.  free  edges  in  the  grasses  or 
closed  into  a  tube  in  the  sedges.  ' 

246.  The  petiole  is  simple  in  the  simple  leaf,  but  compound  or 
branched  in  the  compound  leaf,  with  as  many  branches  (petiolules) 
as  there  are  divisions  of  the  lamina. 

OF   THE   STIPULES. 

247.  Stipules  are  certain  leaf-like  expansions,  always  in  pairs,  situated 
one  on  each  side  of  the  petiole  near  the  base.  They  do  not  occur  in 
every  plant,  but  are  pretty  uniformly  present  in  each  species  of  the  same 
natural  order.  In  substance  and  color  they  usually  resemble  the  leaf 
sometimes  they  are  colored  like  the  stem,  often  they  are  membranous 
and  colorless.  In  the  palmetto  its  substance  is  a  coarse  net-work  re- 
sembling canvass. 

•00  101 


100,  Rose  leaf,  odd-pinnate,  with  ndnatc  stipules.    161,  Violet,  (V.  tricolor),  with  simple  leaf 

(  Ot  and  free  compound  stipules. 

248.  Stipules  are  often  adnate  or  adherent  to  the  petiole,  as  in 
the  rose ;  more  generally  they  are  free,  as  in  the  pea  and  pansy.  In  these 
cases  and  others  they  act  the  part  of  leaves  ;  again  they  are  very  small 
and  inconspicuous. 

249.  An  ociibea  is  a  membranous  sheath  inclosing  the  stem  from 
the  node  upwards,  as  in  the  knot-grass  family  ( Polygon acea)).  It  is 
formed  of  the  two  stipules  cohering  by  their  two  margins.  In  case  the 
two  stipules  cohere  by  their  outer  margin  only,  a  double  stipule  is 
formed  opposite  to  the  leaf,  as  in  the  button-wood.  If  they  cohere  by 
their  inner  margin,  the  double  stipule  appears  in  the  leaf  axil,  as  in  the 
pond-weed  (Potamogeton). 


52 


or   THE    VEINS. 


look  like  the  leaves,  forming  whorls  S.r,.  ,  .  '^^'^"°  Galium  they 
ently  6-leaved,  consi  ting  of  LT  me  lea"  ^.  '  ''"''''''  "'''  ^«  ^PP^"- 
stipule.  are  often  uuitedf  and  Iw^rl  rel^Tlw^^^^  ^"*  *'^  ^^'^^^"^ 


1A0  T      r    ,  ^  ^^      ^'^^        ^04        ^0« 

lUA  i^eaf  Of  Conloselinum.  triplnnate,  with  sheathins  netiolo     inq  T  „„fof  p  i 
sylvanicum,  with  its  (o)  orhi-ea     KU  r,,!..,  nf»..  ll      ..u  ■         , .     '  ^""'^"'^  PolyRoniini  Penn- 
of  Lear-treo,  with  slender  sUpls'  ^  "''"  "^"^  J"'"'  (■'^'  '""'^'^  "^"'-^  W"    10«.  I^eaf 

251  The  Ligulu  of  grasses  is  generally  regarded  as  a  double  axil- 
lary stipule  The  leaflet,  .f  eornpound  leaves  are  sometimes  furnished 
with  httle  stipules,  called  stipels.  "imsnea 

252  Stipules  are  often  fugacious,  existing  as  scales  in  the  bud 


OF     THE     VEINS. 

253.  Leaves    simple  and  compound.     A  leaf  is  simple  when  its 
blade  consists  of  a  single  piece,  however  cut,  cleft  or  divided  ;  and  com- 

d      7  ''  """'''  f  '''T'  ^"'"^'  ^'^^^^'  -W-ted  by  as  many 
branches  of  a  compound  petiole.  ^ 

254.  Nature  of  veins.  The  blade  of  the  leaf  consists  of,  (1)  the 
frame-work,  and  (2)  the  tissue  commonly  called  tho  pare nch, nil  The 
frame-work  IS  made  up  of  the  branching  vessels  of  the  foot-stalk,  which 
are  woody  tubes  pervading  the  parenchyma,  and  conveying  nourishment 
to  every  part.  Collectively,  these  vessels  are  called^L,  Im Te 
analogy  of  their  functions.  ' 

255.  Venation  is  a  term  denoting  the  manner  in  which  the  veins 

from  :   b    .T    ''f "' •'•     "^'^  ''''''''  ^^^-«  ^'  --tion,  d  fflring 
from  each  o  her  only  in  si^e  and  position,  may  be  termed  the  midvein 
veins,  v^in lots  and  veinulets.     (The  old  terms  midrib  and  nerre.  be W 
anatomically  absurd,  are  here   ^.carded).  ^ 

266.  The  midvkin  is  fbo  nrir..;rv«i  ^v'    -'•  ■■! 

»f;^.,    c  *i-        ..  ,    "    ~    ."  ^ 1       *^'^  "'  "'^  venatioti.  .-.r  pro  onj?- 

8t,o„  Of  the  petmlo,  running  direcUy  through  the  lamina,  bJC^l 


OF  THE    VBIN8. 


03 


apex,  as  seen  in  the  leaf  of  the  oak  or  biroli.  If  there  be  several  simi- 
lar divisions  of  the  petiole,  radiating  from  the  base  of  the  leaf,  they  are 
appropriately  termed  veins  ;  and  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  three-veined, 
five-veined,  etc.     Ex.  maple. 

257.  The  primary  branches  sent  off  from  the  midvcin,  or  the  veins 
we  may  term  the  veinlets,  and  the  secondary  branches,  or  those  sent 
off  from  the  veinlets,  are  the  veinulets.  These  also  branch  and  subdi- 
vide until  they  become  too  small  for  vision. 


106  109 

Varieties  of  venation.  106,  feather- veined,-leaf  of  Betnla  popuIif„?ia  (white  birch),  lyin?  upon 
a  leaf  of  plum-tree;  same  venation  with  different  outlines.  107,  Palmate-velne.l.-leaf  of  white 
maple,  contrasted  with  leaf  ofCercis  Canadensis.  lOS,  Parallel  venation.-plant  of  "three-leaved 
holomons-seai,"  (Asteranthemum  trifoHatum  KuntK.)  109,  Forked  vonation,-climbing  fern 
(Lygodium).  '  ° 

258.  Modes  op  venation.  Botanists  distinguish  three  principa. 
modes  of  venation,  which  are  in  general  characteristic  of  the  three 
grand  divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  already  noticed. 

Reticulate,  or  net- veined,  as  in  the  Exogens  :  this  kind  of  vena- 
tion is  characterized  by  the  frequent  reunion  or  inosculation  of  its  nu- 
mei-ously  branching  veins,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  irregular  net-work. 

Parallel-veined,  as  in  the  Endogens.  The  veins,  whether  straight 
or  curved,  ran  parallel,  or  side  by  side,  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  or  to  the 
margin,  and  are  always  connected  by  simple  transverse  veinlets. 

FoEK-VEiNKD,  a«  In  the  ferns  (and  other  Cryptogamia,  whore  veins 
are  present  at  all).  Here  the  veins  divide  and  subdivide  in  a  furcate 
manner,  and  do  not  re-unite. 


54 


FORM    OR    PIGORE. 


269  Of  the  reticulate  venation,  the  student  should  carefully  note 
three  leading  forms,  the  feather- veined,  the  palmate-veined,  and  the 
tnpli-vemed. 

Thk  feather  veined  (pinni-veined)  leaf  is  that  in  which  the  venation 
consists  of  a  midvem  giving  off  at  intervals  lateral  veinlets  and  branch- 
mg  vemulets.    Ex.  beech,  chestnut. 

260    Ii.  THE  radiate-veined  (palmi-veined)  leaf  the  venation  con- 
sists of  several  veins  of  nearly   equal  size,   radiating  from  the   base 
towards  the  circumference,  each  with  it«  own  svstem  of  veinlets.     Ex 
maple,  crow-foot. 

261.  The  tripli-veined  seems  to  be  a  form  intermediate  between 
the  two  others  when  the  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  are  conspicuously 
stronger  than  the  others  above  them  towards  the  apex,  extending  with 
the  midvein  towards  the  summit. 

•  ?r*r ""  parallel-veined  venation  the  veins  are  either  straiaht,  as 
m  the  linear  leaf  of  the  grasses,  curved,  as  in  the  oval  leaf  of  the 
orchis,  or  tran&verse  as  in  the  Canna,  Calia,  &c. 

FORM   OR   FIGURE. 
114 


110 

gonr^agittaZ''  lls%al^\t'' ",171,1"'/^'".  ,  "'' ^'""'  ^'""""'    ^''"'^•^-    "2,  Poly. 
Lutetian,    nr,  Cat.l„;.  '^I^Zl^Z^J^:,^;^^!^^^^^--    ^^^^  ^^^^"^ 


FORM    OR   FIGURE. 


65 


llrfr'l"^"''  i^""?  ''^-  ''"u"'"'  ^'  '•'""  ^^^'^^  °"^y  ^'^^  "^^^^  remarkable,  leaving 
others  fur  explanation  in  the  glossary.  '^-^■UK 

2G4.  TnK  Mosr  obvious  akranqemenp  is  that  which  is  founded  upon  the  modes 
of  veinmg ;  but  it  should  bo  premised  that  difierent  forms  of  venation  often  give  rto 
to  the  same  outline.     Were  we   required  to  characterize  our  idea  of  the  abstrlet 
typical  leaf-form.  we  should  sketch  an  oval  outline  of  surface,  with  equal  s^di  and 
unequal  ends.     The  nearest  approach  to  this  wo  find  among  the 


119,  orbicular, 

120,  oval. 

121,  elliptical, 
1?2,  oblong, 
123,  cuneiform 


Diagrams  of  pinnatc-vcined  leaf-forms. 


124,  spathulato, 

125,  oblanceolate, 

126,  obovate, 

127,  deltoid, 

128,  lanceolate, 

129,  ovate. 


265.  Feather-veined  LEAVES.  Of  these,  the  following 
forms  depend  upon  the  length  of  the  veinlets  in  relation 
to  each  other  and  to  the  midvein.  When  the  lower  veinlets  are  longer 
than  the  others,  the  form  of  the  blade  will  be  (1)  ovate,  with  the  out- 
J.ne  of  an  ^gg,  the  broad  end  at  the  base  ;  (2)  lanceolate,  or  lance- 
shaped  narrower  than  ovate,  tapering  gradually  upwards ;  (3)  deltoid  or 
triangular  shaped,  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

a  If  the  middle  veinlets  exceed  the  others  in  length,  the  leaf  will 
be  (4)  orbicular,  roundish  or  quite  circular;  (5)  elliptkal,  with  the 
outline  of  an  ellipse,  nearly  twice  longer  than  broad;  (6)  ovaL  broadly 
elliptical ;  (V)  ohlong,  narrowly  elliptical. 

266.  When  the  veinlets  are  more  largely  developed  in  the 
IPPER  region  of  the  LEAF  its  form  becomes  (8)  ohovate,  inversely 
ovate,  the  narrow  end  at  base ;  (9)  oblanceolate,  that  is,  lanceolate  with 
the  narrow  end  at  base;  (10)  spatulate,  like  a  spatula,  with  a  narrow 
base  and  a  broader,  rounded  apex  ;  (11)  cuneate  or  cuneiform,  shaped 
like  a  wedge  with  the  point  backwards. 

267.  Again,  if  thb  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  are  lengthened  and 
MORE  OR  LESS  RECURVED,  the  loaf  will  be  Variously  modified  in  respect 
to  Its  base,  becoming  (12)  cordate,  ov  heart-shaped,  an  ovate  outline 
with  a  sinus  or  reentering  angle  at  base;  (13)  auriculate,  with  ear- 
snaDed    lohna  at  b«>se  •    (\'\\    <in"-^*t't*i-    -« t        j       .,      _ 

^  •'.   1      ~7^  f ;'    V   '   '^^"^'^'^^  ^triow-snaped,  with   the  lobes 

pointed  and  directed  backwards;  (15)  /ia.to^halbert-shaped,  the  lobes 
directed  outwards. 


.  ,M. 


A6 


VORM    OR  FiaURB. 


268.  PiNNATiFiD  FORMS.    The   following  pinnate-veined   forms,  ap- 
proaching the  compound  leaf,  depend  less  upon  the  proportion  of  the 

13T  136 


-^y     134 


180  181  182  188 

tofT!"  "'  '**''*"'•  "*'  ^"^"^  Virpinica.  181,  Magnolia  Fraser!.  136,  Arabia  dentat*. 
18T,  Polygonum  arlfolium.  133,  Hepatlca  acutlloba.  133,  Asarum  Vlrglnlcum.  184  Hydro- 
cotyle  Americana.    136,  II.  umbellata. 

veinlets  than  upon  the  relative  development  of  the  intervening  tissue. 
The  prefix /)t«wa^erf  is  obviously  used  in  contrast  \^\'Ca.  palmated  among 
palmate-veined  forms. 


1  J*n'*TK^^-'"tl  '*"*!?'  ,''PP''<'»«»''ng  *'•«  compound.  188,  Qnorcas  Imbricarla-undulate. 
189,  Q.  a  ba  (wh  te  oak)_lobato-8innate.  140,  Q  ..  ."rocarpa-lyrate.  141,  Mulgedium  (milk- 
weed).    142,  Blplunatifld  leaf  of  Ambrosia  artombifolla  (bog-weed). 

269.  PiNNATiFiD  {innna,  feather,  findo,  to  cleave)  feather-cleft, 
the  tissue  somewhat  sharply  cleft  between  the  veinlets  about  half  way 
to  the  midvein,  forming  oblong  segments.  When  the  segments  of  a 
pinnatifid  leaf  are  pointed  and  curved  backward  it  becomes  runcmate, 
i.  e.,  re-uncinate.     When  the  terminal  segment  of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  is 


"^H.^ 


FORM    OR    FIGURK. 


51 


orbicular  in  figure  and  larger  than  any  other,  presenting  the  form  of  the 
uucient  lyre,  the  form  is  termed  lyrate, 

14^  144 


Feather-velnod  leaves  almost  compound.    143,  Nigellti  (pinnatisi^ct).    144,  Chclidonium  ma- 
Jus.    145,  Thistlo  (Cirsium  lanceolatum).    146,  Dandelion  (runcinate-lyrate). 

270.  PiNNATELv  PARTE  )  iuiplics  that  the  incisions  arc  deeper  than 
pinnatijidy  nearly  reaching  the  midvein.  In  either  case  the  leaf  is  said 
to  be  sinuate  when  the  incisions  (sinuses)  as  well  as  the  segments  are 
rounded  and  flowing  in  outline.  Such  segments  are  lobeSy  and  the  leaves 
lobate  or  lobed,  a  very  generic  term. 

271.  The  palmate  venation  presents  us  with  a  set  of  forms  which 
are,  in  general,  broader  in  proportion  than  the  pinnate,  having  the 
breadth  about  equaling  the  length.  Such  a  leaf  may  be  rarely  broadly 
ovate  or  broadly  cordate,  terms  which  require  no  further  explanation. 
Or  it  may  be 

Renifarm,  '  idney-shaped,  having  a  flowing  outline  broader  than  long, 
concave  at  base  ;  or 

Peltate,  shield-form,  the  petiole  not  inserted  at  the  margin  but  in  the 
midst  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  blade.  This  singular  form  evidently 
results  from  the  blending  of  the  base  lobes  of  a  deeply  cordate  leaf,  as 
seen  in  liydrocotyle.     It  may  be  orbicular,  oval,  etc. 

272.  Palmate  forms.  The  following  result  from  deficiency  of  tis- 
.suc,  causing  ucep  uivisions  between  tixs  veins.  L/eaves  tiius  dissectcu 
are  said  to  he  palmately-lobed  when  either  the  scgminits  or  the  sinuses 
are  .somewhat  rounded  and  continuous,  Tlie  number  of  lobes  is  de- 
noted by  such  terms  as  bilobate,  trilobate,  five-lobed,  etc. 


88 


FORM    OB    FiaURB. 
149  14T 


Paltuate-vflined  leaves.    147,  Monispcrmiim  Cnnadense.    148,  Passifloro  cerulea.    149,  Broui- 

sonetift  papyrllora.    150,  Oak  geranium. 

Leaves  htc  2>almatehj  cleft  and  palmatehj  parted,  according  to  the 
depth  of  the  incisions  as  above  described.     But  the  most  peculiar  modi- 
fication is 

273.  The  pedate,  like  a  bird's  foot, 
having  the  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  enlarged, 
recurved,  and  bearing  each  several  of  the 
segments  (148). 

274.  The  forms  of  the  parallel- 
veined  LEAVES  are  remarkable  for  their 
even,  flowing  outlines,  diversified  solely 
by  the  direction  and  curvature  of  the  veins. 
When  the  veins  are  straight  the  most  com- 
mon form  is 

275.  The  linear,  long  and  narrow,  with, 
parallel  margins,  like  the  leaves  of  the 
grasses — a  form  which  may  also  occur  in 
the  pinnate-veined  leaf,  when  the  vcinlets 
are  all  equally  shortened.  The  ensiform, 
or  sword-shaped,  is  also  linear,  but  has  its 
edges  vertical,  that  is,  directed  upward  and 
downward. 

276.  If  the  veins  curve,  we  may  have 
the  lanceolate,  elliptical,  or  even  orbicular 
forms;  and  if  the  lower  curve  downward, 
the  cordate,  sagittate,  etc.,  all  of  which  are 
shown  in  the  cuts. 

The  palmate  or  radiate  form  is  finely  illustrated 
in  the  palmetto  and  other  palms,  whose  large, 
fan-shaped  leaves  are  appropriately  termed  flabel' 
lifoTtn  (f;u)-ph.npnd), 

277.  The  leaves  op  the  pine  and  the  fib  tribe  (Conifera;)  gen- 
erally are  parallel- veined  also,  and  remarkable  for  their  contracted 


151,  Ensiform  leaves  of  iris. 
162,  Acorosc  leavesof  Piniis.  158, 
Siibnlate  leavesof  Juniperus com- 
munis. 


FORM    OR    FIOUBK. 


60 


forms,  in  which  there  is  no  distinction  of  petiole  or  blade.  Such  are  the 
acerose  (needle-shaped)  leaves  of  the  pine,  the  subulate  (awl-shaped) 
and  scale-form  leaves  of  the  cedars,  etc. 

MARGIN. 

The  following  terms  apply  to  the  various  modiflcations  of  the  margin,  as  sucb 
not  affecting  the  general  outline  of  the  leaf.  ' 

"  *  "  ^  ^  f  V  h        h       I 


/  dentate ;  g,  serrate ;  h,  lacinlate  ;  *,  incised  ;  /,  erose. 

^  278.  Entire,  even  edged,  having  the  tissue  completely  filled  out. 
Sometimes  a  vem  runs  along  the  margin,  which  might  otherwise  be 
easily  torn,  as  in  the  Caladium.  But  when  the  marginal  tissue  is  de- 
ficient, the  leaf  becomes 

279.  Dentate,  having  sharp  teeth  pointing  outward  from  the  centre: 
serrate,  with  sharp  teeth  pointing  forwards,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw  ; 
crenate,  with  rounded  or  blunt  teeth.     The  terms  denticulate,  serrulate 
crenulate,  denote  finer  indentations  of  the  several  kinds ;  doubly  dm- 
tate,  &c.,  denote  that  the  teeth  are  themselves  toothed. 

280  The  unddlate,  or  wavy  edge  is  somewhat  different  from  the 
repand,  wh.ch  bends  like  the  margin  of  an  umbrella.  If  the  veins  pro- 
ject, and  are  tipped  with  spines,  the  leaf  becomes  spinous. 

281.  Irregularly  divided  margins  are  said  to  be  erose  or  iaffged 
laamate  or  torn,  incised  or  cut.  ' 

282.  Crisped.  Often,  instead  of  a  deficiency  there  is  a  superabun- 
dance of  marginal  tissue,  denoted  by  the  term  crispate  or  crisped. 

"*«  d  e  t  n  K  1, 


— ,  „,,^„  „,  i.ri>T^,    II,  uiicuniaie  ;  o,  err 

C,  niucronate ;  A,  cuspidate ;  \  acuminate.     '  '    ' "■"'  •  "' "  '•"  " — 

156.  Basea^le«vc«.    /.hastate;   ,„,«,   sagittate;  o,  awlculato ;  j,.e«rdate;  y,  renlfcrm. 


do 


OF   THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 


283.  Pointed  leaves.  In  regard  to  the  termination  of  a  leaf  at  its 
apex,  it  may  be  acuminate,  ending  with  a  long,  tapering  point ;  ctispi- 
date,  abruptly  contracted  to  a  sharp,  slender  point ;  mucronate,  tipped 
with  a  spiny  point ;  acute,  simply  ending  with  an  angle  ;  obtuse,  rounded 
at  the  point. 

284.  Pointless  leaves.  Or  the  leaf  may  end  without  a  point, 
being  truncate,  as  if  cut  square  off ;  ret^ise,  with  a  rounded  end  slightly 
depressed  where  the  point  should  be  ;  emarginate,  having  a  small  notch 
at  the  end ;  ohcordate,  inversely  heart-shaped,  having  a  deep  indentation 
at  the  end. 


OF    THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 

285.  Theory.  If  we  conceive  of  a  simple  leaf  becoming  a  com- 
pound one,  on  the  principle  of  "  deficiency  of  tissue  between  the  veins," 
it  will  be  evident  that  the  same  forms  of  venation  arc  represented  by 
the  branching  petioles  of  the  latter  as  by  the  veins  of  the  former. 
The  number  and  arrangement  of  the  parts  will  therefore  in  like  man- 
ner correspond  with  the  mode  of  venation, 

280.  Leaflets.  The  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf  arc  called  leaflets, 
and  the  same  distinction  of  outline,  margin,  <fcc.,  occur  in  them  as  in 
simple  leaves.  The  petiolules  of  the  leaflets  may  or  may  not  be  articu- 
lated to  the  main  petiole,  or  rachis,  as  it  is  called. 


157         161         159        IfiO  158 

Compound  leaves.    167,  Trifoliutn  repens.    158,  Dcsinodiuin  rotunUifoliiiin.    160,  Glotiillnm. 

161,  Cassia.     159,  Agrimonin, 

287.  PiNNATELY  COMPOUND.  From  the  pinnate-veined  arrangement 
We  may  liave  the  pinnate  loaf,  whore  tlie  petiole  (midvcin)  bears  a  row 
of  leaflets  on  each  side,  either  sessile  or  petiolulate,  generally  equal  in 


OF    THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 


61 


number  and  opposite.  It  is  unequally  pinnate  when  the  rachis  bears 
an  odd  terminal  leaflet,  and  equally  pinnate  when  there  is  no  terminal 
leaflet,  and  interruptedly  pinnate  when  the  leaflets  are  alternately  large 
and  small  (159,  etc). 

288.  The  number  of  leaflets  in  the  pinnate  leaf  varies  from 
thirty  pairs  and  upwards  (as  in  some  acacias),  down  to  three,  when  the 
leaf  is  said  to  be  ternate  or  trifoliate ;  or  two,  becoming  binate,  or 
finally  even  to  one  leaflet  in  the  lemon.  Such  a  leaf  is  theoretically 
compound,  on  account  of  the  leaflet  (blade)  being  articulated  to  the 
petiole.  • 


162  1C5  ... 

Compound  leaves.    162,  Clematis.    16a,  Erigenia  bulbosa.    164,  Acacia     165,  Iloney-locust. 

289.  A  DiPiNNATE  LEAF  (twico  pinnate)  is  foimed  when  the  rachis 
hativ^pinnw  or  secondary  pinnate  leaves,  instead  of  leaflets,  and  tripin- 
nate  (tlmce  pinnate),  when  pinna)  take  the  places  of  the  leaflets  of  a 
bipinnate  leaf.  When  the  division  is  still  more  complicated  the  leaf  is 
decompound. 

290.  Transition  leaves.     DifTerent  degrees  of  division  often  exist  in  different 

parts  ot  the  same  leaf,  illustrating  the  gradual  transition  of  leaves  from  simple  to 

^''^  166  163  i«7 


ler,  Lemon.    163.  Joffersonia.    169,  Potentilla  onsorlna. 


166,  P.  tridentata. 


62 


OF   TEXTURE    AND    SURFACE. 


compound  in  all  stages.    The  leaves  of  the  honey-locust  and  coffee  tree  (Gymno- 
cladus)  often  afford  curious  and  instructive  examples. 

291.  A  BiTERNATE  LEAF  IS  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  a  teniate  leaf 
give  place  themselves  to  ternate  leaves,  and  triternate  when  the  leaflets 
of  a  biternate  leaf  again  give  place  to  ternate  leaves. 

292.  Palmately  compound.  A  distinction.  The  palmat  -ena- 
tion  has  also  its  peculiar  forms  of  compound  leaves,  as  ternate,  quinate, 
septinate,  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  leaflets  which  arise  together 
from  the  summit  of  the  petiole.  Ternate  leaves  of  this  venation  are  to 
be  carefully  distinguished  from  those  of  the  pinnate  plan.  The  pal. 
mately  ternate  leaf  consists  of  three  leaflets,  which  are  either  all  sessile 
or  stalked  alike ;  the  pinnatehj  ternate  has  the  terminal  leaflet  raised 
above  the  other  two  on  the  prolonged  rachis  (157,  158). 

172  171  iro 


Insertion  of  leaves.    170,  Aster  oblcngifoliiis  1  (amplexicaul).    171,  Uvalaria  perfullata. 
172,  Lonictrtsonipervlrens,  (connate). 

With  regard  to  the  insertion  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 

293.  Amplexicaul,  when  its  base  lobes  adhere  to  and  clasp  the  stem. 
Should  these  lobes  extend  quite  around  the  stem  and  become  blended 
together,  on  the  other  side  a  perfoliate  k:;tf  will  be  formed  {per,  through, 
folium,  leaf),  the  stem  seeming  to  pass  through  the  leaves. 

294.  Connate  denotes  that  th'.  bases  of  two  opposite  leaves  are 
united  so  as  to  form  one  piece  of  the  two. 

OF   TEXTURE    AND   SURFACE. 

In  descriptive  botany  it  is  also  needful  to  regard  tlie  variations  of  leaves  in  tbo 
.■ihovo  respects,  The  terms  which  we  briefly  uotice  below  are  equally  .applicable  to 
any  other  organs. 


TRANSFORMATIONS    OF   THE    LEAF.  ^3 

296.  In  texture  leaves  may  be  membranous,  or  coriaceom  (leathery) 
or  succ^aent  (fleshy),  or  .carious  (dry),  rugous  (wrinkled),  &e.,  which 
terms  need  only  to  be  mentioned.  ;»        ,  vvuicu 

destitute  of  all   hairs,  bnstles,  Ae.,  or  scal-ous  (rough),  with  minute 
hard  pomts,  hardly  visible.  '  mmute, 

297.  A  DENSE  COAT  OK  HAIRS  wiU  render  the  leaf  j.«i..ce«#  when 
the  bans  are  soft  and  short;  villous  when  they  are  rather  lonj,  and 
weak  ;  senceous,  or  silky,  when  close  and  satin-like  ;  such  a  coat  may 
'^\.o  },^lanugmous,, sooW^-  tomentous,  m^ii^^  like  felt;  ox  Jloccose  in 
soft^  fleecy  tufts.  '       ^  >  "* 

298.  Thinly  scattered  hairs  render  the  surface  Ursute  when  they 
^x^\ox.gypdoy.s  when  short  and  soft ;  Ae^^zc/ when  short  and  stiff.  The 
surface  will  be 

299  SE'rous  when  beset  with  bristly  hairs  called  setae,  and  spinous 
when  beset  w,th  spines,  as  in  the  thistle  and  horse-nettle.  Leaves  may 
also  be  armed  with  stinging  hairs  which  are  sharp  and  tubular  con- 
taming  a  poisonous  fluid,  as  in  nettles  and  Jatropha  stimulans  ' 
1  ^^^"n^,  l^^^^ov^  surface  is  covered  with  a  bluish-white  waxy  pow- 
der,  en  led  Woom,  as  in  the  cabbage,  and  a  punctate  leaf  is  dotted  with 
colored  points  or  pellucid  glands. 

301    Double  TERiis.      Tho  modifications  of  leaves  are  almost  endless     Many 

otl.r  tenusaro  defined  in  the  glossary,  yet  it  will  be  found  often  neoes'Sy  i^the 

OAact  description  of  a  plant  to  combine  tvvo  or  more  of  the  terms  defined  In  order 

o  express  some  intermediate   figure  or  quality;  thus  ovaU-lanceoMe,  signifying  a 

lorm  between  ovate  and  lanceolate,  etc.  "^   ^ 

nnl?;.'^"^"  y^'""  }^f\  P'""i'°^'^'''"  *"^  (»nder)  prefixed  to  a  descriptive  term  de- 
note the  quality  which  the  term  expresses,  in  a  lower  degree,  as  .«L«fe  neal 
sessile,  suhserrate,  somewhat  serrate.  »<'»<»4<te;  nearly 


'«  ♦  ■« 


CHAPTER    VIII. 


TRANSFORMATIONS     0  1      THE     LEAF. 

ITilherto  wo  have  considered  the  leaf  ns  foliage  merely-constituted  the  fit  organ 
0  aeration  by  ,ts  large  expansion  of  surface.  This  is  indeed  the  chief;  but  not  tho 
only  aspect  m  which  it  is  to  be  viewed. 

'.m.  The  LEAF  IS  A  TYPICAL  FORM,  that  is,  the  type  or  idea  from  which 
the  D.vmc  Architect  derived  the  form  of  every  other  appendage  of  the 
plant.  To  trace  out  tiiis  idea  in  all  the  disrruises  under  which'  it  lurks 
i«onc  of  the  first  aims  of  the  botanist.  Several  of  these  foims  of  dis- 
guis;:'  have  already  been  noticed,  c.  g. 


04 


TRANSFORMATIONS   OF  THE    LEAF. 


304.  The  scales  which  clothe  the  various  forms  of  scale-stems  are 
leaves,  or  more  usually  petioles,  reduced  and  distorted,  perhaps  by  the 
straitened  circumstances  of  their  underground  growth.  The  scales  of 
corms  and  rhizomas  are  mostly  mere  membranes,  while  those  of  the  bulb 
are  fleshy,  serving  as  depositories  of  food  for  the  future  use  of  the  plant. 
That  these  scales  are  leaves  is  evident,  1st,  from  their  position  at  the 
nodes  of  the  stem,  2d,  from  their  occasional  development  into  true 
leaves. 

305.  Bud  scales.  The  brown  scales  which  cover  winter  buds  are  of 
the  same  nature  and  origin. 

306.  The  cfftTVLEDONs  of  seeds  or  seed-lobes  are  readily  recognized 
as  leaves,  especially  when  they  arise  above  ground  in  germination,  and 
form  the  first  pair  upon  the  young  plant,  as  in  the  beech-nut  and  squash 
seed.  Their  deformity  is  due  to  the  starchy  deposits  with  which  they 
are  crammed  for  the  nourishment  of  the  embryo  when  germinating, 
and  also  to  the  way  in  which  they  are  packed  in  the  seed. 

307.  Phyllodia  are  certain  leaf-forms,  consisting  of  petioles  exces- 
sively compressed,  or  expanded  vertically  into  margins,  while  the  true 
laminr.  is  partly  or  entirely  suppressed.  Fine  examples  are  seen  in  our 
greenhouse  acacias  from  Australia.  Their  vertical  or  edgewise  position 
readily  distinguishes  them  from  true  leaves. 


174  175  176  177 

A»ci<Iia.    173,  Nepenthes.      174.  Sarrnpcni.i  p.sitldcinrt.    175.  S.  purptirpn.     176,  8.  Gronovil,  /J. 
Dminmondii.    177,  Acacia  lietcropliylla,  its  pliyllodia. 

o08.  AsciDiA  or  pitchers,  are  surprising  forms  of  leaves,  expressly  contrived,  as 
if  by  art,  for  holding  water.  The  pitchers  of  Sarraceniu,  whoso  several  species  are 
common  in  bogs  North  and  South,  are  evidently  formed  by  the  blending  of  the  in- 
volute margins  of  the  broadly  winged  petioles,  so  as  to  form  a  complete  vase.  The 
broad  expansion  which  appears  at  the  top  may  be  regarded  as  the  lamina.  These 
pitchers  contain  water,  in  which  insects  arc  drowned,  being  pre/ented  ftoro  eacap- 
iug  by  the  defiexed  hairs  at  the  mouth. 


TRANSFORMATIONS    OF   THE    LEAF. 


66 

l^o^llZTL  ^f:^^^£:t'^;^  ^  ^^«-  ^'  *^°  ^-t  indies. 
Hke  a  tendriJ,  to  the  length  of  six  or  ^ht  incht     ?!'"  ^^^^  *^^-P^^ 

inflated  into  a  hoUo^v  vessel,  similar  to  fr,itcW  .  ^^"•^""'t^  ^^  «"3  tendril  is 
pint  of  pure  water.  It  is  furnished  with^a  eaT;  "/  "'"^'^  '"'"'"^  ^''^-^  ^alf  a 
Which  expands  or  contracts  accordlr  o  th  sfat fo f T"*''  *^  ''  '^  ^  ^'^«--t 
cap  IS  open  in  damp  weather  and  closed  in  dry  atmosphere  so  that  the 

the  tall  trees  to  the  distance  of  a  Iiundrrfoe  tfronJl  ^  ^""'"^"^  P^"'^*'  ^'^'''^^ding 
except  near  its  top.  The  pitchers  soZVZ!7  VT'-T''  '^^*'''"'''  °^^--^' 
ward  and  adherent,  and  its  upper  end  or  mouth  il  .  """^  "'"^^^^  '^''^'^  '"■ 
ure  may  descend  into  it.  But  the  llTT  ,  ?'"  *°  '''^'^'^  ^'*^«t^^er  moist- 
bundles  of  absorbent  fibre,  ^O,  ^3!?  "^  ^"^""  '^  ^'^^  ^^^^ 
the  stem,  enter  the  pitchers,  and  s,re!aTZZlZl7  '''  '?""^*  ''^''' 

31 1.  Am  BLADDEKs.     Maiiv  we«l'  «f Z    %     ^   *^'^  ^'^""'^y- 
with  little  sacks  filled  JhZZr^TT''^^^^^^ 
Such  are  the  bladders  of  the  cl«o7  wTi  "^  "'''  '''  '^"^  «"^^-- 
•eaf  lobes.     In  the  hornedil  ddeTo"  the  if '^7'^  ''''''''  ^^^^  *^« 
upper  inflated  petioles  lyin.  upon  tie  snrf        fV  '""^^^  ^^  *''^  «'>^ 
shaped  raft,  and  sustainL^e  L  1  u  n     !      *^'  ""'^''^^^'^  «  ^J^^^*^'" 

312.  The  leaf  of  Venus' fL  trap  m      ^      '*'  ^'""  "^^"^^ed  stalk. 
;iesign.     At  the  end  of  the'l-"e  two  ^^™^)'-«-  ^^  Carohn^  is  also  of  curious 
;:tl  '^J:!!!^  r'"^.  .«P'--    In  the  ^^,^>>XAX.^^ 


1 


cavity  between  the  lobes  are  several 
sharp  points  projecting  upwards,  and  a 
gland  which  secretes  a  liquor  attractive 
to  insects.     But  when  an  unlucky  flv 

m  seart^h  of  food,  alights  upon  iMhe 

.mtable  lobes  instantly  dose  and  im- 
pale him  in  tlieir  fatal  embrace. 

313.  THETENDRjLisathread. 
like  coiling  appe.idage  furnished 

to  certain  weak-stemmed  plants  as 
their  means  of  support  in  place 
Its  fii-st  growth  is  straight,  and  if  rn    '^^' ^'"'^'*°^^'"""«'%trap(Dio„«a). 
ject,  when  it  inunediatei;  ooi     V'fT  '^  ""^''  ''  ''^"^^''^^  ««'"«  oh- 
though  elastic  hold.     This  bo-inf  fi  '^'  """'^  ''*"«  ^«q""'^^«  «  A''"', 

the  Cucurbitace.«  and  grapo  4'  "^r^?^'  ''  ^"^l^  ^^emplifiod  in 
pea  tribe  (Leguminosa,).  wh^;'  Tis  '  '  f?  '"  '"""'^^  ^P^^'^«  «^  ^he 
*  new  organ,  but  some  old  ,  tr  Lf'^'f '  1'  '^'^  '^^'^•^•^-  ^^  '«  -'^ 
pose.  In  Gloriosa  suner  .1  T  *'"r^'?'''"^'^'  «"'«  adapted  to  a  ne^r  pur- 
^^-  ^'ade  into  a  2^  t^dHl^'H  ^'"^^  '^^ '«  P-longcd  be/ond 

••^present  the  attenuated  leaf  blade,  tl^^^'  "'*''''  '*'•'  *'^«  ^^"drils 

somotVjpc  L--  "'''" ''^^^  ^'aaes  themselves.     Ai^n.'n  the -n-i-.    !    ? 

ui.x.fjjes  uucomes  u  tendril  in   1  „♦!  ,  .,  "  "^ '         '^ni-sre  leaf 

leaves.  """"^"^  '"  ^*^'^yr"«.  while  tl,e  stipules  act  aa 


66 


TRANSFORMATIONS    OF   THE    LEAF. 


314.  The  petiole  of  the  leaf  of  Clematis,  otherwise  unchanged, 
coils  like  a  tendril  for  the  support  of  the  vine.  In  the  greenbriar,  the 
stipules  are  changed  to  tendrils,  which  thus  arise  in  pairs  from  the  base 
of  the  petioles.     So  probably  in  the  gourd  tribe. 

315.  But  the  tendrils  of  tub  grape-vine  are  of  a  diflFerent  nature.  From 
their  position  opposite  the  leaves,  and  the  tubercles  occasionally  seen  upon  them, 
representing  flower  buds,  they  are  inferred  to  be  abortive,  or  transformed  flower- 
stalks. 


170  180  ISl  182 

Thorns.     179,  Crataegus  parvifolla  (thorns  axillary.)     180,  Honey -locust.    181,  Common  locust 

182.  Berberis,  a,  a,  its  thorns. 

316.  Spines.  Many  plants  arc  armed,  as  if  for  self-defense,  with 
hard,  sharp-pointed,  woody  processes,  called  spines  or  thorns.  Ihosc 
which  are  properly  called  spines  originate  from  leaves.  In  Berberis 
the  spines  are  evidently  transformed  leaves,  as  the  same  plant  exhibits 
leaves  in  every  stage  of  the  metamorphosis.  In  goat's-thorn  (Astraga- 
lus tragacanthus)  of  S.  Europe,  the  petioles  change  to  spines  after  the 
leaflets  fall  oft^.  In  the  locust  (Robinia),  there  is  a  pair  of  spines  at  tho 
base  of  the  petiole,  in  place  of  stipules. 

317.  Thorxs  originate  from  axillary  buds,  and  are  abortive  branchci.  This  is 
evident  from  their  position  in  tho  liawthorn  and  Osage  orange.  Theai)plo  and  pear 
tree  in  their  wild  state  produce  thorns,  but  by  cultivation  become  tliornless, 
that  is,  t'>e  axillary  bud.^,  througli  bottc  tillage,  develop  branches  instead  of  thorns. 
The  terrible  brandling  thorns  of  tlie  honey-locust  originate  just  above  tho  axil,  from 
accessory  buds. 

318.  PricKi-T!:?  d!ff"r  from  oithc.  spines  or  thorns,  growing  from  the  epidormis 
upon  stems  or  leaves,  at  no  determinate  point,  and  consisting  of  hardened  cellular 
tissue,  as  in  tho  rose,  bramble. 

819.  Bracts.  By  a  more  geitle  transformation,  leaves  pass  into 
bracts,  which  are  those  smaller,  reduced  leaf-forms  situated  near  and 
among  the  flowers.     So  gradual  is  the  transition  from  leaves  to  bracts 


INFLORBSCBNCE.  .^ 

m  the  peony,  e.  g,  that  no  absolute  limits  c«n  K.        •       . 

B.e. ... .  ..„  J-— t  rat.  j^... 


"*■  """"^-"'"''-vrixvcrr- --^ 


CHAPTEE      IX. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

320.  The  functions  op  plant-lifp  a  or,    , 

production:   the  former  looki^toTLo'^^^^^^  and  r^ 

to  latter  to  the  species.    Correfp  n    ;';^^X^^^  -^'vidual  plant  itse^ 

of  organs.     Having  considered  the  formrc  '  ^1'  !";' *'^^«  ^"^  ''^  ^-o  elassa 
^^.;no.to  theorgan«  ^  ^^^o^^:^:^^^^:^^^^ 

321.  IXFLORKSCENCB     is     a    fpi-m    ^         *• 

b"*  of  ti,c.  living  pia,,,-  „  ™'  "  ».  •=■=■*""  P^nod,  a  portion  „f  ,he 
converted  f™„  their  oIL"""""""^.  '"1"='  ""'"  "-d^-tood,  are 


•8 


INFLOKESCENCE. 


the  proliferous  rose  when  tho  axis  grows  on  through  the  flov/er  bearing  leaves  above 
it.  In  some  instances  the  skillful  gardener  learns  how  to  eflect  this  interchange  of 
nature  in  the  buds  at  pleasure. 

324.  Hence  in  position  and  arrangement  flower  buds  can  not 
differ  from  leaf  buds,  and  both  are  settled  by  the  same  unerring  law 
which  determines  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves.  Accordingly  tho 
flower  bud  is  always  found  either  terminal  or  axillary. 

326.  A  single  bud,  whether  terminal  or  axillary,  may  develop  cither 
a  compound  inflorescence,  consisting  of  several  flowers  with  their  stalks 
and  bracts,  or  a  solitary  inflorescence,  consisting  of  a  single  flower. 

326.  The  flower-bud  is  incapable  of  extension.  "While  the  leaf- 
bud  may  unfold  leaf  after  leaf  and  node  after  node  to  an  indefinite  ex- 
tent, the  flower-bud  blooms,  dies,  and  arrests  for  ever  the  extension  of 
the  axil  which  bore  it. 

327.  The  peduncle  is  the  flower-stalk.  It  bears  no  leaves,  or  at 
least  only  such  as  are  reduced  in  size  and  changed  in  form,  called  bracts. 
If  the  peduncle  is  wanting  the  flower  is  said  to  be  sessile. 

328.  The  simple  peduncle  bears  a  single  flower  ;  but  if  the  pedun- 
cle be  divided  into  branches,  it  bears  several  flowers,  and  the  final  divis- 
ions bearing  each  a  single  flower,  are  called  pedicels. 

329.  The  scape  is  a  flower-stalk  which  springs  from  a  subterranean 
stem,  in  such  plants  as  are  called  stemless  or  acaulescent,  as  the  prim- 
rose, tulip,  blood-root.  Like  the  peduncle  it  is  leafless  or  with  bracts 
only,  and  may  be  either  simple  or  branched. 

330.  The  rachis  [paxi-^,  spine)  is  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  or 
the  main  stem  of  the  compound  peduncle  along  which  the  pedicels  ar*^ 
arranged. 

331.  Thk  torus  or  receptacle  is  the  end  or  summit  of  the  flower- 
stalk. 

137  1S6  185 


Anom»lou8  peduncles.   18fi,  Linden-tree.  ISO,  ButchorVbroom.  187,  Xylophylla.188,Cookscomb. 


IWFLORKSCENCE.  -^ 

butelicr's-broomil  expand.  Into  ll,nB,r™T      "■'■">  thick,  fan-shaped  mass;  ia 

^-*b..  .u;;;xiu^^^^^^^ 

.ng  upon  the  pedicels,  are  callcl  W  J^  '^  """•  ^''^''^'- 

totally  suppressed,  a,  i„  the  Cmeifera.  ^       ^  ^'^''  "'  "™" 

Ihn^v  »'"  "'"■°"  ""T  "^  """'""y  S^^".  often  eolored,  sometime,  bril 

Xt^:err;ts.a:r™^  '"^  -=  -i;.,i.,a„d\!:f. 

.op;i:rr;lt-!:ra!7i:"x^^^ 

Ca,,a,o.  „e.b.„o.as  i„  tl.  onion  and  daffodil    2^1:^':^::: 


group 


101  {^Q 

l-ract.  ^    en  oracts.    I»l.  Calla  palu.stria,  with  a  colored  spathe  of  or» 

imoluc      t    ,e  1  r       ".7"'''"'""'  '""'"''•  "  '■"  -"'^J  »  y""""' 

™W    :;    „  ^^  ",  "^  "  '■••"■""   ""■•'"'  ''  ■»  '^  ^'"■"■'"  involucre  or  ,V.. 


70 


INfLORKSOENCS. 


194  192 

192,  Ilt'Iianthiis  j,T()s,so-sorratii«!.  I,  Involucre  ;  r,  rays,  or  ligulate  flowers  ;  198,  one  of  the 
<lisk  rtdwors  with  its  chiiff-sciile  (bract).  194,  Acora  of  moss-cup  oalt  (Q.  macrophylla).  195, 
Poa  jirntensis  ;  /,  spikelet  entire,  i7,  glumes,  separated ;  c,  a,  flower  separated,  displaylnij  the  two 
paluie,  3  stamens,  and  2  styles. 

339.  Ii^  THE  GRASSES  tlic  bmcts  subsist  under  the  general  name  of 
chaft".  The  bracts  situated  at  the  base  of  a  spikelet  of  flowers,  arc 
called  the  glumes,  corresponding  to  the  involucre.  Those  situated  at 
the  base  of  each  separate  flower  aro  palece,  answering  to  the  calyx  or 
corolla.  The  pieces,  of  which  each  calj/x  is  composed  (generally  two) 
are  called  valves  or  pales. 

340.  Other  examples  of  the  involucre  are  seen  in  the  cup  of  the 
acorn,  the  burr  of  the  chestnut,  beech,  etc. 

341.  The  forms  of  inflorescence  are  exceedingly  various,  but  may 
all  be  referred  to  two  classes,  as  already  indicated  ;  the  axillary,  in 
which  all  the  flowers  arise  from  axillary  buds,  the  terminal^  in  which  all 
the  flower-buds  are  terminal. 

342.  Axillary  inflorescence  is  called  indejlnitey  because  the  axis, 
being  terminated  by  a  leaf-bud,  continues  to  grow  on  indefinitely,  de- 
veloping bracts  with  their  axillary  flowers  as  it  grows.  It  is  also  called 
centripetal,  because  in  the  order  of  time  the  blossoming  commences 
with  the  circumference,  and  proceeds  towards  the  centre  in  case  of  a 
level  topped  cluster,  as  the  hawthorn,  or  with  the  base,  and  proceeds 
towards  the  summit  in  case  of  the  lengthened  cluster,  as  the  mustard. 

The  student  will  readily  perceive  that  the  circumference  of  a  depressed 
(flattened)  inflorescence  corresponds  to  the  base  of  a  lengthened  one; 
and  also  that  the  centre  of  the  former  answers  to  the  summit  of  the 
latter.  For  when  the  axis  or  rachis  is  lengthened,  it  is  the  centre  which 
bears  it  along  with  it  at  its  apex,  leaving  the  circumference  at  the  base. 

343.  Terminal  inflorescence,  on  the  other  hand,  is  definite,  im- 
plying that  the  growth  of  the  axis  as  well  as  of  each  branch  is  definitely 
arrested  and  cut  short  by  a  flower*     It  is  also  centrifugal^  because  the 


IIT7LORESCEK0E. 


>i 


blo,»>„,i„g  commences  with  the  central  flower  and  proceed,  in  order 
to  the  crcumference,  a,  in  the  sweet-william,  elder,  hydrangea 

centripetaUv,  the  general  inflorescence'^s  ^„S^L  tHauH^^^^  Tt  T" 

developed  before  the  lateral  ones     But  in  tho  T  IS  T    ^  ™'"^'  *'°^  '« 

asters)  open  centrifuKaUy  whilo    ho  .llV      ^  ^'"  P^'*'"'  ^^"^*«"  ^^^^icil. 

from  the  ba«e  u/    trS  ^  >nfloresceace  i.  iadednite,  proceeding 

345.  Of  cbnthipetal  or  axillary  inflobescence  the  principal 

lit™  zt  '''''^  ''^'''  -'''-  ---'  -^-^'  ^^:^ 

340.  The  spike  is  a  long  rachi?  with  sessile  flowers  cither  scattered 

^.5  ^;^""^  '•"'"  'P'^^^  o'"  ^^^^^^'^^^  i"  place  of  single  flowers 
347    The  spadh  is  a  thick,  fleshy  rachis  with  flowers  closely  se.sil. 


°i>auii.    wt,  iietiila  lenta;  flowers  in  aments, 

348.  The  catkin  or  amentum  is  a  slender,  pendant  rachis  with  scaly 
bracts  subtendino-  the  n^Vf^t^  ^n^^oiu  a  j  1.         ,  ^ 

birch,  beech,  o.I^  willow  '"' "      """"^  ''^'^'"'  "^  " 

»cdTeiJ"rr!"!  ::;f  ;!  *-"."«  i't.flowe™  on  distinct,  simple 
inrrant,  hlaekS^y:  "      '"     *"""■'  '^""^  -P^d^lous.  as  in 


I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT.3) 


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2.0 


1.25     1.4      1  <s 

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Photographic 

Sciences 
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^c- 


72 


INFL0RKSC8NCE. 


.  350.  Thk  corymb  differs  from  the  raceme  in  having  the  lower  pedi- 
cels lengthened  so  as  to  elevate  ail  the  flower*  to  about  the  same  level, 
as  in  the  wild  thorn. 


20T    205  204  20«         20S 

203,  Andromeda  racemosn  ;  ffowers  ji»  a  sectmd  raceme.  2W,  VerbascHm  Blattarfa;  raceme. 
805,  Loliutn  perenne  ;  a  cwnpwind  spike  or  a  spike  of  spikoleto.  206,  Dipsacus  sylvestris  ;  head 
with  no  involucre  of  leayea.    207,  Osmorhiza  longistylis ;  acijmpound  umbel.    203v  Its  fruit. 

351.  An  UMBBiL  consists  of  several  pedicels  of  about  equal  length 
radiating  frcMn  the  same  point,  the  top  of  the  common  peduncle,  as 
milkweed,  ginseng,  onion.     When  the  pedicels  of  an  umbel  become 


209 


m 


900,  Btaphylea  trlfolis ;  a  pendulous,  panicuUte  cyme.    210,  Oatalp* ;  a  fwnide. 


I 


IN7LORE80KKOB. 

themselves  umbels  aa  in  /.»-«  i 

and  the  prin..,y  pediceK  ray!  ^  "'"'*''  "°  '=»"'=<'  ""•*«««" 

Oatalpa.  '^  ""^  raceme,  as  m  oats,  spear-grass, 

in  I  J;  grlpT"  '  ^  ^^^^  ^'""'P-**  «^'-g'  -  pyramidal  panic..,  as 

flo^'ei  at  sTssl  u^^ ~of  ^^^^^^^^^^^  ? ^>'  ^-n.  the 

root,  button-bush,  clover.  Peduncle,  as  m  the  button  snake- 

But  the  more  oommon  examples  of 
the  capitulum  are  seen  ia  the  Compos- 
ite, where  the  summit  of  the  peduncle 
that  la,  the  receptacle,  is  dUated,  bear- 
ing the  sessUe  flowers  above,  and  scale- 
like bracts  around,  aa  an  involucre. 

355.  Thk  capitulum  of  thb 
Composite  is  often  called  a  com- 
pound flower    from    its    rcbem- 
blance,  the  involucre  answering 
to  a  calyx,  the  rays  to  the  corolla, 
'nie    flowers    are  called  florets, 
those  of  the  outer  circle, /ore/, 
of  the    ray,   generally    differing 
m  form  from  those  of  the  cen- 
tral portions,  tU  florets  of  the 
disk. 

356.  Op  terminai.  inplores. 

CBNCB  THE  POLtOWINO    VAEIETIBS 

are    described:    cyme,    faacicle 
iverticilaster),  glomerule. 

S18 


^VuiKie.    iii^  X  fruit  with  psppusi 


"'--'•'•is:k«'^~s;-^^^^^^^^ 


Vme  ,,  a  general  tenn  denoting  any  inflorescence  with  centri- 


n 


IXFLOBESOEKCB. 


fugal  evolutions,  but  is  properly  applied  to  that  level-topped  or  fastigiate 
form  which  resembles  the  corymb,  as  in  the  elder.  If  it  is  loosely 
spreading,  not  fastigiate,  it  is  called  a  cymose  panicle^  as  in  the  chick- 
weed,  spergula,  etc.  If  it  be  rounded,  as  in  the  snowball,  it  is  a  globoua 
cyme. 

«20  219 


220,  Myosotls  paluBtris ;  Bcorpoid  raeeroes.    219,  Stellaria  media ;  a  regular  cyme. 

368.  A  8CORPOID  CYME,  as  seen  in  the  sundew,  Sedum,  and  borrage 
family,  is  a  kind  of  coiled  raceme,  unrolling  as  it  blossoms.  It  is  un- 
derstood to  be  a  half-developed  cyme,  as  illustrated  in  the  cut. 

359.  The  peculiar  evolution  of  the 
CYME  is  well  illustrated  in  tho  chick-weed 
(Alsine  media).  The  first  opening  flower 
terminates  the  axis  and  stops  its  growth. 
Then  from  the  pair  of  axils  next  below  issue 
iwo  opposite  branches,  each  bearing  a  paic 
Oif  leayea  apd  a  terminal  flower.  Next,  tho 
same  process  is  repeated  with  each  of  theao 
two  branches,  and  so  on  indefinitely.  Thus 
the  stem  becomes  repeatedly  forked,  eacli 
fork  having  an  older  flower  in  its  angle. 

360.  Evolution  of  the  scoRPoro  ka- 
CBME.  But  let  only  one  branch  be  developed 
at  the  node  next  below  tho  flower,  and  that 
always  on  the  same  side,  and  we  have  a 
scorpoid  raceme  or  cyme.  Other  irregulari- 
ties occasioned  by  partial  development  may 
also  variously  disguise  the  cyme. 

361.  Fascicle.     This  is  a  modifi- 
cation of  the  cyme,  with  crowded  and 
nearly  sessile  flowers,  as  in  sweet-william  (Dianthus).  • 

362.  Glomerule,  an  axillary  tufted  cluster,  with  a  centrifugal  evolu- 

tmn  frnnnftnt  in  the  Labiatae.  etc.     When  they  occur  in  the  axils  ;of 
,  — -J , 


t21,  Hpigelia  Marilandica ;  a  scorpoid 
raceme. 


I 


VLOWERINO. 


in 


Let  us  commence  with  the  spike,  a  slender  rachis  with  sessile  flowers.     ConnPiv. 
that  pedicels  be  developed  for  the  flowe.,  -  a  raceme ;  let  the  pedTce"  bra^n 
228       22T       226  2-26  224  223  222         221 


0-0,  Jre,  suppress^th^p^  °  'ratL     N     '^"""  "''"'•  "  '"  °"'«"- 
ebe  evoWon,  of  th»  flower rbe„™..i        /°"'  "^ '°  '"°''  "^  '«  ""PP»» 

»aUy,  bya  ..eWpho^riSwelrartbT:       °  '  °"°'°"  '°''°"'''°»-    "- 
U^lr^'^iZ'^r  '  '°™'™^'  '""'"•""^'^  '■""  »'»«"-'«'' 

FLOWERING. 

.nonth  and  each  day  of  the  m'onth  IT  1     dTe  Jtwer'      f"  °"'' 
366    T„/.rr        ^''"'*''^*^  *^°  flo'-al  calender  for  that  locality 

J  —  — -^'  iiirougnout  Luu  season. 


76 


FLOWBRINO. 


3 

4  " 

5  " 

6  "■ 
1  " 

8  " 

9  "■ 

10  "■ 

11  " 

12  M. 
2p.  IL 

4  "■ 

5  '^ 

6  •* 
1  '* 
8  "■ 


11 

12 


367.  Examples.    At  Savannah  the  red  maple,  shad-buab,  blood-root,  flower  in 
February ;  in  the  District  of  Columbia  in  March ;  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  in  AprU.     In 
New  England  the  witch-liazel  flowers  in  February ;  Hepatica  in  April ;  dogwood  in 
May;  elder  in  June;  lilies  in  July;  boneset  in  August;  aste.^  and  Solidagos  in 
yoptember  and  October ;  and  chrysanthemum  in  November. 

368.  The  floral  clock.     Each  plant  has  also  its  definite  hours  in  the  day  fcr 
opeaing  its  flowers  and  for  closing  them-for  waking  and  sleeping ;  and  a  careful 
record  of  these  tacts  (as  once  made  by  Linnseus)  may  seem  to  iodioate  the  hour  of 
the  day.    Thu% 

The  morning  gloty  opens  at  (about)  2  A.  M.,  and  closes  about  10  A.  M. 

Rutland  beauty  "^ 

VegetaUe  oyster  " 

P<^py  " 

Bitter-sweet  " 

"Water-lily  " 

Scarlet  pimpernel  " 

Calendula  arvensis  " 

Arenaria  rubra  " 

Ornithogalum  umbellatum  " 

Passiflora  coerulea  "• 

Pyrethrum  " 

Marvel  of  Peru  " 

SileQe  noctiflora  "" 

Evening  primrose  '* 

Lychnis  vespertina  "• 

Cereus  grandiflora  " 

369.  The  colors  or  flowers  constitute  one  of  tbeir  chief  attrac- 
tions, and  are  of  special  interest  to  the  florist.  By  various  modes  of. 
culture  he  may  often  change  at  will  those  colors,  thus  producing  nu- 
merous varieties,  as  in  the  tulip  and  dahlia.  But  in  scientific  descrip- 
tions the  colors  are  seldom  employed  as  characteristics  on  account  of 

their  variableness. 

370.  Classification  of  colors.  De  Candolle  divides  the  colors 
of  flowers  into  two  series;  1,  those  having  yellow  for  their  type  and 
capable  of  varying  to  red  and  white,  but  never  to  bine  ;  2,  those  having 
blue  for  their  type,  and  capable  of  varying  to  red  and  white,  but  not  to 
yellow.  The  first  series  is  called  Xanthic,  the  second,  the  Cyamc 
Both  series  commence  with  green  (which  is  composed  of  blue  and  yel- 
low) and  end  in  red,  thus : 

Green. 


Blue-green. 

Blue. 

Blue-violet. 

Violet. 

Violet-red. 


Yellow-green. 

Yellow. 

Yellow-orange, 

Orange. 

Orange-red. 


Eed. 


I 


HORPHOLOGT   OF  THE   FLOWER. 


77 


371.  Examples.  The  tulip  was  originaUy  yellow.  All  it3  numeroua  varieties 
are  of  the  xanthic  series.  So  also  the  rose  aad  Dahlia.  Florists  have  never  yet  ob- 
tained a  blue  tulip,  rose,  or  dahlia.  The  geranium  varies  throughout  the  cyanic 
series,  and  a  yeUow  geranium  is  unknown.  Different  species  of  the  same  genua 
may  belongto  different  series,  so  also  different  parta  of  the  same  flower. 


»«  »  t. 


CHAPTEK    X. 


MOBPHOLOGY  OF  THE  FLOWER. 

372.  The  flower  as  the  standard  op  beauty.  So  it  has  ever  been  regarded. 
Through  this  attribute,  so  evidently  diviae  i>i  its  origin,  it  breathes  on  the  heart  an 
influence  which  is  essentially  spiritual,  always  pleasing,  elevating,  and  pure.  The 
benevolent  Thought  which  first  conceived  of  this  crowning  glory  of  the  vegetable 
world  had  evidently  in  view  the  education  of  man's  moral  nature  as  weU  aa  iA« 
r^roduction  and  permanence  ofvegetaUe  iiature. 

373.  TiiE  FLOWER  LV  THE  LIGHT  OP  SCIENCE.  The  pleasure  of  the  florist  in 
contemplatmg  the  flower  as  merely  an  object  of  taste  is  not  diminished  when  he 
comes  to  view  it  in  the  light  of  science.  Parts  which  he  before  regarded  as  embel- 
Lshraents  only,  now  assume  new  value  as  indispensable  agents  in  fulfiUing  a  great 
design ;  every  organ  takes  form  according  to  the  sphere  of  its  office,  and  the  beau- 
ful  flower  no  longer  appears  as  the  possible  accident  of  a  chance- world 

374.  Its  nature  and  origin.     We  have  before  observed  that  the 
flower-bud  IS,  m  nature  and  origin,  one  and  the  same  with  the  leaf-bud 
Now  a  leaf-bud  is  regularly  unfolded  into  a  leafy  branch.     A  flower- 
bud  is  unfolded  into  a  flower.     Hence  the  flower,  in  its  nature  and 
origin,  IS  one  and  the  same  with  a  leafy  branch. 

375  Theoretical  view.  When,  therefore,  this  now  necessity  arises  in  the  life 
of  a  planl^  viz.  the  perpetuation  of  its  species,  no  new  principle  or  organ  is  evoked 
but  the  leaf,  that  same  protean  form  which  we  have  alreadv  detected  in  Bhapea  so 
numerous  and  diverse,  the  leaf,  is  yet  once  more  in  nature's  hand  molded  into  a 
series  of  forms  of  superior  elegance,  touched  with  colors  more  briUiant,  and  adapted 
to  a  higher  sphere  as  the  organs  of  reproduction. 

376.  The  evidence  on  which  this  theory  rests  may  be  referred  to  two 
sources ;  namely,  natural  and  aHifkial  development.  We  mention  a  few  instances 
of  each  kmd,  earnestly  recommending  the  student  to  study  for  himself  the  many 
tlT  ^"^  ''"'  observation  bearmg  upon  thisdeeply  interesting 

Jil\  f''\^\  ™"  '"'''^^'     '^^^  °''^'''*''^  ^^Pl^*"  «°^«'.  «•  9.  the  poppy,  con- 

and  p^tUs,  and  each  kind  is  quite  different  and  distinct  from  the  others.  The  meta- 
morphosis of  he  leaf,  first  into  the  sepal  then  the  petal,  etc.,  is  so  abrupt  th^tTt 
Boems  to  lose  its  identity  at  once.    But  there  are  Bome 

♦h«  u^r^'""'^''',^  '''^'''''^''  development  op  plants  where  the  transition  of 
the  eafis  gradual,  changing  insensibly,  first  to  bracts  then  to  sepals,  thus  appa- 
renUy  making  the  metamorphosis  in  question  visible  before  our  eyes.    Such  cas^ 


78 


MORPHOLOOr   OF  THE    FLOWER. 


t40    !89    288   387       28S       285     231       288 


280  229 

229,  Paparer  (poppy) ;  »,  stamens ;  p^  stigmas.    280,  Sepal.    281,  Petal— all  very  different    288 
Petals  of  the  water-lily  (Nymphcea)  gradually  passing  Into  (240)  stamens. 

Me  exactly  in  point.  The  leaves  of  the  paeony,  largo  and  much  divided  below, 
become  smaller  and  more  simple  above,  gradually  passing  into  bracts  and  thence 
into  sepals.  In  Galycanthus  the  sepal  passes  into  the  petal  by  gradations  so  gentle 
that  we  can  not  mark  the  limit  between  them .  In  the  lilies  these  two  organs  aro 
almost  identical,  la  the  water-lily,  where  the  sepal,  petal,  and  stamen  are  all  thus 
graduated,  the  transition  from  petal  to  stamen  is  particularly  instractive.  These 
two  forms  meet  half  way  by  a  perfect  series  of  gradations,  when  a  narrowed  petal 
is  capped  slightly  with  the  semblance  of  an  anther.  And  finally,  cases  of  a  close 
resemblance  between  stamen  and  pistil,  so  unlike  in  the  poppy,  are  not  wanting,  as 
in  the  tulip-tree. 

379.  Flowers  always  regular  in  the  early  BtiD.    An  early  examination  of 
flower-buds  often  exhibits  the  several  kinds  of  organs  much  less  diverse  than  they 
subsequently  become.    See  the  early  bud  of  columbine.    Those  flowers  which  ara 
24S  942  241 


Ml,  Ranunculus  acrts ;  a  single  flower.    242,  R.  acris,  p.  plena,  a  ;loubIe  llower, 
impreesa;  the  flowers  changing  to  leafy  branahes  (Liodloy). 


243,  Epacrta 


I 


MBTivxnotr. 


19 


culled  trregvlar,  aa  the  pea,  catmint,  violet,  are  regular,  like  other  flowera.  in  the 
early  bud ;  that  la,  the  several  petals  are  at  first  seen  to  be  precisely  similar,  bocom- 
mg  dissimilar  and  distorted  in  their  after  growth ;  so  in  the  stamens  and  other  or- 
gans. 

380.  Cases  m  artificial  devblopmext  or  tebatoloot  (ripa,  a  monstPoeity 
7^6yoc\  Where  organs  of  one  kind  are  converted  into  those  of  another  kmd  by  cuN 
tivation,  aflford  undeniable  evidence  of  the  doctrine  in  question-fAe  homology  of 
aU  tfte floral  organs  with  the  leaf.  Such  cases  are  frequent  in  the  garden,  and  hovl- 
ever  much  admired,  they  are  monstroua,  because  unnatural  In  all  double  flowers, 
as  rose,  paeony,  CamiUia,  the  stamens  have  been  reconverted  into  petals,  either 
wholly  or  partially,  some  yet  remaming  in  every  conceivable  stage  of  the  transition 
In  the  double  butter-cup  (242)  the  pistUs  as  well  as  stamens  revert  to  petals,  and  in 
the  garden  cherry,  flowering  almond,  a  pair  of  green  leaves  occupy  the  place  of  the 
pistils.  By  still  further  changes  all  parts  of  the  flower  manifest  their  foliage  affini- 
ties, and  the  entire  flower-bud,  after  having  given  clear  indications  of  its  floral  char- 
acter, is  at  last  developed  into  a  leafy  branch.    (Fisr.  243.) 

381.  In  Clabkia,  Celastrcs,  damask  rose,  and  other  garden  plants,  cases  have 
been  noted  wherein  the  petal  asserts  its  foliar  nature  by  producing  a  secondary 
flower-bud  in  its  axill  Thus  in  a  thousand  instances  of  abnormal  growth,  we  find 
evidence  proving  the  leaf  to  be  the  typo  whence  all  other  forms  of  appendages  are 
derived,  and  whithor  all  tend  to  return. 

382.  Further  evidence  of  this  view,  equally  conclusive,  is  found  in  the  easen- 
tial  agreement  of  the  aestivation  of  the  flower-bud  with  the  phyUotaxy  of  the  branch. 

.aiSTIVATION. 

383.  Definition — importance.  This  term  (from  cesiivus,  of  sum- 
mer) refers  to  the  arrangement  of  the  floral  envelops  while  yet  in  the 
bud.  It  is  an  important  subject,  since  in  general  the  same  mode  of 
aestivation  regularly  characterizes  whole  tribes  or  orders.  It  is  to  the 
flower-bud  what  vernation  [vernus^  spring)  is  to  the  leaf-bud. 

384.  The  various  modes  of  estivation  abb  best  observed  in  sections  of  the 
bud  made  by  cutting  it  through  horizontally  when  just  ready  to  open.  From  such 
sections  our  diagrams  are  copied. 

385.  Separately  considered,  we  find  each  organ  here  folded  in 
ways  similar  to  those  of  the  leaf-bud  ;  that  is,  the  sepal  or  the  petal 
may  be  convolute,  involute,  revolute.,  etc,  terras  already  defined. 

386.  CoLLBCTivBLY  CONSIDERED,  the  sestivation  of  the  flower  occurs 
in  four  general  modes  with  their  variations ;  the  valvate,  the  contorted, 
imbricate,  and  plicate. 

387.  In  valvate  estivation  the  pieces  meet  by  their  margins  with- 
out any  overlapping ;  as  in  the  sepals  of  the  mallow,  petals  of  Hydran- 
gea, valves  of  a  capsule.     The  following  varieties  of  the  valvate  occur  : 

388.  Induplicatb;  where  each  piece  is  involute  ;  i.  e.,  has  its  two 
margins  bent  or  rolled  inwards,  as  in  Clematis ;  or  reduplicate,  when 
each  piece  is  revolute — having  its  margins  bent  or  rolled  outwards,  as 
in  the  sepals  of  Althea  rosea,    (Figs.  246,  246.) 


10 


«MTIVAT!ON. 


•44  JKM,  NtmtM  of  w»Uvrt»l.»i».    ^»^0,  l',.inln  ,,r  Ui»  wnltrtoww. 

f?8|l.  <'oNTouTKn  .KHTivATioN.  whore  oui'li  picoo  ovoHii|w  ifw  iioiij?»- 
l>or,  i\\\  'u\  tho  unmo  «lii-\vtion,  npjM^iu'ittjj;  um  if  t\vi»tiHl  t«>g«>tlu>i\  uh  in 
rhU»x,  rtrtx.  oloMiuior.     (v'4V,  '2ft2.) 

.'MH).  iMituioM-Kit  ,»!KTiVATioN  {im^irr,  11  tilo)  is  n  t«'rni  rt»Htricto<I  t(» 
tl»ojn»  m<vK>{«  in  wUioh  iuio  or  i\»«>i\»  of  tlu»  |v»tj»l!*  w  iH»|»nl»  in  wUolly 
o«t>«i«Jo.  i»vorln|»|Mr»if  two  olhors  l»y  U»t,h  iln  nmrjjins.  Tliin  kiiui  of 
nwtivntion  luUiimlly  n'wuUN  fn»n»  tho  lipir.'il  rtrranj^MucntH  so  ooiiunon  in 
pUyllotrtvy,  wlulo  Iho  valvttU*  aiul  oontortti!  HtuMu  idontit'uHl  with  tho 

t>|>|>«»Hito  or  whorlinl  «rrrtn^i- 
nuMitH.  Tho  prii)i'ii>iil  variotios 
uro 

c«>nsi»tiiuy  ,4*  fjvo  loavos.  two 
of  whi«'h  jiro  wholly  without, 
two  whdlv  within,  mul  oiuj 
|>«rtly  U4h,oroiu>  in«njit>  out, 
tl>o  «)(hor  in,  tk«i  ill  tlu^  roso 
feniily  ('-J48).  llns  j.ooompa- 
ni«^  tlH>  twivftfths  |>Ihu  in 
)4»yllo(a.\y,  ami  oom»!*|y>iuls 
pnvi»>ly  wit!»  it,  raoFi  <juin- 
oiiux  iHM'tijf  iu  fii«'t  a  fvr/r 
witJj  its  intonioilos  suppross- 
«h1.     (J5  2«2.) 

302.  Thk  TniQrKrRor.<«, 
consistinjf  of  thnv  louvos  in 
o.Hoh  sot^om-' of  which  is  out- 
side, onoinsido,  and  tho  third 

partly  I>oth.  as  in  tulip,  Krythixiuiani,  according  to  tho  ouc-third  plan 

io  phyllotaxy. 


Wa,  <}<«mT7^ini  WrKKwim,  «>m>  MMtrxn  pJ^nt.    IVuh 


THE    FLORAL   OROANH. 


•1 


son    noNvoLrTK.  wlH,n  ,m.I.  I,.«f  wlu.lly  iuvolvo,  nil  that  aro  within 
,  HH  .<.  th.,  potulH  of  Mugnoliu;  and  re.iUary,  .hen  one  piece  ]a  ! 
than  tho  Tvni  in  foMocI  ov<,r  then,  an  in  the  pea  (251)  *^ 

•■•»>.  I'UOATR  or  foMcl  »,«tivati„n  ocmrH  in  t«hnl„;  or  monopotalou. 
<iow.,rH  ami  haH  .nany  vari„tic«,  of  which  the  uu.t  r.n.arkalZt  tl 
.V-'W«^  where  tho  projecting  fohJ„  „||  turn  oUi^^uely  in  ho  «arne 
d.rcct.un,  aH  in  niorning-gh,ry,  th<,rn-apple  (Datura). 

««  MS 


.l.-'.l«..«tn  llio  ......|.,«  ,.ra«tlvrt,o„.       '       "^^         •  ""•'"^'""■^y-    '^««'  M..«t«r.l.    Tho  p,„,ll  will 

nxH  n„,l  tl  0  bract  whoaco  it  „riHo«,  in  oflon  impcrtunt  In  .lo«oription.    That  3 
warn  tiio  bract  [a  tlio  anterior  or  lower  piirt.  • 


I 


5?^; 

5.;;' 


THE   FLORAL   ORGANS. 

«Ofl.  Tkoiinioal  imnmnos  of  tuk  KLowKa,  Tho  floT^cr  is  an  as. 
Bomhlago  of  loaves  nu.re  doiicatcly  and  variously  formed,  borne  at  tho 
upper  nodes  of  the  axis  where  the  i.iternodes  aro  undeveloped.  This 
portion  oftho  axis  is  called  ^ 

3»V.  Thk  uk<,kptaclk  or  TORtrs.  It  is  the  axis  of  tho  flower  situ, 
atod  at  tho  suunnit  of  the  flower-stalk.  Its  form  above  is  commonly 
that  of  u  flattened  or  somewhat  conical  disk,  tho  center  of  which  cor- 
responds  with  tho  apex  of  the  axis. 

.•^08.  T.,.2  FLowKH  MAv  CONSIST  of  tho  following  mcmbcrs :  1,  the 
font!  envelops  ;  2,  tho  eHsential  floral  organs, 

non.  The  floral  envelops  consist  of  one  or  more  circles  or  wAor/« 
ot  l.«ave8  surrounding  tho  essential  organs.  Tho  outer  of  these  whorls 
IS  called  tho  cahfx  and  the  other,  if  there  bo  any,  tho  corolla.  The 
calyx  may,  therefore,  exist  without  tho  corolla,  but  tho  corolla  can  not 
exist  without 

400  T„K  OALvx.  This  is  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  cup.  It  is  ap- 
puod  to  tho  external  envelop  of  tho  flower,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of 


82 


THE   FLORAL   OROANB. 
SB8  m 


267,  Flower  of  tlic  strawberry.    259,  Flower  of  tlie  pink,    269,  Flower  of  the  Illy  (LlUum  su- 
perbuin).    The  pupil  will  point  out  the  parts. 

leaves  with  their  edges  distinct  or  united,  usually  green,  but  sometimes 
highly  colored.     The  calyx  leaves  are  called  sepals. 

401.  Corolla  is  a  Latin  word  signifying  a  little  crown,  applied  to 
the  interior  envelop  of  the  flower.  It  consists  of  one  or  more  circles 
of  leaves,  either  distinct  or  united  by  their  edges,  usually  of  some  other 
color  than  green,  and  of  a  more  delicate  texture  than  the  calyx.  Its 
leaves  are  called  petals. 

402.  Perianth  (ifipt,  around,  Avdog^  flower)  is  a  word  in  common 
use  to  designate  the  floral  envelops,  as  a  whole,  without  distinction  of 
calyx  and  corolla.  It  is  used  in  description,  especially  when  these  two 
envelops  are  so  similar  as  not  to  be  readily  distinguished,  as  in  the  tulip, 
lily,  and  the  endogens  generally  ;  also  where  only  one  envelop  exists,  as 
in  Phytolacca,  elm,  etc.     (259,  per.) 

403.  The  essential  floral  organs  stand  within  the  circles  of  the 
perianth,  and  are  so  called  because  they  are  the  immediate  instruments 
in  perfecting  the  seed  and  thus  accomplishing  the  final  purposes  of  the 
flower.  These  organs  are  of  two  kinds,  perfectly  distinct  in  position 
and  oflBce ;  viz.,  the  stamens  and  the  pistils. 

404.  The  stamens  are  those  thread-like  organs  situated  just  within 
the  perianth  and  around  the  pistils.  Their  number  varies  from  one  to 
a  hundred  or  more ;  but  the  most  common  number  is  Jive.  Collec- 
tively they  are  called  the  androecium  (dvdpeg,*  stamens.  oiKog,  a  house). 

405.  The  pistils  (called  also  carpels)  occupy  the  center  of  the 
flower  at  the  absolute  terminus  of  the  flowering  axis.  They  are  some- 
times numerous,  often  apparently  but  one,  always  destined  to  bear  the 
seed.     Collectively  they  are  called  the  gynoecium  {yvvi),  pistil,  oiKog). 

*  The  plural  of  ovTJp,  a  mon,  a  term  applied  to  the  stamen  by  Linnteus  In  accordance  with  his 
favorite  theory  of  the  sexes  of  plants.  The  terra  y'vvq,  woman,  is,  ou  the  same  ground,  applied 
to  the  pistil. 


i 


THB   FLAW   OF   THB    FLOWER.  93 

406.  Reoapitclatiok.  Thus  we  have  noticed  the  members  of  the 
flower  in  the  order  of  their  succession  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  cir- 
cle. Now,  m  regard  to  the  receptacle  on  which  they  stand  in  concen- 
tric whorls  we  fiud  (reversing  the  order)  the  gyncBcium  in  the  midst, 
th  center  of  the  flower,  the  androecium  encircling  it,  the  corolla  next 
without,  and  the  calyx  embracing  the  whole. 

407.  Appendages.  These  are  the  four  proper  members  or  sets  of 
organs  composing  the  flower.  Occasionally  we  meet  with  a  fifth  be- 
tween  the  corolla  and  stamens,  not  easily  referrible  to  either,  like  the 
scales  m  the  throat  of  the  Borrageworts,  or  the  crown  of  the  Narcissus 
and  jonquils.  Such  are  regarded  as  appendages,  not  necessary  to  the 
completeness  of  the  flower.  /  '' 


THE   PLAN  OP   THE   FLOWER. 

408  Essential  unity  combined  with  endless  diversity  is  every  where  a 
character^st^cof  nature.  Herein  consists  the  perpetual  charm  of  her  p4ence Id 
the  perpetual  reward  of  her  diligent  study.  There  is  no  better  example  of  'hia 
happy  combmation  than  i.  found  in  the  structure  of  the  flower.  Unity  ov  u,lrm- 
jty,  when  often  repeated,  becomes  monotony.  Diversity  without  unity  is  confusTo^ 
Hence,  m  our  study  of  the  tl.ousand  forms  in  which  God  has  attired  the  flower  wo 
shall  arnve  at  no  satisfactory  result  until  we  come  to  discern  that  unity  of  plan  that 
simple  ^dea  of  the  flower  in  which  all  its  diversities  harmonize.  ThL  ^2hl 
idea.    It  originated  in  the  Infinite  Mind.     Let  us  search  for  it 

409.  TiiB  FLORAL  ORGANS.    We  havo  already  seen  that  the  flower  may  consist 
onour  sets  of  organs-calyx,  corolla,  androecium,  gyncecium;  or  of  four  JJof  or! 

center  ''  ^''"'''  "^^  ^""""^^  '"'""^'^y  "'•'^"'''i  «  «o'°«'o° 

410.  Symmetry  op  the  flower.  Now  as  the  leaves  of  a  branch  are  definitely 
apportioned  into  equal  cycles,  we  naturally. look  for  a  corresponding  syrumetry  ia 
the  flower  Each  set  of  organs  should  consist  of  at  least  one  cycle  And  as  tie 
cycle  Itself  may  vary  numerically,  being  2.1eaved.  3-leaved.  5-leaved,  etc.,  in  differ! 
ent  species,  so  in  the  flower  each  cycle  or  set  may  be  2.parted,  S-pIrted  5-partei 
et  .  That  IS,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  pistils,  may  each  be  two  in  i^mnber  or 
three,  or  four,  or  five  in  number,  etc.  "  ' 
^411  AaAiN.  IN  RELATIVE  POSITION  the  organs  of  each  set,  as  a  rule,  alternate 
wth  th^organs  of  each  adjacent  set;  the  petals  alternate  with  the  sepa  s  andst 

Zo  ^     T°n  r''  *''  ''*^'  ^"^^  P'^"''^'   '^'"^  «'*«™^«-  accords  with  the  o^ 
pos  te  and  ver ticdlate  arrangement  of  leaves,  where  (§  226)  the  leaves  of  any  give^ 
do  do  not  stand  exactly  over  the  leaves  of  the  next  circle  below,  but  ovef  Lo 
intervals  between  them.     In  a  word, 

412.  The  typical  flower,  one  that  exemplifies  the  full  idea  of  the 
floral  structure,  consists  of  four  different  circles  of  organs,  each  circle 
havmg  the  same  number  of  separate,  alternating  parts.  Such  a  flower 
IS  not  only 

Perfect,  having  both  the  essential  organs,  but  also 
Complete,  having  the  four  kinds  of  brgans. 

f 


84 


THK    PLAN    OF   THR    FLOWER. 


Regular,  the  organs  of  the  same  kind  similar,  and 
Symmetrical,  the  same  7:LMnber  of  organs  in  eac)i  whorl. 

413.  Seldom  bealized.  Happily,  thia  our  couceptioa  of  fho  typioc!  flower  is 
not  oftfiu  realized  in  nature,  although  the  tendency  toward  it  is  universal.  Devia- 
tions occur  in  every  imaginable  mode  and  degree,  causing  that  eudles?  variety  in 
the  floral  world  which  we  never  cease  to  admire. 

414.  Examples.  In  our  cut  (Fink.  258)  illustrating  the  organization  of  the  flower 
the  tendency  in  thia  direction  is  evident,  but  the  stamens  are  too  many  and  tho  pis- 
tils seem  too  few.  Among  the  Flaxworts  and  the  Houseleek  tribe,  however,  are 
some  good  examples.  The  flower  of  the  flax  combiaes  very  nearly  all  the  condi- 
tions  above  specified.  It  is  jomplete,  regular,  symmetrical.  '  Its  organs  are  alter- 
nate and  all  separate,  and  (disregarding  t'lie  slight  cohesion  of  the  pistils  at  their 
bafle)  thia  flower  well  realizes  our  type.    But 


263  261  262 

860,  6t9,  Flower  of  Crassula  lactea,  regular,  symmotrical,  organs  distinct.    261,  Diagram  showing 
its  plan.    262,  Flower  of  tha  Scftrlot  FIa.x.    263,  Diagrar.  of  its  plan. 

415.  The  flowers  op  Crassula,  an  African  genus  sometimes  cultivated,  'ifibrd 
unexceptionable  examples,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  aud  pistils  each  being  five 
in  number,  regularly  alternating  and  perfectly  separate. 

416.  FLOiVi?s  0?  SEDUif,  Admitting  two  whorls  of  stamens  instead  of  one,  we 
have  a  good  example  of  our  type  in  stone-crop  (Sedum  ternatum),  a  little  fleshy 
herb  of  our  woods.  Ita  flowers  are  both  4-parted  and  5-partod  in  tho  sair^  plant. 
See  also  Che  12-parted  flowers  of  the  common  housoleek. 

417.  How  vo  study-  the  ploweb.  If,  with  this  type  as  our  adopted  standard  of 
the  floral  structure,  we  compare  any  of  the  myriads  of  different  forms  which  occur, 
we  shall  be  able  to  trace  out  the  foat"r«.-  o\  ii)o  general  plan  even  among  the 
widest  deviations.  The  more  important  of  them  are  included  >n  the  following  sy 
sopsis  :— 

1.  Variations  in  the  radical  number  of  the  flower. 

2,  Deficiencies  rendering  the  flower 

a,  Incomplete, 
h.  Trnperfect, 
<f,  Unsymraetrical, 
df  Organs  opposite. 


W- 


'v^,"*;;,^)". 


THE   PLAN   OF   THE   FLOWSR. 


%i^ 


3.  Redundancies,  I 

a,  In  the  '.nultiplication  of  organs, 
t,  In  appendicular  organs. 

4.  Union  of  parts. 

a,  By  cohesions, 
i,  By  adhesions. 
6.  Irregularities  of  development, 
a,  In  homogeneous  parts, 
h,  In  the  receptacle. 
6.  Combined  deviations. 
We  shaU  consider  these  several  topics  in  their  order 

418.  The  radical  NaMBm  ok  thb  ploweb  is  that  which  enumerates  the  parts 
composmg  each  whorl     It  varies  from  one  to  twenty,  and  is  expressed  C 
y,  V,  V,V,  etc,  which  mathematical  expressions  are  to  be  read  by  the  words 
dimerous  (J.,  two.  ,.ipo,,  part),  or  2-parted;  trimerous,  or  3-parted;  4-merrs  o^ 
4-parted ;  pentamerous,  or  5-parted ;  G-merous,  or  6-pari.d  etc  '     * 

419.  ExoGENS  AND  ENDooENS  DisTiNGmsHED.  Pentamerous  (V)  flowers  like 
llZ'^:^'  when  each  whorl  is  (naturally)  5-parted,  are  more  generallT  ha  ^! 
tenstio  of  the  exogenous  plants,  V  flowers  of  the  endogens.  as  L  lily,  Trillium. 
The  flov^ers  of  Fuchsia  are  V,  of  Circ^a  V,  and  of  Hippuris  1  V. 

420.  Depiciencieo.  Incomplete  flowers  often  occur.  They  lack  some  one  or 
more  enure  sets  of  organs.     When  only  one  of  the  floral  envelops,  the  calyx,  ex- 

Plm  Ph    T'  "  ^It  *°  ^'  "^"^"^  °'  monochlamydeous  {rMf^i,,  a  cloak),  as  in 
elm,  Phyvo  acca.     These  terms  are  also  loosely  applied  to  such  plants  as  rhubarb 
Anemone,  liverwort,  where  the  pieces  of  the  perianth  are  all  similar,  although  in  two 
or  three  whorls.     When  the  perianth  is  wholly  wanting,  the  flower  is  said  to  bo 
achlamydeous  or  naked,  as  in  lizard-tail.     (264.) 

2«T  386  285  834 


264,  Flower  of  Saururu,  (Hzard-tall) ;  achlamydeous.    269,  Flower  of  Fra^tinas  (aahrT«. 
x'lower  of  SalJx  (willow),  Btomlnate.    20r,  pistillate.     .         ^      '^       "» 

421  IMPERPEOT  flowers  are  also  of  frequent  occurrence.  They  are  deficient  in 
respectto  the  esseatial  organs.  A  sterile  or  staminate  flower  (denoted  .hus  $ )  has 
stamens  without  pistils.  A  fertile  or  pistillato  flower  (  9  )  has  pistils  without  sta- 
mona.  Such  flowers  being  counterparts  of  each  nth^r  axK^  h^fh  n-~.o=.r"  *-  *ha 
perfection  f  the  seed,  must  exist  either  together  upon  the  same  plant  or  upon"sep. 
urate  plants  of  the  same  species.  In  the  former  case  the  species  is  monoecious  (fi) 
as  in  oak ;  in  the  latter  case  dioecious  ( ^  $ )  as  in  willow.  The  term  didinousUJ. 
uotmg  either  §  or  ^  ?  without  distinction,  is  in  common  use. 


THE    PLAN    OF   THE   FLOWER. 


««a,  Pistillate  flowef  of  Balm-of.Qilead.    269,  Stamlnate.    270,  Dlplocllnium  Evanslanu.n. 

a,  etaminate ;  6,  piatillato. 

422.  A  NEUTRAL  FLOWER  is  a  perianth  or  calyx  only,  having  neither  stamens  nor 
pistiJs.  Such  are  t!ie  ray-flowers  of  many  of  the  Conipositte,  and  of  the  cymes  of 
Hydrangea,  ngh  cranberry,  etc.,  which  in  cultivation  may  all  become  neutral,  as  in 
theanow-balL  >       « 

271  423.  Unsymmbtuical    flow- 

ers. The  term  symmetry,  as  used 
in  botany,  refers  to  number  only. 
A  flower  becomes  unsymmetrical 
by  the  partial  development  of  any 
set  or  circle  in  respect  to  the  num- 
ber of  its  organs.  The  mustard 
family  affords  a  good  example. 

424.  Flowers  op  the  cRtrci- 
PERS.     The  flowers  of  mustard, 
cross,  etc ,  are  understood  to  bo 
4-merou8  (V).     The  sepals  are 
four,  petals  four,  but  the  stamens 
are  six  and  the  styles  but  two. 
The  stamens  are  arranged  in  two 
circles,  having  two  of  those  in  the 
outer  circle  suppressed  or  reduced 
to  mere  glands.     Two  of  tho  car- 
pels are  also  suppressed.     (256.) 
425.  In  the  mint  family  and 
the  figworts  one  or  three  of  the 
stamens    is    generally    abortive. 
Here,  while  the  flowers  are  V, 
the  stamens  are  four  in  some  spe- 
cies and  only  two  in  others.    The 
missing  stamens,  however,  often 
appear  in  the   guise  of  slender 
processes— the  rudiments  of  stn- 
4T1  ..Ro^.»-."       .  ,     .„  "  mens— proving  in  an  interesting 

,,.•,         a   " ■""'."' '       maunt-r  tiio  natural  tendoncv  tn 

the  larger  flowers  noiitra.  „  wuuoncy  lo 

..««    /^  A  symmetry. 

V  spnng-beauty  they  are  but  two ;  In  both  caaes  too  fbw  for  ^^»etry.     In  lark' 


THB   PLAN    OF   THB   FLOWSR. 


87 


spur  tho  y/  flowera  hare  but  four  petals,  and  in  monk's-hood,  also  V,  the  petals  are 
apparently  but  two  strangely  deformed  bodies.  A  careful  inspection,  however 
generally  reveals  the  other  three,  very  minute,  in  their  proper  places,  as  displayed 

tU  til&  cut*      ( Joo.) 

427.  "  Oeqans  opposite"  is  a  condition  much  less  frequent  than  "organs  alter- 
nate," but  13  highly  interesting,  as  being  sometimes  characteristic  of  whole  famihes 
Thus  in  the  primrose,  thrh\  and  buckthorn  famUies,  the  stamens  always  stand  on-  ' 
positb  to  the  petals !  ^  v 

428.  How  HAPPENS  THIS  ?  Among  tho  primworts  this  question  is  solved  in  the 
flowers  of  Lysimachia  and  Samolus,  where  wo  find  a  circle  of  five  teeth  (abortive 
filainents)  between  the  petals  and  stamens,  alternating  with  both  sets,  thus  restoring 
the  lost  symmetry.  Hence  wo  infer  that  in  such  cases  generally  a  circle  of  alter- 
natmg  organs  has  been  either  partially  or  wholly  suppressed.  In  tho  buckthorn, 
however,  a  different  explanation  has  been  given. 


Diagrams.  2T2,  Flower  of  Samolus,  showing  the  rudimentary  stamens  alt^tlnR  with  the 
perfect,  273,  Flowor  of  a  Labiate  plant,  showing  the  place  of  tho  dcilcient  stamen  274  Flower 
of  Asarum;  three  sepals,  twelve  stamens,  etc.  275,  Flower  of  Saxifrage;  two  pistils  ten  sta- 
mens, etc  «         ,  «. 

429.  The  multiplication  op  organs  is  exceedingly  common,  and  usually  ac- 
cording  to  a  dcflnito  plan.  Tho  increase  takes  place,  as  a  rule,  by  circles,  and  con- 
sequently  by  muUiipUs.  That  is,  t.  g.,  the  stamens  of  a  V  flower,  if  increased,  will 
bo  so  by  33 ;  of  a  -/  flower  by  5s,  etc.,  sometimes  to  the  extent  of  twenty  such 
circles.  » 

430.  Crowfoots  and  boseworts.  In  the  crowfoot  family  the  stamens  are  al- 
most always  multiplied.  The  carpels  are  also  generally  multiplied,  yet  often  on  tho 
contrary,  diminished,  as  in  the  pseony.  In  Rosacese,  also,  the  stamens  afe  generally 
multiplied,  while  the  carpels  exist  in  all  conditions  as  to  number.  Thus  in  straw 
berry  they  are  multiplied,  in  tho  apple  they  are  regularly  five,  in  agrimony  reduced 
to  two,  and  in  the  cherry  to  one. 

431.  Other  oases.  In  Magnolia  the  V  flowers  have  three  sepals  in  one  circle 
SIX  or  nine  petals  in  two  or  three  circles,  numerous  stamens  and  carpels  in  many 
circles  of  each.  In  tho  V  flowers  or  blood-root  there  are  two  sepals,  eight  petals, 
twenty-four  stamens,  and  two  carpels. 

432.  Increment  bt  clusters  (chortsis).  In  other  cases  tho  organs  seem  to  bo 
increased  in  number  by  clusters  ratlier  than  by  circles,  as  when  in  tlio  same  circle 
several  stamens  stand  in  tho  place  of  one,  e.  g.,  in  squirrel-corn,  st.  johnswort  lin- 
den  Sucli  cases  afford  wide  scope  for  conjecture.  Poriiaps  each  cluster  originates 
by  division,  as  t'--  compound  from  the  simple  loaf;  or  as  a  tuft  of  axillary  leaves  • 
or  thirdly,  by  a  partial  union  of  organs.  ' 

433.  Appendicular  organs  (§  407)  consist  of  spurs,  scales,  crown, 
glands,  etc.,  and  often  afford  excellent  distinctive  marks.    The  old  term 


88 


S7» 


THK    PLAN   OF   TIIK    FLOWER. 


278 


violet,  one  petal  only.     In  larkspur  a  noTnl     ^J^           ,  .'  'P""'^'  ^" 

latter  inc losig  that'of  the  forte^'^'  Tl:^,  :;j:  *^  ^P-,^^ ^^e 

belongs  to  a  sepal.     (280  281 )                            ^  *^'^  jewel-weed 

or  corona,  with  its  parts  all  blended  into  a  t^b  "or  Z  '^  """"' 


n»w«,  of  DolpU„i„m  conioM,  (,„„„„„„  ,„v> 


THE    PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER. 


89 


436.  Glandular  bodies  are  often  found  upon  tlie  receptacle  in  the 
place8  of  missing  stamens  or  carpels,  or  as  abortive  organs  of  some  kind 
Examples  are  seen  in  the  Crucifers  and  grape.     In  grass-Parnassus  they 
are  stalked  and  resemble  stamens. 

437.  Union  op  organs.  This  condition  in  some  way  occum  in  almost  evenr 
flower,  and  more  perhaps  than  any  other  cause  tends  to  disguise  its  plan  and  onZ 
The  separate  p.eces  which  stood  each  as  the  representative  of  a  leaf,  now  by  aX 
dual  fusion,  lose  themselves  in  the  common  mass.  Nevertheless,  marks  ;f  this  pro- 
cess are  always  discernible  either  in  parts  yet  remaining /..e,  or  n  the  «  where 
the  edges  were  conjoined.     The  floral  organs  may  unite  by  coition  or  ad^Z 

438.  Cohesion,  when  the  parts  of  the  same  whorl  are  joined  to- 
gether, as  the  sepals  of  the  pink,  the  petals  of  morning-glory,  the  sta^ 
mens  of  mallows,  the  carpels  of  poppy.  bs     j, 

439.  Adhesion,  when  the  parts  of  different  whorls  are  conjoined,  as 
he  stamens  with  the  corolla  in  phlox,  with  the  pistils  in  milkweed 

ladies  slipper ;  or  calyx  with  ovary  in  apple  or  wintergreen  (G^ultheria). 

.mply  ng  that  the  organ  is  inserted  on  (or  grows  out  of)  tlie  receptacle 
and  otherwise  separated  from  any  other  kind  of  organ.     The  adjective 


Jhis  subject  and  also  the  next  will  be  more  particularly  noticed  in  aaother  chap- 


lower  v.ry  o^lnL    m,  Flj^er  ^  Stn  .T/.r'  T^^'?  '"''Z'"  '''  "'"  """''•  ""^  "'«  "'^"^^ 
the  two  perfect  stamens  aSTh:;!?;"^^^^^^^^^^^    ^-""'-»-    ^  «-'>"''  ^^^  «^I-.  ^^o.ing 

merbe;ed''';rrr'r  "^^T?^^*     ^'^  «.^P'«*^  ^o^-^^  ^'t  ^"l  be  re- 
tTallv  ll  t         ^?  ^':  ^"^  observation  proves  i^    t  all  flowors  are  ac- 

y  subsZent  7'  "'"'  ?"^^*^"^^  ^^^*^^'"  ««--  «-  — -ed 


00 


THK    PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER. 


1.  In  the  unequal  size  of  like  organs  (petals  of  mnllein). 

2.  In  their  dissimilar /orm.»  or  positions  (petals  of  the  pea). 

3.  In  the  unequal  cohesion  of  like  parts  (petals  of  Lobelia). 

4.  In  unequal  suppressions  (stamens  of  the  Labiate  flowers,  where, 
indeed,  as  in  many  other  flowers,  all  these  phases  of  irregularity  are 
combined). 


8M 


887 


289 


286,  Flower  (magnified)  of  Myosuros  J  a  vertical  section  showing  Its  elongated  receptacle,  etc. 
267,  Tlie  same,  natural  size.  288,  Flower  of  Isopyrum  blternatum ;  vertical  section,  showli-g 
the  convex  or  globular  receptacle,  etc.    289,  Flower  of  rose,  showing  its  excavated  torus. 

442.  The  regular  receptacle  has  no  internodes.  It  bears  the 
several  whorls  of  the  flower  in  close  contact  with  each  other,  and  is 
usually  slxort  and  depressed. 

443.  Lengthened  receptacle.  When  these  whorls  arc  nnnieroiis, 
as  in  buttercups,  tulip-tree,  the  receptacle  is  necessarily  elongated.  So 
in  Myosurus,  blackberry,  strawberry.     In  the  two  latter  it  imbibes  the 

290  nutritious  juices   of  the   plant 

and  becomes  a  part  of  the  fruit. 
444.  Excavated  recepta- 
cle. On  the  contrary,  the  to- 
rus instead  of  lengthening  may 
be  hollowed  out  in  the  center. 
The  carpels  of  the  rose  are  sit- 
uated in  suqh  a  cavity,  while  tlio 
other  organs  are  borne  upon  its 
elevated  rim.  In  Nelumbium 
the  carpels  are  immersed  in  as 
many  separate  excavations  in  a 
large,  fleshy  receptacle. 


990,  Flower  of  Cleoine  pungens,  showing  Its  ovary, 
0,  mounUxl  on  a  long  stypo. 


445.  But  the  iNTRRNonRS  of  ths 
torus  are  sometimes  developed, 
c.  g.,  in  noble  liverwort  a  short  inter- 
node  between  the  corolla  and  calyx 


THE    FLOBAL   ENVELOPS.  g, 

lias  Changed  the  latter  (technicaUy)  to  an  involucre     Tn  thn    •  ,        •    ., 
node  renders  the  ovary  stoitofe     In  thn  r        T    .     u    ^  P'°k  a  similar  inter- 
long  internodes,  soLeLTrS^^/ltL^uL^^^^^^^  '^-"'"^  ''  '^^^'°P«^  -^ 
mens  and  ovary.  ^  ^    ^°'  "^  ^^''^  «*'P®'  eometimea  the  sta- 

446.  The  disk  h  a  portion  of  the  receptacle  raised  into  a  rim  snmp 
where  m  the  midst  of  the  whorls.     It  is  found  between    he  Zrand 
stamens  :n  paony  and  buckthorn.     It  bears  thp  «fa J       •      ^    ? 
"^ignionette,  and  crowns  the  ovary  in  lLZ,:nLTZl  "^^^^' 


tip^rSrS^^^^^^^^^^  ..,r.tu  or 

ing  its  single  simple  pistil,  large  disk,  etc'  '  °'  ^***"  "'  Alchomilla,  show- 

close  observation  L  tme  it  ™„     ™  '  *"  ?"''  '  ''''«™  «  ">  '''^'i"'''-' 
i.„.i,  tracing  it  oat.    The  study  of  such  caaea  k  fnll  „f 

both  amusement  and  improvement. 

and  irregulartty  in  thelj;'  "vetlTd  onr","^  .  Tl,e  V  sage  has  cohesion 
and  imigiilaritr  ,■„  the  .ta^L?  "^"lantT  la  the  corolla,  suppression 

Mheslon  la  the  carpels.  ""^Mion,  and  metamorphMla  m  the  stamens,  and 


CHAPTER      XI. 

THE   FLORAL   ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH, 
.ous  than  the  inner  circle  o/high,,  coloj  ZZltXX""^"" 


92 


THK    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 


2»8 


^*V 


450.  Exceptions.  But  to  this,  as  to  all  other  general  rules,  there  are  many  ex- 
ceptions. Strictly  speaking,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  in  no  way  distinguishable 
except  by  position.  The  outer  circle  is  the  calyx,  whatever  be  its  form  or  color,  and 
the  inner,  if  there  be  more  than  one,  is  the  corolla, 

451.  Rules.  The  sepals  of  the  calyx  and  petals  of  the  corolla  are, 
according  to  rule,  equal  in  number  and  severally  disconnected  save  by 
the  torus  c^i  which  they  stand. 

452.  Resemblances.  The  sepals  more  nearly  resemble  true  leaves 
in  texture  and  color  ;  but  the  petals  in  form.  Both  have  veins  and  re- 
tain more  or  less  the  same  venation  whi^h  characterizes  the  grand  di- 
vision to  which  the  plaijt  belongs  (§  258). 

453.  Parts.  Both  blade  and  petiole  are 
distinguishable  in  the  floral  leaves,  especially 
in  the  petals.  The  blade  or  expanded  part 
is  here  called  limh  or  lamina  ;  the  petiolar 
part,  when  narrowed  into  a  stalk,  is  called 
the  claw. 

454.  Nature  of  the  sepals.  The  sepals 
are  more  generally  sessile,  like  bud-scales, 
and  appear  to  represent  the  leaf-stalk  only, 
with  margins  dilated  like  a  sheathing  petiole. 
In  confirmation  of  this  view,  we  find  in  some 
flowers,  as  the  pseony  and  rose,  the  lamina 
also  developed,  but  smaller  than  the  petiolar 
part. 

455.  Forms  of  petals.  In  form  or  out- 
line there  is  a  general  resemblance  between 
the  limb  and  the  leaf.  It  is  ovate,  oval, 
lanceolate,  obcordute,  orbicular,  etc.  In 
margin  it  is  generally  entire.  Some  peculiar 
forms,  however,  should  be  noticed,  as  the 
bilobate  petal  of  the  chickweed,  the  pinna- 
tifid  petal  of  mitrewort,  the  inflected  petal 
of  the  Umbeliferae,  the  fan-shaped  petal  of 
pink,  the  fringed  (fimbriate)  petal  of  cam- 
pion  (silene  stellata),  the  hooded  sepal  of 
Napellus,  the  saccate  petal  of  ^Calceolaria, 
Cypripedium. 

456.  Nectarv.  The  limb  is,  moreover, 
often  distorted  into  a  true  nectary,  spurred, 
as  already  shown  (§  434),  or  otherwise  de* 
formed,  as  in  Napellus,  Coptia,  etc. 


Forms  of  petals.    294,  Butter- 
cup, showing  the  scale  at  base. 

295.  Mignonette,  fringed  at  top. 

296,  Silene  stellata.  fringed  and 
ungidculato.  29T.  Flower  of 
OHmorhiza  longistylis,  petals  in- 
flected. 29S,  Flower  of  Mitella 
diphyllrt,  potrils peetinste-pinria- 
tiad.  299,  Petal  of  Oerostium 
nutans,  2-clert. 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,  OR    PERIANTH. 


•0 


45V.  TJncon.  AVc  liavc  seen  tliat  the  floral  organs  are  often  in  va- 
rious ways  united.  Considering  their  crowded  state  in  the  flower,  we 
rather  wonder  that  they  do  not  always  coalesce  in  their  growth. 

458.  The  calyx  with  united  sepals  was  called  by  the  early  botanists 
monosepalous  ;  the  corolla  with  united  petals  was  called  monopetaloua 
{jiovog,  one— from  the  false  idea  that  such  an  organ  consisted  of  a  sin- 
gle piece  or  leaf !).     Opposed  to  these  terms  were  polypetalous  (irol^ig 
many),  petals  distinct,  and  polysepalous,  sepals  distinct.  * 

459.  The  monosepalous  calyx,  or  monopetalous  corolla,  al- 
though thus  compounded  of  several  pieces,  is  usually  described  as  a 
simple  organ,  wheel-shaped,  cup-shaped,  tubular,  according  to  the  de- 
gree of  cohesion.  The  lowef  part  of  it,  formed  by  the  united  claws 
whether  long  or  short,  is  the  tube  ;  the  upper  part,  composed  of  the' 
confluent  lammte,  is  the  border  or  limb  ;  the  opening  of  the  tube  above 
is  the  throat. 

460.  The  border  is  either  lobed,  toothed,  crenate,  etc.,  by  the  dis- 
tinct ends  of  the  pieces  composing  it,  as  in  the  calyx  of  pink  the  calyx 
and  corolla  of  Primula,  Phlox,  and  bell  wort,  or  it  may  become  by  a 
complete  lateral  cohesion,  entire,  as  in  morning-glory.  Here  the  comr 
pound  nature  of  the  organ  is  shown  by  the  scams  alone. 


800 


802 


un^S/wiTh  I  "^^'*P''"«:''»  (bouncing  bet)  ;  pntrls  and  claw8  quite  .listinct.    801,  Phlox;  claw/ 

461.  A  terminal  cohesion,  where  summit  as  well  as  sides  are 
joined  forming  a  cap  rather  than  cup,  rarely  occurs,  as  in  the  calyx  of 
the  garden  Escholtzia  and  the  corolla  of  the  grape. 

462.  The  modcs  of  adhesion  are  various  and  important,  famishing 
some  of  the  most  valuable  distinctive  chi^racters.  An  organ  is  said  to 
bo  adherent  when  it  is  conjoined  with  some  dissimilar  organ,  as  stamen 
witn  pistil.     All  the  organs  of  our  typical  flower  are  described  9Afree. 


H 


THB    FLORAL   KNVBL0P8,    OB    PKBI VNTII. 


403.  IIypooynous  (vttw,  under,  ywry,  pistil)  is  an  adjective  terra  in 
frequent  use,  denoting  that  the  organs  are  inserted  into  the  receptacle 
under  or  at  the  base   of  the  free  pistil    or 
ovary.     It  is,  therefore,  not  applicable  to  the 
pistil  itself.     Thus  the  outer  organs  of  butter- 
cups, are  hypogynous.  g^^ 

806  ^ 


804  80r  808 

Section  of  flcwers.  804,  Jefforsonla  dlphylla,  hypoi?jrnou8.  800.  Viola  rotundifolia.  808 
Phaseo  us  multlttonis  hean,  organs  spirally  twisto.l).  807,  Pyrus  (Fca.),  perlgynous  ;  ovaries 
nearly  Inolosod.    808,  Primus  (plum);  ovary  not  Inclosed.  "  i      at         .  ovar.os 

464.  Pkrioynous  {nepi,  around)  denotes  that  the  organ  is  inserted 
on  the  calyx-tube  around  the  free  ovary.  Thus  in  Phlox  the  stamens 
arc  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  In  cherry  both  stamens  and 
petals  are  (apparently)  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  The  calyx  can  never 
be  perigynous. 

465.  Epigynous  (erri,  upon)  denotes  that  all  the  organs  are  appa- 
rently inserted  upon  the  ovary,  as  seen  in  the  apple,  caraway,  sunflower. 
The  conimon  phrases  "  calyx  superior,"  "  ovary  inferior,''  have  the  same 
signification  as  calyx  epigynous,  all  implying  the  apparent  insertion 
of  the  organs  upon  or  above  the  ovary. 

466.  There  is  also  another  set  op  terms  in  use,  of  the  same  application, 
.oun_e„  upon  ft  mnro  rnoicrp.  ViOVr  Ot  the  floral  stFUc-tUfo,  viz.,  "calyx  adherent," 
"  ovary  adlierent"  Which  is  the  better  form  of  expreasioa  will  depend  upon  our 
location  of  the  receptacle- 


THE    FLORAL    KNVKL0P8,    OR   FBBIANTH. 

aot  Ho 


au 


«„Xw«.  ""•*'"''"''*  g-^^^'l'Mfcar-drop);  inferior;  stamens  ep^(/»«. 

467.  In  tho  casoa  above  cited,  it  is  commonly  taught  that  tho  recentacle  is  leu 
catod  at  tlio  baao  of  the  ovary  and  thaf  nil  ♦),«  ™  .u  rtcepiacie  is  lo- 
,  .,  . ,  .  ,,  ,  •''  """  "'*'  «"  t"o  organs  thence  ar  s  ng  are  adherent 
to  .ts  sides.  Another  doctrine  is  also  taught,  vi^.,  that  tho  receptacle  itself  marbe 
elovaod  and  become  per.gynous  or  epigynou.,  or,  in  other  wards,  the  ovary  nJy  bo 
imbedded  m  the  foot-stalk.  That  it  is  so  in  the  rose  (289)  we  can  hardlv  doubt 
The  so-called  calyx-tube  of  the  cherrv  neapJ,  i-  «„,^  •  i    '           ?     nardly  doubt 

J  .      ,      ^"^^^'  peach,  IS  certainly  an  analogous  structure 

more  expanded,  and  so  is  the  moro  contracted  "  caJyx  tube"  of  the  apple  po^^ 
gnmate.    The  analogy  extends  throughout  the  Koseworts,  and  perhaps  s'tSlfurthe" 

468.  Calyx  half-supeuior.  Calyx  inferior  or  free,  ovary  superior 
or  free  are  all  phrases  of  the  same  import  as  calyx  hypogynous.  Be- 
tween the  two  conditions,  calyx  inferior  and  calyx  superior,  there  are 
numerous  gradations,  of  which  one  only  is  defined,  to  wit,  calyx  half- 
superior,  as  exemplified  in  the  mock  orange  (and  310 ) 

469.  Speoial  forms  of  the  periaktu.  whether  calyx,  corolla,  or  both  have 
been  named  and  described.     Wo  may  arrange  them  thus  -  ' 

POLYPETALOUS,  r«i/«far_Cruciform,  rosaceous,  caryophyllaceous,  IQiaceous.  /r- 
fe^wiar— papilionaceous,  orchidaceous. 

Mo.NOPETALOUs,  regular  mostly-rotate,  cup-shaped,  campanulato,  urceolate,  fun- 

-form,  salvor-form,  tubular.     /rr6j7«Zar-ligulate,  labiate. 

470  Cruciform  (crux,  a  cross)  or  cross  shaped,  implies  that  four 
ong  clawed,  spreading  petals  stand  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  as  in 

the  flowers  of  the  mustard  family  (Crucifer^)  in  general. 

471  K0SACE0U8,  rose-like  ;  a  flower  with  five  short-clawed,  spread- 
ing  petals.  '   '■ 

or,w!.'i  ^^^'"''^'''''^''^''^ovB^pmk-Wke  ;  a  five-petaled  corolla,  with  long, 
eiect  claws  and  spreading  lamina.  ^ 

o.Ti  Y'^'TT  ^'^"h  '''^'  *  ^^^^'^  ^^**»  *  «'^-l««v«<l  perianth, 
each  leaf  gradually  spreading  so  as  to  resemble,  as  a  whole,  the  funnel' 


TiiK  rroRAr,  KNvai.oi'H,  ok  I'kuiantii. 
HI  «»  114 


Fom,.  of  oon.ll««.    8is.  choln.ntl;  „  (,took>.    m,  Sllcno  ro«la  (.onrlnt  oatohflyX    «M.  I'ynm 
coroimrlii.    81ft,  Aiimryllls  lAUmwoo  Illy). 

474  PAiMMONAOKors,  hiUtorfly-shapnl ;  «  corolhi  consistii.ir  of  fivo 
<l.8snui  ar  potnls,  dosiufnuto,!  thus  :  tl.o  upper,  larj^^^st,  and  oxtorior  pc- 
Ux\  IS  tho  haunor  (r.-.ri7/ttm) ;  tho  two  latoial,  hair-oxtori,.r,  arc  tl.o  win,r, 
(«/<r) ;  the  two  lower,  interior  peUiLs,  often  united  at  their  lower  nuiV 
gm  arc  the  keel  {ranna).  The  rtowers  of  the  pea,  locust,  elover,  and 
of  the  j^reat  family  of  th«  Legun.inosio  in  general  arc  examples. 


81fl,I'.pil.onac^«,fl.nvororthoPo«.    817.  nisplayo.l ;  r.  the  voxillum  ;  a, .,,  tho  al«, ;  a  <,  th« 
«rl.m..    31S.  Section  or  llowor  of  DlcontraOuoiU.da.  "'"•'N'^t'W 

475  HoTATE  Wheel-shaped  or  star-shaped,  i.  a  n.onpetalons  form, 
with  tube  very  short,  if  any,  a.ul  a  Hat,  spreading,  bonier,  as  the  calyx 
ot  duckweed,  corolla  of  Trient^dis,  elder.  It  is  son,etin>es  a  little  r- 
regular,  jis  m  mullein. 

470  Crr-sHAPKo,  wi.h  p  o. .  cohering  into  a  concave  border,  as  in 
the  calyx  of  mallows,  cor  :.?.'•,    «"  K>'uiijk  et.-- 

at  J!!'  ^Y"*'7T".'   ^^' -^•'^P^'^  '  *'•«"  the  tube  widens  abruptly 
at  ba,e  and  gradually  m  tho  border,  as  in  the  harebell,  Canterbuiy  bell. 


S'JT 


Til.    rLOUAL    KNVKtO..«,    OU    ...rukt..  ^, 

478.  IJaoBoiATK,  urn-8hapc<J ;  ««  oJ.lonc.  or  irlobular         i,       •  i 
uurrow  cpc.u.g,  „,  tl,o  whortleberry  heath"  *  ""'^  " 

regular.  ^  '""'  "'  "'"«''  aro  ulighily  if. 

<«1.  Tuwiah,  a  cylimlraceoui  form  sprca<lin»  lif.l 
LorJer,  lu  t  ,o  cnlvx  of  tl,„  „i„l,  'f"">^»'g  little  or  none  at  tli.- 

"ft...  a  little  eurvoJ     Tubl,^     '  "  "'  ""^  ''°"<'J'«'«1<I".     ft  i. 

.n.tl,„tl,i.tle,M,r„ver  „t„t  :r""r''''''"°"  '"  "'"  ^■'""P-i'». 

.|.littmgofd.et,a,  ,,frt;  o,  '  .'"r!^'  W-o-^y  formed  by  «,. 
".di«.te  tl,e  „„,„i„  of  „„itr°Hi"  ^''°  "'"^^"^  «'  "•»  ""d  plainly 
H  lo„„it„din„l  ,„an,".  "*''"  """?<""«  "•  ^  "I-  d"  the  pa  J 

nui"'Tlt'::;^t;!:^;j;[;;*'t'r"'""'«  "■"  "■■»•"'  -f «"  »-- 
part,  -.•on.,ided':;:r:;,:  rrt«e:''%::r"',r'°"  "^'"^ 

tl.ree  petab  unite  more  or  l„„  t„  form  ,t'  ,  ,■  "'"""=  '»">"» 

-  upper.    :„  tbe  ealy.  .  JlXtt ^  I'  ZVZX^Z 


J,-  .  —  826 

...  o  «  tubo  aro,.n,l  .,  tho  styi;    32ft  Synandra  trnnl      ^")  '"'"'•"'"'' '  "'  "''«  •»"">««  united 


98 


THB   FLOIIAL    BNVBLOPS,    OX   PKI.iANTH. 


ing  to  the  law  of  alternation  of  organs ;  two  sepals  arc  united  in  the 
lower  lip  and  thr  e  in  the  upper,  as  seen  in  the  sage  and  the  Labiate 
Order  generally.  Labiate  flowers  are  said  to  be  galeate  or  helmeted 
when  the  upper  lip  is  concave,  as  in  catmint ;  ringent  or  gaping  when 
the  throat  or  mouth  is  wide  open  ;  personate  or  masked  when  the  throat 
ir,  closed  as  with  a  palate,  like  the  snapdragon. 

484.  Orchidaceous,  a  form  of  the  perianth  peculiar  to  the  Orchis 
with  that  large  and  singular  tribe  in  general.  It  is  a  6-parted  double 
perianth,  very  irregular,  char{?cterized  chiefly  by  its  Up  (labellum), 
which  is  the  upper  petal  (lower  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary)  enlarged 
and  variously  deformed. 

Certain  reduced  forms  of  the  perianth  require  notice  here  : 

485.  Pappus  {TrdTT-nog,  grandfather,  alluding  to  his  gray  hairs)  is  a 
term,  applied  to  the  hair-like  calyx  of  the  florets  of  the  Compositse  and 
other  kindred  orders.  The  florets  of  this  order  are  collected  into 
heads  so  compactly  that  the  calyxes  have  not  room  for  expansion  in 
th3  ordinary  v/ay.  The  pappus  is  commonly  persistent  and  often  in- 
creases as  the  fruit  matures,  forming  a  feathery  sail  to  waft  away  the 
seed  through  the  air,  as  in  the  dandelion  and  thistle.  It  varies  greatly 
in  form  and  size,  as  seen  in  the  cuts,  sometimes  consisting  of  scales, 
sometimes  of  hairs,  again  oi  feathers  or  bristles.  Sometimes  it  is 
mounted  on  a  stipe,  which  is  the  beak  of  the  fruit. 

881  883  829  880  828  832 


Cypsela  (incorrectly  called  acheniuin)  of  the  Composltm,  with  various  forms  of  pappus.  829^ 
Eclipta  proctitnb( -^s,  no  pappus.  329,  Ambrosia  tiifida.  830, Heliantliu*  grosso-serratus,  pappus 
2-.-»wned.  831,  Ageratuni  conizoides,  pappus  of  five  scales.  a32,  Mulgedium.  capillary  pappus 
— cyi)sela  slightly  rostrate.    &©,  Laotuca  eiongata,  rostrate  cypsela. 

486.  OTHEn  REDUCTIONS.  Again,  the  calyx  or  the  limb  of  the  calyx 
is  reduced  to  a  mere  rim,  as  seen  i^  the  TJmbelliferai.  In  the  amenta- 
ceous orders  the  whole  perianth  diminishes  to  a  snallow  cup,  as  in  the 
poplar,  willow,  or  altogether  disappears,  as  in  the  birch,  ash,  lizard-tail. 
(204-267). 

487.  Set^,  meaning  bristles  in  general,  is  a  term  specifically  used  to 
denote  the  reduced  perianth  of  the  sedges.  In  the  bog-rush  (Scirpus) 
there  is,  outside  the  stamens,  a  circle  of  six  setae,  which  doubtless  rep- 
resent a  6-lcaved  perianth.  In  the  cotton-grass  (Eriphorum)  the  setae  are 
multiplied  and  persistent  on  the  fruit,  becoming  long  and  cotton-like. 


THK    FLORAL   ENVELOPS,    OR   PKHIANTH. 


99 


488.  Pemgynium  is  the  name  given 
to  the  urceolate  perianth  of  Carex,  in- 
venting the  ovary  but  allowing  the  style 
to  issue  at  its  summit.  It  is  evidently 
composed  of  two  united  oepals. 

489.  Glumes   and   pales   represent 
the  floral  envelops,  or  rather  the  invo- 
lucre of  the  Grasses.     Tiieir  alternating 
arrangement  clearly  distinguishes  them 
from  a  perianth.     They  occur  in  pairs, 
the  smaller  usually  above.     The  glumes' 
envelop  tho  spikelet,  the  pales  the  single 
flower,  and  often  within  the  pales  are 
two  or  three   scales   representing  the 
perianth,  surrounding  the  stamens  and 
ovary,  all  which  are  illustrated  in  the 
wheat.     (195.) 

490    The  duration  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  varies  widely,  and  i« 
narked  by  certam  general  terms.     It  is  caducous  when  it  falls  off  im 

;Cll   wil^tt    t^  "^'^  ^'  ^""'"'^  ^'^^^"^  ^^  ^^^P^  '  c^.c/..o.;w,fen";t 
fals  wah  the  s  amens,  as  m  most  plants;  and  persistent  if  it  remain 

un  d  the  frmt  ripens,  as  the  calyx  of  apple,     if  it  continue  to  gTow 


834,  Flower  ofSdrpus  lacastris,  mag- 
nifled  ;  consistina:  of  six  sete,  three  sta- 
mens, three  pistils  united,  except  the 
stigmas.  3S5,  Flower  of  Carex  rivularis 
! ,  with  ff,  its  glume,  p,  its  bottle-shaped 
perigynium,  g-toothed  at  top,  envelop- 
ing the  triple  ovary  ;  stigmas,  three. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

or     THE     ESSENTIAL     ORGANS. 

§  THE   STAMENS,    OR   ANDRCECIUM. 

491  Position  Within  the  safe  inclosure  of  the  floral  envelops 
stand  the  essential  organs-tho  stamens  and  pistils,  clearly  XtWu  J 
able  from  the  perianth  by  their  more  slight' and  delical^onrd 
from  each  other  by  various  n.arks.     In  the  complete  flower  tlT  ndm 

0  tl  0  blade.     Within  the  cells  of  the  anther  the  polUn  is  Produced   t 
bsan  ,^,  to  the  fertility  of  the  flower.  "^  Hence 'the  Ither 

alone  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen. 


MM) 


THE    STAMEKS,    OR    ANDRCKCIUM. 


Amlnrc^um  (an<l  p,-n«,clnm)  of  Frankenfft  (after  P^yrr,.  83T,  Stamon  (a.lnat..)  of  mornln,- 
&t.f ;  """'•;;;"''"•«';'''"'"•'  nien  gr«ln.,  ,llsclm.po.i .  /,  fllarnent ;  a,  a,  nnthor.  2-Iobe,J ;  c, 
topofthoconncctllo.  m?9,  Ranunclus.  840.  San.e.m.t  tn.nsversely.  841.1  Ms  cut  ira„m.^.;i; 
(estrorso).    842,  Amaryllis,  vorsntllo.    843,  Urksiwr,  Innate.    844,  Same,  cut. 

493.  The  filament  (Jflim,  a  thread)  is  tho  stalk  supporting  the 
anther  nt  or  near  its  top.  It  is  ordinarily  slender  and  filiform,  yet 
firmly  sustaining  itself  with  tho  anther  in  position.  Sometimes  'it  is 
capillarij  and  pendulous  with  its  weight,  as  in  the  Grasses. 

494.  The  anther  is  regularly  an  oblong  body  at  tho  summit  of  the 
filament,  composed  of  two  liollow  parallel  lobes  joined  to  each  other  and 
to  the  filament  by  tho  conncctile.  In  front  of  tlie  conne(^tile,  looking 
toward  tho  pistil,  there  is  usually  a  furrow  ;  on  its  back  a  ridge,  and  on 
the  face  of  each  lobe  a  seam,  the  usual  place  of  dehiscence  or  opening, 
all  running  parallel  with  the  filament  and  connectile. 

Tho  stiimcii,  as  thus  (ks-rib  h1,  may  bo  considorod  reguhir  or  typical  in  form  and 
is  well  oxoniplificd  in  that  of  tho  buttercup  (Fig.  339).  But  tho  variations  of  struc- 
turo  are  as  romarkablo  liero  as  in  other  organs,  depending  on  circumstances  like  the 
following — 

495.  Attachment  op  filamrnt  to  avtiibr.  Tliis  may  occur  in  three  ways. 
The  anther  is  said  to  be  innate  when  it  stands  centrally  erect  on  tho  top  of  tlio  fila. 
ment,  adnate  when  it  sooina  attached  to  one  side  of  tho  filainont,  versatik  when 
connected  by  a  single  {joint  i;i  t!io  bick  to  tho  top  of  the  filament. 

49G.  Dkuisommcr,  or  tho  modes  of  opening,  are  also  tliroo,  viz.,  valvular  whore 
the  seam  opens  vertically  its  whole  lorrgtli,  which  is  tho  usual  way;  porous  where 
the  colls  open  by  a  chink  or  pore  usually  at  tho  top,  as  in  Rhododendron  and  po- 
tato;  opercular  when  by  a  lid  opening  upward,  as  in  sassafras,  berberis.     (.'546.) 

497.  TitR  PA(MNa  OP  THE  AXTUER  is  also  an  important  character.  It  \n  introrse 
when  t!>e  liiuvs  of  dehiscence  look  toward  tho  pistil,  as  in  violet ;  extrorse  when 
they  look  outward  toward  tho  corolla,  as  in  Iris. 

498.  TiiR  rONNEOTiLR  is  usually  a  mero  prolongation  of  tho  filament,  terminating 
not  at  tho  basn,  but  at  tho  top  of  tho  author.  If  it  fall  short,  tho  anther  v,-ill  be 
cmanjinate.  Sometimes  it  outruns  tho  antiior  and  tips  it  with  a  terminal  append- 
ago  of  sonio  sort,  as  in  violet,  oleander,  Paris.  Again,  iUs  base  may  be  dilated  into 
Jipurs,  as  m  two  of  tho  stamens  of  violet. 

499.  DiMmiATE  ANTHER.     If  tlio  connoctile  bo  latGrall"  (liin.^-d   o^  v-«  ««.-  .-^.^ 

_  ^  '"    •  — .  ^    »•  ■•<*■•••(,   Till    yy  XJ  taXjX.'   Kill* 

dually  done  m  tho  various  species  of  tho  Labiate  Order,  the  lobes  of  tho  anther 
will  bo  separated,  fiirming  two  dimid-ate  anthers  (halved  anthers)  on  ono  filament 
asmflage,  l'rune!I%     Such  are,  of  course,  1-cellod.     (361.) 


THB    STAMENS,    OH    ANDRECIUM. 


101 


845   84fl  847   843  849 


8S0  861 


858  8M 


viSl  m7nol^T'\  .r*  ^^'*'*  '«*"-"'«"«;  i',<lch.3ce„ce  by  pore,  at  top.    350 

500  The  cells  of  the  anthers  are  at  first  commonly  four,  all 
parallel  beco.mng  two  only  at  maturity.  In  some  plants  the  fo..r  are 
retained,  as  m  the  anthers  of  Ephedra.  (353.)  In  others,  as  mallows, 
all  the  cells  coalesce  into  one.     (352.) 

InTo"  P^-io?''"".':'^  ""^  '"'"^  '''"'^'  distinguish  the  stamens  of  different  species, 
f  LI,  f  •  "f  ° V^"'"'^  ^'^  ''«••»«.  «?"«•«,  tails,  queues,  etc.     In  onions  and  gar  ic  the 
o  '  no  nd'.  l"  '■''^'^^^^''-""«  the  anther  on  one  of  the  tips.     Sometimes  a  pa 
^7LlXJer.ur"""^^^  Itisoftenconspicuousl,c,othedw'ith 


F«„  *.  ,              ^^                                          ^^                         8W                         301 
Essential  or-nns.    m.  Rho.lndcn.Jron,  five  stamen,  ^«>  «n-  -!«m.  /«>  „!>!ir, •■-- 


102 


TUB   STAMENS,    OR    ANDBECIUM. 


502.  Stamixodia,  or  sterile  filaments  with  abortive  anthers  or  none,  occur  singlr 
m  many  of  the  Figworts  and  Labiates,  or  tn  entire  whorls  next  within  the  petaLs, 
altornatmg  with  them,  as  in  loose-strife;  in  all  cases  restoring  tho  symmetry  of  the 
flowers.  They  are  generally  reduced  in  size,  as  in  Scrophularia,  rarely  enLirged  as 
m  beardtongue  (Pentatemon). 

503.  The  number  of  the  stamens  is  said  to  be  definite  when  not  ex- 
ceeding twenty,  as  is  sometimes  definitely  expressed  by  such  terms  as 
follow,  compounded  by  the  Greek  numerals,  viz.,  mmandrous,  liaving 
one  stamen  to  each  flower  ;  diandrous,  with  two  stamens  ;  pentandrous, 
witli  five  stamens.  If  the  number  exceeds  twenty,  it  is  said  to  be  in- 
definite  (denoted  thus,  oo  )  or  polyandrous. 

504.  The  position  or  insertion  of  the  stamens  (§  463)  may  be  more 
definitely  stated  here,  as  hypogynous,  on  the  receptacle  below  the  ovaries ; 
perigynous,  on  the  calyx  around  the  ovary  ;  epipetalous,  on  the  corolla, 
as  iii^  Phlox ;  epigynous,  on  the  ovary  at  its  summit,  and  gynandrous 
(yvv?),  pistil,  dvdpEg^  stamens)  on  the  pistil,  that  is,  when  the  stamens 
arc  adherent  to  the  style,  as  in  Orchis. 

505.  Inequality  in  length  is  definitely  marked  in  two  cases,  as 
tetradynamous  {r^rp^g^  four,  6{>vafHg,  power)  when  the  stamens  are 
six,  whereof  four  are  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  all  the  Crucifers; 
didynamou.%  where  the  stamens  are  four,  two  of  them  longer  than  the 
other  two,  as  in  all  the  Labiates,  etc. 


stameua  of  a  Cruclfer.    866,  Gynandrous  oolnmn  «»f  r-w^-i.^^  n  •i.ii;ii«iin,u» 

.tamen;  a,  two  p«lli„la;  ^  «Ugm7  C.pnpedium  ;  o.  ovary;  r,  torus;  «,  sterile 

506.  Cohesion  is  as  frequent  with  stamens  as  with  petals.  They 
are  monadelphous  {ddeX<p6g,  a  brother)  when  thev  are  all  united  »«  in 
mallow,  into  one  set  or  brotherhood  by  the  filaments;  diadelphous  in 
two  sets,  whether  equal  or  unequal,  as  in  pea,  squirrel-corn  ;  polyaiel- 


THB    STAMENS,    OR   ANDRKCIUM. 


103 


pAou.,  many  sets  as  in  St.  JohnWort ;  and  syn^encsious,  y^hen  they 
are  united  by  their  anthei^  as  in  the  Ck)mposita5.     Finally  ^ 

507    The  ABSENCE  of  the  stamens  altogether,  whether  by  abortion 
us  in  the  ?  flowers  of  Veratrum,  or  by  suppression,  as  in  oak,  occurJ 
in  various  modes,  rendering  the  plant  monoecious  ( ^  ),  dioecious  (  /?) 
or  polygamous  (  ^  1?  ?  ),  as  already  explained  (§  421)  ^         ^' 

JTu  '^7,/''*^"\^  ^^  '"  appearance  a  small,  yellow  dust,  contained  in 
the  cells  of  the  anther.     When  viewed  with  the  microscope  it  appears 

angular  or  polyhedral,  but  always  of  the  same  form  and  appearance  in 
the  same  species.  Externally  they  are  curiously,  and  often  eWant  v 
figured  with  stripes,  bands,  do^  checks,  etc.  ^      ^ 


509,  Each  grain  of  pollen  is  a  mem- 
branous cell  or  sack  containing  a  fluid. 
Its  coat  is  double,  the  outer  is  more  tliick 
and  firm,  exhibiting  one  or  more  breaks 
where  the  inn^r  coat,  which  is  very  thin 
and  expansible,  is  uncovered.  In  the  fluid 
are  suspended  molecules 
of  inconceivable  minute- 
ness, said  to  possess  a  tre- 
inulous  motion.      When 
<Iie  inemhi-ane  is  exposed 
to  moisture  it  swells  and 
bursts,     disobarorioo"     if« 
contents.  „,„ 

510        PoTTTWT*  Tn    7.  ^ ^'  f*"!'?  **'  ^^^  Passion-flower  (Paaslflora  cwrulea); 


104 


THE   PISTILS,    OR    OYN<KCIUM. 


tribe,  the  pollen  grains  do  not  separate  as  into  a  dust  or  powder, 
but  all  cohere  into  masses  called  pollinia,  accompanied  bv  a  viscid 
lluid. 


THE   PISTILS,   OR   GYNCECIUM. 

511.  POSITION.  Tlie  Gyncecium  occupies  the  center  of  the  flower  at 
the  termination  of  the  axis.  It  consists  regularly  of  a  circle  of  distinct 
I)istils,  (§  405),  symmetrical  in  number  with  the  other  circles  It  is 
subject  to  great  variation.  The  pistil  may  be  distinct  and  simple,  as  in 
columbine,  or  coherent  in  various  degrees  into  a  compound  body,  as  in 
St.  John's  wort. 


t!i^:^'zi:::z^r'-  ^'^^^'^'"-«'^^-  375,  «„.«..  are,  i-opp^.  .Ts^vmo.. 

512.  Exception.  Also  instead  of  being- free  and  superior,  as  it  regu- 
larly should  be,  it  may  adhero  to  the  other  circles,  as  already  explained 
(§  462),  and  become  inferior,  that  is,  apparently  placed  below  the 
flower,  as  in  the  currant. 

613.  The  number  of  the  pistils  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  ra- 
dical of  the  flower.  They  may  be  increased  by  multiples,  bocon.ing  a 
spiral  on  a  lengthened  receptacle,  as  in  tulip-tree,  or  still  reinainin.r  a 
circle,  as  in  poppy.  On  the  other  hand  they  may  bo  reduced  in  num- 
ber often  to  one,  as  in  cherry,  pea.  Certain  terms  are  employed  to 
denote  the  number  of  pistils  m  the  flower,  such  as  monogynous,  with 
one  pistil,  trigynou$,  with  three,  polygt/nous,  with  many,  etc. 

514.  The  simple  pistil  may  usually  be  known  from  the  compound, 
by  Its  one-sided  forms— having  two  sides  similar  and  two  dissimilar.  If 
the  pistils  appear  distinct,  they  are  all  simple,  never  being  united  into 
more  than  one  set,  as  the  stamens  often  are. 


TH«    PISTILS,    OR    OVNCECHm.  195 

513.  Thk  parts  of  a  simple  pistil  arc  three,  the  omry  at  base  tl,„ 
...^ma  at  the  s„mmit,  and  the  siyh,  i„tervo„i„g.    Lik7the  fiTam  a 

thLe  part,  we^'nltL^ItLt,!;  '°  -de^taadthe  relation  „, 

Sle.  Tns  MORPHoLoov  OF  THE  P.sTit.  A»  before  stated  ii  asm  tl,„ 

2  he  „npe   s„       ",  'T''.""'  <"'<'°P'i'=«t«)  '"Ward  the  aJisf  „„ 

tnat  tho  upper  su,laeo  becomes  the  inner,  while  the  lower  becomes  th,. 
outer  surface  of  tie  o\-siri-      It.. +i.:„  <-  -^"(-t   otcomestnc 

will  be  formed,  ,hcX'2;  at  The  ^n^T^'-T"  ""'""  "'  '^'"' 
front  by  the  jo'inej  .tSltfte  t'  ""  "'  ""'"""'  *"  "-""'■  "' 


3-S   bis 


S79  bis 


384 


«tyle  (.,),  stigma  („ )  882,  C  Jst^^l  ^^Jf '^-  ^^'  ^^'^^"^  ««'^»»  showing  the  ovule  U 
m  Cross-section  of  the  tmrsLXthe  8  '1^^.  "^  ''""P""'"'  P'^'"  «^  «P"n.-b  auty " 
orthec.ouhieche„,.    37,  The  Je^^  r^ialirrS  /i,^^"''-'^'''' <=-r^"-.  leli 

trated^X'flowor^f  ™7oubroherrf '"J'  ^^^-'^^bly  oonfl^od  and  illus- 
<legreo  of  transition,  reverdnrWd  h'o  .  ''  "  ^;'*''  ""^  '^  ^^^"^  ^"  «-^v 
stands  in  the  placo  of  thlDisti!  I  .  .,  .  ™  ""^  ^  '''^^-  ^^'«  ^^'-P^^^ry  leaf 
midvein  prolonged  and  dSttttr^^^^^^  '''''''''  *^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^i  the 

V..11.S  or  the  ovary,  the  m  rgi"     o  the  'n^        f  "  f  ""  ''''  ''''''^'^^  '^  «'« 
t"ro.  and  the  lengihened  aptrto  t  o  Jv,        /  "''  "''^"^'"  *«  *''°  d^'^'^'  «'> 

^^ins  two  such  let.,  tZ^!^  ;^::^2es  TT'  f  '°^^-  ^«"- 
'orresponda  to  the  position  of  the  LL.Z\  u   !      ^""^'^  ^'^''  '^"^^'•-     Tliis 

"re  contiguous.  "'  "^"P"^"'  '"  ^^^'°^  ^^^  central  sutures  of  both 

^^^I^r^^^J^Z:/"--^  -'^-ose.  Anemone,  .anun- 
able  that  it  is  formed  u^on  tt  170  H  .  n'*™'*'^"'  "'  "^"  P'^^'^'  '"^'^'"^  'i^  -"^^- 

-i-ie  of  a  leaf;  folded  into  aZ^Zl:t:^  Tl'     '^  ''^^^^'  ^-refore,  i^  the 

'-'bo;  the  atigma,  a  thickened  and  denuded  L.^,-    "r  V"''  '^'^  '''''''^  '"*« «» 
J«^af.  ^''""'^'^^  Portion  of  the  upper  margin  of  the 


106 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    GYKOECIUM. 


520.  The  placentae  are  usually  prominent  lines  or  ridges  extending 
along  the  ventral  suture  within  the  cell  of  the  ovary,  and  bearing  the 
ovules.  They  are  developed  at  each  of  the  two  edges  of  the  carpellary 
leaf,  and  are  consequently  closely  parallel  when  those  edges  are  united, 
forming  one  double  placenta  in  the  cell  of  each  ovary. 

521.  The  simple  cahpel,  with  all  its  parts,  is  completely  exemplified  in  the  pea- 
pod.  When  this  is  laid  open  at  the  ventral  suture,  the  leaf  forni  becoTics  manifest, 
with  the  peas  (ovules)  arranged  in  an  alternate  order  along  each  margin,  so  as  to 
form  but  one  row  when  the  pocJ  is  closed.  In  the  pod  of  columbine  the  ovules  form 
two  distinct  rows ;  in  the  simple  plum  carpel  each  margin  bears  a  single  ovule,  and 
in  the  one-ovuled  cherry  only  ono  of  the  margins  is  frvutful. 

622.  The  stigma  is  the  glandular  orifice  of  the  ovary,  communicat- 
ing with  it  either  directly  or  through  the  tubiform  style.  It  is  usually 
globular  and  terminal,  often  linear  and  lateral,  but  subject  to  great  va- 
riations in  form.  It  is  sometimes  double  or  halved,  or  2-lobed,  even 
when  belonging  to  a  single  carpel  or  to  a  simple  style,  as  in  Linden, 
where  these  carpels  are  surmounted  by  three  pairs  of  stigmas. 

623.  The  compound  pistil  consists  of  the  united  circle  of  pistils, 
just  as  the  raonopetalous  corolla  consists  of  the  united  circle  of  petals. 
The  union  occurs  in  every  degree,  always  commencing  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  and  proceeding  upward.  Thus  in  cohimbine  we  see  the  car- 
pels (pistils)  quite  distinct ;  in  early  saxifrage  cohering  just  at  base ;  in 
pink  as  far  as  the  top  of  the  ovaries,  with  styles  distinct ;  in  evening 
primrose  to  the  top  of  the  styles,  with  stigmas  distinct ;  and  in  Rliodo- 
dendron  the  union  is  complete  throughout. 

837  888  8S»  390  891  893 


S87,  Ovnry  (folliclo)  of  Larkspur,  composed  of  single  carpe!Iary  leaf.  883,  Ovaries  of  the  Col- 
nmbino,  five,  contiguous  but  distinct  8S9,  Compound  ovary  of  Hypericum,  of  carpels  united 
Iielow  with  distinct  styles.  390,  Ovnry  of  another  Hyperieumof  three  carpels  completely  united. 
SD],  Ovary  of  Flax;  carpels  five,  united  below,  distinct  above.  892,  Dianthus  (Pink).  89.S, 
Saxifnigo. 

624.  To  DETERMINE  THE  NUMBER  OF  CARPELS  in  a  compound  ovary 
is  an  important  matter.  It  may  be  known,  1,  by  the  number  of  styles; 
2,  by  the  number  of  free  stigmas  (remembering  that  these  organs  arc 
liable  to  be  halved,  §  522);  3,  by  the  lobes,  angles,  or  seams  of  the 
ovary  ;  4,  by  the  cells ;  5,  by  the  placenta. 


THE    PISTILS.    OB    OVNECIUM.  j^,y 

may  be  deed  as  when  s  Lie  ...7      •        ■?''  ''°«"''"''>''  "■»  ""P-'l" 

1,  1  he  conipouua  ovary  will  Iiava  s.  ml„       n 

•?    TK,  ^    J.-        .        -^  '***'^  ^  niany  cells  as  carneU 

2,  riie  partitions  between  the  cells  ;  .    ,1,„  j:      ■  , 

«■>  separate)  will  each  be  donble  wi    „,!  ";„  t  '''"T""""  ^""'"'f^' 
eal  and  alternate  with  thestigmis  °  """*"''  '""  '"'  "■•''• 

oJ^rTfis  5l7r' r^o^Tb "°  '^^  "r"'"-'- "  -y  -" 

.iorsa,  suturet  tl.  plS:;!:;  LZ"  "°'"'""'°'"  '^P^"^'""  «'  '"^ 

.».i.^:rtr::;ro,rcia^^^^^^^^^     --•-  - 

pound  pry  of  the  violet,  roctLc.    Inlfeasc      "  ''  "■  '"^  ">- 

and'brreTell      ""''^^P"-"  (-■- spurio„s,'as  in  the  Crucifer.), 

2,  The  placentae  of  each  carpel  will  ho  «r.no,-4  ^       j 
to  the  wall  of  the  ovary,  i.  f  tl  !  winT  '"^^^'^^^^  ^^^^ 

a  wall.)  ^'  '     ^^   '^'"  ^^e^^ome  i>ar2Vto/  {paries, 

diflereat  species  o?  St.  John  W  and  1^  "■'°'^''°"'  ^  "^"^'''^^^  '^'^  the 

wort,  and  m  poppy,  where  the  inflected  margins  of 

1     \  \  y  i       ^    y  "^^^  ^"^  ^^'^  placentjE  inward,  well 

/  ■  -    ^   /  .     nigh  to  the  axis.    Moreover,  the  plaoentse 

are  not  always  mere  marginal  Imea.  but 


»?'v.f«'::;s^iL--r;r^^^^ 


108 


TUB     OVULES. 


often  wide  spates  covorinfj  largo  portions  of  iho  walls  of  the  coll,  as  in  poppy, 
water-lily,  and  in  other  ciisos,  as  Datura,  they  boconio  largo  and  fleshy,  nearly  fill- 
in;,'  tho  cell. 

6*28.  A  FREE  AxiLK  PLACENTA,  without  dissi'piineiits,  occurs  in  some 
compound,  f>ne-cello(l  ovaries,  as  in  tho  pink  and  primrose  orders.  This 
anomaly  is  explained  in  two  ways  :  first,  by  tho  obliteration  of  tho  early 
formed  dissepiments,  as  is  actually  seen  to  occur  in  the  pinks  ;  secondly, 
by  supposing  the  placenta  to  be,  at  least  in  some  cases,  an  axiai  rather 
than  a  marginal  growth  ;  that  is,  to  grow  from  tho  point  of  the  axis 
rather  than  from  tho  margin  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  for  in  primrose  no 
dissepiments  ever  appear. 

404  898  405 


'8W 


409 


999.  Samolus  Valeramll,  se  Mon  of  flower  showinff  the  free  axllo  placcntn.  899,  Ovary  o? 
Scrophulariaceaa.  400,  Ovary  of  Tulip.  401,  Cross-section  of  ovary  of  Flax.  6-celluil,  falsely 
10-celleil.  402,  Ovary  of  Violet,  l-cellel.  403,  Ovary  of  Fuchsia,  4-cellod.  404,  Ovary  of  roclc- 
rose,  1-celled,  &-carpclle(l.    406    Gvntiunacei^,  2-vaIved,  1-celled. 

529.  A  FEW  PECULIAR  FORMS  oftlio  Style  and  stigma  are  worthy  of  note  in  our 
narrow  limits,  as  the  lateral  style  of  strawberry,  the  basilar  stylo  of  the  Iial)iata3 
and  Borrageworts,  the  branching  stylo  of  Emblica,  one  of  the  Euphorbiaeea) ;  alpo, 

530.  The  globular  stigma  of  Mirabilis;  the  linear  stigma  of  Gyromia;  the 
feathery  stigma  of  grasses ;  tho  filiform  stigma  of  Indian  com  ;  the  lateral  stigma 
of  Aster ;  the  petaloid  stigmas  of  Iris  ;  tho  hooded  stigma  of  violet  (3T1 — 379). 

531.  Stigma  wanting.  In  the  pine,  cedar,  and  the  Conifene  generally,  both  tho 
style  and  stigma  are  wanting,  and  the  ovary  is  represented  only  by  a  flat,  open, 
carpellary  scale  bearing  tho  naked  ovules  at  its  base. 


THE   OVULES. 


532.  Thbir  nature.  Destined  to  become  seeds  in  the  fruit  ovules 
are  understood  to  be  altered  buds.  Their  development  from  the  mar- 
gins and  inner  surface  of  the  carpel  favors  this  view ;  for  the  ordinary 
leaves  of  Bryophyllum  and  some  other  plants  do  habitually  produce 
buds  at  their  margin  or  on  their  upper  surface  ;  and  in  the  mignonette 
ovules  themselves  have  been  seen  tra-isformcJ  into  leaves. 


^'^^V^^Zm^:^^^^^^^^^^  413.  Flower  of  Ehu- 

c.mt«,  nucleus a«d  sac.  4r;„.t.„n„7  '  [»«"'«»  «t  top.  409,  Section  showinn  ^to  two 
-no.  412,  Oan.pylotroZtv:rror^„"f  r'""'''"''=  "'  '"""»-•  ««-  «eotion  of 
anatr«po»a,8U8p„,..led.  415,  Section  of  l^r' p'  '"'""?"•  ''**'  Section  of  a  cherry,  ovul, 
ovule  erect.    417,  Ilippuri,:  ovull^iS  "'  «vul.  ««cendiag.    4t«.Senecio; 

in  Umbelifc*  it  ,8  also  solitary  in  each  of  the  two  carpels;  in  the  Poa 

534.  Ti.«  POSITION  of  tl,o  ovule  in  the  cell  i,  defined  bv  certain 

cel^  a,  m  C„mpos.to ;  a,«*„^,  „hen  it  turn,  upwards  ftx,„,  i,  "Lint 
of  lateral  attaehment;  l,ori,o„tal,  when  neither  Lrning  Za  ds  „o 
-lownward,;  pendulous,  when  turned  downwarf,.  and  I2ZZ.Z 

fwZ)'         ""''  '"""  '"^ '"''  "f  "•=  ""•  -  -  "i-^"  "4'" 
535   Thb  ovdlb  at  t..!  time  of  flowerim  is  soft  and  puIdv 

stalk  ,s  called /«.c«(„,  ;  the  point  of  its  ju.,eture  with  the  base  of  the 
..uclen.  ,s  the  C^laza.  The  nucleu,  was  fi'rst  formed,  then  tW  ,^^ 
or  inner  coat  grew  up  from  the  ehalaza  and  covered  it  L  Ltlf  T 

tlTb'  *"  T-  '"'"-n"""  ^"""«-  «°«'  -ts  remaiu'TLt 
the  top  by  a  small  passage,  the  micropyle. 

536,  Ch*hoe  of  position.  In  most  cases  the  ovule  in  the  eo„r«. 
of  >^.row,h  changes  position,  curving  over  in  various  1",""^ 
lengthening  funicuUis  or  upon  itself.  When  no  such  cXutXIk 
a»d  It  stands  straight,  as  in  the  buckwheat  order,  it  is  or.kotr^l. Xt 


ltd 


THE    FRUIT. 


537  ANATROPOU8  when  completely  inverted.  In  this  state  a  por- 
tion of  the  funiculus  adheres  to  the  t.sta,  forming  a  ridge  called  raphe, 
reacliin,r  from  the  chalaza  to  the  hilum. 

538.  It  la  Campvlotropous  when  curved  upon  itself.  In  this  state 
the  mioropyle  .s  brought  near  to  the  chalaza,  and  both  are  ne.xt  the 
placenta,  m  m  the  pinks  and  Crucifera). 

639  Amphitkopous  when  half  inverted,  so  that  its  axis  becomes 
parallel  with  the  placenta,  as  in  mallow.  Hero  the  raphe  exists,  but 
w  short.     In  campylotropous  there  is  no  raphe. 

The  ovule  contains  »o  young  plant  (embryo)  yet;  but  a  cavity,  the 
mAryo  sac  ,s  already  provided  to  receive  it  just  within  the  uppcT  end 
of  the  nucleus.  ^  ^ 

.bWHi  J'"  f,''"'^^"  «^  "''^  ^''^''^'  TO  THK  roLLKN  GTtAm  will  bo  moro  suit. 

aWy  diacussecl  hereafter  ander  the  head  of  fortilizatbn.  Wo  briefly  remark  h.ro 
ha  the  nn.ned.ato  eo..taet  of  the  two  is  brought  about  at  the  ti...o  of  fiowerbg  by 
peml  arrangements;  and  that,  as  the  u..doubted  result  of  their  combbed  actiot 

the  embryo  soon  after  originates  in  the  embryo  sac 


CHAPTER      XIII. 


THE   FRUIT. 

641  Its  origin.  After  having  imbibed  the  pollen  which  tho  an- 
thers have  discharged,  the  pistil  or  its  ovary  continues  its  growth  and 
enlargement,  and  is  finally  matured  in  the  form  of  the  peculiar  fruit 
of  the  plant.  The  fruit  is,  therefore,  properly  speaking,  the  ovary 
brought  to  perfection.  °  ■^ 

542.  State  op  the  other  parts  im  fruit.     The  other  organs  of  the  flower 

away      Some  o    them,  however,  often  persist,  to  protect  or  become  blended  with 

he  ova  y  ,.,  f,  u.t,  as  .u  currant,  eueumber,  apple,  etc.     In  Composite  tho  persistent 
m*  enlarges  ,nto  the  pappus  of  the  fruit.     In  buttereups  the  fruit  is  lI^T^l 
the  short,  pors,.ste..t  styl..     In  Clemati^  Geum,  it  is  caruiaie  (tailed)  with  tho  long 
growing  .<yfe.     In  the  Potato  tribe,  Labiata,,  and  many  others,  tho  inf^<yr  Zt 
continues  to  vegetate  like  leaves  until  the  fruit  ripens  ^ 

543    CoxsoLUMTEn  FRUIT.     In  some  eases  the  fruit,  so-ealled,  consists  of  the  re- 
ceptacle and  ovanes  blended,  as  in  blackberry,  strawberry.     Again,  in  mulberr  • 
fig,  p.ne-apple,  the  whole  infloi^seenee  is  consolidated  intoTho  matur;d  fruT        ' 
644.  A  RULE  AND  EXCEPTION.     As  a  Tule,  the  structure  of  the  fruit 
agrees  essentially  with  that  of  the  ovary.     In  many  cases,  however,  tho 
fruit  undergoes  such  changes  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from  the  ovary 
as  to  disguise  its  real  structure.     An  early  examination,  therefore,  is 
always  moro  reliable  in  its  results  than  a  late  one. 


PKKICARP. 


Ill 


645  Fob  siample,  the  oak-acorn  Ls  a  fruit  with  but  one  cell  and  one  Beod  al- 
^^ugh  us  ovary  had  three  cells  and  «ix  ovules  I  Thb,  singubr  change  ^due  to  the 
non-developrnent  of  five  of  its  ovuIoh,  while  the  sixth  grew  the  more  rapidly,  oblit' 
•rated  the  dissepiments  by  pressing  thorn  to  the  wall,  and 
filed  the  whole  space  itself.  Similar  changes  charactorizo 
the  chestnut,  hazelnut^  and  that  whole  order.    The  ovary  of 


422 


418 


419 


418,  Section  of  tho  ovary  of  nn  ncorn,  S-cellcd    «.ovi,l..f1     Aon    a    n 
2-co!le,l,2.«vulo<I.    419,  VerticaUcctlon  i.f  the   an  c  In  f     t     S'v    1         Ixu"?  *''"'""'' 
»oon  after  flowering.    421.  N»ked  seed  of  T^x,,Tr       .      .'  ^'orloarp  of  MIgnlonotte  open 

fleshy  pc-ricnr,,.  ^*'''"  Canadensis,  surrounded,  not  covered  by  the 

the  birclj  is  2-cello,l,  2-ovalod  ;  but  by  the  suppression  of  one  cell  with  its  ovula 
Iho  fruit  booomcs  1-ccllcd  and  1-seedcd.  ^*®' 

formal^'  r'rT  '''"'"  '"''''  *^"  ''"'  '™  ^^'"''"'"^'^  """^^P^^d  in  the  fruit  by  the 
ZZXIT  P^'^'^'T.''?"  ""  ''^  of  thom-applo  (Datura)  becomes  42lM 
from  a  2-celled  ovary,  and  tho  longer  pods  of  some  leguminous  plants  have  croT 
partitions  formed  between  the  seeds.  uua  nave  cross- 

426  42r 


*28  425  424  423 

m,   no  carpels  (cocci)  separating  from  tho  axis  and  bending  upwards  on  the  elastic  styles. 


PERICARP. 

The  frnit  consisfs  of  the  pericarp  and  the  seed. 
^  647.  The  pericarp  (nepl,  around)  is  the  envelope  of  the  seeds,  con- 
sistuigo  the  earpels  and  whatever  other  parts  they  may  be  combined 
with.     It  vanes  greatly  m  texture  and  substance  when  mature,  beincr 


m 


PERICARP. 


then  either  drr  as  the  pea-pod,  or  succulent,  as  the  currant.  Dry  peri- 
carps are  membranous,  or  coriaceous  (leathery),  or  woody  Succulent 
pencarps  niay  be  either  wholly  so.  as\he  gr[^,  or  p^^^y  so  rtt 
peach  and  other  stone  fruit.  ^      ^      ' 

548.  Pericarp  closed  or  opek.      With  very  few  excentions  th^ 
pencarp  encloses  the  seed    while  maturing.      L    „iignoner(322) 
however,  it  opens,  exposing  the  seed,  immediately  after  flowering    The 
membranous  pencarp  of  cohosh  (Leontice)  falls  away  early  leaving  the 
seed   o  ripen  naked.    In  yew  (Taxus)  the  seed  is  never  enclosed  who^ 

oLl         ^^"'''^'  ^"*  ^"  ™^*  "^  '^'  ^'^'^  C^"^'"-^*'  the  close 
press  d,  carpellaiy  scales  cover  the  seeds.     One-seeded  fruits  like  those 

of  butter-cups,  etc.,  are  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 

o49.  Dehiscence.  The  fleshy  pericarp  is  always  indekiscenf.  Its 
seeds  are  liberated  only  by  its  decay,  or  bursting  in  germination.  So 
Hiso  m  many  cases  the  dry  pericarp,  as  the  acorn.  But  more  commc.lv 
tlio  dry  fruit,  when  arrived  at  maturity,  opens  in  some  way,  discbargin.^ 
Its  seeds.     Such  frmts  are  dehiscent. 

550.  Modes.     Dehiscence  is  either  valvular,  porous,  or  circumscis- 
8ile;  m/.«/«r,when  the  pericarp  opens  vertically  along  the  sutures 
forming  regular  parts  called  valves.     These  valves  may  separate  quite 
to  the  base,  or  only  at  the  top,  forming  teeth,  as  in  chickweed.     Wo 
notice  four  modes  of  valvular  dehiscence,  viz. : 

1,  Sutural,  when  it  takes  place  at  the  sutures  of  any  1-celled  peri- 
carp, as  columbine,  pea,  violet. 


mO  481 

DehlM^nce;  429,  sepUcidal ;  480,  locuHcidal ;  481,  sepHftftgal. 

J:    wk"?^  ^''^'"''''  P^''*^''^"'  '"^'^  *°  ''"*)>  ^h«"  't  takes  place 
through  the  dissepiments  (which  are  double,  §  525).     The  carpels  thn! 

3  Locullcidal  (loculus  a  cell,  ca^o,  to  cut),  when  each  carpel  opens 
.it  Its  dorsal  suture  directly  into  the  cell  (evening-primrose,  lily).  Hero 
the  dissepiments  come  away  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves. 

4,  Septifragal    (septum,  and    franao    i^  Kr^at^    -h—    -i  i 

separate  from  the  dissepiments  which  remain  still  united  in  the  axis 
(Convolvulus). 


PBRICABP. 


113 


561.  Porous  dehiscence  is  exemnlifiprJ  ni  fK«  r^«^         i 
e«.pe  b,  enace,  „e„  .h.  top  „f  eh'"''!:"  It"  frrl::  '"^  "^^ 

5o2.  C.ECCM8C.SSILE  («c„«„Wo,  to  Cut  arou„d),  when  the  tor, 
onh^e  _ovary  open,  „.  fa„s  off  Hke  a  ,id,  a,  in  Jefl^^onChfnC 

558.  Carpophore.   Some  fruits,  as  the  Gerania  and  Un>beh-fer»  .p„ 

or„,shed  „,th  a  curj>opkore,  that  is,  a  slender  coh,n,„  from  the  ^ceT 

ta  e,  prolonged  through  the  axis  of  the  fruit,  supporting  Zc^^^' 

554.  The  morphology  of  the  oerinam  iq  o,rn^„^-     i   ^.       .  *         carpeis. 
flee  the  learner  at  first  to  acauaLtwII^r    e^ceedmgly  diversified,  but  it  will  suf. 

indicated  in  the  following  sZnsiL'r  .  «"''  ^'"^'"^  ^"™^  '^"^y-  ^'^^  ^  ^'^ 

555    Thfi  fniL         ^  ^  synopsis  and  more  definitely  described  afterward 
.55.  The  following  .s  a  synopsis  of  the  principal  forma  of  Pericarps. 

§  1.  FREE  FRUITS  (FORMED  BY  A  SINGLE  FLOWER). 

*  Pericarps  indehiscent,  i 

t  With  usually  but  one  seed,  and  | 

t  Uniform,  or  1 -coated.  i 

1.  Separated  from  the  seed. 

2.  Inflated,  often  breaking  away. 

3.  Inseparable  from  tlie  seed. 

4.  Invested  with  a  cupule  (Involucre). 

5.  Having  winged  appendages. 
Double  or  triple-coated,  fleshy  or  fibrous. 

•6.  Three-coated.     Stone  cell  entire. 
1.  Two-coatod.     Stone  cell  2-parted. 

8.  Drupes  aggregated. 
f  With  two  or  more  seeds, 

t  Immersed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  mass. 

9.  Rind  membranous. 

10.  Rind  leathery,  separable. 

11.  Rind  hard,  crustaceous. 
t  Inclosed  in  distinct  cells. 

*  Pericarps  dehiscent. 

12.  Dehiscence  circumscissQe.  seeds  co  . 
f  Dehiscence  valvular  or  porous; 

t  Simple  or  1  carpeled, 

13.  Opening  by  the  ventral  suture. 

14.  Opening  by  both  sutures. 

15.  Logume  jointed. 
X  Compound  pericarps; 

16.  PJacenta3  parietal  with  two  cells. 

Siliquo  short. 

17.  Placenta  parietal  only  when  l-celled.       Capsule  (flax). 
18.^Capsulo  w.th  carpophore  and  elastic  styles.  Regma  (GerLium). 

*  WiH  ^'   "    CONFLUENT    FKL7T8   (FORMED   OF  AN  INFLORESCENCE). 

w  t h  open  carpels  aggregated  into  a  cone.  Strobil«  ^ninnl 

8 


Achenium  (buttercups). 
Utricle  (pigweed). 
Caryopsis  (grasses). 
Glans  (oak). 
Samara  (ash). 

Drupe  (cherry). 
Tryma  (walnut), 
Ktaerio  (raspberry). 

Berry  (gooseberry). 
Hesperidium  (orange) 
Pepo  (squash) 
Pome  (apple). 

Pyxis  (henbane). 

Follicle  (columbine). 
Legume  (pea). 
Loment  (Desmodiuro). 

Silique  (mustard). 
Siliclo  (shepherd's  puree). 
Capsule  (flax). 


114 


PERICARP. 


556.  The  ACHENiuM  is  a  small,  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp,  free  from 
the  one  seed  which  it  contains,  and  tipped  with  the  remains  of  the 
style  (buttercups,  Lithospermum), 

557.  The  dou6le  achenium  of  the  Umbelifer^,  supported  ou  a  carpophore  is  called 
cremocarp.  The  2-carpeled  acheniu«i  of  the  Composite,  usually  crLoed  with  a 
pappus,  is  called  cypsela.  '  "^  * 

658.  The  achenia  are  often  mistaken  for  seeds.  In  the  Labiate  and  Bor- 
r^e^-orts  they  are  associated  ia  fours  (372).  In  Geum,  Anemone,  etc.,  they  are 
collected  m  heads.  The  rich  pulp  of  the  strawberry  consists  wholl^  of  the  oye^ 
grown  receptacle,  which  bears  tlie  dry  achenia  on  its  surface.     (440). 

482  433  440 


436 


436 


^^  437  43S  439 

432,  Achenia  of  Anemone  thalictroides.    m,  Cro.r.oca.p  of  Archangel ica  officinalis  its  h«lv«, 
(«,*.oc«.p.)  separate.    an.l  suspended  on  the  carpopkL.    m,  OypseL  of  Tl"   tletlth  U 

559.  The  utricle  is  a  small,  thin,  pericarp  fitting  loosely  upon  its 
one  seed  and  often  opening  transversely  to  discharge  it  (pigweed, 
prince's  feather).  vt  b       "» 

560  Carvopsis,  the  grain  or  fruit  of  the  grasses,  is  a  thin,  dry  1- 
seeded  pericarp,  inseparable  from  the  seed. 

661.  Samara;  dry,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  furnished  with  a  mem- 
branous wing  or  wings  (ash,  elm,  maple). 

662.  Glans  or  nut  ;  hard,  dry,  indehiscent,  commonly  l-seeded  by 
suppression  (§  545),  and  invested  with  a  persistent  involucre  called  a 

beectnuT)        ''^'^"""^  ^''''''"'  ^^''""*^  *"'  '''''^'  *^^'*''^'   ('^^^^^""^ 

563  Drupe,  stone-fruit;  a  S-coated,  Lcelled,  indehiscent  pericarp, 
exemplified  in  the  cherry,  peach.  The  outer  coat  (epidermis)  is  called 
the  epicarp,  the  inner  is  the  nucleus  or  endocarT,.  h^rd  -,-1  ^/ony  •  th- 
intervening  pulp  or  fleshy  coat  is  the  sarcocarp  (aap^,  flesh).  These 
coats  are  not  distinguishable  in  the  ovary. 


PBRIOARP, 


115 


often  deeply  2-parted  (cocoa-nut).  ^  ^ ' 

665.  Et^rio,  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  numerous  little  Amr. 
united  to  each  other  frasoberrv^  nr  +«  +i.     T  ""'"^'^^"^  ""'«  drupes 
berry).  ^raspbeny)  or  to  the  fleshy  receptacle  (black- 

.r.  i!re^L^:rx  I'tiSHra/er -^  "'"^  '"^  "-^^^ 

567.  Hbsperidium  a  succulent,  raany-carpeled  frui*  th^  rin^  ♦»,•  1, 

669   The  pome  is  a  fleshy,  indehiscent  pericarp  formed  of  the  ner 
.a„e„t  calyx,  oontaiaing  several  cartilaginL  (a^ple)  or  bony  (ha':) 

570.  The  pyx,3  is  a  many-seeded,  dry  fruit,  openins  like  a  lid  b. 
a c,rc„msc,ss,l, dehiscence  (plantain,  henbane,  JeffLonia)  ' 

»,  ill'     T  ^'"•"'^'•V'  "  »'"«!«  ""'•P'-l.  1-celled,  many-seeded  opening 
at  he  ventral  sntnre  (columbine,  larkspur,  silk  grass).  '    '^       ^ 

into  two  valves  but  bearmg  its  l-c»  seeds  along  the  ventral  suture  onlv 
m  one  row,  as  i„  the  bean  and  all  the  Leguminosie     I     ,  VZ  .     ^' 
curved  or  coiled  like  a  snail-shell  (Medicago)  " 

VoZ,]^o::Zir ''""''  P-a,  separating  across  into  l-seeded 

J!i*'l  ^'"?r'  ,™"  ■'  "'""  "  P'x''  '■"'«"••  S-crpeled,  2-valved    2 
e  te  WZ  trT""'-"'"'"'  '"''"=^''  «"e  two' paril   pla. 
s^rare'rttatd'tmustrdT""™'  ""  '""'  ^'^'^  "'  '»''  ^^^  '"= 

herfs  nu^s'er'Tl,'^'' t"'  "  '"""r  ■f"''"''  """■''j' "«  "««  »  W  ('1"=P- 
Cruciferr  ^'  ''"'  '"^  "'"'^'^  "'  ""  P"""*'  f™'  <>' ^H  the 

S76.  Capsuie  (casket).  This  term  includes  all  other  forms  of  drv 
denseen  fruits,  compound,  opening  by  as  many  valves  TTher  a^' 
earpe  s  (,ris),  or  by  twice  as  many  (chickweed),  or  by  pores  (ZL) 

m.  riiE  begm*  ,s  a  kind  of  capsule  like  that  of  tho  Snium 

tz^Xr^'  '^''°™"  ""'"'^^"' '""  -»'-= 

„rt';.''™"'-f  -VI  ™?i  ""  "'^"^■•"^  f™''  '=™™ting  of  a  conical 
b™ri„!.'  '    ,     "\f'^"'"'^^  ""»'«'.  ^ct  an  open  carpel  ( j  flower) 

&;:ix:;";)"''^"''""*'-^-'"^"'^^^'-^'  <»'»'  »"^*^« 

«7f>.  The  cone  (s™c«Pin„,  a.-,  together)  of  the  Magnolia  tribe 


116 


P£BICARP, 
442  449 


441 


■*"  '^^  "l^S  444  443 

h!nTLll''  ^^:"';V''"''^"«  '^l""*  (Blackberry).    443,  Po,m:  section  of  cucambor.    449, 

IS  a  mass  of  confluent,  closed  pericarps  on  a  lengthened  torus  (cucum- 
ber  tree).  =.  \ 

580  The  fig  (syconus)  is  an  aggregate  fruit,  consisting  of  numer- 
ous seed-like  pericarps  inclosed  within  a  hollow,  fleshy  receptacle  where 
the  flowers  were  attached. 

581.  Other  confluent  fhuits  (sorosis)  consist  of  the  entire  in- 
florescence developed  into  a  mass  of  united  pericarps,  as  in  the  mul- 
berry,  osage-orange,  pine-apple. 

^^  ^  452  449,  bis.  ^ 


-^ 


4«.  bis.  Strobile  Of  Plnus.    450.  The  Fig  (syconus).    461,  SorosU  of  Mulberry     mninotRo^ 
Bclienta  ne»rly  inclosed  in  the  leatiery  calyx  tube!  ^ 


THE   SEKD. 


117 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


THE   SEED.  ' 

582.  The  seed  is  the  peifected  ovule,  having  an  embryo  formed  mth- 
m,  which  IS  the  rudiment  of  a  new  plant  similar  in  all  respects  to  the 
original.     The  seed  consists  of  a  nucleus  or  kernel  invested  with 

583  The  integuments  or  coverings.  The  outer  covering  is  the 
testa,  the  inner  the  tec,mcn,  as  in  the  ovule.  The  latter  is  thin  and 
delicate,  often  indistinguishable  from  the  testa. 

463  464  461  462  4gfi 


SeedofWatei-Lily  (Nyrnphaea),  enlarged  section;  «i6.,  albumen  ;  «,  the  embryo  contained 
in  tl.e  embryo-sac ;  «,  secun.line  or  tegmen ;  p,  prin.ine  ..r  testa  ;  r,  raphe     rt'TrU    "»    mi- 

rt'/fl"    r'"l«/n'  '"'•  "'"*''"•    '•^'  S»n>«.onecot;iedonlith\he  1  ayembr^ 
461,  feeed  of  Apple     462,  One  cotyledon  showing  the  raphe  and  embryo.    460,  Fruit  of  Mirabi 

SirTrn'  '"';»""^'-    45S  Onion;  embryo  coiled.    455,  Co'nvolvulus  ;kay  embryo 
folded.    456,  Lmbryo  of  Cuscutn.    45T,  Typha.    458,  Kanunoulus.    459,  Hop.  ^ 

584.  The  testa  is  either  membranous  (papery),  coriaceous  (leath- 
ery crustaceous  (horny),  bony,  woody,  or  fleshy.  Its  surface  is  gen- 
eially  smooth,  etc.  (118,  a). 

585.  The  coma  must  not  be  confounded  with  tlio  pappus,  wliich  is  a  modi- 
lication  of  the  calyx,  appeaded  to  the  pericarp,  and  not  to  the  seed,  as  in  tlie  ache- 
ma  of  the  thistle,  dandelion,  and  other  Compositae.  Its  intention  in  the  economy 
of  the  plant  cannot  be  mistaken,  serving  like  the  pappus  to  secure  the  dispersion  of 
the  seed,  while  incidently  as  it  were,  in  the  case  of  the  cotton-seed,  it  furnishes 
clothing  and  employment  to  a  largo  portion  of  the  human  race. 

586.  The  aril  is  an  occasional  appendage,  partially  or  wholly  in- 
vesting the  seed.  It  originates  after  fertilization,  at  or  near  the  hilum, 
where  the  seed  is  attached  to  its  stalk  (funiculus).  Fine  examples  arc 
seen  in  the  gashed  covering  of  the  nutmeg,  called  mace,  and  in  the  scar- 
let coat  of  the  seed  of  staff-tree.  In  the  seed  of  Polygala,  etc.,  it  is  but 
a  small  scale,  entire  or  2 -cleft,  called  caruncle. 


118 


THE    SEED. 


465 


464      463 


587,    The  posinox  op  the  seed   in  tho  pericarp  is, 

^l.lf  f,  ^^^.  '''"''^'  ''■'''•  <*^c^^ding,  pendulous,  etc. 
(§  534).  Lilcewise  in  respect  to  its  inversions,  it  is  orifui- 
tropous,  an-iiropous,  amphltropous,  and  campyldtropous 
(§  536),  terms  already  defined.  The  anatropous  is  by 
far  tlie  most  coiamori  condition. 

5S8.  The  hilum  is  the  scar  or  mark  left  in 
the  testa  of  the  seed  by  its  separation  from  the 

funiculus.  It  is  com- 
monly called  the  eyr,  as 
in  thr  In  ortho- 

tropous  campylo- 

tropous  Seeds,  the  hilum 
corresponds  with  the 
chalaza  (§535).  In  other 
conditions  it  does  not, 
jfln  A  i,  c.      '"  ^"^  ^^        ^ca      and  the  raphe  ^853  7 Wx- 

460,  Aril  of  Euonymus.  461,  Aril  of  Nutmeg  (mace)    462    4.      a  *'    '^  vS'^^ '^  ^X 

8ee(lofPolygala,emb.yo,  caruncle,  c,  (too  small)   463  Seed     ^^^     between     the   twO 
of  Catalpa.    464,  Seed  of  Willow.    465,  Seed  of  Cotton.  points,  as  in  the  OVules 

589.  The  seed  kernel  may  consist  of  two  parts,  the  embryo  and 
albumen,  or  of  the  embryo  only.  In  the  former  case  the  seeds  are 
albummous,  m  the  latter,  exalbuminous,  a  distinction  of  great  imDort- 
ance  m  systematic  botany.  *^ 

590.  The  albumen  is  a  starchy  or  farinaceous  substance  accora. 
l>anymg  the  embryo  and  serving  as  its  first  nourishment  in  germina- 
tion.  Its  qualities  are  wholesome  and  nutritious,  even  in  poisonous 
plants  Its  quantity  when  compared  with  the  embryo  varies  in  every 
possible  degree;  being  excessive  (Ranunculace*),  or  about  equal  (Vio- 
laceae),  or  scanty  (Oonvolvulaceae),  or  none  at  all  (Legurainosse)  In 
texture  it  is  mealy  in  wheat,  mucilaginous  in  mallows,  oily  in  Ricinus 
horny  m  coffee,  ruminated  in  nutmeg  and  pawpaw,  ivory-like  in  the 
ivory-palm  (Phytolephas),  fibrous  in  cocoa-nut,  where  it  is  also  hollow 
enclosing  the  milk.  * 

591.  The  embryo  is  an  organized  body,  the  rudiment  of  the  future 
plant,  consisting  of  root  (radicle),  stem-bud  { plumule),  and  leaves 
(cotyledons).  But  these  parts  are  sometimes  quite  undistinguishable 
until  germination,  as  in  the  Orchis  tribe. 

692  The  RADICLE  is  the  descending  part  of  the  embryo,  almost  at 
ways  directed  towards  the  micropyle,  the  true  axis  of  the  seed 

593.  The  plumule  is  the  rudimentary  ascending  axis,  the' terminal 
!>nd,  locai-ea  at  the  base  of,  or  between 

694.  The  cotyledons.     These,  the  seed-lobes,  are  the  bulky  fari 
naceous  part  of  the  embryo,  destined  to  form  the  first  or  seminal  leaves 


THE   SEED. 


119 


of  the  young  plant.  The  nutritive  matter  deposited  in  the  seed  for  the 
early  sustenance  of  the  germinating  embryo  is  found  more  abundant 
m  the  cotyledons  m  proportion  as  there  is  less  of  it  in  the  albumen  ~ 
often  wholly  in  the  albumen  (wheat),  again  all  absorbed  in  the  bulky 
cotyledons  (squash).  ^ 

595.  The  number  of  the  cotyledons  is  variable,  and  upon  this 
circumstance  is  founded  the  most  important  subdivision  of  the  Phjeno- 
gamia,  or  Flowering-plants. 

696.  The  monocotyledons  are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  one  coty- 
ledon, or  if  two  are  present,  one  is  minute  or  abortive.  Such  plants 
are  also  called  Endogem,  because  their  stems  grow  by  internal  accre- 
tions (§  716).  Such  are  the  grasses,  the  palms,  Liliacete,  whose  leaves 
are  mostly  constructed  with  parallel  veins. 

597.  The  dicotyledons  are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  two  cotyle- 
dons. These  are  also  called  Exogens,  because  their  stems  grow  by  ex- 
ternal accretions,  including  the  Bean  tribe.  Melon  tribe,  all  our  forest 
trees,  etc.  These  are  also  distinguished  at  a  glance  by  the  structure  of 
their  leaves,  which  are  net-veined  (§  258). 

598.  More  than  two  cotyledons.  The  Pine  and  Fir  have  seeds 
with  several  cotyledons,  while  the  dodder  is  almost  the  only  known 
example  of  an  embryo  with  no  cotyledon. 

*^  467  468  .«fl 


ifif  A  »'''"tyle'lonou8(Bean).  46T.  Monocotyledonors  (Wheat).   46S,  Polycotyle.lonoua  (Pine) 

;!t;itrHf;tTbumfnr"  " "' ""  ''''"'"""^-  ^'•'  '-•  '••  "<'"=•« = ^^  ^^  ^^  p'--'«  '<^. «. «. 

599.  The  position  or  the  embryo,  whether  with  or  without  albu- 
men, is  singularly  varied  and  interesting  to  study.  It  may  be  straight, 
as  m  cat-tail,  violet,  or  curved  in  various  degrees  (moon  seed,  pink),  or 
coiled  (hop),  or  rolled  (spice-bush),  or  hmt  angularly  (buckwheat)',  or 
folded  (Crucifera^).  In  the  last  case  two  modes  are  to  be  specially 
noticed.  1,  Incumbent,  when  the  oofvlodons  fold  over  so  as  to  bring 
ti.e  back  of  one  against  the  radicle  (shepherd's  purse)  ;  2,  accumhent, 
when  the  edges  touch  the  radicle  (Arabis). 


120 


OFFICE    OF   THE    8BED. 


600.  The  leafy  natuhe  of  the  cotyledons  is  oaen  diatiactly  manifest  in  their 
form  and  structure,  as  in  Convolvulus  (455). 

A  few  plants,  as  the  onion,  orange,  Conitera?,  occasionally  have  two  or  even  sev- 
eral embryos  in  a  seed,  while  all  tlie  Cryptogamia  or  flowerless  plants  have  no 
embryo  at  all,  nor  even  seeds,  but  arc  reproduced  from  spores,  bodies  analogous  to 
the  pollen  grains  of  flowering  plants  (469). 


OFFICE    OF    THE    SKED. 

601.  Its  nature  and  use.  After  tlic  embryo  has  reached  its 
wonted  growth  in  the  ripened  seed,  it  becomes  suddenly  inactive  and 
torpid,  yet  still  alive.  In  this  condition  it  is,  in  fact,  a  living  plant, 
safely  packed  and  sealed  up  for  transportation.  This  is  the  distinctive 
and  wonderful  nature  of  the  seed. 

602.  Longevity  op  the  seed.  This  suspended  vitality  of  the  seed  may  endure 
for  years,  or  even,  in  some  species,  for  ages.  Tiie  seeds  of  maize  and  lye  have 
been  known  to  grow  when  30  to  40  years  old;  kidney-beans  when  100;  the  rasp- 
berry after  1700  years  (Lindley),  and  kernels  of  wheat  found  in  a  mummy-case 
and  therefore  3000  years  old,  were  a  few  years  ago  successfully  cultivated  in  Ger- 
many and  England  (Schleiden).  Seeds  of  Mountain  Potentilla  (P.  tridentata)  were 
known  to  us  to  germinate  at  Meriden,  N.  H,  after  a  slumber  of  60  years.  On  the 
other  hand  the  seeds  of  some  species  are  short-lived,  retaining  vitality  hardly  a 
year  (Coflfee,  Magnolia).  ' 

603.  In  order  that  seeds  may  long  retain  their  vitality  they 
must  be  kept  dry.  But  an  even  temperature  is  by  no  means  neces- 
sary, as  they  are  generally  able  to  resist  all  the  changes  of  our  climate 
from  many  degrees  below  zero  to  110°  above,  provided  no  moisture 
is  present. 

604.  The  dispersion  of  seeds  over  wide,  and  often  to  distant  regions        f- 
fected  by  special  agencies,  in  which  the  highest  intelligence  and  wisdom  are  cle. 
seen.      Some  seeds  made  buoyant  by  means  of  the  coma,  or  pappus,  already  men- 
tioned, are  wafted  afar  by  the  winds,  beyond  rivers,  lakes  and  seas;  as  the  thistle 
dandehon,  silkgrass.  ' 

605.  Seeds  are  also  furnished  with  wings  for  the  same  purpose.  Others 
are  provided  with  hooks  or  barbs,  by  which  they  lay  hold  of  men  and  animals,  and 
are  thus,  by  unwilling  agents,  scattered  far  and  wide  (burr-aeed,  tick-seed) 

606  Other  SEED^  destitute  of  all  such  appendages,  are  thrown  to  a  distance  by 
the  sudden  coiling  of  the  elastic  carpels  (touch-me-not).     The  squirting  cucumber 

L'Z™  it  r^  ^'*"  ^^  ''''^P"°"'  ""'  ^*  '^'^^"^'  ^^'^  "P^.  bursts  an 

aperture  at  base  and  projects  the  mingled  seeds  and  water  with  amazing  force. 

transporting  seeds  from  country  to  country.     Thus  the  cocoa  and  the  cashew-nut 
and  the  seeds  of  mahogany  have  been  known  to  perform  long  vova^es  without  in 
jujy  to  their  vitahty     Squirrels  laying  up  their  winter  sto'.s TnTher^rth.  bi^" 
migrating  from  dime  to  clime,  and  from  island  to  island,  in  like  manner  eonsiire  to 
effect  the  gams  important  ead.  f  «  lu 


GERMINATION. 


121 


GERMINATION, 

608.  Definition.  The  recommencement  of  growth  in  the  seed  is 
called  germination.  It  is  the  awakening  of  the  embryo  from  its  tor- 
por,  and  the  beginning  of  development  in  its  parts  already  formed,  so 
as  to  become  a  plant  like  its  parent. 


471 

ra?wr!.°„'fv°"-i?!*Tt®'"''^"!!^    ^^'''^^'•'^^-^^'^'"".obowlns  the  foMod  cotyledons.     471   Tta 
rltrLvt?"4?:X"S^^^^^^  473.T.ec.„ed.„L.pa«,   ill;^. 

C09.  EXPEIUMENT.    All  the  stages  of  this  interesting  process  may  be  coaveui- 
en  y  observed,  at  any  season,  by  an  experiment.     Let  a  few  seeds,  as  of  flax 
cotton,  wheat,  pea,  be  enveloped  in  a  loc-k  of  cotton  resting  upon  water  in  a  buV 
glass,  and  kept  constantly  at  a  proper  temperature.     Or,  in  spring,  the  garden  soil 
will  give  lis  examples  of  all  kinds  everywhere.  g'Jiu^u  sou 

610  That  the  seed  mav  begin  to  grow,  or  germinate,  it  is  first 
planted,  or,  at  least,  placed  in  contact  with  warm,  moist  soil  Con- 
cerning the  proper  depth  of  the  planted  seed  agriculturalists  are  not 
agreed ;  but  nature  seems  to  indicate  that  no  covering  is  needed  beyond 
what  will  secure  the  requisite  moisture  and  shade. 

611.  The  process  commenced.  TIius  situated  the  integuments 
gradually  absorb  water,  soften  and  expand.  The  insoluble,  starchy 
matter  deposited  in  the  cotyledons,  or  in  the  albunaen,  or  in  both,  un^ 
derffoes  a  certain  chemica!  change,  becoming  sweet  and  soluble,  capable 
of  affording  nourishment  to  the  embryo  now  beginning  to  dilate  and 
develop  its  parts.  First  (in  the  winge  1  seed  of  the  maple,  scattered 
everywhere)  the  radicle  is  seen  pr^vtruding  from  the  micropyle,  or  the 


122 


OERMIKATIOV. 


bursting  integument.    A  section  of  this  seed  would  now  show  the  folded 
embryo  inipatient  of  confinement. 


479  478  477  476 

Germination  of  tlic  Maple.    475,  Samara;  section  showing  thn  folded  cotyledons  at  c. 

476—480,  Progressive  stages. 

612.  The  PROCESS  CONCLUDED.     Soon  the  radicle  has  extended,  and, 
pale  in  color,  has  hidden  itself  in  the  bosom  of  the  dark,  damp  earth. 
481  482  Now  the  cotyledons,  unfolding  and  grad- 

ually freed  from  the  seed  coats,  display 
themselves  at  length  as  a  pair  of  green 
leaves.  Lastly  the  plumule  appears  in 
open  air,  a  green  bud,  already  showing 
a  lengthening  base,  its  first  internode, 
and  soon  a  pair  of  regular  leaves,  lobed 
as  all  maple  leaves.  The  embryo  is 
now  an  embryo  no  longer,  but  a  grow- 
ing plant  descending  by  its  lower  axis, 
ascending  and  expanding  by  its  upper. 
613.  What  bkcomes  of  the  cotyledons. 
The  germiaatioa  of  the  tulip-tree,  oak,  pea, 
squash,  and  other  Dicotyledons  may  be  watched 
with  equal  advantage,  and  the  chief  difference 
observed  among  them  will  bo  in  the  disposal 
of  the  cotyledons.  In  general,  these  arise  with 
the  ascending  axis,  as  in  the  maple  and  bean, 
and  act  as  the  first  pair  of  loaves ;  but  some- 
times, when  they  are  very  thick,  as  in  the  pea, 

„      .     .       .  „,.    .         .,         ,    buck-eye.    oak  (6 — 9),  they  remain   as   first 
Germination  of  Wheat ;    o,  the  grain  ........         n       lo  i  V  o\       -.^t  i 

containing  the  cotyledon  ;  o,  plumule;  r,  P'^ced  With  the  collum  (§  118),  neither  ascend- 

radiole;  «,  rootlets  (adventitious).  ing  nor  descending. 


'JEUMIN'ATION. 


m 


488 


484 


014.  Thk  OERMiNAxrox  OF  MONOCOTYLEDONS,  as  secii  ill  India,,  corn 
wheat  tulip,  ,s  in  this  wise.  The  cotyledon  is  not  disengaged  from  the 
seed,  but  remains  stationary  with 
it.  The  radicle  (r)  protrudes 
slightly  and  one  or  more  rootlets 
(s)  break  out  from  it  and  descend. 
The  plumule  (r)  shoots,  at  first 
parallel  with  the  cotyledon  along 
the  face  of  the  seed,  but  soon  as- 
cends, pushing  out  leaf  from  with- 
in leaf. 

615.  The  conditions  requisite 
for  germination  are  moisture,  air, 
and  warmth. 

616.  Moisture  is  necessary  for 
softening  the  integuments,  dk- 
solving  the  nutritive  matter,  and 
facilitating  its  circulation.  This  is 
supplied  in  the  rain  and  dew. 

617.  Air,  or  rather  its  oxygen, 
is  required  for  the  conversion  of 
the  starch  into  sugar — a  process 
always  depending  upon  oxydation. 

The  oxygen  absorbed  unites  with  a  portion  of  the  carbon  of  the  starch 
producing  heat,  evolving  carbonic  acid,  and  thus  cor.verting  the  re- 
mainder into  grape  sugar,  soluble  and  nutritive. 

618.  Warmth  is  a  requisite  condition  of  all  vital  action,  as  well  in 
the  sproufmff  of  a  seed  as  in  the  hatckinc;  of  an  egg.  The  proper  de- 
gree of  temperature  for  our  own  climate  may  be  stated  at  60^^  to  80° 
Extremes  of  heat  and  of  cold  are  not,  however,  fatal  to  all  germination' 
In  one  of  the  Geysers  of  Iceland,  which  was  hot  enough  to  boil  an  eg<r 
m  four  mmutes,  a  species  of  Chara  was  found  in  a  growing  and  (vrntM 
state.  A  hot  spring  in  the  island  of  Luzon,  which  raises  the  thermo- 
meter to  187°,  has  plants  growing  in  it  and  on  its  borders.  Many 
species  of  plants  also  seem  well  adapted  to  growth  in  the  Arctic 
regions. 

Jtl  ^^^^^r  'l^"^°'""^i°  togermiaatian,  as  proved  by  experiment,  but  not 
an  mdi.peitea«lo  couuiuon.  iience,  wliQo  the  seed  should  be  covered  for  the  8afc« 
of  the  moisture  and  shade,  the  coveria^  should  be  very  thin  and  light,  for  the  sake 
of  a  free  access  to  air.  <y  h  ^^  »uo  sasa 


488,  484,  Germination  of  IniHan  Com. 


194 


THE    CTYPTOOAMIA    OR    FLOWBRLE88    PLANTS. 


49fl 


620.  The  cause  of  the  downward  tendency  of 
THE  ROOT  i3  u  theme  of  much  discuswioii.  Sotne  have 
referred  it  to  the  principle  of  gravitation ;  others  to  its 
supposed  aversion  to  liglit.  But  it  ia  a  simple  and  satis- 
factory explanation  that  its  growth  or  cell-development 
takes  place  most  readily  on  the  moist  side  of  its  growing 
point,  and  consequently  in  a  downward  direction,  so  long 
as  the  soil  in  contact  with  its  lower  surface  is  more  moist 
than  that  above.  Hence  also  the  well-known  tendency 
of  roots  toward  springs  and  water-courses. 


CHAPTER    XV. 

THE  CRYPTOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

621.  Distinction  of  parts.  In  the  lowest 
of  the  Cryptogamic  tribes  the  organs  of  v  >- 
tation  and  of  repioduction  are  the  same.  Each 
cell  in  the  structure  grows,  nourishes,  multiplies. 

48.%  ATn,eForn(of;hcisia„dH'^'^'"',  '"  *^"  ^^^'^  ^«  ^^^  a  gradual  specializa- 
ofJava),  40  feet  in  height,    tion  ot  Organs,  and  m  the  higher  tribes,  as  in 

Acin  Acia  Aaa  4.^7  Aoa 


499 


489 


A  Fern,  rolypodiuni 
viilgnre.  4S6.  Its  frond. 
487,  Lobo  of  tlie  frond  en- 
larged, showing  tlie  sori. 
4S8,  One  of  the  sori  (ning- 
nifled)  consisting  df  niiiny 
sporangi.  4S9,  One  spor- 
ange  (further  inngnified) 
bursting  and  disehnigiiiL' 
the  spores.  490,  A  bporc . 
491,  Spores  beginning  to 
germinate;  and  492.  40:i. 
producing  llie  protlmlbtx 
with  rootlets.  At  <i  Ap- 
pear tlio  iivtheridia  and 
at  &  the  nreliegones  on  flic 
Bnrface  of  the  prothallus. 
494,  Antiieridium.  495, 
One  of  its  cells.  496.  The 
same  bur.«!t ;  and  497,  the 
spennatozoid  escaped. 
These  float  about,  and 
somo  of  them  at  length 
enter.  49S,  the  archegone. 
fertilizinc,  and  at  Ipnath 
prodncinsr.  499.  the  ymmg 
Fern  .500.  Poms  of  As- 
pidiiimmnririnalp.  covered 
with  the  indvmvm.  601. 
Same,  side  view. 


THE    CRVPTOOAMIA    O.I    PLOWEaLESS    PLANrg.  125- 

the  PhaenogHtnia,  o,.e  portion  k  devoted  to  the  preservation  of  the  in- 
divdHal,  the  other  to  the  preservation  of  the  species;  in  other  words, 
th^e  organs  of  vegetat.on  and  of  reproduction  become  separate  and  d.s- 

622  DmiNot-rsuED  fuom  Ph^nooamia.  But  the  reproductive  or- 
gans, although  d..tmct  from  the  nutritive,  are  never  seen  combined  into 
fl.we.8,  nor  producing  seeds  marked  by  the  presence  o:  nn  embryo. 
1  c..ce  m  the  scale  of  rank  the  cryptogams  are  inferior  to  the  flowering 
plants  and  easily  distinguished  from  them. 

623.  Vegetative  organs. 
Again  in  the  lower  tiibes, 
viz.,  the  seaweeds,  Fungi  and 
Lichens,  there  is  no  distinc- 
tion of  root,  stem  and  leaves  ; 
but  the  entire  plant  grows 
into  an  expansion  of  substance 
more  or  less  uniform  and  in- 
definite, called  a  thallus.  But 
the  higher  Hepaticaj,  mosses, 

c!ubMuosses,Equi8etaceae,  ferns 

anil  marsi leads.  dossps<»  Rfnmo        ««„  t.    ■  ^"^ 

^u*',  possess  stems,  502,  Equisetum  arvense.    608,  E.  sylvaticum     M4 

roots    and    leaves    like    the     8-tion  of  the  Bpike.   6o.^  a  sportge    ^ri' ap^e 
Phsenogamia.  with  its  eiatora  coiiod.  *^      ^-   °"»-A«P">-<' 

624.  Classes.  The  tribe  last 
mentioned  are  embraced  in  the  class 
Acrogens,  so  named  by  Lindley  from 
their  manner  of  growth  (uKpov,  point 
or  summit),  lengthening  into  an  axis. 
The  remaining  three  tribes  first 
named  above  constitute  the  lowest 
class  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  called 
Thallogens,  and  named  from  their 
manner  of  growth. 

625.  The  stems  of  the  marsi- 
leads  and  ferns  are  mostly  rhizomes, 
but  in  tropical  countries  some  species 
of  the  latter  arise  on  firm  serial 
trunks  like  palms.  The  club  mosses 
.,avc  slender,  woody  stems  much  in- 
clined to  bifurcate.  Those  of  the 
Equisetaceae,  Characeae  arc  jointed, 


5"',  Lycopodiiun  dendroidenm.  .10$,  A 
siuglo  spike.  509,  ii  scale  with  its  sporange 
bursting     610,  Spores. 


126 


THE    CRYPTOOAMIA    OR   FLOWKRLESS    PLANTS. 


Sll,  Cbara  foetida.  613, 
Portion  of  a  branch  ;  the 
two  rejiroductivo  organs- 
<r,  Globule;  b,  nucule. 


520 


614 


619 


bearing  slender,  "whorlcd,  leafless  brandies.  The 
mosses  and  Hepatica)  have  filiform  stems  and 
branches,  erect  and  creeping.  Fern  leaves  and 
mushrooms  arise  on  stipes. 

626.  Leaves.  The  ferns  are  characterized  by 
their  great  development  of  leaves  called  fronds. 
They  are  rarely  simple,  often  pinnatifid,  or  pin- 
nate, simply,  doubly  or  triply.  Their  venation  is 
fork- veined  and  their  vernation  circinate.  The 
leaves  of  the  mosses  and  Hepaticaj  are  veinless 
and  delicate,  mostly  ovate  and  entire,  numerously 
covering  the  axis.  Those  of  the  latter  are  often 
garnished  with  stipule-like  processes  called  am- 
phigastria. 

627.  Thallus.  The  vegetative  system  of  the  Thallogens  consists 
either  of  delicate  filaments  or  of  flattened  membranes,  varying  in  color 
through  every  shade  and  hue.  In  Marchantia,  lichens,  and  seaweeds  it 
is  green,  olive  or  red,  and  called 
thallus.  It  may  resemble  a  leaf 
or  a  stem,  but  its  functions  are 
still  the  same.  In  size  it  varies 
from  the  microscopic  Confervae 
to  the  gigantic  seawrack,  a  fur- 
long in  length.  Its  structure  is 
purely  cellular  and  uniform,  or, 
as  in  Marchantia,  in  layers. 

628.  Mycelium  or  spawn  is 
the  vegetative  system  of  the 
Fungi,  distinguished  from  thalli 
by  its  want  of  coloring  matter 
in  its  cells.  It  consists  of 
meshes  of  white  or  colorless 
filaments,  branching  and  anas- 
tamosing  to  form  entangled 
masses  pervading  the  substance 
in  which  the  Fungus  grows.  It 
is  far  less  conspicuous  than  tho  fructification  (toad-stool,  etc.)  which 
ultimately  arises  from  it. 

629.  The  reproductive  groans  of  the  Cryptogamia  are  the  anthe- 
ridia  and  archegonia ;  arid  by  their  reaetion  spores  in  various  spore- 
vessels  are  produced.  They  have  been  do'^oted  in  nearly  all  the  cryp- 
togamic  tribes,  and  are  supposed  to  represent  the  stamens  and  pistils 


618       622       617       616  518 

Mosses.  618,  Polytrichiuin.  614,  Sporange  with 
calyptra,  without  oalyptro.  515,  Spornnge  (en- 
larged) with  tho  operculum  at  top.  516,  Mniuin, 
517,  Spcrange.  618,  Bnrtratnla.  519,  Sporange 
with  calyptra.  620,  Sfiiiio  mature,  open.  621,  Pc- 
ristotno.  with  Its  touth.  622,  Antheridium  and 
panii)hys('8  (a  flower)  of  I'olyti  ichiuni. 


THE    CRYPTOOAMIA    OB    FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 


127 


HcpaticsB.    623,  Marchantia,  sterile  plant.    624-5,  Fertile  plant      B9fi   v    *•     ,        ., 
the  fertil.recept.c)c  ;  527,  of  a  perianth,  showing  the  sporange  burst  n-     52S  On         TT.  *' 
wuh  four  spores.    629,  Portion  of  it  highly  magnified.  °"'-st'n„.    523,  One  of  the  clatora 

of  tlie  flowering  pUnts.     In  the  mosses,  liver-  "**  '^ 

worts,  etc.,  they  appear  only  on  the  full-grown  *""*'' 
plant;  in  the  ferns,  Equisetace*,  etc.,  th*y  ap- 
pear only  on  the  prothallus,  the  earliest  growth 
of  the  spore,  and  here  the  archcgone  gives  birth 
to  an  embryo,  whence  at  length  the  true  fern 
arises,  while  the  prothallus  dies  away. 

630.    Spores.      These 
arc  the  true  reproductive 
germinating  bodies  of  the 
Cryptogams.     They   con- 
sist each  of  a  single  cell, 
often  exceedingly  minute, 
and  produced  in  immense 
numbers.     The    cell -wall 
of  the  spore  may  bo  sim- 
ple (Hotrytis)  or  double, 
as  if  a  cell  within  a  cell 
(forus).     But   the    spores 

are        often         anoaronflvf  ^T*^'"    ^'^l\  ^^""""^  <^f """■»•"")  '■'  vaWons  stages:    e, 
^    viiui         appaiently  tearing  open  the  volva;  ft,  annulus.  the  remains  of  the  veil 

(loub.e  or  2-celled   (lich- <*^:  "•  p"«"»;  "- "'yceiiimi.   538,  Portion  oftho  giiis  539 

ens),   or   4-celled.    or  6    8   """''""  »"''/P''J««  ^"ni  the  san^o  (.na^^n.  400  rtlam.).'  HO, 
/,  c  icu,    or  b,  a,  Cyathns;  541.  Section.    642,  One  of  the  conceptacles     648 

0!    many-celled.       These  ^''"''=""""  (""''i«n  W4,Mucori  a,  myceiiiun.      ' 
cx).ni>o,md  spores  are  in  fact  spore-vessels  inclosin.  «.vcr.l  .pore,  vet 

;  :tr'  ^'i  i'^'  ^^^-''-^  ^^  *^««^-«^---  ^^  «p--  <> ':;^i^ 

••^•^o.terMndosed  in  stilllarger  cells  called  the  sac. 

6'n    ExnosPORES  and  exospobes.     Spores  are  developed  either  in 
the  mtenor  of  the  parent  cell  or  on  the  outside  of  it,  and  hence  the  di- 


640 


128 


THE    CRVPTOQAMIA    OR    FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 


6  to 


549 


T)")! 


64-)         &ir 

S.'ftweeds  (.Vlgiu).  515,  Vaucheria  forming  an<l  dischaivriivr  its 
^;)lll•es  (fl)  at  the  extremities.  646,  Fucus;  <t,  air-vessel;  h.  fruit, 
ii  mass  of  conceptttcles.  54T,  Transverse  section  of  a  concpptacle. 
548,  A  spore  with  paraphyses,  649,  Hydrogiistriim,  consisting  of  a 
single  cell.  550,  Spirogyrae  (Frogspittle)  one  of  tlie  Confervse;  a, 
two  threads  (thalli)  conjugated,  i.  e.,  united  by  tubes. 

such  sporifcrous  tissues  existing  in 
spots  of  definite  form,  constitute  the 
apothecia  when  flat,  receptacles  v/hen 
concave,  and  conceptacles  when  hol- 
low. 

632.  The  thec^  or  sporangia  of 
ferns  and  mosses  consist  of  tissues 
rather  than  of  single  cells,  and  contain 


division  of  the  Cryp- 
t.>j;unis  into  t'ae  En- 
dospores  and  the 
Exospores.  In  the 
latter  case  the  pa- 
rent-c  ,'lls  are  called 
batsidia,  and  many 
such  united,  as  in 
the  lichens  and 
mushrooms,  form  a 
tissue  called  hyme- 
nium.      In    lichens 


551,  Frustules  of  a  DIatomaceous  Alg.! 
(Diatoma  tnarinum)  separating  from  each 
other. 


Lichens,  530,  Cladonia ;  the  minute  thallus  at  the  base  of  the  podetla,  cup-like  above,  bearing 
scarlet  conceptacles.  6.31,  Usnea.  532,  Sticta.  5.38,  Parmella.  584,  Kecoptacle,  vertical  sec- 
lion.    635,  A  portion  (highly  magnified)  with  tliecae  and  paraphases.    &36,  A  spore  (double). 

numerous  spores.  In  ferns  they  grow  on  the  back  of  the  fronds  in 
little  clusters  called  sori  When  mature,  the  sponinge  is  torn  open  by 
the  contraction  of  an  elastic  ring  which  surrounds  it.  In  the  mosses 
the  sporatige  is  stalked,  solitary,  terminal,  and  opens  by  a  definite  num- 
ber of  teeth  called  the  peristome. 

633,  ZoospoRKS  AND  sPERMATOzoiDS  are  minute  hodies  endowed  with 
spontaneous  locomotion  in  water  by  means  of  ibratile  ciiiae.  Zoospores 
of  ovate  form  proceed  from  the  vegetative  colls  of  the  Alg.-c,  switii 
about  for  a  time,  then  setde  down  and  grow  into  new  plants.  Spcrnin- 
tozoiils  are  mostly  filiform  bodies  with  several  cilise,  discharged  from  the 


THB   CRYPTOOAMIA   OR   FLOWERLE8S   PLANTS.  129 

antheridia  (as  pollen  ?)  and  actively  floating  until  they  reach  the  afche- 
gones,  or  perish. 

634.  Altebkatb  generation  is  a  phenomenon  distinctly  tn«5ed  in  many  of  the 
crjrptogama.  Thus  the  mosses,  in  germinatmg,  first  produce  long,  greenu^h  flla! 
meats  quite  analogous  to  the  Confervas  (frog's-spawn).  Prom  thesefat  length  bud, 
arise  and  grow  mto  a  true  moss.  Ferns,  also,  and  Equisetace»,  fi^t  from  the'  Z^ 
exist  m  the  form  of  a  hverworf^a  small  green  thallus,  creeping  and  rootin.  E 
the  ground.  Secondly,  upon  this  prothaUus  reproductive  organ's  are  dXed  and 
an  embryo,  whence  a  true  fern  arises.  Thus  the  plant  is  t^nsiently.  as  t  were  a 
Lverwort,  permanently,  a  fern.    (§21—23.)  ^'  '  * 

635.  OiHKK  MODES  OP  PROPAGATION  occuf  in  these  plants,  as.  for  exa«.nl«  h„ 
innovatu,ns,  spomUs,  g<»tidm.    These  bodies  are  analogous  to  bulbs  and^Sblefa 
m  the  flowenng  plants,  originating  from  the  nutritive  organs,  and  capable  of  ^pa 
ratmg  from  the  parent  and  growing  up  independent  plants.  ^ 


,..«,,  ^  ^  656  866  56T 

S52,  Zoospore  of  one  of  the  Conferva.  (Ohaetophora).  658,  Phytozoon  of  Chara.  664  Anthe- 
An^r  "Il!:r'  ««"Jf  "« tw«  phytozoa.  655,  Zoiispore  of  Conferva  with  a  tSft  of^»  SS 
Another  8p«:lea  with  but  two  clU«.    567  Zoospore  of  Vaucheri.  with  cill.  all  arouni 


PART     SECOND. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL     BOTANT. 


■  »  ♦  «  ■ 


CHAPTER    I. 


OF     THE     VEGETABLE    CELL. 


636.  Revelations  of  the  microscope.  "We  have  now  completed  a  brief  sur- 
vey of  the  phenomena  of  visible  vegetation.  We  commenced  with  the  root  and 
now  the  consideration  of  the  seed  with  its  embryo  completes  the  circle  and  bricga 
us  around  to  the  root  again.  "We  have  studied  hitherto  superficially,  as  best  we 
were  able  by  the  unassisted  eye.  But  the  microscope  opens  to  us  a  new  world  in 
botany,  more  wonderful  and  fair,  if  possible,  than  that  which  we  have  already  sur- 
veyed. No  just  appreciation  of  microscopic  botany  can  be  obtained  from  drawings 
or  descriptions.     H    e  the  microscope  itself  is  the  only  adequate  teaclier. 

637.  Next  inquiries.  We  have  seen  and  studied  the  general  organs  of  vegeta- 
tion and  their  metamorphoses ;  but  of  what  are  these  organs  made  ?  What  their 
structure  within  f  What  their  office  and  use  in  the  hfe  and  growth  of  the  plant  ? 
These  inquiries  must  next  bo  answered. 

638.  Structure  op  plants  cellular.  All  forms  of  vegetable  structure,  how- 
ever numerous  and  diverse,  are  aliko  composed  of  little  bladders,  called  vescicles  or 
cells.  We  can  often  discern  the  cells  in  some  structures  with  the  naked  eye,  as  in 
the  pith  of  elder,  pulp  of  snowberry,  and  especially  plain  in  the  pulp  of  orange. 
Other  structures,  which  appear  as  a  solid  mass  to  the  eye,  are  seen  at  once,  under 
the  lens,  to  consist  of  cells  also — oven  the  most  solid  wood  or  the  stony  substance 
of  the  peach.  A  thin  cutting  (sliaving)  from  the  rhizome  of  the  blood-root,  ma<?ni- 
fied  100  diameters,  appears  in  outline  (to  say  nothing  of  its  brilliant  coloring)  as  hero 
sketched  (557).    Therefore 

639.  The  cell  ik  the  elementary  orjifanism  which  by  its  repetitions 
makes  up  the  mass  of  all  vee^etation.  It  is  defined  as  a  closed  sac  cotn- 
posed  of  memhrnne  containing  a  fluid. 

640.  The  primary  form  of  the  cell  is  spheroidal.  Tn  some  cases 
it  retains  this  form  during  its  existence,  but  generally,  in  growing,  it 
takes  new  and  various  forms,  which,  on  account  of  the  two  causes  which 
control  thorn,  ma}-  be  classed  as  inkererd  and  casual. 

641.  The  inherent  forms  of  the  cell,  or  those  which  depend 
upon  its  own  laws  of  growth,  may  be  referred  to  three  general  types  ; 


OF   THB    VEOETABLl!    0«LL.  j., 

(1)  ^Kmidol,  like  poller,  grains,  the  red  snow-pUnt,  the  cells  of  l™f 
.ssue^  etc,  varying  to  oblong,  „r  l„bed,  or  stellai  ;  (2)  »L   1 

642.  The  casual  forms 
result  from  external  pres- 
sure, as  of  cells  crowding 
against  cells,  in  stems  or 
pith.     In  this  way  spher- 
oidal cells  may  become  cu- 
bical,    8-sided,     12-sided, 
etc  ;  tubiform   cells   pris- 
matic, and  tabular  cells  4- 
angled,  hexagonal,  etc.,  in 
outline  according   to    th? 
original  pattern. 

643.  In  maoxitudb  the  plant 
cell  varies  from -j-^^  to  5 J^  of 
an  inch  in  diameter;  the  more 
common  size  is  about  5^  ^  inch. 
The  cells  of  elder  pith  measure 
'*^«"*  2 -Off  int^'i:  those  of  pa- 

a  Z'  7r'r'''  °^*^'  "'^  ''"  '"""^'^  "^  '^^  '«y«^«  •'  tl»e  outer  one 
a  firm  colorless  membrane,  made  oUellulo^e^  the  inner  a  plastic,  gelat- 
inous layer  apphed  to  the  outer,  and  chiefly  concerned  in  ceIl-1  ff  and 
multiplication.     This  is  called  the  primordial  utricle 
646.  It  18  BEST  SEE^.  when  treated  with  a  weak  solution  of  nitric 

To^t  rre'cir'^^'"'     ''  ^'"^  '^''--  -'-^^'  -"--'  -'  ^- 
647    The  cEtL  ^.ALL  is  easily  permeated  by  fluids  flowing  in  and 
out    It  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  porous;  although  it  appears 
perfectly  entire  even  under  the  highest  magnifier. 

648.  A  SECONDARY  LAYER  is  subscqueiiUy  added  to  the  outer  layer, 
between  it  and  the  primordial  utricle,  as  if  to  strengthen  it.  This  new 
iayer  ,s  seldom  entire,  but  perforated  and  cleft  in  a  o-roaf.  vnrief..  o^ 
patterns,  leaving  certain  points  or  parts  of  the  celf-wall  still  bare 
r^nd  chscernible  by  their  transparency.     Hence  tbe  following  varieties 


657  Section  of  the  rhizome  of  Blood-root,    a,  a.  A  bundk 
of  wood-cells.    The  shaded  cells  conjtaf  n  the  color 


132 


OP   THE    VEGBrABLE    CELL. 


649.  Wood  cells,  which  are  finally  filled  up  by  the  repetitions  of 
the  secondary  layers,  leaving  only  minute  points  of  the  original  cell-wall 
bare  and  transparent. 

»8 


^^  669  5C1 

Forms  of  cells.    660,  Wood-cells.    661,  Cellular  tissue  of  a  rootlet,  etc. 

660.  Pitted  cells,  a  variety  where  larger  transparent  points  appear 
surrounded  by  2  or  3  rings  (pine  and  the  Conifers  in  general). 

661.  Spiral  cells,  where  the  secondary  layer  consists  of  spiral  fibers 
or  bands.  There  may  be  a  single  fiber,  or  several  (2  to  20)  united 
mto  a  band.     It  is  usually  elastic  and  may  be  drawn  out  and  uncoiled 


662  563  ggg 

662  Polyhedral  cells  of  parenchyma  in  pith  of  Elder.     663,  Stellate  cells  in  pith  of  Rush. 

JS'pMel  '         "  """'""'''•    ^^'  Wood-cells  and  ducts  of  Oak.    664.  Wood-cells  of 

These  beautiful  cells  may  be  well  seen  in  a  shoot  of  elder,  in  the  petiole 
of  rhubarb.  Geranium,  strawberry.  In  the  two  latter,  if  gently  pulled 
asunder,  the  coiled  fibers  appear  to  the  naked  eye. 

652.  Annular  cells,  when  there  arc  numerous  rings  within,  instead 
of  a  spiral  coil,  as  in  the  stems  of  balsam  and  some  Cryptogamia. 

653.  ScALARiFORM  CELLS,  wheu  the  rings  seem  conjoined  by  bars 
crossing  between  them,  giving  an  appearance  compared  to  a  ladder 
{sca.a^^  as  in  the  vine  and  ferns.  Porous  cells  with  the  secondary 
layers  full  of  perforations,  reticulaki  cells,  as  if  a  network;  and  many 
other  forms. 


OF    THE    VSQETABLE    CKLL. 


133 


654.  Cellulose,  the  material  of  which  the  outer  cell-walls  and  other 
secondary  layers  are  made,  is  proved  by  a  chemical  analysis  to  consist 
of  three  simple  elements,  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  in  the  proportions 
of  C84  Hjo  Ojo, — carbon  and  the  exact  elements  of  water.  In  the 
material  of  the  primordial  utricle  nitrogen  is  added.  Out  of  these 
four  simple  elements  (Oil ON)  with  slight  additions  of  lime,  silex, 
and  a  few  other  earthy  matters,  God  is  able  to  produce  all  the'count^ 
less  varieties  of  plants  which  clothe  and  beautify  the  earth. 

655.  Contents  of  the  cell.  Some  cells  contain  air  only.  Others 
are  filled  with  solid  matter ;  but  the  greater  part  contain  both  ilnids 
and  solids.  There  is  the  cytohlast,  a  globular  atom,  earnest  of  new 
cells;  and  protoplasm,  the  nourishing  semi-fluid,  both  of  the  same 
material  as  the  primordial  utricle,  and  with  it,  and  the  fluid  cell-sap, 
ever  flowing,  acting,  combining,  transforming,  and  producing  either  new 
cells  or  products  like  the  following. 

656.  The  colobing  matter,  which  gives  to  fruits  and  flowers  their  bright  and 
varying  tints  of  yellow,  red,  and  blue,  is  generally  dissolved  in  the  cell-sap  which 
is  otherwise  colorless;  but 

^^^  677  676  675  674     573    672  67i 


^^"^  563  669  BT» 

\^S]:^^^tiltir^^"^^r"''}'TJ'  «'>"'^'»?th«  "'"='•-»;   &.ofthe  parenchyma  or  tho 
.'  m  r  1 M  ;,tHcl!  so^  the  gran,,  es  of  chlorophylle.    568.  Coll  of  a  Cactus,  soaked  Ib  Alcohol,  the 
Sk   Tt^  I  ,1    '/r     T       V?'^  569,  Coll  or  plourenchymaof  Pine,  dotte.l.    570, 

57J  T  .n  f  T  "'  *•""'  ''"'' :    «•  •'"'  «°°"  '"  f^«"t ;    6,  a  si.lo  view  of  the  same 

57  ,    rachenchyma,a  spiral  cell  from  the  sporange  of  Equisetnm.    572.   Spiral  vessel  of  ufe 

SleGouri  ^    ^-  '"'  ^''''''  apparently  branched.    677,  Branching  spirals  in 

657.  Chlorophylle,  the  green  coloring  matter  of  leaves,  consists  of 
green  corpuscles  floating  in  the  colorless  sap  or  attached  to  the  color- 
ess  wall.     In  the  indigo  plant  these  corpuscles  are  blue  and  constitute 
that  poisonous  drug. 


134 


THE   TISSUES. 


658.  The  stabch  of  the  plant  also  originates  here,  in  the  form  of 
little  striated  granules  of  the  same  composition  as  cellulose  (0^  U 
On).     Some  20  such  granules  appear  in  the  same  cell,  either  loosely 
or  compactly  filling  it.     Starch  is  nutritive  matter,  sealed   up  for  pre- 
servation and  future  use. 

&7»  &88  584  665  mo 


680  581  88jj 

JfT''^^  f ""!;  '^l\^f'  '"^  ^'^''^'^  containing  starcb  grains.  680,  Starch  grnlns  from  the 
potato  ;  581,  from  the  E^Indlan  Arrow-root.  582,  Baphides,  acicular  crystars.  in  a  ceil  of  Poly- 
anti,e»  t«bero8a.  688,  Crystafe  in  a  ceH  of  Cactus,  584,  Cells  fi-on*  the  pnlp  of  Poar,  coated  in- 
tornally  ;  a  long.tudi.wl  sectioft;  685,  Transverse  section.  588.  Starch  granules  fr..n.  W.  Indian 
Arrow-root. 

059.  Gu.u,  8P»AR,  SALTS,  aci(fe,  alkalies,  poisons,  medicines,  wlmtever  is  pecu- 
liar m  the  properties  of  each  vegetable  substance,  may  also  be  held  in  solution  in 
the  cell-sap  and  invisible,  unless  forming 

660.  RAPinnES.  little- bundles  ofcrystafe,  acicular  or  of  some  other  form,  seen  in 
the  cells  of  rhubarb,  Cactus,  Hyacinth. 

661.  Tub  DEVEtOPsrENT  or  new  cells  m  the  plant  is  the  process  of  its  growth. 
This  19  accomplisiied  within  the  pre-e.visting  cells  and  by  »he  agency  of  their  con- 
tents. The  primordial  utricte-  dividfes  itself  into  two  or  more  utricles,  by  septa 
growing  from  its  sicJes  until  they  meet.  These  then  acquire  the  cellulose  layer  out- 
side, the  cytoblast  inside,  at  the  expense  of  the  old  cell,  whicii  shortly  gives  place 
to  its  new  progeny.  Thuacelb  multiply,  and  by  millioos  on  millioDS  build  up  the 
firi>ric  of  the  plant.. 


►r  ♦  »i 


CHAPTER    II. 


THE  TISSUES, 

662.  ONE-eELLED  PLANTS.  The  cell,  as  heretofore  described,  is  en- 
dowed with  a  life  within  itself.  It  can  imbibe  fluids,  nourish  itself,  and 
reproduce  others  like  itself.  It  may,  therefore,  and  actually  does  in 
some  cases,  exist  alone  as  a  plant !  Many  species  of  the  Confervoids 
and  Diatomes  are  plants  consistinff  of  a  single  ceH—tbe  simplest  po.-^f  i- 
ble  form  of  vegetation. 

oob.  Plants  many-celled.  With  a  few  such  exceptions,  vegetation 
consists  of  a  combination  of  ceHs  united  in  a  definite  manner  and  form. 


THE   TISSUES. 


135 


Such  combinations  are  called  tissues,  which  we  may  describe  under  four 
general  names  or  types : 

I.  Cellular  tissue  (Parenchyma)  : 
II.  Fibrous  tissue  (Pleueenchyma)  : 

III.  Vascular  tissue  (Trachenchyma)  : 

IV.  Laticiferous  tissue  (Cienchyma). 

664.  Parenchyma,  composed  of  spheroidal  cells,  is  the  most  com. 
mon  form  of  tissue,  no  plant  being  without  it,  and  many,  especially  of 
the  lower  orders,  being  entirely  composed  of  it.  Nmnerous  varieties 
occur  according  to  the  forms  of  the  cells  and  their  closeness  of  contact, 
mtermediate  between  the  following  extremes,  1,  when  there  are  copious 
intercellular  spaces,  the  cells  slightly  touching,  and  being  (a)  rounded, 
or  (6)  lobed,  or  (c)  stellate  ;  2,  when  the  cells  are  crowded,  leaving  no 
intercellular  space  and  being  (d)  prismatic,  or  (e)  polyhedral,  or  (/)  ir- 
regular. 

665.  Examples  of  these  tissues  are  found  (a)  ia  the  pulp  of  fruits,  in  newly-formed 
p.th,  and  in  all  young  growths;  (b)  in  the  lower  stratum  of  leaf-tissue  ;  (c)  in  the 
pith  of  rushes  and  other  aquatic  plants;  (d)  in  the  herbaceous  stems  of  Monocoty- 
lecions;  (e)  everywhere,  but  weU  observed  in  full-formed  pith:  (/)  abundant  in  all 
the  soO,  fleshy  parts  of  plants. 

666.  Pleurenchyma  is  composed  of  elongated  cells  cohering  by  their 
sides  m  such  a  way  that  end  overreaches  end,  forming  a  continuous^ire. 
Two  varieties  are  noticed  (a)  loood- 
fibre,  with  cells  of  moderate  length, 
remarkable  for  its  firmness,  the 
main  constituent  of  the  stems  and 
trunks  of  the  higher  plants;  (6) 
liber,  with  very  long  attenuated 
cells,  the  substance  of  the  inner 
layers  of  bark,  remarkable  for  its 
tenacity,  especially  in  flax,  hemp, 
linden. 

667.  The  pitted  cells  (§  650) 
constitute  a  singular  variety  of 
wood-fiber,  common  in  pines,  firs, 

etc.     That  mysterious  double  ring  

which  encircles  each   pit,  is  »)ro- '*^'*'^*'"^"'""""''^''"°"  <'^'^''"J''(K«' Ccdw). 

,  .  ,        ,  "  "•  MeduUaiy  rays. 

jiicted,  the  inner  by  the  pit  itself, 

which  is  an  aperture  in  the  secondary  layer,  the  outer  by  a  lens-shaped 

Hitercellular  cavity  right  opposite  outside.     l5lr\\, 

6G8.  Trachenchyma  is  a  tissue  oi  vessehov  tubes  rather  than  cells 
llje  vessels  are  extended  lengthwise,  and  composed  each  of  a  row  of 
cells  joined  end  to  end,  and  fused  into  one  by  the  absorption  of  the 


136 


THB   TISSUES. 


contiguous  walls.  This  tissue  varies  according  to  the  character  of  the 
constituent  cells,  which  are  (a)  spiral,  or  (6)  annular,  or  (c)  sclariforin, 
or  (d)  reticulated. 

669.  Sucli  cells,  with  their  tapering  ends,  form  vessels  with  oblique  joints.  When 
porous  cells  (653)  with  their  truncated  ends  unite  they  form  right-jointed  vessels  re- 
sembling strings  of  beads,  called  doUed  or  vascular  duct^.  These  uro  usually  quite 
large,  and  characteristic  of  the  woody  layers  of  all  exogenous  plants.    (470.) 

670,  The  different  vauveties  op  tuachenchyma  are  assigned  to  different  re- 
gions and  offices,  (o)  to  the  earliest  formed  part  of  the  wood,  the  petioles  and  veins 
of  leaves,  petals  of  flowers,  etc. ;  (6)  to  similar  parts,  but  later  formed,  most  abundant 

580  in  ferns  and  Equisetaceaj ;    (c)  in  the  woody 

bundles  of  the  Endogens  and  in  the  succu- 
lent parts  of  plants  in  general;  (d)  most 
abundant  m  ferns,  club-mosses. 

671.  CiENCHYMA  is  a  system  of 
milk-vessels — vessels  secreting  the  latex 
or  peculiar  juice  of  the  plant,  white, 
yellow,  red,  turbid,  containing  opium, 
gamboge,  caoutchouc,  resin,  etc.  It 
occurs  in  the  petioles  and  veins  ;  in  the 
parenchyma  of  roots,  in  the  liber  es- 
pecially; sometimes  simple,  generally 
branched  and  netted  in  a  complicated 
manner,  as  well  seen  in  the  poppy,  ce- 
Vpsseis  of  cienchyma  ;  5S0,  from  Dan-     laudinc,  blood-root,   gum-elastic   tree, 

delion;  681,  from  tlio  Celandine.  f.^^ 

672.  Their  nature.  These  vessels  are  probably  mere  open  spaces  between  the 
cells  at  first,  subsequently  acquiring  a  lining  membrane  which  never  exhibits  pores 
or  spiral  markings.     But  there  are  also  true 

673.  Intercellular  passages  filled  with  air  and  admitting  its  free 
circulation  in  all  directions  through  the  parenchyma.  These  are  neces- 
.sarily  very  irregular,  and  they  communicate  with  the  external  air  through 
the  stomata.     (§  678,) 

674.  Import  of  the  cell.  Thus  the  cell  appears  to  bo  the  type  ot 
every  form  of  tissue,  the  material  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  built, 
and  the  laboratory  where  the  work  is  performed. 

675.  Elrvation  in  rank  is  marked  by  the  increasing  complication  of  the  tis- 
sues. The  basis  of  the  structure  of  all  plants  is  parenchyma.  In  the  lowest  tribes 
no  other  tissue  is  ever  added,  this  alone  performing  all  the  functions.  Hit,'hor  in  the 
scale,  as  in  mosses,  a  few  central  bundles  of  wood  tissue  are  added,  as  if  to  strengthen 
the  stem.  Still  higher,  as  in  ferns,  etc.,  we  begin  to  find  vessels  (trachenchyma)  of 
the  simpler  sort,  for  the  freer  circulation  of  the  fluids,  together  with  the  strengthening 
pleurenchyma.  Lastly,  in  the  highest  plants.  Phsenogamia,  the  true  spiral  vessels 
appear,  ailed  with  air,  cienchyma  with  secretions,  and  aU  the  tissues  in  their  appro- 
priate functions. 


531 


THK    KPIDEBMAL   SYSTEM. 


13V 


CHAPTER    in. 

THE   EPIDERMAL   SYSTEM 
Includes  the  external  covering  of  all  Kn-K 

higher  than  mosses,  and  all  parts  s,voT;T      •,    '"?'"  ''"  ?'""*' 
rootlete.     I.,  office  is  to  ciX:yZl^Z  '"''  "^  ^''S""  "»<' 


6S4 

.es.  a„.      ,er  .he  „i„«e„p,  ^Zl  ^'itScZ    "  "  '™*™''  »'°- 

078    Stomata.     The  epidermis  does  not  entirely  exclude  .1,.  .■ 
honcath  it  from  the  external  air  h„t  ;.     l  »  i,    ^  exclude  the  tissues 
ciiinks  called  s,o,na,a  (^u'  E^hV  "f  ""'"  '"^  "'t'" 

-ifor™  eelK  of  such  ^mrll.  ^o  ^rSJZX^':  '"'"  "' 
a  moist  atmosphere  and  close  in  a  dry  ''"'""^'<"'<')  «»  ">  "Pen  in 

-^'wi.hr,i:.,rif:.'_*r-t~-»'7^.p'-^--ndeo™„™^^ 

P^*  »p™ed  .„  .„e  ai;:.Sab°„Ma„?:;  i:  ."^^  S^,"  ^^^r  '"''"'S  °' 
n"ml«ra  are  immense.  On  the  leaf  of  garden  rhuLb  6  L  "~  f .  "">'' 
"Pa«  of  a  square  inch ,  ia  the  gaKjen  L  1 2  000  mT  .h'„  „  T^  """'"'  '"  ""> 
ilraagea,  160,000.  u»u  u-is,  ,.,uuu,  a  the  pmk,  36,000  i  m  Hy 


138 


THK   EPIDERMAL.    STSTBM. 


SSSv  Colto  ana  Btoimta  of  tho  epidormis  of  Ozalis  violacea ;  and 68(5,  of  Convallarla  racomosa. 

680.  Cuticle.  The  surface  of  the  epidermis  at  length  becomes  itself  coated  with 
a  delicaio,  transparent  pellicle,  not  cellular,  called  the  cuticle.  It  varies  in  consis- 
teeicy,  being  thicker  and  stronger  in  evergreen  and  succulent  pliiiits.  It  seems  to 
be  merely  the  outer  cell  wall  of  the  epidermis  thickened  and  separated  from  the 
newly-formed  wall  beneatli  it. 

681.  The  hairs  which  clothe  the  epidermis  are  mere  expansions  of 
its  tissue.  They  may  each  consist  of  a  single  elongated  cell,  or  of  a 
row  .1  cells.  They  may  also  be  simple,  or  branched,  or  stellate,  or 
otherwise  diversified. 

682.  Glands  are  cellular  structures  serving  to  elaborate  and  contain 
the  peculiar  secretions  of  the  plant,  such  as  aromatic  oils,  resins,  honey, 
poisons,  etc.  A  gland  may  be  merely  an  expanded  cell  at  the  summit 
of  a  hair,  or  at  its  base,  and  hence  called  a  (glandular  hair  (Labiatae). 
Or  it  may  be  a  peculiar  cell  under  the  epidermis,  giving  to  the  organ  a 
punctate  appearance,  as  in  the  leaf  of  lemon.  Other  glands  are  com- 
pound and  either  external  (sundew),  or  internal  reservoirs  of  secretion 
(rind  of  orange). 

683.  Stings  are  stiff-pointed,  1-celled  hairs  expanded  at  base  into  a 
gland  containing  poisonous  secretion.  An  elastic  ring  of  epidermal  cells 
presses  upon  the  gland  so  as  to  inject  the  poison  into  the  wound  made 
by  its  broken  point  (nettle). 

684.  Prickles  are  hardened  hairs  connected  with  the  epidermis 
alone,  thus  differing  from  spines,  which  have  a  deeper  origin.  Exam- 
ples in  the  rose. 


THE    UOlfEOUS    SYSTIM. 
MS 


139 


688  589  590  691 

n  « lanrof  A„tir.5?;„  "^"'•y\">  «f  ««veral  oelU.  690,  ll.ir  of  several  cells,  surmounted  by 
T?i.lnti«  6  f  9r,,rr-,  ? '•  '",■«  ••'  ^'"^'^  "'«"'-•  «»2,  Jomted  halr'of  the  stamens  of 
^l^"l9^^^::;:!:^'::ZS^  °'  Nuphar.ave„a(,„agnifled  2oa  d,aa.e.er. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

THE  XIGNEOUS   SYSTEM 

685.  Includes  the  firm  structures  of  roots,  stems,  and  their  append, 
ages,  summarily  called  the  wood. 
686.  Structure.     Tho  growing  rootlet  of  tTie  germraatmg  plant  exhibits  undPr 

^^ftandTr  r°^^.^r^'-'"™  ™^"  °'  ^^""^^'  *''--  Thece'us  composing  TZ 
soft  and  dehcate,  wUh  tliin,  porous  walls  adapted  to  absorb  moisture,  which  it  has 
^ready  begun  to  do.  It  grows  by  the  accession  of  cell  to  cell  through  ti^ir  dtt 
mon  and  enhrgement  at  its  point,  or  ratlier  just  behind  the  advauca  layer  which 
constitutes  its  cap  (pileorhiza  §  725. 

cil'^  ^"^  ?.?'^'^  "''''^     ^^  '^™^  ^*''"'^^^«  ^^°  «PI«^  i'^  th«  expanding 

S^es  'ln,f  '"*•'  "'  '"'"P^^^"  ^'^''"P^^  parenchyma.     Subsequent 

changes  m  structure  occur,  giving  to  each  tribe  its  several  peculiarities  Still  the 
growing  pomts  of  the  axis,  both  ascending  and  descending,  advance  by  th!  orml 
t.on  of  the  same  tissue,  and  the  .essds,  if  formed  at  all.  follow  a  little  later. 

.tead  ^f  th«  rT^^     ^l"  ''^''' '"°"  ''''''"'''  ^  '•"''^  ^^'^^'^  ^  -^^^y  layer  in- 

Ztil^T    ";■  ?'°^f  ™  'P''^™'''  ""'^  ''''''  *^  ^^^°^b-    B"*  "«^  rootlets 
Hpimg  from  the  radicle,  or  branch  fmm  the  axis,  which  in  their  turn  absorb  harden 
divide  and  subdivide ;  and  so  on  indefinitely.  '  * 

tiofi.r^  ^NCK'^ASmQ  DEMAND   FOR  MOISTURE  IS  THUS  MET  by  the    multiplica- 

Z^.Tl2T2.rTf  '^  the  hair-like  processes  of  the  epidermis f-tho 
aTn    T  '^^  ^^"^'^"^  '"  proportion  to  the  dryness  of  the  soil 

-U    J  HERE    ARE    FOUR    GKNERAL    MODES    OF    GROWTH    and    structUfe. 

ie's  Viz      '''^'^^^'  ^'°^^'""  '*  distinguished  into  as  many  great 


140 


THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM. 


The  outside-growers  (Exogens), 
The  inside- growers  (Endogens), 
The  point-growers  (Acrogens), 
The  mass-growers  (Thallogens). 

691.  The  exogenous  strupturk.  A  cross  section  of  the  stem  op 
branch  of  any  dicotyledonous  plant  (mustard,  maple),  exhibits  zones  of 
different  structures,  which  are  distinguished  as  pith,  medullary  sheath, 
wood,  and  bark. 

692.  The  pith  occupies  the  central  part  of  the  stem.  It  consists  of 
parenchyma,  is  chiefly  abundant  in  herbaceous  plants  and  all  young 
stems.  When  new,  it  is  filled  with  fluids  for  the  nourishment  of  the 
buds  until  they  can  make  food  for  themselves.  As  the  plaint  advances 
in  age,  the  pith  loses  its  vitality,  is  filled  with  air  only,  is  often  torn  into 
irregular  cavities,  or  disappears. 

693.  The  medullary  sheath  immediately  surrounds  the  pith.  It 
is  a  thin,  delicate  tissue  consist'  j  of  spiral  vessels.  It  communicates 
with  every  bud,  and  sends  oft'  •  achments  of  its  vessels  to  the  petioles 
and  veins  of  every  leaf.  Its  tubes  secrete  oxygen  from  carbonic  acid  or 
water  and  convey  it  to  the  leaves. 

694.  The  wood  consists  of  pleurenchyma  and  ducts  (§  666)  ar- 
ranged more  or  less  distinctly  in  concentric  zones  or  layers.  The  first 
or  inner  layer,  together  with  the  medullary  sheath  and  pith,  is  the  pro- 
duct of  the  first  year.  One  new  layer  is  fwrmed  each  successive  year, 
during  the  life  of  the  plant. 

695.  Annual  ciBCLEa  The  ducts  are  usuaUj  first  formed  and  lie  in  the  inner 
part  of  the  strata  uoxt  the  center,  while  the  wood-fibers  are  produced  toward  tho 
end  of  the  season,  and  deposited  in  the  outer  part.  The  former  are  distinguished 
by  tho  large  size  of  their  open  ends,  while  tho  fibers  are  minute  and  compact.  This 
circumstance  renders  the  limits  of  each  layer  distinctly  perceptible  in  a  cross 
section,  and  their  number,  if  counted  at  tho  base,  will  correctly  indicate  tho  age 
of  the  tree. 

696.  Exceptions.  There  are  doubtless  some  exceptions  to  this  rule.  In  trop- 
ical countries,  where  there  is  no  distinction  of  seasons,  there  may  be  several  zones 
deposited  annually,  or  on  tho  other  hand,  several  or  all  the  annual  layers  may  bo 
so  blended  by  the  uniform  mixture  of  the  ducts  with  the  wood-tissue  as  to  be  iin- 
distinguishable.  The  layers  of  the  iaeet-root  are  certainly  not  annual.  They  seem 
to  correspond  with  the  number  of  leaf  cycles  (§  228). 

C97.  The  alburnum  and  duramen — the  sap-wood  and  heart-wood, 
are  well-known  distinctions  in  the  wood.  The  former,  named  from  al- 
ius, white,  is  usually  of  a  light  color  and  softer  structure.  It  is  the 
living  part  of  the  wood  through  whose  vessels  mainly  the  sap  ascends. 

698.  How  formed.  The  interior  layers  of  the  alburnum  gradually 
liarden  by  the  deposition  of  solid  matter  in  their  vessels,  and  the  thicken- 
ing of  the  cell-walls,  until  fluids  can  no  longer  pass  through  them. 


THB    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM. 


141 


Thus  the  duramen  {durus^  hard)  is  formed  of  a  firm  and  durable  text- 
ure, the  only  part  valued  as  timber.  Its  varying  colors  in  cherry,  wal- 
nut, rose-wood,  are  well-known. 


696 


596 


695,  Cross-sections  of  an  exogenous  stem  (Elm),  of  2  years'  growth  ;  1,  pith,  2,  3,  annual  layers 
or  wood,  next  the  cambium,  4,  baric;  596,  and  endogenous  stem  (Sorghum  or  MilletX  where 
there  is  no  distinction  of  layers. 

C93.  The  duramen  is  op  no  account  in  vegetation,  and  xo  ia  this  respect 
dead.  Ilenco  it  often  decays,  leaving  the  trunk  hollow,  and  the  tree  at  the  same 
time  as  flourishing  as  ever. 

700.  The  baek  succeeds  and  replaces  the  epidermis,  covering  and 
protecting  the  wood.     It  is  readily  distinguished  into  three  parts,  viz. : 
The  inner,  white  bark  (liber), 
The  middle,  green  bark  (cellular), 
The  outer,  brown  bark  (cortical). 
The  substance  of  all  these  is  parenchyma  and  arranged,  like  the 
wood,  in  layers. 

Vol.  The  liber  or  white  bark  contains  scattered  bundles  of  pleuren- 
chyma  and  cienchyma  with  its  cellular  tissue.  Its  wood-cells  are  very 
long  (§  666),  called  bast-cells,  and  are  strengthened  with  secondary  de- 
posits until  quite  filled  up.  Hence  the  strength  and  toughness  of  flax 
and  hemp.  The  strong  material  of  "  Russian  matting"  is  from  the  liber 
of  the  linden-tree,  and  the  "  lace"  of  the  South  Seas  from  the  lace-bark 
tree.    The  liber  of  other  trees  is  not  remarkable  for  strength. 

V02.  The  cellular  or  green  dark  succeeds  to  the  liber.  Its  tissue 
resembles  that  of  the  Ica^  being  filled  with  sap  and  chlorophylle.  It 
grows  laterally  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  enlarging  circumference 
oi  the  tree,  but  does  not  increase  in  thickness  after  the  firs!,  few  years. 

J03.  The  cortical  or  brown  bark.  Its  color  is  not  always  brown, 
being  rarely  white  (canoe  birch),  or  straw-color  (yellow  birch),  or  green- 
ish  (striped  maple),  or  grayish  (beech,  magnolia).  Its  substance  is  al- 
ways cellular  tissue,  but  diflFering  widely  in  consistency  in  different 
species.  Its  new  layers  come  from  within,  formed  from  the  green  bark, 
while  its  older  are  sooner  or  later  cast  oflf. 


142 


THE   LIGNEOUS   8TSTEM. 


704.  The  cortical  layers  somotimea  accumulate  to  a  oonsiderablo  thickness 
(maple,  hickory,  oak),  but  are  finally  rent  and  fiirrowed  by  the  expandinfj  wood. 
In  the  cork  oak  (Quercus  siiber)  they  attain  an  excessive  growth,  furnisliing  that 
useful  substance,  cork.  In  birch  (Betula  papyracea)  tliese  layers  resemble  paper, 
long  abiding  by  their  elasticity  the  expansion  of  the  trunk. 

706.  The  medullary  rays  {medulla^  pith)  are  those  fine  lines  which 
appear  in  a  cross-section  passing  like  radii  from  the  pith  to  the  bark, 
intersecting  the  wood  and  dividing  it  into  wedge-shaped  bundles  or 
Bectors.  They  consist  of  firm  plates  of  parenchyma  {muriform  tissue, 
the  cell  resembling  brick-work)  belonging  to  the  same  system  with  the 
pith. 

706.  The  medullary  rays  are  no  less  frequent  in 
the  outer  layer  of  wood  than  in  the  inner.  Henco 
their  number  must  increase  yearly,  and  a  new  set 
commence  with  each  successive  layer,  extending 
with  those  already  formed  through  the  subsequent 
layers  to  the  bark,  as  shown  in  the  diagram.  (595.) 

707.  The  silver  GUAi>f.  In  a  radial  section 
(597,  598)  the  medullary  rays  are  more  conspicuous 
as  shining  plates  of  a  satin-like  texture,  called  the 
silver-grain,  quite  showy  in  oak,  maple.  A  tangen- 
tial section  shows  their  ends  in  the  fortn  of  tbin 
elhpses. 

708.  They  serve  as  bonds  to  combine  into  one 
firm  body  the  successive  wood  layers,  and  as  chan- 
nels of  Gommunicaiiou  to  and  from  the  bark  and 
heart-wood.  Tliey  also  generate,  at  their  outer  ex- 
tremities, the  adventitious  buda. 

709.  The  cambium  layer.  Between  the 
liber  and  the  wood  there  is  formed  in  the 
spring,  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the 


697,  Wood  of  Oak  ;  section  lon- 
gitudinal, sliowing,  rt,  niediillary 
rays;  &,  woixl-cells  ;  f,  porous 
ducts. 

buds,  a  mucilaginous,  half-organized 
layer  of  matter.  Its  presence  loosens 
the  bark  and  renders  it  easily  peeled 
from  the  wood.  The  cambium  is  a 
sap  solution  of  the  starchy  deposits 
of  the  preceding  year,  now  rapidly 
being  organized  into  cells. 

710.  This  is  the  qenterativb  layer 
whence  spring  all  the  growths  of  tlw  iig* 
neous  system.  Prom  this,  during  each 
growing  season,  two  layers  are  developed, 
one  of  liber  and  one  of  wood,  both  at  first 
a  cellular  mass,  but  the  cells  with  wonder- 
ibl  precision  tr.insfnrming,  some  into  tho 
slender  bast-oelis  of  the  liber,  some  into 
the  dotted  ducts  and  fusiform  colls  of  the 
wood,  some  into  the  muriform  tiaauo  of  tlie 


C98 


893,  Wood  of  M.iple;  a  modullary  rays ;  d 
duote;  c,  woud-ootlb. 


THE   LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM. 


148 


medullary  raya.     Through  these  latter  the  quickening  influence  of  the  cambium 
pervades  both  wood  and  bark. 

VI 1.  Unlimited  growth  is  therefore  a  characteristic  of  the  exogen- 
ous stem  :  for  the  yearly  increments  are  added  to  the  outside  of  the 
wood,  and  the  bark  is  capable  of  expansion  by  lateral  growth  to  any 
extent. 

712.  The-  peculiar  secretions  of  the  plant  are  generally  more 
abundantly  deposited  in  the  bark  than  in  the  other  parts.  Hence  the 
bark  is  more  generally  sought  for  k^  medicinal  and  chemical  proper- 
ties. 

713.  The  endogenous  structure.  In  the  cross-section  ofamono- 
cotyledonous  stem  (corn,  palm)  there  is  no  visible  distinction  of  bark, 
wood,  pith,  or  of  annual  layers  of  any  kind. 

714.  It  is  composed  of  tissues  quite  similar  to  those  of  the  exogen- 
ous stem,  but  very  differently  arranged.  The  body  of  the  monocoty- 
ledonous  stem  consists  of  parenchyma,  within  which  tissue  numerous 
thread-like  bundles  of  woody  matter  are  imbedded. 

715.  These  bundles  consist  each  of  one  or  more  dotted  ducts 
accompanied  by  spiral  vessels,  pieurenchyma,  and  often  cienchyma  also» 
variously  arranged  in  different  species. 

716.  The  formation  op  these  bundles  is  dependent  upon  the  leaves  from 
which  they  may  severally  be  traced  downwards,  first  tending  toward  the  interior 
of  the  stem.  Further  on  they  recurve  outward  again,  and  finally  terminate  near 
the  surface,  there  interlacing  and  combining  with  their  fellows  and  forming  an 
excessively  hard  but  inseparable  rind  (false  bark). 

717.  Clbavaqe  difficult.  From  this  entanglement  of  the  fibers  the  cleavage 
of  endogenous  stems  is  difiScult  or  impossible.  In  jointed  stems  (culms)  this  entan- 
glement occurs  only  at  the  nodes  (cane,  grasses). 

718.  The  growth  of  monocotyledonous  ctems  thus  takes  place  by 
the  addition  of  the  new  wood  bundles  to  the  interior  of  the  stem,  and 
hence  such  plants  are  called  Inside-Growers  or  Endogens. 

719.  Peculiar  forms  of  the  eaudex.  Tlie  rind  of  endogenous  trees  is  capable 
of  only  a  limited  expansion.  This  limit  is  soonest  attained  at  the  base  of  the  stem 
long  before  the  upper  parts  cease  to  enlarge.  Consequently  such  trunks  are  often 
seen  ot  equal  or  greater  diameter  at  the  summit  than  at  the  base :  so  the  palmetto, 
corn,  bamboo. 

720.  The  acrooenous  structure  is  found  in  mosses,  ferns,  and  the 
other  higher  tribes  of  the  Cryptogamia.  The  stems  advance,  beneath 
or  above  the  ground,  full-formed,  growing  only  at  the  end,  hence  called 
Acro(/ens. 

721.  A  CBOSS-SECTiON  of  a  fern  stem  shows  a  bodv  of  parouchyma  strengtheoftd 
by  an  outer  zone  of  fibro-vascular  bundles,  the  whole  invested  with  a  sort  of  bark. 
The  bundles  are  precisely  similar  to  those  found  in  the  petioles,  showing  that  the 
stem  is  the  aggregate  of  the  unaltered  leaf-bases.    (600.) 


144 


THB   LIGNK0U8    SYSTEM. 


100 


600  Section  of  an  AcroseDous  stem  of  Tree- 

n  bedded  near  the  circumference  of  tho  eel- 
iular  mass. 


722.    TuALLOGENs  are   the    lowest 
m  the  scale  of  rank,  iiaving  no  true  axis 
and  no  other  tissue  tlian  parenchyma 
which  grows  in  threads  or  in  mass  in 
all  directions.      The  apparent    stems 


599,  Varfous  kinds  of  Tessrfs  in  a  wood- 
Jlber  of  Bamboo  or  Eatt.in.  a.  Colls  of  paren- 
ehyma;  J,  annular  cells;  o,  s|>iral  vessels; 
o,  poroua  doct ;  e,  wood-cells 

uogens,  etc.    In  the  fonner  class  the  centra    pith  disanoear.*.  it^  nian^  k^- 
ped  maWy^by  vasc*r  duc.^  a„^.l.»  >iber,  Lay.  E^^ti"      "*  °""" 

'24.   The  riBRiLi^  and   pileor- 
hiza  should,  however,  he  mentioned 
as  peculiar  in  the  structure  of  the 
root     The  former  are  produced  b\' 
millions,  clothing  the  delicate  epi- 
dermis of  the  young  rootlets  as  with 
cottonj  down,    especially  in    light 
soila       They   usually   consist   of  a 
single  cell  of  the  epidermis  extended 
as  seen  in  figure  601.     They  are  tbo 
true  absorbents^  the  rmuihs  of  the 
growing  plant. 

725.  The  pileorhiza.      The  mi- 
oro3cop3   siiows  that  tlie   extreme 
advancing  point  of  the  delicate,  grow- 
ing fibers  J3  not  thrust  naked  against 

^,    _ *''«  opposing   soil,    but    is    covered 

tS.^li:ZueoZ:'^m%:;Tl.:^^^^    -t'^aoapcaIle<lp*o.,,,a   (^7e.., 

I.mnan.lnor\Duckmeatr».7h;;!^;"7rlL        ^7' ^*^^"'  >•«>»).  which  consists  of 

are  fonned  the  new  oelh      Tn  th^  r.    ,    "  '  *''^'^^"^'^  «>»s.  behind  which 

«heath  °  *^  ''"'•^■"^«*  "'^  ^'^^'-»  '«  fengthened  into  a 

J26._  The  maniter  of  grotvth  m  the  root  is  not  like  that  of  stem  bv  the 
extex.K,n  of  parts  already  formed,  but  simply  by  the  addition  of  new  r^aU^rat  tt 


STRUCTURE    OF   LEAVES. 


145 


adranclng  point.     This  a<3counts  for  the  wonderful  facility  with  which  it  peneti^tea 
the  sod  and  finds  its  way  uninjured  into  the  hardest  earth. 

r^,!nl;^i?'''°*''?.  ^''.*^°''  ^'"^  Monocotyledons  which  bear  reticulated  leaves 

embrin:.^TT^'     '  ^''''"'''^  '^  ""''  ^°'^^^^'  *^«  ^~^«  ^^^it  a  structure  re- 
sembUng  that  of  exogenous  stems. 


STBUCTURE   OP   LEAVES. 

728.  Nature  of  the  leap.  The  leaf  may  «08 
be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  two  outer 
integuments  of  the  bark,  or  of  the  green  bark 
and  the  epidermis,  expanded  into  a  broad, 
thin  surface  by  a  woody  framework  proceed' 
ing  from  the  medullary  sheath  and  the  liber. 

729.  The  framework  of  veins  is  therefore 
fibro-vascular,  abounding  in  spiral  vessels,  and 
strengthened  with  liber. 

730.  The  parenchyma  exists  in  two  strata 
more  or  less  distinct.  In  all  those  leaves 
which  are  ordinaiily  horizontal  in  position, 
one  surface  being  upward  and  the  other  down- 
ward, these  two  layers  are  dissimilar;  but  in  608. Section ofa stem »i the ori- 
leaves  with  a  vertical   lamina  (iris),   and   in  s'""^'*|'^'"":^'««"""«r.orpith; 

nhvlInrUn   Cfi  '?n'7\^V,     *         1  '''  .'*.^    '"    «.vn«cular.  the  medullary  sheath 

pnyiiodia  (§  307)  the  two  layers  are  similar,      s'""''"?  "ff  «  bundle  into  the 

731.  The  layers  described.  The  superficial  laver   'f*""*'""';  '^'  the  swelling  (pul- 

beneath  this,  m  the  surface  on  which  the  sun  shines    axillary  bud. 
afeone  or  two  layers  of  oblong  cells  placed  perpendicularly  to  that  surface,  and 
more  compact  than  the  ceUs  beneath  them,  which  are  pervaded  by  intent  lular 
passages  and  by  the  veins.  f  j      <^  v.-c«uuii 

732.  Place  of  the  stomata.  The  stomata  as  a  rule  beloncr  to  the 
shaded  side  of  the  leaf,  avoiding  the  sun's  direct  ravs.  On  the  sunny 
side  there  are  few  comparatively  or  none.  In  tl^'submerged  leaves 
of  water-plants  the  epidermal  layer  is  hardly  distinguishable,  and  is 
wholly  destitute  of  stomata.  \n  such  leaves  as  float  upon  water  (water 
lilies)  stomata  are  found  in  the  upper  surface  alone. 

733.  The  chlolophylle.  Within  all  the  vesicles  of  the  paren- 
chyma  are  seen  adhering  to  the  walls  the  green  globules  of  chloro- 
pliyllo,  which  give  color  to  the  leaf-dark  green  above,  where  it  is  more 
compact,  paler  beneath,  where  the  onlls  are  more  loose  ind  separate. 

734.  Vessels  of  cienchyma  pervade  the  under-layer  'of  par'en- 
biu'm  I'aT'"'"^'  *^'  elaborated  juices  through  the  petiole  into  the  cam. 

10 


140 


VBGETATION. 


001 


604,  Minute  portion  of  a  loaf  of  Vio!a  tricolor,  viewed 
n  |.ors,)ective,  showing,  «,  colls  of  epidennis  above  ; 
0,  compact  paronchyrnaof  the  upper  portion  of  tho 
leaf;  c,  loose  parenchyma;  d,  cpidermni-cells  of  tlic 
lower  surface  with  stomaU,  one  cut  and  opening  Into 
tho  inturcullular  passages.  (Magni?l<."?  100  diameters.) 


735.  The  stbcctdue  op  bractsi 
sepala,  petals,  and  other  organs, 
whicli  are  but  modifications   of 
the  leaf;  hardly  requires  a  separ- 
ate notice.    The  same  kinds  of 
vessels  pervade  their  parenchyma, 
but  tho  spiral  exist  in  a  larger 
proportion.  In  tlio  pistil,  the  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  may  bo  traced 
to  tho  placenta,  and  thence  into 
the  funiculus    and  raphe  of  the 
ovule.   In  the  more  delicate  or- 
gans chlorophyllo  ia  wanting,  and 
tho  peculiar  coloring,   matter  of 
whatever  other  tint,  is  uniformly 
diftused  through   the  fluid   con- 
tents of  tlie  cells  of  parenchyma. 
The  depth  of  the  tint  depends  on 
the  number  of  cells  thus  colored. 


CHAPTER    V. 


VEGETATION,   OR    THE   PHYSIOLOGY   OF   PLANT   LIFE. 

736.  Next  inquibies.  We  have  now  briefly  surveyed  the  mechan- 
ism  of  the  plant,  both  its  outward  forms  and  internal  structure.  We 
next  inquire  into  the  uses  of  all  this  wonderful  apparatus  ;  what  the 
specific  office  which  each  part  performs  in  the  economy  of  the  plant? 
and  how  do  all  parts  cooperate  in  the  work  of  living  and  growing  ? 

737.  This  is  a  subject  op  great  extent,  and  involves  many  Inquiriestf  deep 
mterest  both  m  science  and  art,-many  inquiries,  also,  which  have  never  been  an- 
swered.  Our  limits  confine  us  to  the  bare  statement  of  admitted  principles,  to  tho 
exclusion  of  all  speculative  discussion. 

738.  What  is  life  ?  This  inquiry  meets  us  at  the  beginning— a 
problem  never  solved.  The  spontaneous  action  of  the  plant,  the  self, 
determined  shapes  which  it  assumes,  we  at  once  refer  to  this  principle, 
its  vitality  ;  but  of  the  nature  of  this  principle  itself  we  can  only  sav, 
Is  it  not  a  direct  emanation  from  the  Supreme  Will,  the  Fountain  of 
all  life  ? 

739.  Veoetatiov  is  doubtless  the  lowest  form  of  life.  It 
springs  directly  from  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  and  ia  tlie  firit  step 
in  the  organization  of  mineral  matte.'.  Its  material  is,  therefo-o,  min- 
eral matter  rendered  organic  through  the  vital  force. 


VBOBTATION,    OK   TUB    PHYSIOLOOY    OF    PLANT   LIFE. 


U1 


740.  The  subordination  of  tiie  vegetable  to  the  animal  kingdom 
is  thus  manifest  in  its  being  fed  and  nourished  on  inorganic  matter.  It 
is  interposed  between  these  two  incompatible  extremes,  and  is  ordained 
to  transform  the  innutritious  mineral  into  the  proper  and  indispensable 
food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

741.  Parasitic  plants  do  indeed  require  tho  ready  organized  juices  of  other 
plants,  just  as  tho  carnivora  among  animals  live  on  flesh.  Still  the  general  fact  re- 
mains, that  plants  alone  feed  on  inorganic  matter,  and  in  turn  become  themselves 
tiie  food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

742.  The  prockss  of  vegetati-on  consists  of  imbibing  the  crude 
matters  of  the  earth  and  air,  transforming  into  sap,  assimilating  to 
plant  juice  (latex),  and  organizing  into  its  own  structure  according  to 
its  own  plan.  Tho  vital  phenomena  on  which  these  transformations  de- 
pend are  called  absorption,circuIation,  exhalation,  assimilation,  secretion, 
all  of  which  processes  take  place  in  the  individual  cell.     Therefore, 

743.  Cell-lipe  is  an  epitome  of  tho  life  of  the  whole  plant.  TIjo  cell  is  never  a 
spontaneous  production ;  it  is  tlio  ofifspring  of  a  pro-existing  cell.  So  with  the 
plant ;  it  is  always  tho  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  embryo  or  cell.  Nothing  but  a 
cell  can  produce  or  nourish  a  cell. 

744.  Two  KINDS  OF  ORGANIC  MATTER  mako  Up  the  cell.  The  first 
protoplasm  or  protein  (C^o  II3,  0,j  N^),  the  material  of  the  primordial 
utricle  (§  045),  etc.,  containing  nitrogen;  2d,  cellulose,  (0,^  II,o  0,o),  the 
material  of  the  outer  wall  or  crust,  etc.,  containing  no  nitrogen^  Tuc 
former  more  nearly  resembles  animal  matter,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  vital 
force  and  chemical  action. 

745.  What  the  cell  im-  ^^'^ 
BiBES.  Through  the  invisible 
pores  of  its  walls  the  cell  imbibes 
the  fluid  in  which  its  food  is  dis- 
solved, viz.,  sugar  or  dextrine, 
ammonia  or  some  other  nitrogen-  ,„.  „ 

Ui  01       ii    •  1  605,  Pro'ococcuBvirldi8,tha     606,  Penicillum  elnu- 

OUS  substance.      Such  a  fluid  may         Oreer.  snow-plant.  cum,  tbe  Yeast-plant. 

be  the  flowing  sap  of  the  plant  or  any  similar  artificial  mixture  in  which 
the  cell  is  bathed,  as  (in  tho  case  of  the  yeast  plant)  a  syrup  with  mu- 
cilage.  ' 

746.  The  chemical  changes.  The  sugar  is  thus  brought  into  con- 
tact with  the  protoplasm  in  the  cell,  through  whoso  action  it  is  decom- 
posed  and  its  elements  transformed  into  cellulose  and  water.  Thus 
each  atom  of  (grape)  sugar  or  dextrine  becomes 

One  atom  of  cellulose,     C.j  H,o  0,o 

and  two  atoms  of  water,       H.,  O, 

Ci,  H,8  Oi,=:grape  sugar. 


u> 


148 


FERTILIZATION. 


The  water  is  exhaled  with  the  rest ;  the  cellulose  is  retained  to  incrust 
nneweell^soouasthe  primordial  utriele  shall  next  divkl  it"  "o 
form  one      Or  ,t  may  be  deposited  as  stareh  granules  for  future  use 

1  I  ,       ?'V!  °''  ^«^o«oP"Y^^E.     In   the  cells  of  green  plants  the 
globules  of  ehlorophylle  act  an  important  part.     Their  formatron  de 
pends  .jpon  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  (CO,)  thf    tenZ  oT 

1      IfTf  the  exhalation  of  the  oxygen  un^der  1':,::,:::^ 
hght      If  the  fonnation  of  cellulose  continue  bevond  the  present  need 
or  cell  forn..on  the  excess  is  deposited  in  the  form  of  staT^luTes 
inclosed  within  the  globules  of  chlorophylle,  one  in  each 

748.  Destination  of  the  starch  orandles.     When  ti.e  stami,  „^     , 

J*l  '^"'  """■^T  ^  "^  •■''»™'"8«  from  the  decomposition  of 
the  amm„n,a  or  other  nitrogenous  compounds  present  is  I  more  ,„. 
tncate  process,  but  no  less  evident,  and  »he„  in  excess,  this  als^  i  de- 
pos,ted  ,„  nnnutc  globules  of  gluten,  n,ueus,  legumine  chiefly  In  eeds 
(wheat,  beans,  riee),  in  aid  of  germination.  •'=}""  ^"""^ 

Ju'  '^r  """^  "^  '"•™''  ■"'™™  "'  «"«  "1"»>'  ksmol  are  about  slxtv 
e^ght  aM  seventeen  per  eent.     The  former  is  found  in  ll,e  interior  «l|l. he  S 

rthe"  W  »    Sr  .        TT'^  ""•  '°^'  """''•  ""  "f  "I-""'  '•  "Plated 


TERTILIZATION. 

751  Capacitv  OF  THE  CELL.  Such  being  the  vital  energy  of  the 
cell  It  IS  easy  to  admit  the  possibility  of  either  its  solitary  exSence  a! 
a  plant  (Protococcus,  etc.),  or  of  ite  associated  existence,  as  in  the  living 
tissue  of  most  plants.  °S 

tiol'do  IZr°''  °'  '^^^-<^.^owrn.     Now  all  plants,  without  excep- 
t^on  do  actual  y  commence  existence  in  the  state  of  a  simple  cell.     But 
While  in  the  lower  plants  (Cryptogamia),  this  simple  cell,  the  plant 
udunen    is  at  once  discharged,  free  and  independent,  to  floLt  or  grow, 
n   hePha^nogamiaitisyetawhile  protected  and  nourished  by  othe 
cells,— the  cells  of  the  ovule.  ^ 

753  A  DISTINCTION.  This  primitive  cell-plant,  after  a.quirin^  tho 
requisite  means  swells  and  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  new  cells. 
It  these  new  cells  cohere  into  a  tissue  assuming  a  definite  form,  as  in 


riRTILIZATIOir. 


149 


the  liigher  plants,  the  process  is  called  growth  ;  but  if  they  separate, 
each  one  still  abiding  separate,  it  is  reproduction, 

754.  The  embryonic  vesicle  is  the  expressive  name  of  the  em- 
bryonic cell  of  the  Flowering  Plants.  It  has  its  birth  in  that  large  cell 
of  the  nucleus  of  the  ovule  (§  539)  called  the  embryo  mc,  and  is  in 
some  way  developed  from  the  cytoblast  (§  655).  In  appearance  it  may 
be  like  other  new  cells,  but  in  the  impulse  or  instinct  with  which  it  is 
endowed  it  is  immeasurably  difterent.  It  looks  not  to  the  mere  con- 
tinuation of  an  old  series,  but  is  the  projector  and  pioneer  of  a  new. 

755.  Its  new  impulse.  Before  it 
can  enter  upon  its  course  of  develop- 
ment so  different  from  the  destination 
of  common  cells,  it  must  somehow  be 
quickened  and  energized  with  an  im- 
pulse in  this  new  direction.  In  other 
words,  it  must  be  fertilized, — a  pro- 
cess dependent  on  the  pollen  grains 
(§  609). 

756.  The  pollen  tube— its  course. 
When  tho  pollen  fulls  upon  the  stigma,  it 
imbibes  the  saccharine  moisture  there,  ex- 
pands, and  its  inner,  expansible  coat  of  pro- 
toplasm protrudes  througli  the  aperture  (one 
or  more)  of  the  outer  crustaceous  coat,  in 
the  form  of  an  attenuated  tube.  This,  like 
a  radicle,  sinks  into  the  soft  tissues  of  the 
stigma  and  style,  reaches  the  ovary,  and 
there  meets  and  eaters  the  micropyle  of  the 
ovule. 

157.  Its  contents,  how  discharged. 
At  this  juncture  the  ovule  has  so  turned  it- 
self) whether  orthotropous,  anatropous,  etc., 
as  to  present  the  micropyle  favorable  to  this 
process.  The  pollen  tube  makes  its  way 
finally  to  the  nucleus  and  penetrates  to  the 
embryo  sac.  Here  its  growth  ceases;  its 
point  is  applied  externally  to  the  sac,  some- 
times indents  it ;  but  (according  to  the  most 
accurate  observations),  does  not  penetrate 
it.  During  this  contact  the  contents  of  the 
tube  pass  by  absorption  into  the  sac. 

758.  Grotitth  of  the  fertilized  cells. 
Immediately  the  embryonic  globule,  thus, 
somehow  endowed  with  a  new  instinct,  now 


607,  Section  of  the  ovary  of  Polygonnni 
Pennsylvanicum,  In  processor fertilizatioa 
(Magnified  20  diameters),  c,  Natural  size. 
«,  One  ol'  the  stamens  having  discharged  its 
pollen,  t,  A  grain  of  pollen  and  Its  tube. 
s.  Styles  and  stigmas.  t>,  Ovary,  wviile,  em- 
bryo sac  containing  the  embryonic  globule. 
The  extremity  of  a  pollen  tube  is  seen  ia 
contact  with  the  embryo  saio. 


160 


FERTILIZATION. 


first  expands  into  a  proper  cell,  nnd  is  usually  attachea 
to  the  wall  of  tlie  sac  near  the  micropj^le.  It  then  di- 
vides itself  transversely,  becoming  two  cells ;  the  upper 
tiongates  either  with  or  witliout  subdivision,  forming  a 
filament  (suspensor) ;  the  lower  cell  enlarges  by  subdi- 
vision, first  spherxaDr,  and  afterwards  tiio  little  mass 
begins  to  taK.j  ib>-.n  accoiuing  to  the  species,  showing 
cotyledon ',  iiiuiuulc  - 1<'.,  until  fully  developed  into  the 
embryo. 

759.  Schleiden's  view.  Owing  to  the  ex- 
treme  difficulty  of  observation  in  this  minute 
field,  different  views  of  tliis  proooss  have  been 
advanced.  Tliat  of  Scliieiden  should  not  be 
overlooked.  He  maintains  that  the  end  of  the 
pollen  tube  actually  penetrates  the  sac  and  itself 
becomes  the  embryonic  cell.  The  pollen  grain  is 
in  this  view  the  primitive  cell,  and  is  itself 
«08,  orowth  of  theen.iryo'l"'^^^"''*^  '"*^  development  by  the  contents  of 

In  Hlppnris  vulgaris.  The  futi- tli^  embryo  saC. 

lized  cell  has  divided  itsell  in-         ^^  ^ 

to  several,  of  which  0, 6,  con-  '^^'        FERTILIZATION      IN      THE      CONIFERS 

bryo  dividing  into  2,  then  into  *^'''*'  *"<^  P""<^"  ^'^''^  directly  into  the  micropyle 
**«"^  o/the  naked  ovule  and  its  tubes  settle  into  the 

tissue  of  the  nucleus. 

761.  Chemical  chanoes  in  germina- 
tion. The  ovule  matures  with  the  com- 
pletion of  the  embryo,  and  passes  into 
the  fixed  state  of  the  seed  in  which  the 
embryo  sleeps.  A  store  of  nutritive 
matter,  starch,  gluten,  etc.,  is  thought- 
fully provided  in  the  seed  for  the  use  of 
the  young  plant  in  germination,  until  its 
root  has  gained  fast  hold  of  the  soil. 

762.  The  changes  which  occur  in 
the  seed  at    the  recommencement  of 

growth,  are  simply  ™el,  as  arc  requisite  Cr.t"i:.f  J-'it^^'SSr^'S 
to  reduce  its  dry,  insoluble  deposits  to  a  "'"  ^'®'*'*  "^  Schieiden.  p,  Voiien ;  t, 
solution  which  shall  contain  the  nroner  *"'^'^'''' '■^l*'"^;  '''  ^''^i-^";  ^  P'imine; 

Miaii   coniam  ine   proper  «,,  secund.ne;  n,  nucleus;  «,sac  which 
materials   for    cell-formation    or  growth  ;  tli«  t«l>e  appears  to  have  penetrated. 

that  is,  gluten  and  other  nitrogenous  matters,  oil,  starch,  etc.,  arc  to  be 
changed  to  d^c.siase,  the  same  as  yeast,  and  dextrhte,  the  same  as  crura 
or  grape  sugar.  " 


RIPENIKG    OF   FRUITS. 


16X 


763.  The  process.  To  this  end  water  and  oxygen  aro  absorbed,  the 
gluten  begins  decomposition,  forming  yeast ;  fermentation  ensues  ;  heat 
is  produced  by  the  slow  <.  ombustion  of  the  carbon  with  oxygen  form- 
ing and  evolving  carbonic  acid,  by  which  process  some  of  the  oil  and 
starch  is  destroyed,  while  another  portion  gams  water  and  turns  to 
sugar.     All  this  within  the  cells  of  the  seed. 


lUPENINQ   OF   FRUITS. 


764.  In  the  pericarps  of  most  fleshy  fruits  (grape,  pear,  apple,  peach, 
strawberry),  sugar  exists  before  germination,  ready  formed  in  the  proces* 
of  ripening. 

765.  How  THE  FKUiT  GROWS.  In  its  earliest  stages  the  pericarp  consisted  of  a 
structure  similar  to  that  of  green  leaves,  composed  of  parenchyma,  pleurenchyma, 
vessels,  and  epidermis  with  stomata.  Its  distended  growth  afterwards  results  from 
the  accumulation  of  the  flowing  sap,  which  here  finds  an  axis  incapable  of  exten- 
sion. Thus  arrested  in  its  progress,  it  gorges  the  pistil  and  adjacent  parts,  is  con- 
densed by  exhalation,  assimilated  by  their  green  tissues,  which  still  perform  the 
office  of  leaves.  Cell-formation  goes  on  rapidly  within,  and  the  excess  of  cellulose 
is  deposited  in  the  cells  as  starch.  Oxygen  is  usually  absorbed  in  excess,  acidifying 
the  juices. 

766.  How  IT  RIPENS.  After  the  fruit  has  attained  its  full  growth, 
the  process  of  ripening  commences,  during  which  the  pnlp  becomes 
gradually  sweetened  and  softened  chiefly  by  the  change  of  the  starch 
into  more  or  less  of  soluble  sugar. 

767.  IIoNEY.  In  the  same  way  wc  account  for  the  production  of 
honey  in  the  flower.  Copious  deposits  of  starch  are  provided  in  the 
receptacle  and  disc  (§  446\  At  the  opening  of  the  flower,  this  is 
changed  to  sugar  to  aid  in  the  rapid  developmont  of  those  delicate  or- 
gans which  have  no  chlorophylle  wherewith  to  assimilate  their  own 
food.     The  excess  of  sugar  flows  over  in  the  form  of  honey. 

768.  TriE  WISE  economy  of  the  iioney  is  seen  in  fertilization.  For, 
attracted  by  it,  the  inse^  enters  the  flower,  rudely  brushes  the  pollen 
from  the  now  open  anthers,  and  inevitably  lodges  some  of  its  thousand 
grains  upon  the  stigma  ! 

769.  Experiment  has  proved  that  in  all  these  cases  of  the  formation  of  sugar 
from  starch  oxygen  is  absorbsd  and  carbonic  acid  evolved, — a  process  which  w© 
might  expect,  since  starch  (Cm  Hio  Oio)  contains  proportionably  more  carbon  than 
sugar  (Cu  Hi<i  Ots)  contains.  It  is  probable  that  these  two  phenomena  in  yegetatioa 
are  always  co-existent 


152 


ABSORPTIOir. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

§  1.   ABSORPTION. 

110.  Ofpior  of  the  root.  The  absorption  of  liquids  containin.,  in 
so  u  ,o„  the  food  of  the  plant,  is  the  pecuiL  and  inLplat  Office  ^ 
the  root,  as  may  be  shown  by  an  t-       ^^  uuicc  or 

771.  Experiment.  Take  a  small  growinj?  plant  from  f t,«  oo^v,  ^  • 
its  roots,  which  should  be  nearly  or  quite  entire  in  an?  ?  ''"'*  ™'"'""  '^^^ 
tlty  of  water.  Place  near  it  another  cup  wS'  a  Lf  ''?'"'?  "  '^"'^"^  ^i"^"' 
the  amount  of  evaporation.  The  difference  ^f  L  ^^T^'r  "'^  ^^^^^^  ^o  indicate 
be  the  amount  of  absorption.  A  pllnt  ofrearmlf  ^""h  °°  ?  *'"  *^°  «"?«  ^"^ 
more  than  twice  its  own  weight  peSL    TZT  r""'  '"'"  '"""'^  '"  ^^^^^^ 

appearance  Of  water  from  ^  rJ: Z^^ZZ:^:^!^-  - 

extremities  of  the  rootlets      ClltT^e  ""*  ^°^  *'^"  *«°^«'- 

tion  except  the  latter.     B^t  ^^X^lt^;^^^::  ^ 
an  adequate  absorbing  surface  to  the  soil  *  ^ 

th:Ls:tr:::^„^ti=^r^^:;!:!-ti;  r  ^  -r  ^^^*  -^^ 

tf  the  root  be  so  bent  that  the  fibrils  shaJlTet  iu      y  w      " ^  irif'  ^1 
only  J3  immersed,  the  plant  wiU  soon  wither  hut  win  ^  °    ^^®  '■°''* 

again  immersed.  '  *""*  "^^^  ^«^^  ^«"^«  ^^  the  fibrils  be 

774.  Inference.     Hence,  in  transplanting  a  tree  almo^f  ih.  .  i 

is  s"pH  •:^,;;::;riri; '"™  "''-'"  -"-  "^  -^^^^  -- 

JZ,  Z""  """'^  ™"  "^sorption  of  fluids  in  a  direction  con- 

trary  to  gravitat  on  ?    In  exnlannflon  «f  tl,;.     i,  ""i-c^on  con- 

has  been  maifc  fo  t„„  ,„  ii  ,"1""""'  "",  »'  'I>i8  phenomenon  reference 

««™...rrtrwr^^^^^ 

which  are  far  more  nnraerous  ^  °^"^ 

«  ■„  the  smalJ,  Sib  re!  "^  °'"""' '"  '="'■  '°  ™™'  Mehts-high- 

These  Jresuits  of  4X  lurS^  ""  ""^  '^''"'"'  "^  "■«  -Pki„' 


ABSORPTIOir. 


163 


780.  Exr.  Tlirow  dried  prunes,  currants,  or  raisins  into  water.  After  a  while 
tbey  will  have  become  swollen  and  distended  with  fluid.  Now  place  thorn  in  stronir 
sjrup-,  they  will  again  shrink. 

•  '^\'  ^''L  ^""'■''  "■  ^''^'^'''"  ^"^'^  '"'**•  '>'™P  *°  ^  ^°"&  glf^s  tut^e,  and  immeree 
in  water.  The  water  flows  in  and  the  mixture  arises  slowly  but  forcibly  in  the  tube 
Reverse  the  liquids.  Pure  water  from  within  the  bladder  will  flow  into  syrup  with^ 
out.  The  former  is  a  case  of  endosmoso  (ivdov,  inwards,  ^0,  to  seek),  the  latter  of 
exosmose  (tfu,  outwards). 

782.  DiUECTio.v  OP  THE  CURRENTS.  Tho  flow  will  continue  until  the  two  fluids 
are  equal  m  density.  In  both  cases  there  is  also  a  flowing  of  syrup  into  tho  water 
but  the  greater  flow  is  always  fro  n  tho  lighter  into  the  denser  fluid. 

783.  The  FORCE  of  endosmose  is  found  to  depend  upon  the  excess  in  density  of 
the  mner  fluid.  Syrup,  with  the  density  of  1.3,  caused  a  flow  of  water  with  an  up- 
ward pressure  of  ^  atmospheres  (Dutrochef).  Tho  great  force  with  which  the  cap- 
sule of  the  squirting  cucumber  (§  606)  bursts  shows  the  power  of  endosmose.  But 
a  more  probable  theory  is  stated  iu  §  791. 

liii.  The  use  of  absorption  in  the  vegetable  economy  is  not  merely 
the  introduction  of  so  much  water  into  the  plant,  but  to  obtain  for  its 
growth  the  elements  of  its  food  held  in  solution,  whether  gaseous  or 
earthy.  In  attaining  this  object,  the  roots  seem  to  be  endowed  with  a 
certam  power  of  selection  or  choice  which  we  can  not  explain.  Thus, 
if  wheat  be  grown  in  the  same  soil  with  the  pea,  the  former  will  select 
the  sihca  along  with  the  water  which  it  absorbs  in  preference  to  the 
hme  ;  the  pea  selects  the  lime  in  preference  to  the  silica.  Buckwheat 
will  take  chiefly  magnesia,  cabbage  and  beans,  potash.  This  fact  shows 
the  importance  of  the  rotation  of  crops  in  agriculture. 

V85.  Other  means  of  absorption.  The  oflfice  of  absorption  is  not 
performed  by  the  root  alone.  Every  green  part,  but  especially  the  leaf, 
is  capable  of  absorbing  gases  and  watery  vapor. 

786.  Proofs.  Every  one  knows  how  greatly  plants,  when  parched  and  withered 
by  drought,  are  revived  by  a  shower  whicli  sprinkles  their  leaves  without  reaching 
their  roots.  Air  plants  oreplphyte8(§  143),  such  as  the  long-moss  and  Epidendrum 
must  rely  on  tins  source  chiefly  for  the  supply  of  their  food  ;  and  when  tho  dissev' 
cred  stems  of  such  plants  as  the  houseleok  grow  without  roots,  suspended  by  a  thread 
m  air,  it  is  evident  that  all  their  nourishraont  comes  through  their  leaves. 

CIRCULATION, 

787.  Tendency  op  the  flow.  The  fluids  which  are  thus  taken 
into  the  system  by  absorption  can  not  remain  inactive  and  stagnant 
As  their  inward  flow  is  regular  and  constant  in  its  season,  so  must  be 
their  upward  and  outward  flow,  in  a  course  more  or  less  direct,  toward 
the  parts  where  they  find  an  outlet  or  a  permanent  fixture. 

788.  In  those  Crtptogams  which  arc  ftomposod  of  colhilar  tissue- 
alone  the  circulation  of  the  sap  consists  only  of  a  nnifonn  dWuIion 
trom  cell  to  cell  throughout  tl.>e  mass,  as  through  a  sponge. 

789.  In  the  hiohbr  plants,,  tho  diflSerent  tissues  perfonn  appropriate 


154 


CIRCULATION. 


offices  in  the  circulation,  some  conducting  upward,  some  downward,  some 
conveying  the  crude  sap,  some  latex,  and  some  air. 

790.  Air-vessels.  Spiral  vessels  and  others  of  the  trachenchyma 
are  generally  filled  with  air,  and  take  no  part  in  the  circulation  of  fluids, 
except  in  the  spring,  when  the  whole  system  is  gorged  with  sap.  The 
intercellular  passages,  also,  generally  circulate  air  alone, 

791.  The  moving  force.  From  the  roots  the  newly  absorbed  fluid 
flows  upward  through  the  stems  and  branches,  toward  the  buds,  leaves, 
and  flowers,  being  probably  drawn  thither  into  them  by  the  exhalation 
and  consequent  exhaustion  there  going  on. 

792.  Throcoh  what  tissue.  The  tissue  of  the  stem  and  branches 
through  which  the  ascending  sap  loves  chiefly  to  travel  is  the  pleuren- 
chyma — hose  long  cells  of  the  wood  fiber,  whether  arranged  in  broad 
layers,  as  in  the  Exogens,  or  scattered  in  slender  bundles,  as  in  the  En- 
dogens. 

793.  Through  which  layers.  And  when  the  stem  grc  .vs  old,  the 
sap  ceases  to  traverse  the  inner  layers, — the  duramen,  where  its  passage 
becomes  obstructed  by  thickened  cell  walls,  and  frequents  only  the  outer 
newer  layers, — the  albiirnum,  next  adjoining  the  liber. 

794.  The  crude  sap.  The  fluid  v*^hich  thus  flows  upward  seekino- 
the  leaves  consists  largely  of  water,  is  colorless,  and  is  called  the  crude 
SO]).  It  contains  in  solution  minute  quantities  of  gases  and  mineral 
salts,  imbibed  by  the  roots,  together  with  dextrine  and  sugar  (no  starch) 
which  it  dissolved  out  of  the  cells  on  its  way.  This  is  tiie  fluid  which 
flows  so  abundc^ntly  from  incisions  made  in  trees  in  early  spring. 

795.  The  overflow  of  the  sap  depends  upon  the  excess  of  absorption  over 
exhalation.  After  the  decay  of  the  leaves  in  autumn,  and  the  consequent  cessation 
of  exliaktion,  the  rootlets,  being  deep  in  the  ground,  below  the  influence  of  frost, 
continue  tlieir  action  for  a  time,  and  an  accumulation  of  sap  in  tho  system,  even  ii'i 
the  air-vessels  and  spaces,  takes  place.  Also  in  early  spring,  before  tho  leaves  arc 
developed,  tin's  action  recommences,  and  the  plant  becomes  gorged  with  sap,  which 
will  burst  forth  from  incisions,  as  in  tho  sugar  maple,  or  sometimes  spontaneously, 
as  in  the  grape.  As  soon  aa  tho  buds  expand  into  leaves  and  flo.wers,  tho  overflow 
ceases. 

796;  The  true  sap.  Throaghont  its  whole  course  to  the  leaves  tho 
sap  gains  in  density  by  solution.  There  arrived,  it  loses  by  exhalation 
a  large  part  of  its  water,  gains  additional  carbon,  and  undergoes  other 
important  chemical  changes  (hereafter  to  be  noticed),  and  b.-comcs  the 
true  sap,  dense  and  rich,  both  in  nutritive  matter  for  the  immediat- 
growth  an*:  in  special  products  for  tha  future  nourishment  of  the  plant. 

797.  Returning,  the  true  sap  distributes  its  treasures  in  due  and  ex- 
act proportion  as  needed  to  every  organ.  Its  course  lies  in  the  tissues 
of  tho  b.nrk,  cellular  and  woody,  first  distributed  over  tho  under  surface 


CIRCULAnON. 


165 


of  the  leaves,  thence  by  the  leafstalks  into  the  liber,  and  so  pervading 
all,  down  to  the  extremities  of  the  roots. 

798.  On  its  passage  it  makes  deposits  of  food,  first  in  the  cells, 
of  the  pith  at  the  base  of  every  incipient  bud  ;  then  in  the  cambium 
region  a  copious  store ;  next  in  the  medullary  rays  a  due  portion, 
some  carried  outward  for  the  supply  of  the  cortical  layer,  and  home  in- 
ward for  solidifying  the  wood  ;  and  lastly,  the  rcoiduo,  often  the  richest 
legacy  of  all,  falls  to  the  root,  and  fills  every  branch  and  fibei',  however 
vast  its  extent.  This  last  deposit  is  that  which  is  first  met  and  dissolved 
by  the  rising  tide  of  fluid  in  the  following  spring. 

799.  Growth  progresses  downward.  Since  the  flowing  of  the 
true  elaborated  sap  is  downward,  it  scarce  admits  of  a  doubt  that  the 
progress  of  the  growth  is  also  downward,  from  the  leaves  to  the  roots. 
And  on  no  other  supposition  can  we  account  for  the  results  of  the  fol- 
lowing 

800.  Experiment.  Girdle  an  exogenous  tree  by  removing  an  entire  ring  of  its 
bark.  It  will  flourish  still  during  one  growing  season,  and  form  a  new  layer  of  wood 
and  bark  everywhere  above  the  won  mi,  as  before,  but  not  at  all  below.  The  next 
season  the  tree  will  die.  Why  ?  Because  the  true  sap  returning  can  not  descend 
to  nourisli  tho  roots. 

801.  Exp.  If  a  ligature  be  bound  firmly  around  a  stem  (sc.  of  silver-leaf  poplar) 
its  growth  is  checked  below,  while  tho  part  just  above  wilt  exhibit,  after  a  year  or 
two,  a  circular  swelling  evidently  caused  by  the  interruption  of  tiie  descending  sap. 

802.  Exp.  If  a  chip  be  cut  from  the  tmnk,  the  wound  heals  evidently  from  the 
upper  sidie. 

803.  Exp.  Cut  off  the  top  of  a  branch  just  below  a  leaC  The  upper  remaining 
internode  will  perish.     It  has  no  icarabove  it  to  send  down  its  fond. 

804.  Exp.  Girdle  carefully  the  stem  <>f  a  potato-plant.  No  tubers  will  be  formed 
below.  And,  again,  girdle  a  fruit  tice,  and  the  fruit  will  for  once  be  increiised  in 
amount. 

805.  Ik  a  few  insvances-  trees  iivte  survivk©  the  gikduno  process..  la 
such  cases  the  nvcdulli  ry  rays-  complete-  tlic  broken  currents.  The  descending  sap, 
on  arriving  at  the  ring,  flows  inwardly  by  tlio  medullary  rays^  making  a  circuity  and 
appears  again  in  the  bark  below  the  interruption. 

806.  Rotation.  Beside  this  general  circulation  of  fluids  rising  and 
fulling  from  extremity  to  extremity,  thee  is  also  a  special  circulation 
going  on  pretty  constantly  in  each  new  cell,  called  rotation. 

807.  Rotation  is  a  flowing  of  the  protoplasm  in  slender  and  devious 
currents  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  primordial  utricle,  rendered  per- 
ceptible by  the  opaque  particles  floating  in  it.  Tlic  cytoblast  also  par- 
takes of  the  movement.  It  is  well  observed  in  the  hairs  of  Tradescantia, 
leaves  of  Vallesnoria,  and  especially  in  the  stems  of  Chara,  where  the 
current  expands  into  aa  eatire  revolving  layer  of  protc^lasm.  It  is  a 
vital  movement. 


166 


RESPIRATION. 


TRANSPIRATION. 

808.  Transpiration  relates  to  that  important  office  performed  by  the 
leaves  and  other  green  organs,  whereby  pure  water  is  separated  from  the 
crude  sap  and  given  off  into  the  air.  It  takes  place  chiefly  through  the 
stomata,  and  is  greatest  by  day  and  in  a  warm,  dry  atmosphere. 

809.  Upon  the  activity  of  transpiration  depends  also  the 
amount  of  absorption.  It  not  only  makes  room  for  the  fluids  from  be- 
low to  enter,  but  by  disturbing  their  equilibrium,  it  creates  an  upward 
tendency,  as  the  flame  of  a  lamp  draws  the  fluid  up  the  wick.  All  the 
mineral  and  organic  constituents  of  the  sap  are  of  course  left  in  the 
plant. 

810.  The  quantity  ok  pure  water  transpired  by  plants  is  immense.  A 
forest  makes  u  damp  atmosphere  for  miles  around.  Dr.  Hales,  in  a  series  of  instruc- 
tive experiments  in  transpiration,  ascertained  that  a  sunflower  three  and  a  half  feet 
high,  with  a  surface  of  5,616  square  inches,  transpired  from  20  to  .30  oz.  in  twelve 
hours;  a  cabbage,  15  to  25  oz.  in  the  same  time— equal  to  the  transpiration  of  a 
dozen  laboring  men.     We  may  easily 

811.  ExPERiMEXT  with  a  sitfgle  leaf  recently  plucked,  say  of  Podophyllum.  In- 
eert  its  pptiole  in  a  narrow-mouthed  goblet  of  water,  and  around  it  fill  the  mouth 
with  dry  cotton  to  restrain  evaporation.  Over  the  wliolo  place  a  bell-glass  and  ox- 
pose  to  tiK)  sunshine.  The  vapor  transpired  will  condense  on  the  bell-glass,  equal- 
mg  (save  the  solid  matters)  the  loss  in  the  goblet. 


RESPIRATION. 

812.  Respiration  in  plants  refers  to  their  rcfations  to  the  atmos- 
phere. So  in  aiiimalu.  These  relations  are  in  cither  case  vitallv  imoor- 
tant.  ^       ^ 

813.  Experiment.  Place  a  small,  healthy  potted  plant  (sc.  Geranium,  Mimosa) 
under  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump,  and  tlioroughly  exhaust  the  air.  .Vt  once  every 
vital  process  ceases— no  absorption,  no  assimilation,  no  irritability,  bat  speedily  de- 
cay ensues.  A  vacuum  would  bo  no  more  fatal  to  a  sparrow.  Air  is  quite  as 
necessary  to  the  one  as  to  the  other. 

8K.  Illustration.  So  also  when  only  tho  roots  are  excluded  from  the  air  by 
bemg  buried  deeply  in  an  embankment,  the  tree  suffers  injury  and  perhaps  perishes. 

815.  Respiration  in  plants,  or  aeration  (as  sometimes  called) 
consists  of  all  those  operations  by  which  the  sap  is  brou<rl,t  into  con- 
tact with  the  air  or  subjected  to  its  influence.  It  occurs  hi  the  inter- 
cellular passages,  in  the  spiral  vessels  everywhere,  but  especially  in  the 
leaves  and  all  other  organs  which  have  chlorophylle  and  stomata. 

810.  The  vital  importance  of  r.;spiration  is  seen  in  the  vast  ex- 
tent of  the  respiratory  apparatus,  consisting  of  tnillions  of  leaves  and 
billions  of  breathing  pores  (stomata)  and  trachea)  (vessels)  ! 

817.  The  facts  connected  with  respiration,  which  seem  to  have  been 
well  est^iblished  by  the  experiments  of  Sausdure,  Qarre.«iu  Mono  Draper 
etc.,  are  these : 


RESPIRATION. 


167 


1.  Carbonic  acid  (C  O,)  is  absorVed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tis- 
sues,  under  the  direct  solar  light. 

2.  Oxygon  (O)  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tissues  in  the 
absence  of  dnvct  solar  light,  and  by  the  roots,  flowers,  fruits,  and  ger- 
mmating  seeds  at  all  times. 

3  The  oxygen  thus  absorbed  unites  with  some  of  the  free  (or  nas- 
cent)  carbon  already  in  the  tissues,  and  forms  carbonic  acid. 

4.  By  a  process  of  assimilation  (§  747)  carbonic  acid  within  the 
green  tissues,  from  whatever  source  derived,  is  decomposed  under  the 
direct  sunshme,  and  its  carbon  is  retained  ;  b>it 

5.  Its  oxygen  is  set  free  and  exhaled. 

6    Carbonic  acid  is  exhaled  by  the  leaves  and  all  the  green  tissues 
m  the  absence  of  the  sunshine,  and  by  all  other  parts  (root,  flowers 
truit,  and  germinating  seeds)  at  all  times.     Hence  it  appears  that  there 
are 

818.  Two  PHASES  of  aerial  action  constantly  performed  and  seem^ 
mgly  opposed  to  each  other.  One  dependent  wholly  upon  the  clear 
siinshine,  in  which,  by  the  leaves,  etc.,  C  O,  is  absorbed,  decomposed,  and 
O  n^turned  to  the  atmosphere  ;  the  other,  in  which  O  is  absorbed,  and 
O  U,  exhaled,  by  the  leaves  in  the  absence  of  sunshine,  and  by  all  other 
parts  (roots,  flowers,  etc.)  at  all  times.  Both  are  equally  and  vitally 
important.  *       ^  j 

819.  TaE  FORMER  PROCESS  BECOMES  visinLE  to  tho  cyo  by  the  rapid  development 
of  chlorophylle  accompanying  it,  tho  latter  by  its  gradual  loss.  Hence,  during  a 
protracted  season  of  cloudy  weather  vegetation  grows  sensibly  paler,  [.ut  a  few 
lioura  of  sunshme  restores  the  green  to  its  wonted  depth  and  richness. 

820.  Blanched  plants.  Hence,  also,  plants  growing  in  constant  darkness  and 
shade,  as  potatoes  m  the  cellar,  are  very  pale,  and  manifest  their  affinity  for  ligj.t 
by  stretchmg  themselves  witli  famishing  eagerness  towards  the  slender  sunbeam 

clrhon^' W      ""*'"'?•     ^"'"''^^  ''""'  ^^^"'^'"'^^  *^^"«  8^°^  t°  be  deficient  in 
carbon.     We  m  -y  easily  repeat  tho 

„rf;'nfrT'''7,r/'' •'''"''''•    ''''"^  ^  ^"^""^^  ""^^'"'^^y  g'^t'x'^^d  leafy  stems 
under  a  bell-glass  full  of  ram-water,  and  thus  expose  them  to  tho  sun.     Soon  bu^ 

822.  Repeat  tub  experiment  with  boiled  or  distilled  water,  and  no  oxygon  will 
.ipperrr.  Ram-water  contains  (J  0,  in  solution,  boiled  water  does  not.  The  O  irust 
therefore  have  como  from  tho  C  0^  as  would  appear. 

82.1.  Experiment.     Inclose  air-tight  in  a  glass  globe  tho  end  of  a  leafy  branch 
w Lout  sovenng  it  from  tho  tree.     Thus  it  lir^  been  found  by  careful  analysis  aaer 
a  <  ay  o    sunshme  that  tho  proportion  of  O  was  incroasod  at  tho  expense  of  C  0 
^Mthm  tho  globe  ;  and  vice  versa  by  night  or  in  tho  shade.  * 

824.  The  results  of  both  transpiration  and  respiration,  as  concerns 
the  plants,  tend  to  concentrate  the  diluted  sap  by  tho  elimination  of  tho 


158 


REVIEW    OF   THE    PRINCIPLES   OP    NUTRITION. 


water,  which  served  meroly  for  its  conveyance,  and  to  assimilate  it  into 
food  capable  of  being  organized  into  cells  and  their  various  contents. 

And  it  is  proper  in  this  place  also  to  notice  the  effects  of  this  vast 
machinery  upon  the  constitution  of  the  atmosphere  and  its  relation  to 
the  animal  kingdom. 

825.  Carbonic  acid  gas  is  dissolved  in  the  atmosphere  and  some- 
what uniformly  diffused  throughout  its  whole  extent  in  the  proportion 
of  about  4  parts  in  10,000,  or  2Vjo-  This  gas  flows,  and  is  ever  flow- 
ing into  the  air  from  decaying  animal  and  vegetable  substances,  from 
combustion,  and  from  the  breath  of  all  living  animals.  The  quantity 
tlius  added  to  the  atmosphere  annually  is  estimated  at  100  billions  lbs., 
or  nearly  one  tenth  of  the  whole  amount  of  carbon,  and  yet  it  does  not 
accumulate. 

826.  The  demand  and  supply.  Were  we  able  to  compute  in 
jwunds  the  annual  growth  of  the  entire  plant  world,  and  the  proportion 
of  solid  carbon  which  enters  into  that  amount,  we  should  doubtless  find 
that  the  grand  total  of  the  demand  equals  this  grand  total  supply. 

A  POISONOUS  atmosphere.  And  further ;  not  only  are  the  necessi- 
ties of  the  plant  met  by  this  wonderful  circulation,  but  the  necessities 
of  animal  existence  also.  Carbonic  acid  is  poisonous,  and  should  it  be 
left  to  accumulate  unchecked,  it  would  gradually  corrupt  the  air,  and 
within  a  few  centuries  extinguish  all  animal  life. 

828.  Animals  and  plants  mutually  dependent.  Thus  are  the 
two  kingdoms  of  the  organic  world  mutually,  through  the  inorganic, 
dependent  upon  each  other.  The  plant  furnishes  the  oxygen  which 
the  animal  consumes,  the  animal  the  carbonic  acid  which  the  plant 
consumes,  while  each  would  perish  in  an  atmospliere  of  its  own  pro- 
duction. "  Great  and  marvelous  are  thy  works,  O  Lord  of  Hosts !  in 
wisdom  hast  thou  made  them  all." 


<>  ♦  ■»■»- 


CHAPTER    Vri 


REVIEW   OF   THE    PRINCIPLES   OF    NUTRITION. 


829.  The  four  organogens.  Tt  has  already  appeared  in  the  pre- 
ceding chapters  that  plants  consist  chiefly  of  four  simple  organic  ele- 
ments, viz. :  carlx)ii,  oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen.  The  firsi,  exists  in  ;i 
larger  proportion,  the  last  in  a  smaller  than  either  of  the  ethers. 
Unitedly  these  four  elements  constitute  about  94  per  cent,  of  all  vege- 
table matter. 


REVIEW   OF  THE   PRINCIPLES   OF   NUTRITION. 


159 


830.  Carbon  (essentially  charcoal)  enters  so  largely  into  tho  composition  of 
plants  that  it  retains  generally  the  exact  form  and  texture  of  the  wood  after  tho 
other  elements  have  been  expelled  by  heat.  On  this  element  chiefly  depends  the 
solidity  and  strengtli.  Its  proportion  is  from  40  to  60  per  cent.  Nitrogen,  although 
equally  essential,  is  less  abundant  in  the  tissues,  and  crista  largely  only  in  certain 
vegetable  products,  as  gluten,  albumen,  casein,  theine. 

831.  OxYGKK  AND  HYDROGEN  exist  in  plants  combined  with  other  elements,  and 
also  combined  with  each  other  forming  water,  especial'y  in  all  fresh  green  vege- 
table matter.  The  water  is  expelled  by  drying,  and  the  following  table  shows,  in 
a  few  cases,  t!ie  proportion  foi  each  100  lbs. 


Peas  lose  of  water 8  lbs. 

Wheat: 14  iba 

Rye  and  oats 15  lbs. 

Wheat  straw 26  lbs. 

Potatoes  about 75  lbs. 


Apples  and  pears 83  lbs. 

Red  beet 85  lbs. 

Strawberries  and  gooseberries.  90  lbs. 

Turnips 93  lbs. 

Watermelons ,  95  lbs. 


832.  Earthy  elements.  Besides  these  four  universal  elements, 
many  other  substances,  earthy  and  mineral,  are  found  in  quantities 
greater  or  less,  in  different  species.  Thus  forest-troes  and  most  inland 
plants  contain  potassa;  marine  plants,  soda,  iodine;  the  grasses,  silex, 
phosphate  of  liine ;  rhubarb  and  sorrel,  oxalate  of  lime ;  leguminous 
plants,  carbonate  of  lime  ;  the  Cruciferae,  sulphur,  etc. 

833.  The  proportion  op  earthy  matter  is  small  and  may  bo  estimated  from 
tho  ashes.  As  drying  expels  the  water,  so  burning  erpels  all  other  organic  ele- 
ments, and  the  inorganic  earthy,  whatever  they  be,  remain  in  tho  form  of  ash.  The 
following  table  from  Bousingault  is  instructive  on  this  point 


- 

Wheat 
Grain.  !  Straw. 

Ot 
Grain. 

Its 
Strew. 

Yellow 
Teas. 

Clovar 
Seed. 

Hay. 

Turnips. 

Pota- 
toes. 

Carbon 

Hydrogen. . . 
0.x;ygen  .... 
Nitrogen. . . . 
Ash 

46.1 
5.8 

43.4 
2.3 
2.4 

48.4 
5.3 
38.95 
.35 

7. 

50.7 
6.4 

36.7 
2.2 
4. 

50.1 
5.4 

39.0 

.4 

5.1 

46.5 
6.1 

40.1 
4.2 
3.1 

49.4 
5.8 

35.0 
7.0 

2.3 

45.8 
5.0 

38.7 
1.5 
9.0 

42.9 
5.6 

42.2 
1.7 
7.6 

44.0 
5.8 

44.7 
1.5 
4.0 

100 

100 

100 

100        100 

100 

— ) 

100        100   ^ 

100   1 

834.  AttRicuLTURAi.  CHEMISTRY.  Since  all  these  eLments  are  found  ir  plants, 
wo  infer  the;u  to  be  essential  ingredients  iu  the  food  whicii  they  require  for  healthy 
vegetation  ;  and  an  inquiry  into  the  sources  from  which  they  may  bo  supplied  con- 
stitutes t!i0  cJiief  object  of  AgricuiLuriil  Chemistry.' 

835.  The  food  of  plant*  is  air,  earth,  and  water.  It  is  evident 
that  plants  do  not  create  a  particle  of  matter,  and  therefore  do  not 
originati  in  themselves  any  of  the  elements  vhich  compose  them. 
CoiJ-seqiiently  they  must  obtain  them  from  sources  without.  Carbon  is 
urintj.i  limn  ttic  vaiuunii:  uuiu  •ouiiiaitieu  in  r,rie  acmospiitiro,  aial  from 
the  decaying  vegetable  matter  of  the  soil.     Oxygen  id  derived  from  the 


160 


nSVIEW    OF   THE    PRINCIPLES   OF   NUTRITION. 


water  ami  from  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  atmosphere ;  liydroffen  from 
water  and  ammonia,  and  nitrogen  from  ammonia  and  nitric  acid,  drawn 
Cither  trom  the  atmosphere  or  the  soil. 

oJf.  '^JT  t'^'^TT^  '?'''^''''  ''^°"*  ^^ » ^  P'^rt  of  carbonic  acid,  diffused  through- 
«t.ablo  that  t  e  who  o  atmosphere  contains  more  than  600  billions  (600,000,000  000) 
un  amount  fully  adequate  to  ^ho  demands  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  ^^        ^' 

fo rnL;  17.  rT  *''"  "'''"''  °'  ""'''''''''  ''■'■  ■■  ™'°<^'--'.  «"d  organic.  The 
former,  called  earths,  consists  of  disintegrated  and  pulverized  rocks,  includ  n/aH 

plan^  as  i^otassa,  soda,  silica,  1-me,  etc.,  all  of  which  aro  more  or  less  soluble  in 
water  The  organic  materials  consist  of  tho  remains  of  former  tribes  of  phnts  Ind 
animals  mingled  with  the  earths;  and  which,  having  access  to  the  air  afo  decom 

838.  Water  ig  composed  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  (HO)  in  tho  proportion  of  S 

ho  state  of  vapor  and  ram,  and  percolated  througli  tlie  soil,   it  holds  in  solu 

n,,!?;  ^'??rt  '°"'''''  ""^  '''^'°"^''  -'^"'^  '■^'^^g^^  «o«»bined  in  tho  proportion  of 
one  atom  of  the  former  to  three  of  the  latter  (N  n3).  It  arises  from  SecaJ  "an" 
ma  land  vegetable  matter,  as  above  ..r.n.d,  and  is  diffused  tlarough  the  atmosphere 
ui  tho  proportion  of  about  1  part  in  10.000.  •iimospnere 

840.  Nitric  acid  is  also  believed  to  yield  nitrogen  to  nhnts      It  oon«;«*=  «p 
atom  of  nitrogen  to  nve  of  oxygen  (N  o',).     Buri^gruntrlrm        ^^^^^^^ 
m  the  air  by  hghtning  and  brought  down  by  rain.     When  combined  with  the 
miltr  "'^'  "^"  '  '"™^  -''-^--^st^nces  known  to  be  effiS:";  Z 

841.  Am  PLANTS.     Thus  it  appears  that  water,  carbonic  acid  and  ammonia  ^or 
nuric  acid)  may  y  .Id  to  plants  their  four  essential  organic  elements.     Td  s^e  il 
of  them  aro  contained  in  the  atmosphere,  some  plants  are  capable  of  subsists  on 
m   alone  (long  moss,  lichens) ;  but  most  species  aro  dependent  on  water,  earUi  and 
air,  and  demand  a  copious  supply.  '  '      " 

842.  The  external  circumstances,  therefore,  first  requisite  to 
healthy  vegetation  are,-l,  free  access  to  an  atmosphere  which  is  often 
agitated  by  winds ;  2,  a  proper  supply  of  .ain  or  river  water ;  .3,  a  soil 
possessing  the  peculiar  minerals  required  by  the  species  to  be  grown 
upon  It,  together  with  a  certain  proportion  of  vegetable  mold 

843.  The  supply.  The  first  of  these  is  everywhere  abundantly 
supplied  by  nature,  and  asks  no  aid  fr-on  man.  The  second  and  third 
are  often  deficient,  and  are  to  be  supplied  by  the  labors  of  a.rriculture 
hy^rr^ffat^on  streams  of  water  nr.  tunn,d  from  their  natural  channels  to 
add  to  the  scanty  moisture  of  fields  parched  with  drouirht ;  by  dmin- 
age  the  inundated  bog  is  converted  into  a  luxuriant  lawn^ 

844.  The  object  of  tillage  is  to  pulverize  and  lighten  the  too  comna<>t  soil- 
s^ion     ;rT  '"'T"  '?  '''  ''^'''''  °'  ''''  '^^  '"  -^-'-  ^«  hasten  itrrcompo: 

aitlOn.       Simoikna.  or  doon  nlnnrrhJr.™   J^ t~H-     ,    u        •  "ovumpw 

" *■  ^ — = s*  '=■  «"  vi/uFaUoa  whereDj  luat  stratum  of  earth 


I 


wbicJv  lies, 
fiucnce.  1 
earths  whii 

845.  Ti!i 
matter,  or  t 
crops.  By 
attracted  fn 
position  of 
naturally  in 
it,  as  graniti 

846.  BoN 
albmnine,  g^ 
pliato  of  liin 

847.  GuA 
and  ammoni 
latod  in  vast 

848.  Fa 
a  season,  tl 
of  that  pa 
crops.  On 
rotation  of 
compositiot 

Ud.  LiG 
to  the  plani 
work  of  ve^ 
and  heat,  b^ 
influence  th 
assimilated 
hended  onb 

850.  Dices 
freezing  point, 
raised  into  tin 
sugar  previous 
tho  leaves,  an 
chiefly  constiti 
ration,  soudin^ 
carbonic  acid  ( 
oxygon.     Thui 

851.  The 
with  a  little 
montioncd  al 
ing  material 
secretions. 

8">2.  Proteii 
in  composition 
first  of  all,  fron 
"f'getiiblo  tissue 


IlEVIEW   or   THE   PRINCIPLES    OF   NCTWnOH.  161 

848.  Fallow  oRou™.  Soil,  aro  oftci  improved  by  lyi„„  faU„rf„r 
Y  ason,  tl,„  |,„„i„g  ji,„„  ,„  ,^^^_  aeco'npositio  ,  .  fr"sh  all 
of  that  part,cul.-,r  ingrodiont  wl.ich  had  boon  oxl.aus  ed  by  preS 

::":•;:„:""" ""'"  ^  ^"^"'•'°  <'=«-~-ra,.ubsta.osia.rei: 

W9.  Lm„T  „D  HEAT.     After  all  these  materials  have  been  suDnlied 
'o  the  plant,  still  two  other  agents  are  requisite,  withont  „  I    tle'^^a' 
work  of  vegetation  «ill  not  go  on.     These  life-giving  princip  es  ,re  iS 
and  heat,  both  of  whieh  emanate  in  floods  from  the  sun.     U  dT    S 
mfluence  the  ra«,  maUrial  is  received  into  the  vessels  of  the  plait  ari 

hZ        ,'V%r"  ■'^'-»°-"  P--  "Wcl.  can  be  full    eo'      ' 
hended  only  by  IIim  whose  power  is  adequate  to  oarrv  it  on "       ^ 

™,,«i  into  .1,0  tissue,  of  .„e'ste,„,  ^^wl^."^Z::^t^^  "'»  T"  """ 
sugar  previously  deposited  there.    I„  Ihisstatti   i,^!/  f  "'  ^"^  "' 

Iho  tovos,  and  is  there  subjected  t,^^  o  «o„' r  7  ,  '*  ,'™"  ■'  ""  "  °""" 
Cl.iefl.v  eoostitotcs  .„„  nppaLus  of  di  s.^  ;,„,l''°u  t'"""  f  V^,  I"'  '""°" 
mtio,,,  Boding  off  qoantities  of  pure  ^a^r      tl^'lTT  ^'  "^"'P'- 

carbonic  aoid  from  llio  lir  rt„.„™„  .         ."°''""l"'»  "'e  loaves  are  imbibinc 

own.  Thus  e^btSitram:  '^'  ''°  ""^°^  ^^  -"-'"«  P"'« 
witlfl'lil.T  T""  •""?•  """"'"""S  "'■i'lo-'tly  of  earbon  and  water 

:l:n:5':br%"ro:  :fr  rr',"  *°,  r-™'  ^^''^^ 

.  .  A»«jm  iiiis,  tnc  vital  nincl,  arc  elaliorito.I  fh«  K.,,-i  i 

■ng  n,ater,a,  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  and  all'  it.  varirpLt^r^ll 

in  »™;rr^  r^;ru"'s'o?:tar  i "-'  '^'^^'^  "*'»•  ''"■°^" 
...Of  a,i,  t™  .„.  Vita,  S"  «z^.t^i:!rr^^s:;!lr.'-^, 

-^=»™  ussu^  „„etu„  ceUnlai,  va,„„ar,  or  woody.  cousls.ing'-or-cibirXtbl 


162 


KKVIKW    OF   THE    rillNCirLKil    OF   NUTRITION. 


exact  cIomontH  oPwntor,  viz.,  0,.;  Tim    Oio.     Thon,  tliroviKh  tlio  iiclion  of  light,  chlo- 
rDjiliyll,:  HpriiigH  into  hoiiiK,  dotiiing  tlio»  plant  in  living  gr.-oti.     Moimwiiilo 

86;i  Gum,  staucu  and  hihuu,  nutritivo  inducts  conunon  to  nil  phuits,  aro  iiIho 
(1ovoI(»ihmI  Ironi  tliu  proper  juice  -not  jiU  to  bo  iniinodiiilcly  oinployotl  in  building  up 
tho  tissuos,  but  mostly  to  bo  stowoil  away  in  rcsdrvo  fnr  futuro  uso.  Such  di'posilH 
aro  madi^  in  tlio  root  of  tlio  Ixvt,  tubi>r  of  tlio  potato,  and  in  tho  fruit  goncrally. 
Tliosi"  throo  prcHlucts,  witli  colluloao,  aro  all  ooinposod  of  carbon  and  tho  olotnonU 
of  wiit.T,  oflcn  in  idoiiUoal  pn-portioim  ;  tluHcano  sugar  \^  Cn  111^  Oi,.;  grapomigar, 
^■'Xt  Hii  Oil ;  guni,  (;,,j  11,.,  Oio;  Htarcli,  Cn  lii,,  Oi,,;   (■clluloso,  C,,  Hio  Oio. 

851.  Ruiuii  IS  ROMirriMKS  imioditckd  niUKCTr,Y  from  tho  proper  jni(<\  m  \n  tho 
root  of  beet,  stalk  of  mair.o,  and  HUgar-eano  ;  but  oflonor,  during  g.>nninalion,  from 
tho  8taroh  dopo'sitod  in  tho  himhI.  In  composition,  as  .s;>cn  above,  dillbrs  from  that 
of  .starch  only  In  containing  a  largor  pro[)ortion  of  tho  olomonta  of  water  or  (vvlmt 
18  the  sami-)  a  .smaller  proportion  of  (Mrbon.  As  .starch  in  insoluble,  its  transformji- 
tion  into  .soluble  gum  or  mjnr  Im  needful  to  render  it  available  for  tho  nutrition  of 
tho  growing  t<mbryo. 

855.  TiiK  FACILITY  wrrit  wiiini  tuksm  fivk  cknioilvi,  ruonucrs  aiir  (io\- 
VKllTHi)  INTO  KAOU  OTiiKii,  both  in  the  growing  plant  and  in  tho  laboratory  of  the 
chemist,  is  aeeount.-d  for  by  the  similarity  of  their  chemical  condition.  Thus  starch, 
gum  and  cellulose  may  reconvert  merely  by  .sonic  change  in  tho  arrangement  of  their 
ooMstituent  atoiiKS,  or  l!u>y  may  become  sugar  by  tho  addition  of  ono  or  two  atom.s 
«f  water. 

.Sr»6.  Amovj,!  TiiH  NfMF.uou.s  aROKKTiON's  of  plants,  whioh  our  limits  forbid  US  t(. 
consider,  aro  the  vegetable  acids  containing  moro  oxygon  jiroportionately  than 
ovists  in  water;  tlio  oily  acids,  resins  and  oil.s,  containing  less  oxygen  than  oxist:i 
in  water,  or  nono  at  all.  These  substances  vary  in  tho  dilVercnt  species  almost  to 
iufuiity.  taking  into  their  constitution,  in  .'uldition  to  the  four  onjanoijni,-:,  minute 
portions  of  the  mineral  .substances  introhuv-d  by  rain  .and  river  water.  Their  peeii- 
i:ariti,\s  of  odor,  llavor,  coKm-,  prop.Mties,  etc.,  although  so  obvious  to  tho  senses,  aro 
wiusioned  by  ditreroiicos  of  constitution  otlcn  so  slight  oa  to  elude  tho  most  dolicato 
tests  of  (ho  «>hemist. 

S.')7.  TuM  K.)i,i,owi\u  TAiiLi:  ravTAiN'.scTxampl'^^  of  tho  various  classes  of  secre- 
tions, arranged  in  referonco  to  their  relativo  jtroportion  of  oxygen: — 


■3  H 

B  O 

W3 


'o  3 

a  3 


e.i: 


■      01 

11  li 

a   ,  a 


3  o  <a 


CLASS. 


NAMK    AMI    SOIUCK. 


Oxalic,  Leaves  of  rhubarb,  sorrel,  etc.,. .  . 

.Citric,  Fruit  of  tlio  Oiaiigeworts,. 

'^falic,    Apples  .ind  many  fruits, 

;Ta"taric,  Jui(;o  of  grapes 

Gallic,  Nutirallfl 

ranuic,  Astringent  barks,  nutgalls, 

Mcconic,  Juice  of  ihe  Poppyworts, 


FOKMULA. 

C2  II  O4 

ClJ  Il8  Ol4 

(^sIFcOio 
Cs  IfcOia 
Cm  lie  Oio 
C,.,  II0O3? 
Cii  ir4  0u 


■e,d     Grapp  sugar.     ^: rape.'*,  rai.sins,  honey, ..  . 
"•5!  2   Cane  sugar.     Maple,  maize,  sorglium,. 


-  ji   i^farch.     In  all  plants,. 
■s|5   Uutn,  muoilage.     Com 


mon. 


iCellulose.    Subst,vice  of  cellular  membrane, 


C12  H12  O12 
Cio  IT,,  Oil 
C|o  Hio  Oio 

C12  n,o  Oio 

Cii  11 10  Oio 


Tlioijropiir-' 


tion  ot'oxy-j 
gen  ti)    liy-| 
I  drofTi'n     is 
{rrcatcrthaii 
in  water.      ! 


TheoxyBoii 
|tri>|)ii'tiim- 
(m1    1(1   liy- 

lll'KCl'll       , 

cqiially,    ,is; 

ill  W.ltlT.    I 


a  "3  -n 

x's'3 


!        '3 


1 1 

oB 

8 


REVIEW    OF   THK    PHmOIPLKS    OF    NUTRITION. 


163 


CkASM. 


WAMR    AND  SOUBCH 


a£^  I'iiloridoin 

Hi.*- 


rOKMULA. 


•5  ?" 

C  O 


U  3 
B   3 


7  a 

'?  a  5 


.     i  ark  of  cliorry,  apple,  etc.,..  .  C12  H;  Oq 

Bark  ol  w.llovv  C.3  IlJ  0? 

J  aik  of  aspen  (Populas), Icao  IJ,,  O3 

.W'ofpuppy, !Clo^J^04 

Madder,^ jCaz  H;.^  Oi« 

Oil  of  at.iso.     Pirri,,indla  umsurn,"~r.T7jci6liro7~ 
O.  of  omna,no„      U,„.„.  dnr.arAor.nan, .  .  C„  11    oj 
O.   of  clove,-.     Caryophyllas  aron.atious  .  .  C  4  Hn  O5 
'(Jil  of  sasHafras.     Laiin.s  sassafras ....         I  ---'*-  "'^  "^^ 


Saiifine. 

Populirif. 

.VfcwminL'. 

.Vlizariiio  (Turkey  red;." 


Oil  ol'  pcpperiniiit. 
Oil  of  vulfrian 


M.,-ntlmp,perif,a, C24  H,,,  O2 

V  aleriaua  officmaha, C12  liio  O2 


Oxyifen     In 
pio|>orilon 

sllglitly  lew 

! 

than  Water. 

(Oxygen  in 
<liininisbcd 
proportion. 


V-aleric  acid.     Root  of  valerian, C,„  Hi..  Oj 

^■'urUhyhc.     Castor-oil  nut, . . '. !c     JI     n' 

•olargonic.     Rose  geranium ! .' !  |c      {     o 

l^aiu-ie.     Lrnirus  nohilis  U"*  1,     Y^ 


Myristic. 

iielimic, 

Molisaic. , 


Laurusnobili.s, iC24  H.4  O4 

•  •  •  C'44  H44  O4 

iCeo  Hao  O4 


In    thig   se-. 
rivs  thfl  pro- 
portion    ofj 
oxygon 
regularly 
(llmlnisbeH 


K! 


rt  o  <u 


Colophony,  or  resin  of  pine,  etc., Ic^II, .  O. 

liosu.  of  Copaiva.     CopaifcW,. ....  cIo  £  o! 

esm  of  Mastic.     Pistacia  lenti.scus, .  .      ! .  C     H.    O2 

Sruhor^'T'-     "^"""f '''  ^'^^•"  •  • ^^'>  "3!  03 

j^.itri{)lioi.     Laurus  camphorjL jCoa  Uir  ()» 

Borneo  camphor.     J)ryobalanops, C20  His  O2 


Oil  of  turpentine.     Pines, 

Burgamot.     A  variety  of  oraii'gn', 

ok  popper.     Pincr  iii.mini 
Jimiper,  savine 


very     little 
oxygon    re- 
maining. 


C5H4 
C^  H4 
C5H4 

Parsley;  cubebs,  eta;:^!'"'; ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !  ^  ^ 


Junii 


1      --''' 

1      ' 

Quiiiiuo.     Peruvian  bark, 

Morphine.     Opium,  poppy, ....]', 
L  heme.     I.oaves  of  the  tea-plant, , 


C2S  H22  O4  N2 

C34  Hi9  Oo  N 
Ceo  Hi„  O4  N4 


Carb«-hy- 

il  logons, 

ibouieric, 

ile.stituteof 

oxygen. 


|Oxygen  loss 
than  hydro- 


Nicotine. 
Coueine. 


le.     Tobacco  (Nicotiana), C20  H14  N2 

i.     Hemlock  (Conium), Cio  His  N 


Oxygen 
none. 


Oil  of  mustard.     Sinapis  nigra, |ci«  Hi  N  ?!„ 

Oil  of  horse-radish.     ^^■■^■^^--'^      I^V'«  ^l^  £t  ^ 


>      lOil  of  garlic. 


Cochlearia, |c,c  Hg  N  82 

Allium  sativum, 'Co  Hs  S 


Oxygen 


none. 


1  = 

OS 
8 


Protein, 
Gluten. 
Casein. 
Albumen. 


Primordial  utricle, 
The  cereal  grains, . 
Leguminous  seeds. 


C36  H25  Oio  N4 
lOPr  +  S 
lOPr  +  P  +  S 


=Pr 


Many  seeds, \^  Pr-f-P-f  2 


S 


■"-'"'^^- 


PART     THIRD. 


SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY, 


■-••■♦-••-- 


CHAPTER    I. 


OF   THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   PLANTS. 

858.  Systematic  botany  relates  to  the  arrangement  of  plants  into 
groups  and  families,  according  to  their  characters,  for  the  purpose  of 
facilitating  the  study  of  their  names,  affinities,  liabits,  liistory,  proper- 
ties and  uses. 

850.  In  this  DEPAliTMENT,  tlio  principles  of  Stnictuni!  ana  Pliysiological  Botany 
aro  applied  and  brought  into  practical  uso  in  tlio  diacrimination  of  tho  difforent 
groups,  and  tho  limitation  of  tli(;ir  ciiaractcrs.  Besides  tlio  immediate  uses  of  Sys- 
tematic Botany  in  tho  determination  of  species  and  kinds,  as  abovo  stated,  it  ac- 
complishes 

860.  Another  purpose  of  still  iiigiier  import.  It  aids  us  in 
studying  plants  as  related  to  each  other,  and  constituting  one  great  and 
glorious  system.  It  shows  us  the  Almighty  Creator  at  once  employed 
in  the  minutest  details  and  upon  the  boundless  whole,  equally  attentive 
to  the  perfection  of  the  individual  in  itself,  and  to  the  completeness  of 
the  grand  system,  of  which  it  forms  a  necessary  part. 

861.  The  subject  op  gke.vt  extknt.  Tlio  study  of  classification  introduces  tho 
botanist  into  an  oxtensivo  field  of  inquiry.  Tho  subjects  of  his  research  meet  him  at 
every  step,  They  clotho  tlie  hill  and  plain,  tho  mountain  and  valley.  Tlioy  spriiicj 
up  in  tlio  hedges  and  by  tho  way  side.  They  border  tho  streams  and  lakes  and 
Bprinklo  over  their  surfaces  ;  they  stand  assembled  in  vast  fore.-^t^,  and  cover  with 
verdure  even  the  depths  of  tho  ocean.  Xow,  with  each  individual  of  tiiis  vast  kiii-- 
dom  tho  botanist  proposes  to  acquaint  himself;  so  that  ho  shall  bo  ablo  readily  to 
recognize  its  name,  and  all  that  is  either  instructive,  interesting,  or  useful  concern- 
ing it,  whenever  and  wherever  it  is  presented  to  his  view. 

862.  Tub  wrong  way  to  study.  Now  it  is  obvious  that  if  tho  student  should 
attempt  tho  accomplishment  of  this  labor  by  studying  each  and  every  iudividuid 
plant  in  detail,  whether  with  or  witiiout  the  aid  of  books,  tho  longest  Ufa  would ' 
scarcely  suffice  him  for  making  a  good  beginning.  But  such  an  attempt  would  bo 
as  unnecessary  aa  fruitless.  Tho  Author  of  Nature  Las  grouped  these  myriads  of 
mdividuals  into 


OF   THE    CLASSIFICATION    OF   PLAHTS.  165 

803.  Species  (§  7(1).  When  IIo  called  plants  into  existence,  ia 
tho.r  specific  for,„s,  Ho  endowed  each  witi,  the  power  of  perpetaatin^ 
tts  own  hnd  and  no  other,  so  that  they  have  des<,ended  to  us  distin- 
guished by  the  same  characters  and  properties  as  at  the  beginning. 
When  therefore,  the  student  has  formed  acquaintance  with  any  indiv^i- 
du.l  plant,  he  .s  also  acquainted  with  all  other  individuals  belongina  to 
the  same  species.  *' 

8G4   Foa  example:  a  single  plant  o^ white  clover  is  a  true  roprosentativo  of  nil 
he  m.Iho„.s  of  Its  kind  that  grow  on  our  hills  aud  in  our  moadowT   a„d  a  slle 

tree  of  that  noblo  species,  in  ail  lands  where  it  is  fl.und.  inaivmual 

865.  ^ENEHA      Alth  ...(Th  the  species  are  separated  from  each  other 
by  c  ear  a,.i  definite  distinctions,  still  they  J.  found  to   exhibit  as" 
constant  affinit.es,  whereby  they  stand  associated   into  larger  grou" 
called  genera  (,^  80).     A  genus,  therefore,  is  an  assemblage  of  related 
species,  having  more  markerl  affinities  with  each  other  in  general  struc- 
ture and  appearance  than  they  have  with  other  species. 
SCO.  For  example:  the  wl.ito  elov.r  and  iho  red  (Trifolium  ropena  and  T  p,* 
:  ?  -0  universally  reco.ni.od  as  dilTercnt  species,  but  of  the  s.I  genus-  a„d^ 
Mnglo  ,.««nc  descnption  of  or.o  plant  of  the  genus  Trifolium  will  eouvey  i    elli 
gonce  to  a  eortain  extent  eoncornin,  every  other  plant  belonging  to  ^^^^^ 
blZ      7  "°  "T  "f  "'"^^  '"•"^'^  ''  ^''°  ^'^^^'^  grouped  ly^'desoent  andtsem^ 
^Zlantr"'        "?'f  "'^'"  '^^""'^^'  "^"^  the  species  associated  into  hg  .or 
groups  called  genera.     "  An  individual,"  says  Prof.  Forbes,    "  is  a  positive  reati  v 
a  species  ,s  a  relative  reality;  a  genu.  U  an  idoa-but  an  idea  imprc".  eo„  ^^ 
and  not  arb.tmr.ly  dependent  on  man's  conceptions     An  individual  is  one    a  snl: 
^cs  consists  of  many  resulting  from  one ;  a  genus  consists  of  more    r  IZ  of  tlL^ 
^anr^  resrMno  from  one  linked  together,  not  by  a  relationship  of  dc.  I      bu   by 
an  afTiinty  dependent  on  a  Divine  idea"  "'-^^t-eni,  out  by 

863.  Orders.  But  natural  affinities  do  not  end  l-.ero.  The  genera  arc  vet  too 
numerous  f.r  the  ready  and  sy.stomatic  study  of  the  naturalist.  le  before  Co^d 
generalize  stilfurtbe,  and  reduce  the  genera  to  still  fewer  and  b  oltrV^^^^^ 

J.!"'  "Z  """'""'■  '"»'P"i"S  »uoh  gonora  ™  tl,o  mustard,  radish    ebb,™ 

qiuiacters,  yet  they  all  have  certain  marked  resemblances  in  thpir  ri;,i 

whether  natural  or  artiticiaL  ^'^  ^  ^  -  o-ea-  e,.tcnt,  calL-u  Ciasso^ 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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93  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4501 


^^^. 


106 


IHB   ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM. 


871.  Intermediate  groups,  formed  on  the  same  principles,  are  recognized  aa 
Subgenera,  Suborders  or  Tribes,  and  Subclasses  or  Coho^^  which  will  be  further 
noticed  and  described  in  another  place. 

872.  Methods  op  classification.  Two  independent  and  widely  differeni 
methods  of  classifying  tlie  genera  have  been  generally  approved,  the  Artificial  Sys- 
tem of  LinnsDus,  and  the  Natural  System  of  Jussieu.  The  former  is  founded  solely 
on  characters  relating  to  the  organs  of  fructiflcatiQn,  leaving  all  other  natural  affinl- 
ties  out  of  view.  The  latter,  on  the  contrary,  takes  for  its  basis  all  those  natural 
affinities  and  resemblances  of  plants  whereby  Nature  herself  has  distmguished  them 
into  groups  and  families. 


»»♦«»- 


CHAPTER     II. 


THE   ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM. 

873.  A  SYSTEM  OP  CLASSIFICATION  IS  SAID  .0  BE  ARTIFICIAL  WHEN,  disregard- 
ing the  real  nature  of  the  subjects  classified,  it  rests  merely  on  some  obvious  exter- 
nal circumstance.  As  when  the  books  of  a  library  are  arranged  on  shelves  accord- 
ing  to  their  size,  octavo,  duodecimo,  etc.,  or  as  when  the  words  in  a  language  are 
arranged  in  dictionaries,  alphabetically,  forming  thus  class  A,  class  B,  etc.  In  either 
case  the  books  or  the  words  constituting  any  group  may  be  quite  diverse  in  charac- 
ter, having  nothing  in  common  except  their  octavo  size  or  initial  letter.  The  only 
use  of  such  an  arrangement  is  convenience  of  reference. 

874.  Carl  von  Linni5  (Linnneus)  of  Sweden,  born  in  1707,  everywhere  honored 
as  the  father  of  systematic  and  descriptive  botany,  was  the  author  of  that  renowned 
artificial  system  which  bears  his  name.  For  well  nigh  a  century  it  continued  in  al- 
most universal  use,  and  was  regarded  by  his  followers  with  far  more  respect  than  by 
Linnaeus  himself;  who  designed  it  simply  as  an  index  or  due  to  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. For  ho  says  (Philosophia  Botanica)  "Methodi  Naturalis  fragmeuta  studiosu 
inquirenda  sunt.     Primum  et  ultimum  hoc  in  Botanids  desideratura  est," 

875.  Considered  as  a  system,  the  Linnaeau  arrangement  totally  fails  to  exhibit 
those  true  relations  and  affinities  of  {^ants  which  render  the  knowledge  of  each  kind 
a  guide  to  that  of  the  others,  and  combine  all  into  one  consistent  whole.  It  can  not, 
therefore,  property  be  regarded  as  a  system. 

876.  Considered  as  an  index  or  key  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  it  is  by  no 
means  reliable,  for  tha  stamons  and  styles  often  vary  numerically  in  the  same 
plant  ,•  and  secondly,  the  spedos  of  the  same  genus  often  vary  in  these  respects,  thus 
obliging  us  to  violate  even  specific  affinities;  and  again,  when  the  stamens  or  pistils 
are  accidentally  marred,  or  lost,  or  immature,  the  index  must  also  fail  of  its  purpose. 
For  these  reasons  this  arrangement  has  fallen  into  disuse,  having  been  superseded 
by  the  Natural  System,  and  by  other  arrangements  better  adapted  to  the  present 
advanced  state  of  the  science.  Yet  being  intimately  connected  with  the  history  of 
botany,  and  having  largely  contributed  to  its  early  progress,  its  outlines  at  least  de- 
mand a  record  in  our  pages. 

877.  The  Linn^an  System  proposes  to  arrange  all  the  known 
genera  of  plants  under  twenty-four  classes^  each  based  on  some  special 
character  derived  from  the  essential  floral  organs,  as  follows  : 


Claaa 

Glass 

Class 

Class 

Cla^ 

Class 


THB    ART1*'1CIAL   8V8TKM.  --y 

and  of  eoual  lonl  or^n      .         ,      °""'  """""""^ed  and 
n       ^rrrr    ^^''^'~~«^^®n  Stamens  (TrieutalU^ 

c  r  ^  s  srz^-^^^-^^  «^™-  (4rs:La, 

Class       X   D^Ca    7°"r  '*'"°"'  <"''«"™'  S^-f^^)  • 
Class    XIL  fcosTrHuXrnt" 

generally  unconnected,  ^  ^  "^  stamens 

''"'"  "'zxCp:  .sr '"°  '""•"  ""^ '-  *"•■  "^p-'-^ « in 

Uasa  XVIIL  Polvadelphu. -stamens  united  bv  th.ir  fii         .    ^ 

imre  sets  (Hypericum).  "^       "  ^^^"^^^^^  'nto  three  or 

XIX.  SrNQEVEsiA,  stamens  united  hv  thfi.v  o„fu 

otiier  Compoaitie  ^  *"*^''"''  ^^  ^  *b*  Alters  and 

..1'  oT";,;zrxrpi:r;  "^  "'^'-'-  "^»"  *°  »^- 

XXr.  JlovL?;U       "^      '^  ^°"''  '""■  stomons  only. 

AAU.  DiOEcr A,— staminate  and  Di<,tm.,t«  fl„ 


Class 
Class 

Class 


Class 

Class 

Cla,s3 
Class 


168 


THK    ARTIFICIAL   SYSTEM. 


Class  XXIV.  Cryptooamia, — plants  in  which  the  organs  of  fructification  cro 
concealed  (as  the  name  implies)  as  in  ferns,  mosses,  seaweeds. 

878.  The  Linn^an  orders.  Each  claaa  is  subdivided  into  orders,  and  these 
aiso  arc  founded  on  some  condition  of  the  essential  organs.  The  orders  of  the  first 
thirteen  classes  are  determined  by  the  number  of  styles  (or  stigmas  when  the  etylos 
are  wanting)  in  each  flower. 


Order  1.  Monogynia, 

Order  2.  Digynia, 

Order  3.  Trigjiiia, 

Order  4.  Tetragynia, 

Order  6.  Pentagynia, 

Order  6.  Ilexagynia, 


Order   f.  Heptagynia, 
Order    8.  Octogynla, 
Order    9.  Enneagynia, 
Order  10.  Decagynia, 
Order  11.  Dodecagynia, 


7  styles. 

8  styles. 

9  styles. 
10  styles. 
12  styles. 


Order  12.  Polygynia,  more  than  12. 


1  style. 

2  stylos. 

3  styles. 

4  styles, 

5  styles. 

6  styles. 
819.  The  orders  op  class  XIV.  depend  upon  their  seed  vessels. 

Order  1.  Gymnosperraia — Fruit  four  achenia,  as  in  the  Labiates. 
Order  2.  Angiospermia — Fruit  inclosing  several  seeds. 

880.  The  orders  op  class  XV.  also  depend  on  the  fruit. 
Order  1.  Siliculosa — ^Fruit  a  siiicle,  as  in  pepper-grass. 

Order  2.  Siliquosa — Fruit  a  silique  as  in  wall-flower. 

881.  The  orders  op  classes  XVI.,  XVII.,  XVIII.  are  distinguished  by 
the  number  of  stamens  and  named  like  the  first  classes. 

Order  1.  Triandria — three  stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 
Order  2.  Pentandria — five  stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 

882.  The  orders  op  class  XIX  are  five,  as  follows  : 
Order  1.  Equalis — ^Florets  of  the  head  all  perfect  ( y  )• 

Order  2.  Superflua — Flprets  of  the  disk  ^ ,  of  the  ray  $  . 
Order  3.  Frustraaoa — Florets  of  the  disk  ^ ,  ray  abortive. 
Order  4.  Necessaria — Florets  of  the  disk  J,  of  the  ray  9. 
Order  6.  Segregata — ^Eacli  floret  with  a  separate  involucre. 

883.  The  orders  of  classes  XX.,  XXL,  XXII.  distinguished  in  the  same 
way  as  thu  first  thirteen,  the  XVI.,  XVII.,  XVIII.  cla'sses ;  as 

Order  1.  Monandria — one  stamen.    Order  2.  Diandria— two  stamens.     Order  3,  Tri- 
andria— three  stamens,  etc. 

884.  The  orders  op  class  XXIII.  are  founded  on  the  position  of  the 
flowers  relatively,  thus : 

Order  1.  Mouoecia-— Flowers  tf  ,  $,  S  on  the  same  plant  (Acacia). 

Order  2,  Dioecia — Flowers  S  on  one  plant,  ,J ,  $ ,  on  another  (Chameropa). 

Order  3.  Trioecia— Flowers  ^  ,  $,  and  9  ,  each  on  separate  plants. 

885.  The  orders  op  class  XXIV.  are  the  same  as  in  the  Natural  Sys- 
tem, and  can  not  be  defined  by  a  single  character. 


Order  1.  Pilices,  ferns. 
Order  2.  Musci,  mosses. 
Order  3.  Hepaticse,  liverworts 


Order  4.  Lichens,  lichens. 
Order  5.  Fungi,  mushrooms. 
Order  6.  Algie,  seaweeds. 


THB    NATURAL   SYSTBM. 


169 


CHAPTER    III. 

THE     NATURAL     SYSTEM. 
886.  The  aim  op  the  Natiirai   <5irQ-rr,„  •   j. 
groups  and  families  accldi„r,rthefr  w  " .    TTi"""  '""'"  ""^ 

vine  plan  in  the  System  of  NaZ!  ''^""''  °^  "'°  '^'- 

extent,  for  all  the  rest  ^  *^  ""  ^''^^*^''  ""^  ^^^ 

.«":  re^rd:::;r  ;rnir ''  •"""""» »'  -■- 

vid„als  altogethe..  similar,  cM  JtJ^i'TrlT'Tr     '"*■ 
.  species.     Species  agreeing  in  neari;  aH  "spec  ■  a„T  d";ff^;-  T,'"'" 

o....d  inte  -a.,u.irxr;5r :;:;r  s^^^ 
merdem;,"::;e;nL::te:rrtT  T""''  "■"  »»"■-' 

value  or  i„,^L,cc.    As  "  ru  I  t  ,^  .     ,  V"  /"«""'  "''  "^  ""C"' 

c^liukr  tissue,.  ,^^  from  thefl^RT  "  ,7  "^.f '"^'»'»  -i^wa  f,„,„°tl,o 
ttKf,„m,to„|,„^j,J  '°''3'J  •''«  »'""«>'«,  tho  embryo,  „„d  albume,,: 

and««  U,e  f„J.  ia.„  JJS:^:     IT^^;^^- «■' J'-'erless  p,a„,,' 
years  later,  constructed  a  fragment  of  th«  ^^Z,  y^^""'^     Linnaeus,  about  50 

natural  order.,  without  desc;^"oI    But  to  1  f"''  Z"T'' ""'  ""  "^""^^  «^  «' 
the  final  establishn^^t  of  this  Sod      , on  tTl  •"'"'"  '^  *^°  ''^«  ''««-  «' 

Ho  arranged  the  ,o„era  then  ^^^t^umZ^Z^l  °'  "T^'  "^"••*^- 
them  with  so  nmch  exactnesa.  that  nl.rN,    i   ,  ""*"'"'''  ^''^^'^  defining 

bave  been  adopted  into Ir  X„  ^^Hf  R^bmT'^'  ""  *"'  °^  *""^^  ^  -' 
-completion  and  int^duilon  i  J  E^^^^r^H^T^- ^^  ^ 


170 


THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 


New  Holland  in  1810;  and  finally  Do  CandoHo,  by  the  publication  of  his  great 
work  "  Prodromu^  Systoinatis  Naturulis  Regni  Vegetabiljia",  coininenued  in  1816, 
and  designed  as  the  univeraal  Flora,  brought  this  syatem  into  general  use. 

892.  Many  systems.  But  the  aim  of  the  natural  system  as  an  expression  of  the 
Divine  Order  of  Nature  ia  not  yet  consummated.  Tlie  lower  divisions  of  tlie  System 
— ^species,  genera,  and  oiders,— are  well  defined  and  settled  as  truly  natural  groupa. 
Tlie  grand  divisions  also, — Cryptogamia,  Phenogaraous  Exogens  and  Endogena 
(§  897), — are  fully  established.  But  in  tlie  midst,  between  these  extremes,  there  is 
u  region  of  uncertainty,  respecting  the  armngement  of  the  orders  into  f^' "ups  sub- 
ordinate to  the  grand  divisions,  viz.,  into  Clivases  and  Subclasses.  In  thia  matter, 
authora  have  maintained  diffbrent  views,  and  proposed  a  variety  of  systems. 

893.  The  difficulty  lies  in  this.  Wo  attempt  nocossarily  a  linear  arrangement 
of  the  orders,  placing  one  after  another  in  succession,  thus  regarding  tlio  affinities  oi 
each  in  two  directions  only,  viz.,  toward  the  preceding  and  the  succeeding ;  wliereas 
each  order  should  be  regarded  as  «.  center  of  affinities;  being  related  immediately  to 
all  others  lying  around  it,  a?  a  province  on  a  geographical  map  is  related  equally  to 
an  those  which  toiich  upon  its  borders.  Henco  any  linear  anaugoment  of  the  order* 
must  be  in  some  degree  artificial.  ' 

894.  0ns  natural  system.  Although  there  he  but  one  truly  na- 
tural system,  yet  while  any  portion  of  it  remains  imperfectly  understtK^I, 
so  far  authors  may  bo  expected  to  hold  different  views,  and  to  attempt 
by  different  methods  to  express  that  true  system.  Still  the  discrepan- 
cies observed  in  the  several  "Natural  Systems,'*  proposed  by  different 
writers,  are  slight  compared  with  the  number  and  importance  of  the 
principles  now  common  to  them  all  and  universally  admitted. 

895.  The  first  and  highest  division  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom, 
viz.,  into  the  PhaBnogamia  or  Flowering  Plants,  and  the  Cryptogamia 
or  Flovverless  Plants,  has  already  been  noticed  and  defined.  These 
grand  divisions,  or  sub-kingdoms,  lie  at  the  foundation  of  both  the  sys- 
tems of  Linnajusand  of  Jussieu,  and  liave  in  substance  been  adopted  by 
every  subsequent  author.  It  is  a  division  founded  in  nature,  that  i-s 
marked  by  nature  herself,  for 

The  Ph^nogamia  ((paivu,  to  appear,  yufJ^oc,  nuptials), 
a.  Consist  of  a  regular  axis  of  g-owth  with  leafy  appendages, 
6,  They  possess  a  woody  and  spiro-vasoular  structure, 

c,  They  develop  stamens  and  pistils  constituting  flowers. 

d,  They  produce  seeds  containing  an  embryo.    On  tho  other  hand 
The  Cryptogamia  («/)iin-ro),  to  conceal,  ydfioc). 

a,  Are  generally  destitute  of  a  regular  axis  and  of  true  leaves, 
ft,  They  possess  mostly  a  cellular  structure  only, 

c,  Tliey  do  not  develop  true  flowers, 

d,  Tiiey  produce  spores  having  no  embryo. 

896.  Natural  divisions  iNDBPiNrrE.  The  above  diagnosis  does  not  mark  the 
absolute  limits  between  tho  two  siib^kingdoms,  for  tho  higher  Cryptogamia,  as  the 
mosses  and  ferns,  give  indications  of  approach  to  tl>e  Phfenogamia,  both  in  form  ami 
Btructure,  while  the  lower  Pliaenogamiu  can  scarcely  be  said  to  produce  flowers. 
And  universally,  so  gradual  fa  tho  traasitiou  firom  group  to  groups  that  it  is  difficult 


THE    NATURAL   SVSTKM.  ,^    ' 

allied  grujpa.  "^  exciuae  every  member  ol  ihe  aurrouudia;^ 

897.  Skcond  division.     The  Flowering  plants  are  next  resolved  into 
^^■o  ^v..iprov^nce.,  indubitably  marked  by  nature's  own  hand  and  em 
ployed  ,n  every  natural  method.     The  following  is  their  d  rn'osfs 
I'^xoaEN.  (,..  without,  ,.....,  to  go^erate),  or  Icc^lZo^^^j;^,^ 
a,  Growmg  by  layers  oxterual  to  the  vood^  i.ten.al  to  tl^bTk 
0,  Leaves  net-veined,  ' 

c,  Flowers  4  or  5-parted,  rarely  S-parted, 

d,  Seeds  witli  two  or  :nore  cotyledons,  aLd 
c,  Tlie  radicle  producing  an  axial  root. 

ENDOG^v^,  (,'.,5o.,  within,  yevvuu),  or  Monocottlbdonotts  Planto. 
a,  Growing  by  scattered  internal  wood-bundles, 
6,  Leaves  parallel-veined, 

c,  Flowers  very  generally  3-partod, 

d,  Seeds  with  ono  cotyledon,  and 

c,  The  radicle  never  producing  an  axial  root 
898.  Third  division  ;_cla88E8.     The  provinces  are  next  broken 

Angiospekm^  (ay;.«,f,  a  vessel,  anep^a,  seed)  (oak,  rose! 
a,  Flowers  more  generally  perfect  or  complete, 
0,  PisUls  complete,  inclosing  ihe  ovules, 
c.  Seeds  inclosed  in  a  pericarp, 
rf.  Embryo  with  only  two  cotyledons. 
Gymnospek.m;e  {yvfwbc,  naked,  cnip,.a)  <pine,  yew). 
«,  Flowers  imperfect  and  incomplete, 
h.  Pistils  scale-like,  without  a  «tigma, 
c   Seeds  truly  naked,  that  is,  destitute  of  ^  perioam 
<^  Lmbryo  mostly  with  several  whorled  cotyledons. 
Two  classes  .ire  formed  from  the  Endogens,  viz.: 
Petaliper^  (7r£ra;iov,  petal,  ^epu,  to  bear). 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  with  flowers  constructed  on  the  usual 

GLUMIPER.K  {gluma,  liusTc,  /ero,  to  bear). 

Plants  of  the  endogenous   structure,  the  flowers  invests  «,ith  o.     • 

899.   Divisions   of  the  orvptooamia.     Tlii,  subkinsdom    is   na. 
tarally  ,l.v,ded  into  two  provinces,  tlie  Acrogens,  and  ThalTo.  „s 
term,  founded  „p„„  .l.dr  ,„„de  of  vegeUti„;.   \he  fomcTluZ 
ftose  tnbes  »h,ch  make  .ome  .pproxi™atio„  towards  the  Phlogl,. 
tie  latter  inehide  tl,o  lowest  tribes  i„  the  vegetable  kingdom 
JlciloaB»Ji  (.«po,.,  the  summit,  ymiu). 

riowcrlcK  plants  having  a  rcRular  stem  or  axis,  which  »row.  k.  .1 
«ns.o.„f  .,.„  apox  cnl,.  without  -.no^in,  at^irt'dir^.'^T;; 


172 


TBS    NATUBAL    SYSTEM. 


with  leaves,  and  composed  of  colkilar  tissue  and  scalarifonn  ducts  (Perns, 
mosses,  club-mosses,  horsetails,  etc.) 
THALLOQRNiE  ((hi'Ah>c,  green  branch,  yevvuu). 

Flowerless  plants  producing  in  vegetation  a  tJuUlus,  with  no  distinction 
of  stem  and  leaf,  or  root,  and  composed  of  cellular  tissue  only  (Lichens, 
fungi,  etc.) 

900.  Classes  of  the  flowerless  plants.  For  the  sake  of  analogy 
and  an  advantageous  comparison  with  the  Phaenogams,  we  may  also 
regard  these  two  provinces  of  the  Cryptogams  in  the  light  of  Classes 
founded  upon  iheir  different  modes  of  fruitbearitig.  Thus  the  Acro- 
gens  constitute  the  class 

Anqiosporx  (ayyliog,  airopH). 

Acrogenous  plants,  producing  their  spores  in  sporangia  (vessels)  which 
burst  when  the  spores  are  mature. 
Gymnospor^  (yvfivoc,  airopd). 

Thallogenous  plants  reproduced  by  spores,  whicli  aro  produced  in  parent 
cells,  either  forming  a  part  of  the  vegetating  thallus,  or  growing  upon  the 
surface  of  some  definite  region  of  the  thallus. 

901.  Fourth  division— cohorts.  The  six  classes,  as  above  constituted,  are 
sUll  each  of  great  extent, — too  great  for  the  comprehension  of  the  learner,  or  prac- 
tical use.  A  further  division  is  therefore  necessary.  To  effect  this  on  strictly 
natural  principles  botanists  have  labored  hitherto  in  vain.  The  truth  is,  tlio 
members  of  these  several  classes  are  united  by  affinities  so  equable  as  to  render 
it  impossibb  to  subdivide,  except  by  distinctions  more  or  less  arbitrary.  So 
adjacent  territories,  where  rivers  or  other  natural  boundaries  aro  wanting,  must  bj 
separated  by  artificial  lines. 

902.  The  angiosperms  are  divided  by  De  Candolle,  in  his  great  descriptive 
work  "  Prodroraus  Systematis  Naturalis  Begni  Vegetabilis"  into  four  sub-classes 
founded  upon  the  conditions  of  the  floral  envelops,  viz.  : 

1.  Tkalamiflonx,  petals  distinct,  and  (with  the  stamens)  hypogynous. 

2.  Calyciflorae,  petals  (with  the  stamens)  perigynous. 

3.  CoroUifloroe,  petals  united,  hypogynous,  stamens  eplpetalous. 

4.  Afonochlamyekoe,  petals  wanting. 

903.  The  plau  of  Endlicher  in  his  "Genera  Plantarum"  is  more 
simple  and  convenient,  and  has  been  followed  by  American  writei-s 
generally.     Hi  separates  the  Angiosperm.©  into  three  "  cohorts,"  thus : 

1.  Dialypdaloe  {diaXCut,  to  dissolve).  Exogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx 
and  corolla,  the  latter  composed  of  distinct  petals  (polypetulous),  sometimes 
slightly  cohering  by  the  base  of  the  stamens,  rarely  abortive. 

2.  Gamopstalce  (yafioc,  union).  Exogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx  and 
corolla,  the  latter  composed  of  petals  more  or  less  united. 

3.  Apetaloe  {a,  privative).  Exogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  a  calyx 
only,  or  neither  calyx  nor  corolla  (achlamydeous). 

904.  The  class  PETAUFERiE  may  be  conveniently  separated  iiit) 
two  cohorts,  as  follows. 

1.  Spadicijiorce.  ICndogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  no  perianth,  or  a 
scaly  one,  and  borno  qq  a  thickened  spadix,  which  is  often  enveloped  in  a 
spathe. 


THE    NATURAL   SYSTEM. 


173 


^2f^     Endogenous  planta  with  the  flowers  usually   perfect  and  com- 
plete,  the  penanth  double,  3-parted,  thoouter  often  and  8oraetimoa  both  green 
JOo.   IHE    CLASS    GLUMiFER^    is  equivalent  to  the  cohort   Orami- 
noidece,  including  the  sedges,  grains,  und  grasses-a  truly  natural  a*- 
semblajre.  "^ 

906.   The  class  anoiospor^  consists  of  three  cohorts  defined  as 
follows. 

1.  Sporogamta.  Angi63porou3  plants,  producing  spores  in  which,  when  ^er- 
minating  antheridial  cells  and  urchcgonal,  or  ovularj  bodies^  are  forced 
(Lycopodiaceae,  Isoetac^ie,  Mar^ileaceie). 

2.  ThaUogamia     Angiosporous  plants  producing  spores  of  one  kind  in  spor- 
anges  on  the  surface  of  the  leaf  or  stern,   the  spore  germinating  in'r* 
m^n  prothalhu,  (629)  on  which  are  developed  antheridia  and  arcLgonia 
the  latter  giving  origin  to  a  leafy  embryo  (Equisetace*,  Filicoa)  ' 

3.  Axogamta.  Angiosporous  plants  producing  antheridia  and  archegonia  ia 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  in  bud^  tlie  fertilized  archegonia  giving  birth  to 
Cha3^  "''  "''  ''""'  '"  "P"'^"'=^"«  *^^  P^^ '*  (MoLs.  HepaUc^^ 

©07.  The  class  gymnospor.e  consists  of  throe  cohorts  viz  • 

^'  tZTf"'  ,^!"^"°°^"^  g--^^^'"^  ^»d  fructifying  in  the  air,  ^eprodiced  by 
spores  formed  m  asci,  and  by  green  gonidia  formed  in  the  meduUary  W 
of  tne  thallus  (Lichens).  ^     ^ 

and  Iructifying  ,n  the  open  a.r,   destitute  of  chlorophylle  and  starch    re- 
(TungO  '""  '""''  "  ^'  byarchegonal  spVes  and  by  ^idea 

3.  Hydrophyta.  Tliallogens  with  a  branching  or  foliaceous  thallus-  mem- 
branous,  gelatinous,  or  cartilaginous  in  texture,  containing  eithe  '  cto. 
phylle  or  a  red  coloring  matter  and  often  starch  grains ;  growi  g  n  wir 
salt  or  fresli,  or  in  moist  substances  in  damp  air  (Algic)  ' 

JSli:^':^™!"^^:^^^"--^*^-^- divisions andsub- 


908. 


divisions  wall  exhibit  at  a  glance  the  relative  position  and  mutual  rZrs  7^ 


THE    VEGETABLE    KINGDOM. 

The  sub-kingdom,  Ph^nooamia,  or  Flowering  Plants. 
Province  1st     Exogcnce,  or  Dicotyledons. 
Class  I.  Angiospennjc. 

Cohort  1.  Dialypetalae,  or  Polypetalae. 
Cohort  2.  GarnopetalsB,  or  Monopetalse. 
Cohorts.  Apetalae,  or  Monochlamydeffi. 
Class  II.  Gymnospermaj. 
Cohort  4.  ConoidejB. 
Province  2.  Endogenc^,  or  Monocotyledons. 
Class  III.  PetaliferfB,  or  Algumace*. 
Cohort  5.  Spadiciflorae  (Aroidea,  etc.) 


174 


i»OMENCLATUnB. BOTANICAL    ANALYSIS. 


Cohort  C.  Flondcuo  (Liliacca',  etc.). 
Class  IV.  Glumifcraj,  or  Glumacoae. 

Cohort  7.  Graminoidca)  (Sedges,  grasses). 
The  sill)  kingdom  Cuyptooamia,  or  Flowekless  Tlants. 
Province  3.  Acrogence. 
Class  V.  Angiospora). 

Cohort  8.  Sj)orogainia  (Marsiilcacenn,  Lycopodiacoa}). 
Cohort  9.  Thalloganiia  (Filices,  etc.). 
Cohort  10.  Axogamia  (Mosses  and  llcpaticffl). 
Province  4.   Thaltogcncc. 
Class  Vr.  Gymnospora). 

Cohort  11.  Aerophyta  (Lichens). 
Cohort  12.  Ilysterophyta  (Fungi). 
Cohort  13.  Ilydrophyta  (Alga;). 


-»»  ♦  »• 


.CHAPTER   IV. 

§  1.      NOMENCLATURE.— BOTANICAL   ANALYSIS. 

909.  The  names  op  tub  Orders  aro  Latin  adjoctivcs  (feminine,  plural,  to  a-ree 
with  planioi,  plant.,  understood),  usually  derived  from  the  name  of  the  most  promi- 
nent, or  leading  genus,  in  each,  by  changing  or  prolonging  the  termination  into 
a^tm,  as  liosacew,XhQ  rose  tribe,  Papmeracece,  the  poppy  tribe,  from  Rosa  and  Pa- 
paver.  Earlier  names,  however,  derived  from  some  leading  character  in  the  order 
and  with  various  tenninations,  aro  still  retained.  Thus,  Compositce,  with  compound 
flowers :  Labiatm,  with  labiate  flowers. 

910.  Generic  names  aro  Latin  substantives,  arbitrarily  formed,  often  from  somr^ 
medicmal  virtue,  either  supposed  or  real,  or  from  some  obvious  character  of  the 
genua;  sometimes  from  the  native  country  of  tho  plants,  or  from  ♦,honamo  of  some 
distmgumhod  l;ot:iiiist,  or  patron  of  botany,  to  whom  the  -enus  is  thus  sai.l  to  bo 
dedicated.  Also  tho  ancient  classic  names,  cithor  Latin  or  Greek,  are  often  retained 
Examples  of  all  theso  modes  of  construction  will  bo  hereafter  seen. 

9H.  Specific  name^  arc  Latin  adjectives,  singular  number,  and  agreeing' in  gen- 
der with  the  nauio  of  tho  genus  to  which  they  belong.  They  aro  moat\y\mudc.[ 
upon  some  distinctive  character  of  tho  species;  as  Gerardia  glaum,  glaucous- 
stemmed  Gerardia;  (?.  j)MrpMrea,  purple-flowered  Gerardia;  G.  tcnuifolia,  slender- 
leaved  Gerardia.  Frequently  the  speciek  is  named  after  souie  other  genus,  winch 
in  some  respect,  it  resembles;  as  Gera-dia  quercifolia,  oak-leaved  Gerardia.  G 
delphinif'ilia,  larksptir-leared  Gerardia. 

912.  Commemorative  specific  names.  Specie  like  genera,  aro  also  some- 
times named  in  commemoration  of  distinguished  persons.  Tho  rules  given  by  Lind- 
ley,  for  tho  construction  of  such  names,  are,  1st.  Jf  tho  person  is  the  discovencr,  tlu» 
specitie  name  is  a  substantive  in  tho  genitive  ca.se,  singular  number ;  as,  [Jbelia 
Kaimii,  Kalm's  Lobelia ;  Pinm  Fraseri,  Fraser's  pine.  2d.  If  the  namo  is  merely 
conferred  in  liouor  of  the  person  to  whom  it  is  dedicated,  it  is  an  adjectivo  endin- 


NOMENCLATUUK. — BOTANICAL    ANALYSIS. 


in 


in  mut,  na,  num ;  as  Eiica  Linneana,   1  innujua'   heath;   Rosa  Lawrenciam,  MiaR 
Lawronco'a  rose. 

913.  Rules  tor  tub  use  op  capitals.  Tho  immca  of  tho  order,  tlie  aub-ordor 
or  tribe,  and  of  tho  genus  should  always  commence  with  a  capital  letter.  The 
name  of  tho  species  should  never  cominonco  with  a  capiltd  except  in  the  following 
cases;  (1.)  when  it  is  derived  from  tho  namo  of  a.  person  or  of  a  country,  as  Phlox 
Drunmiondii,  Aquilogia  Canadensis ;  (2.)  when  it  ia  a  substantive,  as  Delphiniuiu 
Consolida. 

914.  Synonyms.  Very  frequently,  tho  same  species  has  been  described  by  differ- 
ent (or  even  by  tho  same)  authors,  under  different  names.  In  such  cases  it  becomes 
a  question,  often  of  difficult,  solution,  which  name  is  to  be  adopted.  Obviously,  tho 
prior  namo,  that  is,  the  original  one,  if  it  can  bo  ascertained,  is  entitled  to  the  most 
respect ;  and  it  is  a  rule  with  botanists  to  adopt  this  name,  unless  it  had  been  pre- 
viously occupied,  or  be  strongly  objectionablo  on  some  other  account  All  other 
names  are  synonyms. 

915.  BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS.  Tho  application  of  the  rules  of  Systematic 
Botany  to  tho  natural  plant,  in  order  to  ascertain  its  affinities,  place,  name,  &c.,  is 
called  botanical  analy^u).  This  exorcise,  whether  for  pleasure  or  improvement,  is  the 
constant  pursuit  of  tho  practical  botanist.  A  more  accurate  and  useful  knowledge 
of  a  plant  can  be  acquired  in  a  few  minutes,  by  a  careful  examination  of  the  living 
specimen,  or  even  of  tho  dried,  than  by  committing  to  memory  tho  most  elaborate 
description  found  in  books. 

916.  During  the  flowering  months,  tho  learner  will  often  in  his  walks  meet  with 
plants  in  blossom,  with  which  ho  is  yet  unacquainted.  And  ho  who  is  duly  inter- 
csted  in  his  pursuit,  will  by  no  means  fail  to  seize  and  analyzo  each  specimen  whilo. 
tiio  short  hour  of  its  bloom  may  last,  and  to  store  his  memory  with  the  knowledge. 
of  its  names,  habits,  and  uses.  Thus,  in  a  few  seasons,  or  even  in  om:,  he  wiU  havo 
grown  Himiliar  with  nearly,  or  quite,  every  siwcies  of  plants  in  his  vicinity, 

917.  Lot  us  suppose  the  pupil  in  possession  of  a  specimen  of  an  unknown  plant 
in  full  blossom.  In  order  to  study  it  by  tho  aid  of  authora,  a  point  immediately 
requisite  is  its  name.  Now,  having  learned  by  examination  tho  organic  and  physi- 
ological structuro  of  iho  ftower,  loaves,  stem,  etc.,  tho  experienced  botanist,  who 
has  at  his  command  the  characters  uf  all  tho  Natural  Orders,  will  at  once  determine 
to  whi.  h  of  them  tho  plan^  belongs. 

918.  But  this  is  not  to  be  expected  of  the  pupil  who  is  supposed  to  be  yet,  in  a 
measure,  unacquainted  with  the  characters  of  the  orders.  Ho  must  be  guided  to 
the  place  whicli  his  specimen  holds  in  the  classification,  by  a  longer  course  of  inquiry 
and  comparison.  For  tlio  assibtance  of  the  learner,  tlierefore,  and  for  tho  conve- 
nience of  all,  wo  are  happy  to  be  able  to  add  a  full  .series  of  Axalttical  Tables^ 
which,  wilh  jjroper  use,  will  seldom  fail  of  conducting  them  almost  immediately  to 
tlio  object  of  their  search. 

919.  The  Analytical  Tables  which  accompany  the  present  edition  of  our  Flora, 
sire  iii  many  respects  novel  in  form,  and  remarkable,  at  least,  for  their  simphcity. 
A  dichoiomal  division,  that  is,  of  the  whole  into  two  parts,  is  tho  principlo  on  which 
they  are  constructed;  and  since  those  divisions  are,  each,  characterized  mainly  by  a 
single  character,  tho  tables  are  technically  artificial  But  thoy  are  also  natural  to  a 
considoralilo  extent,  at  least  so  far  as  tho  divisions  and  sections  which  they  make 
are  in  accnrdanco  with  tho  natural  method.  We  subjoin  a  fow  examples  of  the  analy- 
fiis  of  particular  species  by  tho  aid  of  these  tables.  If  tho  exercise  be  conducted  in 
tlio  class-room,  the  aucccssivo  stops  in  the  process  (indicated  by  the  numbers,  1,  2, 
3,  ic,  below)  may  be  assigned,  in  order,  to  each  pupil  in  tho  clasa. 


*'•  AHALT8I8    OP   A    POLTPKTAL0U8    HERB. 

ANALYSIS  OP   A   POLYPETALOUS   HERB. 

^.i,  „„a  rero«  .ho„ex.;"pjT„te  pZ~;'»  "'""'  -»■»  "'  "^  «"°- 

(2.)  Tho  next  reads  the  characters  of  those  Provinces,  and  oom«„ri,.     « 

(3.)  "  /7o«;m  wrt/t  stigmas,  and  pistils,  Ac. 

ninnt  i^  ^'^  w7  ""Z^^'  "^7  ''"''"  ''''^"''^  ""^  ■?"'*  («>•  "«  P^'^'tils  at  all)  »  4c  Our 
plant  has  p.st.ls,  &c.,  and  is  (moreover,  not  a  pine,  spruce  or  cedar)  It  iather 
fore  an  Angiosporm.     Refer  next  to  Coliort  1    2  or  3  ^ 

(4.)  "Corolla  ;vith  distinct  petals."-Thi3  characterizes  our  plant,  and  it  is  oro- 
nounced  "  Polypetalous."    Refer  then  to  (A).  ^ 

921.  To  DETEBMiXE  THE  NATURAL  Oroek,  tho  (5th)  pupil  reads  the  first  alf^^ 
:^lTf1'r'1  '•''  ^^"  ^'^'  ""'  con.pnrin.SHs  pla„\  ml  if  o  corre^^rd 

1\  .?^.        "'•  ^'"'  "  ''  ""  "^"^'■'^  ^'^'^  ^'*°'-"«*«  I°-v««''     Pass  now  to  (iT 
(0.)     Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.     Fruit  never  a  legume  "  ^    ^' 

"Flowers  irregular,  "Ac.    Tho  flower  is  regular.    Pass  to  (13) 
Agam  a  pupil  reads : —  ^    '' 

(7.)  "  Stamens  3—10  times  as  many  as  the  petals  " 
n„^  ,«?''T"'  ^r  '"'^  ^lefinite."_Tho  stamens  are  many.     Pass  to  (15)     The 

.    the  base  of  the  ca^^x,"  and  announces  the  letter  (d)  as  the  reference  toTenex" 
alternative.     (9 )  Next,  tho  pupil  reads  and  compares  his  specimen  witrthe  trWo 
(d),  and  concludes  that  the  sepals  are  5.     Refer  then  to  the  Tash  (_).     (IoTS 

Jl^'  J^/^"™"^"^?  ™^  GEXua    After  a  careful  comparison  of  his  specimens  with 
the  bnef  d.agnos.s  of  tho  Roseworts  (page  325),  in  order  to  verify  the^nauS  rhus 
ar  (11).   he  learner  consults  ti,o  Table  of  tho  Gener..,  and  inqui4  the"hl;tir  o 
the  carpels,  stylo..  &o.,  in  order  to  loam  tho  suborder  of  iho  ^ant.    As  ZTTJs 

nn„s»»fn9  TV.  ""^''^^^o  «•  (13-)Arethe  *  styles  persistent/*  etc. ,  or "  decid- 
h^;     t      ^^^«V''J''    °°"'  '-'-"<'-tothedash(-).  lU.)  Inquire.  "Calyx 

bractless?  '  or  'calyx  braeteolato  ?"  As  tho  calyx  is  bracteolate  (having  five  little 
eaves  close  to  tho  calyx  boneati,  as  if  a  double  calyx),  we  refer  again  to  the  dash 
(-).  (15.)  Receptacle  pulpy"  or  "spongy,"  or  "dry?"  The  latter  is  true 
carrying  us  to  tho  next  dash  (_)•  (16).  Finally,  are  the  "stamens  ao  "  or  '7r' 
They  are  numerous,  and  Potentilla  is  tho  genus  souo-ht 

Jru  '^!;,^^™'''"'^.^ '''"'  Species.  Having  comparel  the  generic  description  of  Po- 
tentdla  with  our  .specimens,  and  assured  ourselves  of  its  agreement  thereto,  (17  )  we 
next  ".qu.re,  are  tho   "leaves  palmately  3-foliolate,"  "palmately  5.foliolate,"  or 

ST  .  ,  ^^  "^  "^"^T'^^  '"^'"'^'"*"'  ""•*  ^"^  P'^"*  '«  "«^  '«fe'-«t>le  t;  the 
St,  2d,  or  3d  spee.es.  (18.)  Lastly,  the  iialicized  words  alone  in  the  description  of 
..cse  species,  at  once  n.ark  our  plant  as  belonging  to  the  first,  for  it  ig  hirsL  and 

the  sepals  exceed  the  petals.    The  name  is,  therefore,  P.  NoaVEGiCA. 


ANALYSIS    OF    AW    APETALOUS    HERB. 


m 


ANALYSIS    OF   A    rOLYPETALOUS   SHRUB. 

924.  Again,  Hupposo  tho  class  of  pupila  in  botany  to  be  furniehod  with  specimens 
of  a  certain  flowering  sbrub.  The  cohort  of  tho  plant  is  ascertained,  by  tho  proceas 
already  noticed,  to  bo  Dialypetala),  the  Polypetalous  flowers  (A),  and  we  refer  to 
I  he  (*),  reading: — 

"*  Herbs  witli  tlio  loaves  alternate  or  all  radical 

"  •  Herbs  with  tho  leaves  opposite  on  the  stem. 

"♦Shrubs,  trees  or  undershrubs."— It  is  decided  that  our  plant  ia  a  shrub,  and 
referred  to  the  dash  (— ).     Wo  next  read  :— 

"  —  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

"  —  Flowers  irregular  (or  tho  fruit  a  legume)."— Tho  flowers  are  quite  regular 
and  referred  to  (2).     We  then  read  :— 

"Polyandrous,"  Ac.  "Oligandrous,"  ic— Tho  stamens  are  numerous,  and  the 
plant  referred  to  (3),  where  wo  again  read:— 

"  Leaves  opposite."  "  Leaves  alternate."— They  are  opposite,  and  we  refer  to  tho 
letter  {%),  and  read : — 

"Stamens  on  tho  receptacle,  in  several  sets."  "Stamens  on  the  calyx."— The 
hitter  is  true.     Refer  to  the  dash  (— ).     Lastly:— 

"  —  Leaves  with  a  marginal  vein."  "  —  Leaves  with  no  marginal  vein."— As  the 
latter  is  true  of  our  specimens,  wo  conclude  it  to  belong  to  the  Order  Saxifragace^, 
and  thither  next  refer,  in  order 

925.  To  DETEKMiNE  THE  GENUS.  After  reading  and  comparing  as  before,  wo 
read  tho  characters  of  tho  tribes;  and  as  our  specimens  aro  "shrubs  with  opposite 
leaves,"  we  readily  conclude  that  it  belongs  to  the  Tribe  Ilydrangeie.  Wo  next 
read :— "  Corolla  valvato  in  the  bud."  •'  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud."— It  is  tlio 
latter.  Refer  tlio  next  reader  to  tho  dash  (— );  "Stamens  20  to  40.  Petals  4." 
"  Stamens  10.  Petals  5."— In  our  specimens  there  aro  20  or  more  stamens  with  4 
petals,  and  they  must  be  referred  to  tho  Genus  Piiiladelpiius.  Next  turn- to  that 
genus  and  compare  characters. 

926.  The  species  is  next  found  summarily  by  the  italicized  diagnosis  in  the  de- 
Bcriptlons,  thus: — 

"  Leaves  entire.     Sepals  scarce  longer  than  tho  tube. 

"Leaves  sharply  denticulate.     Styles  united. 

"  Leaves  subdentate.  Styles  distinct."- Our  specimens  agreo  well  with  the  2d, 
and  we  conclude  that  tlie  species  for  which  wo  have  sought  is  P.  grandiflorus,  a 
line  flowering  shrub,  native  of  woods  in  tho  Southern  States,  and  also  cultivated 'in 
shrubberies. 


ANALYSIS   OF   AN   APETALOUS   HERB. 

927.  Specimens  of  a  weed  common  in  cultivated  grounds  aro  now  supposed  to 
bo  before  us.  It  has  small,  homely  flowers,  not  easily  discernible  except  under  a 
lens.  As  the  leaves  are  net-veined,  and  tho  flowers  5-parted.  with  a  calyx  only, 
the  learner  readily  pronounces  it  a  member  of  tlie  Cohort  Apetal^,  and  refers  us  to 
(C).  Tho  two  lin'  d  marked  with  the  paragraph  (T[),  although  placed  (for  obvious 
reasons)  at  some  distance  apart,  are  to  bo  read  together,  thus:— 

"1"  Plants  herbaceous,  the  flowers  not  in  aments." 

"  1  Plants  woody,  shrubs  or  trees."— Our  plant  is  an  herb.  Refer  to  tlio  two 
Imes  marked  with  a  star  (z). 

"  2  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx,  or  a  calyx-liko  involucre. 


178 


ANALYSIS    0*-   AN    ENDOOEN. 


"2P]ovre?3  achlamydeous,— with   neither  calyx  nor  corolla."--Our  specimens 
liave  a  regular  calyx.     Refer  to  the  lines  marked  (6). 

"  Calrx  fjbe  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed  cr  toothed. 

"  C&lyx  free  from  the  ovary,  scmeiimes  enclosing  it."_Tho  latter.  Refer  to  the 
five  lines  Uiarked  (i).  The  3d  of  these  lines  reads,  "Ovavy  one,  1-3-ovuled 
with  2-5  styles  or  stigmas."  Our  w«Gd,  having  a  1-ovuled,  2.styled  ovary,  well 
agrees  with  this  description.     Refer  to  («). 

''  Fruit  3  seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  stigmas." 

"  Fruit  1-speded."— It  is  the  latte  •  and  refers  us,  next,  to  the  dsjah  (— ). 

—  Stipules  sheathing  tlio  stem." 

—  Stipules  none.     Calyx  scarious-bracteolate." 

—  Stipules  none.     Calyx  naked.     Leaves  alternate." 

--  Stipules  none.  Calyx  naked.  Leaves  opposite."-.In  our  specimens,  the  sti- 
pules are  wantin,^',  bracteoles  are  wanting,  and  tl.e  leaves  are  alternate  Hence 
they  belong  to  Ciienopodi.vce^.  We  turn  and  consult  that  order,  as  before  to 
verify  our  analysis  thus  far,  and  to  learn  the  genus. 

928.  To  asu^riain  the  suborder,  vn  must  examine  the  embryo  contained  in  the 
httle  sinning  Uack  seed.  By  a  good  lens  (or  even  with  good  eyes),  we  learn  tuat 
the  embryo  u  not  coiled,  but  mer-ly  bent  into  a  ring.  The  leaves  aH ,  are  thin  (not 
fleshy)  and  expanded.  Hence  its  suborder  is  Cyclolobeie.  Refer  to  tlie  starred  (*) 
Imes  ,u:d  determine  the  tribe.  As  the  inflorescence  is  normal  (that  is,  of  the  usual 
form,  or  nothior  unusual),  With  perfect  flowers  and  continuous  (not  jointed)  stems 
we  conclude  that  it  belongs  to  Tribe  Chenopodiete.  Refer  to  (c).  As  the  seed  (or 
the  plane  of  its  ring)  is  horizo_  tal,  the  pericarp  thin  and  the  calyx  not  bordered  we 
decide  thtvt  its  genus  is  Ciienopodiujt. 

The  species  remains  now  to  be  determined.     Wo  first  read  :— 
1^'  Plant  smooth,  .lever  glandular,  ill-seented.     Embryo  a  complete  ring." 
"  Plant  glandiilar-puberulent,  green,  anmatic.     Embryo  half  a  ring."     The  latter 
character  applies  to  our  plant.     Read  the  starred  (*)  lines,  respecting  the  herbage 
whether  green  or  glaucous,  &c.    It  is  glaucous  in  ou.'  plant,  and  covered  with  meali- 
ness.    Refer  to  species  5-7.     Seeing,  next,  tlie  italicized  diagnosis,  wo  finally  de- 
termme  that  the  species  sought  is  No.  6.  C.  albjm  ;  for  the  leaves  are  rhombic-ovato 
emuate-toothed,  etc.,  etc. 

ANALYSIS   OF   AN  ENDOGEN. 

929.  A  grass-like,  yellow-flowered  plant  is  now  supposed  to  be  found  and  fur- 
ni,slied  to  the  pupils  for  analysis.  Having  determined  that  it  is  an  Endogen  (for  it 
has  parallel-veined  leaves  and  3.parted  flowers),  the  pupils  next  seek 

930.  To  DETEiiMiNK  ITS  Cla£3,  wiieiher  the  3d  or  4th.  They  read  the  diagnosis 
of  these  clases,  as  follows : — 

"  Class  3d.  Flowers  with  no  glumes." 

"Cr.A8S  4tli.  Flowers  with  greenish,  altcrnato  glumes,"  &c.  The  flowers  of  our 
plant  have  no  glumes,  but  a  regular  periantb.  It  is,  therefore,  decided  to  be  one 
of  the  Petalifer  j;,  or  Class  3d.    Refer  to  Cohorts  !5  and  6,  and  the  next  pupil  reads  :- 

"  Cohort  n.  Flowers  on  a  spadix,  apetalour  or  incomplete," 

"  Conort  «.  Fiowers  complete,  with  a  double  perianth."  The  latter  is  trio  of 
our  plant,  and  it  therefore  belongs  to  the  cohort  of  the  Floride^.  Next  refer  tl  o 
pupii  to  (F),  on  page  197,  in  order 

93 '..  To  DETEniiiNE  THH  Natdbal  Ordeb.    Ho  Toads :— 


n^'-^ 


AKALYSI3    OF    AN    EKDOGKN. 


179 


"  ^  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  dense,  involucrate  head." 

^t  Mowera  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  racemed,  spicate,  &a"    The  Utter  is  true 

"  3  Periantt  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  wholly  or  partly." 
"3  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary."     It  is  adherent     Refer  to  (*5)     The  next 
pupil  reads:— 
"  *  5  Flowers  dicEcious  or  polygamous.     Low  aquatic  herbs." 
"*  5  Flowers  dioecious,  6-androus.    Shrubby  climbers." 

"  *  Flowers  perfect."    The  last  is  true  of  our  specimens.     Refer  to  the  dash  (—\ 
and  read,  "—Gynandrous."  '"    '' 

"  —  Monandrous." 

"  —  3-6-androus."     It  is  G-androus.     Refer  the  next  pupil  to  (6). 
"  6  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  out-side." 

"  6  Perianth  glabrous  out-side."    The  latter  applies  to  our  spcimens.     Refer  to 
the  dash  (— )     "  —  Stamens  3,  anthers  introrse." 
"  —  Stamens  3,  anthers  extrorse." 

"  —  Stamens  G."     The  last  is  true  of  our  plant.     It  must,  therefore, 
belong  to  the  Nat.  Ord.  Amaeyllidace^.    Turn  to  that  order,  and 
932.  Determine  the  Genus  by  the  table,  page  692,  thus : 

1st.  The  perianth  being  "destitute  of  a  crown,"  refers  to  •♦. 
2d.  The  segments  being  "distinct  down  to  the  ovary,"  etc.,  refers  to  bt 
3d.  The  "  perianth  rer^ular,"  directs  to  the  — . 

Lastly,  Tlie  "sepals  and  petals  equal,"  etc.,  indicates  that  our  plant 
belongs  to  the  genus  Htpoxis. 

ANALYSES   OF  A   GRASS. 

Having  determined  that  this  elegant  and  common  grass  is  an  Endogen  (for  its 
leaves  are  parallel- veined),  and  that  ,t  is  a  member  of  the  7th  Cohort,  tlie  Gram-- 
inoids,  the  pupil  refers  to  G,  and  at  once  perceives,  from  its  hollow  culm,  split 
sheatii?,  &c.,  that  it  is  of  tha  156th  Ctrder,  Gramineaj.     He  turns  to  that  Order,  and' 
by  the  several  successive  steps  in  the  table  determines  tlie  genus,  thus:— 

First  as  to  the  f  pikelets,  since  each  one  is  "2  —  cx-Howered  (as  seen  in  fig.  T27), 
with  several  porfoct  flowei-s,"  he  refers  to  9. 

Second,  lie  determined  the  inflorescence  to  be  "  in  panicles,"  and  next  refers  to  lO. 

Third,  as  to  the  awn,  lie  concludes,  that  the  "pale  is  awnless,"  and  refers  to  ii. 

Tiien  as  to  ihe  glumes,  hoobservcsi  that  there  arc  "  definitely  2"  (as  in  fig.  7,  a,  a), 
and  refers  to  o. 

Fifihlj',  aa  tiie  pales  are  "  not  at  all  awncd,"  ho  refers  to  s. 

Next,  as  to  the  flowers,  he  observes  that  there  are  several,  about  4  or  5,  in  each 
npikelet,  and  all  perfect ;  therefore,  refers  to  ll. 

Soventli.  Of  the  five  lines  in  this  set,  he  selects  the  second  as  best  describing  liis 
f'pocinion,  viz.,  the  "lower  pale  keeled,  r.-veiue.l."  Therefore  it  belongs  to  the 
;j;onu3  Po;i.     Then  we  turn  to  genus  40,  and  determine  tlie  species,  tlius  ; — 

1.  As  to  the  "I  ranches  of  the  panicle"  they  are  "about  m  58,  half-whorled." 
Pass  to  b. 

2.  The  "  spikclots"  being  "3  to  Sflowercd,  subsossilo,  in  rather  dense  panicles," 
we  refer  to  species  13,  14. 

Lastly,  the  "smooth  stem,"  rmd.  short,  truncate  ligules  of  this  specimen  prove  it  to 
be  Poa  pratensis,  or  Spear  Grass. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


A  (a,    privative),   prefixed  to  a  Greek 
word  fiignifles  without,  aa  aphyllous, 
without  leaves. 
Abbreviations,  page,  189. 
Abortion,  nondovelopmont  of  a  part 
Absorption,  770,  776,  791. 
Acaul(W(!0ut,  apparently  ste  nless,  109. 
Accessory,  something  superadded. 
Accreaont,  growing  after  Howeritig. 
Accunibont,  lying  against  a  tiling,  599. 
Aceroso,  noodlo-shaped,  277. 
Achenitiin,  plural,  aciionia,  556. 
Aeiiiainydoous,  without  tioral  envelopes 
Acieular,  ilru'ly  nfcdlo-siiaiwd. 
Acotyl^douous,  witiiout  cotyiodona. 
A^Togeus,  sinnniit-growors.  899. 
Aciiioate,  anuod  with  pricities. 
Acuminate,  drawn  out  into  a  point,  283. 
Acute,  ending  in  a  sliarp  angle,  283. 
Adlicront,  growing  to,  4G6. 
Adnato,  growing  fast  to,  496. 
Adventitious,   growing  out  of  tho  usual 
or  normal  position,  as  roots,  134. 
•  Aeration,  same  as  Respiration,  815. 
Acrophyta,  includoa  the  Lichens,  907. 
^Jstiv.itJJn,  383. 

Artinity,  resjinblanco  in  essential  organs 
Ago  of  trees,  97. 

Aggregate,  assembled  close  together. 
Aglumaceoua,   witiiout  glumes,  the  same 

as  Petalifoi-ie,  898. 
Agricultural  Cliemistry,  834. 
Air  bhidiicrs,  311. 
Air  colls  or  voss.'ls,  790. 
Airpianti,  841. 
Ahi,  wing;  Alie,  wings,  474. 
Albilmer.,  590.     Albiln  '  lous,  589. 
Alburnum,  sap-wood,  G97. 
Alga3,  soa-weods,  907.     Fig.  545-550 
Alternate,  222. 
Alti>rnato  generation,  6"14. 
Alveolate,  with  pits  like  tho  honey-comb. 
Anient,  a  deciduous  spike,  348. 
Ammonia,  839. 

Amorphous,  without  deSoito  form. 
Ampliigiistria,  626. 
Amplu'tropons,  639. 
Ample-viaiul,  ste-n-elasping,  245. 
Analysia^  liotimical,  915. 


Analytical  tables  explained,  919. 

Anastomosis,  union  of  vessels  or  veins, 

Andtropous,  537. 

Ancfpital,  two-edged. 

AndrcBcium,  491. 

Andr6genous,  stamens  and  pistils  on  the 

same  peduncle. 
Angiospermie,  angiosperms,  898. 
Angiosporcs,  900. 
Annual,  yearly,  89. 
Annular  colls,  652. 
Anterior,  parts  (of  a  flower)  adjacent  to 

the  bract. 
Anthelmintic,  expelling  or  killing  worms 
Anther,  494. 

Anthesis,  the  opening  of  the  ilower;  flow- 
oiing. 

Anthen'dia,  629. 

Apetahe,  903.    Apctalous,  without  potala 

Aphyllous,  without  loaves. 

Apt>{)liysis,  a  swelling,  e.  g   under  the 
tiiecrt)  of  .some  Mosses. 

Apothecia,  631. 

Appendicular  organs,  433. 

Appressed,  closely  applied  but  not  adho^ 

,  mg  to ;  the  same  as  adpressed. 

/\ptrrous,  without  wings. 

Aquatic,  living  in  water. 

Arachnoid,  resembling  cobwebs. 

Arboreoas,  arborescent,  tree-like. 
Arehogonia,  62P. 

Arcuate,  arched  or  curved  like  a  bow, 
Areolate,  having  the  surlitce  divided  into 

little  spaces  or  aroa.s. 
Aril,  an  extra  .«0-'d-covering,  586. 
Aristate,  witli  an  arista  or  awn  (barley). 
Armed,  bearing  prickles,  spines,  etc. 
Articulated,  jointed,  as  the  culm  of  wheat. 
Artificial  classes,  877. 
Artificial  orders,  878. 
Ascending,  arising  obliquely;  assurgent. 
Ascidia,  leaves  holding  w;itor,  308. 
Attenuate,  becoming  slender  or  tln'n. 
Auriculate,  ear-bearing,  2(37. 
Awn,  tho  beard  of  bariey,  luid  the  like. 
Axial  root,  122. 
Axil  (arm-pit),   the  angle  between  tho 

petiolo  oud  tho  branch  on  tho  upper 

Bide. 


INDEX    AND    OLOSSABT. 


181 


Axillary,  growing  out  of  the  axila. 

Axis,  ascending,  146,  148 ;  erect,  148 ; 
procumbent,  prostrate,  trailing,  decum- 
bent, 148;  excurrent,  173;  solvent, 
174;  descending,  114. 

Baccate,  bcrry-liko ;  covered  with  pulp. 

Banner,  same  as  VexUlum,  474. 

Banyan  tree,  137. 

Baobab  tree,  100. 

Bark,  700. 

Basidia,  63).     Fig.  539. 

Biisilar,  baaal,  attached  to  the  base. 

Bast  cells,  wood-cells  of  bark,  701. 

Beaked,  ending  in  an  extended  tip. 

Bearded,  with  tufts  of  long,  weak  hairs. 

Berry,  566. 

Bi,  Bis,  twice  (in  compound  words). 

Bicolor,  two-colored. 

Bicuspidate,  with  two  points  or  cusps. 

Bidentate,  witii  two  teeth. 

Biennial,  of  two  years,  90. 

Bifid,  cleft  into  two  parts. 

Bifoliate,  with  two  leaflets. 

Bifurcate,  twice  forked,  or  merely  forked. 

Biliibiatc,  two-lipped. 

Binato,  288. 

Bipinnate,  289. 

Bipiiinatifid,  twice  pinnatifld.     Fig.  142. 

Biternate,  twice  teruato,  291. 

Bivalved,  two-valved. 

Blade.     See  Lamina,  239. 

Blanched  (plants),  whitened  for  the  want 

of  light,  820.     See  Etiolated. 
Bloom,   a  flne,  white  powder  on  some 

plants. 
Botany  defined,  38. 
Botany,  elementary,  40. 
Botany,  physiological,  41,  630. 
Botany,  systematic,  42,  858. 
Brachiato,     witii     opposite,      spreading 

branches  (arms). 
Bract,  319,  333. 
Bractoate,  having  bracts. 
Braotoolua,  or  bractlets,  333. 
Brandies,  107,  152. 
Bristles,  stiir,  siiarp  hairs. 
Bryology,  the  science  of  Mosses. 
Bud,  105.     Budding,  215. 
Buds  axillary,  202  ;  accessory,  206. 
Buds,  adventitious,  207. 
buds,  suppression  of,  205. 
Bud-scales,  197,  305. 
Bulb,  191;  tuiiicated,  193;  scaly,  193. 
Bulbieta,  216, 

Caducous,  dropping  off  early. 
CalycitioPie,  902. 
Cffispltoua,  forming  tufls  or  turC 
Calceolate,  slippor-shaped. 
Cdi'yciuo,  calyx-like. 


Calyculate,  having  an  outer  calyx  or  calyx- 
like  involucre. 
Calyptra,  the  hood  of  the  sporange  (cap- 
sule) of  a  moss.     Fig.  514,  519. 
Calyx,  the  outer  floral  envelope,  400. 
Cambium,  709. 

Campanulate,  bell-shaped,  477. 
Carapylotropous,  538. 
Canaliculate,  channeled. 
Canescont,  grayish  white. 

Capillary,   capillaceous,  hair-shaped. 

Capitate,  head-shaped,  growing  in  closo 
clusters,  or  heads. 

Capitulum,  a  little  head,  354. 

Capreolatc,  bearing  tendrils. 

Capsule,  576. 

Carbon,  830.     Carbonic  Acid,  825, 

Carina,  474.     Carinate,  boat-shaped,  hay- 
ing a  sharp  ridge  beneath. 

Carpel,  carpellary,  516. 

Carpophore,  553,  557.     Fig.  432. 

CartiMginous,   firm  and  tough    in  tex- 
ture. 

Caruncle,  586. 

Caryophyllaceous,  472. 

Caryopsis,  560. 

Catkin,  348.    See  Ament. 

Caudex,  176. 

Caulescent,  169.     Caulis,  169. 

Cauline,  relating  to  the  stem. 

Cellular  tissue,  664.     Cell,  639. 

Cell-growth,  752;  life,  743. 

Cellular  bark,  702. 

Cellulose,  654,  744. 

Centrifugal  inflorescence,  343. 

Centripetal  inflorescence,  342. 

Ceplialous,  same  as  Capitate. 

Cereal,  relating  to  grains,  corn,  etc. 

Cernuous,    nodding  (less  inclined    than 
pendulou,s). 

Chaff,  ciiafly.     See  Paleaceous. 

Chalaza,  535. 

Channeled,  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter. 

Characters,  relative  value  of,  889. 

ChartAceous,  with  the  texture  of  paper. 

Cldorophylle,  657,  733,  747. 

Chorisis,   432. 

Ciliate,  fringed  with  marginal  hairs. 

Citinchyma,  671. 

Cion  or  Scion,  158. 

Cinereous,  ash  gray,  ash-color. 

Circinate,  rolled  inward  from  the  top,  2ia 

Circulation  of  the  sap,  748. 

Circumscissiio,  552, 

Ciirhous,  funiiahod  with  a  tendril. 

Uinhous  roots,  135. 

Chusrte?),  artitioial,  877,  etc. 

Classes,  natural,  898. 

Classification,  artificial,  873. 

Clavato,  club-shaped. 

uourctute,  contracted,  drawn  together. 


182 


ISDKX    AND    0L088ARV. 


Coccus,  a  berry.     Also  (in  the  pi.  cocci) 
tlio  l-seeded  carpels  of  separable  fruits. 

Cochleate,  spiral  like  the  suail-sliell 

Cohesion,  438. 

Cohorts,  901. 

Collateral,  placed  side  by  sida 

Collum,  118. 

Color  of  flowers,  .369. 

Colored,  of  any  color  except  green,  which 
in  botany  is  not  a  color,  while  white  is. 

Column,  the  combined  stamens  and  styles 

Coma,  585. 

Commissure,  the  joined  faces  cf  the  car- 
pels of  the  cremocarp. 
Common,  belonging  alike  to  several 
Complete  flower,  412. 
Complicate,  folded  up  upon  itsel£ 
Cpmpound  lea^  285. 
Compound  flower,  355. 
Compressed,  flattened  on  the  sides. 
Conceptade,  631. 

Conduplicate,  folded  on  itself  lengthwise 

Cone,  578,  579. 

Confluent,  uniting,  same  as  Coherent 

Conglomerate,  clustered  or  crowded. 

Conjugate,  coupled,  joined  by  pairs. 

Connate,  294. 

Connectile,  connective,  494,  498. 

Connivent,  oonverging,  coming  together. 

Contmuous,  tlie  reverse  of  Jointed. 

Contorted,  twisted,  389. 

Convolute,  393. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped,  267. 

Coriaceous,  leather-like,  295. 

Corra,  189, 

Corneous,  horn-like  in  texture 

Corniculate,  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 

Corolla,  401.     Corolliflorae,  902. 

Cprolline,  pertaining  to  the  corolla. 

Corona,  crown,  4'J5,  407. 

Cortical  bark,  703. 

Corymb,  corymbous,  350. 

Costate,  ribbed,  with  rib-like  rid"-es 

Cotyledons,  306,  594. 

Crassula  (a  genus  of  plants),  415 

Crat'jrifbnii,  of  tlie  form  of  a  goblet. 

Creeper,  creeping  stems,  181. 

Cremocarp,  557. 

Crenate,  bordered  with  rounded  toeth 

Cronulate,  279. 

Crested  or  cristate,    with  an  elevated 

ridge. 
Crispate  or  Crisped,  282. 
Crown  of  the  root,  186. 
Cruciform  (corolhi),  470. 
Crude  sap,  794, 

Crustaceuu.'^,  hard,  iiiin  and  brittle. 
Cryptogaraiij,  cryptogams,  621,  895. 
CQcuUato,  rolled  up  into  a  hood-shape. 
Culm,  the  straw  of  grasses,  170. 
Ctuieate,  cuneilbnn,  wedge-shaped,  266. 


Cupulo,  a  little  cup  (sc.  acorn),  562. 
Cuspidate,  with  a  sharp,  stiff  point 
Cut.cle,  680.  r  t~   * 

Cyanic,  370. 
Cyathiform,  cup-shaped. 
Cycle  (in  Phyllotaxy),  228, 
Cyclosis,  same  as  Rotation,  801. 
Cyme,  cymous,  357. 
Cymbiform,  boat-shaped. 
Cypsela,  557. 
Cytoblast,  655. 


Deca,  (in  Greek  compositron),  ten. 
Deciduous,  falling  at  the  end  of  the  season. 
Declinate,  bent  downwards. 
Decompound,  much  compounded  or  di- 

vided. 
Decumbent,  148.     Fig.  39. 
Decurrent,  244,  280. 
Decussate  (leaves),  227, 
Definite,  50.3. 

Deflexed,  bent  downward- 
Defoliation,  tlie  casting  off  of  leaves. 
Dehiscence,  496. 

Deliquescent  (axisX  same  as  Solvent,  174 
Deltoid,  form  of  the  Greek  letter  A,  265 
Dendroid,  tree-like  in  form. 
Dendron  (in  Greek  compounds),  a  tree. 
Dentate,  279      Denticulate,  279. 
Denuded,  become  naked. 
Depauperate,  less  developed  than  usual 
Dependent,  hanging  down. 
Depressed,  flattened  from  above ;  low 
Dextrine,  762. 
Dextrorse  (twining),  turning  to  the  right 

Fig.  50,  * 

Dl  (in  Greek  numerals),  two. 
Diadelphous,  506. 

Diagnosis,    a    brief  statement  of  the  dis- 
tinctive cliaracter  of  a  plant  or  group. 
Dialypetalou.s,  Polypetalous.  903. 
Diaphanous,  transparent  or  translucent 
Diaudrous,  with  two  stamens,  503. 
Diastase,  762. 

Dichotomous,  forked  or  two-forked. 
Diclinous,  421. 

Dicotyledons,  Dicotyledonous,  421. 
Dictyogens,  727. 
Didymous.  double. 
Didynamous,  Didynamia,  877,  §  2. 
Digitate,   with    several  distinct    leaflets 
palmately  arranged  (as  in  the  leaf  of 
the  Horse-chestnut). 
Diftiise,  much  divided  and  epreading. 
Dimidiate  (anther),  halved,  499. 
Dioeei;i,  dioBciou.'i,  S??,  §5. 
Dipterous,  having  two  wings. 
Disdiidia,  310. 

Disk,  446.     Discoid,  no  rays.    Pig.  211. 
Dissected,  cut  into  deep  lobca 
Dissepimeut,  525. 


IHDBX    AND    GLOSSART. 


183 


Disticlious,  arranged  in  two  rows. 
Distinct,  separate,  not  united. 
Divaricate,  wide-spread,  straggling. 
Divergent,  spreading  witii  a  less  angle. 
Dorsal,  on  or  relating  to  the  back. 
Double  terms,  301. 

Downy,  clothed  with  short,  weak  hairs. 
Drupe,  563.     Drupaceous.     See  Tryma. 
Ducta.     See  Trachenchyma,  668. 
Duplicate,  in  pairs,  double. 
Duramen,  heart- wood,  698. 
Dwarliug,  140. 

E,  ex  (in  composition),  without;  as, 

Ebractcaie,  witliout  bracts. 

Earthy  e.e;uent^^,  832. 

Euhinate,  prickly  with  rigid  hairs. 

Effete,  sterile,  exhausted. 

Elaters,  spiral,  elastic  threads  accompany- 
ing certain  spores.     Fig.  506. 

Elliptic,  elliptical  (loaf),  265,  a. 

Elongated,  lengthened,  extended. 

Eniarginate,  284, 

Embryo,  591,  103, 

Embryonic  vesicle,  754. 

Eudocarp,  563. 

Endochrome,  the  coloring  matter  of  planti. 
See  OhJorophylle. 

Endogenous  structure,  713. 

Eudogens,  70,  897. 

Endo^jieilia,  sane  as  Tegmen,  583. 

Endospores,  631. 

Ensitbrm,  sword-shaped,  275. 

Entire,  even-edged,  278. 

Ephemeral,  enduring  for  ono  day. 

Epi  (in  Greek  composition),  upon ;  as, 

Epicarp,  563. 

Epidermis,  676. 

Epigynous,  upon  the  ovary,  465,  504, 

Epipetalous,  oa  the  petals,  604. 

Epiphytes,  plants  on  olhwr  plants,  143. 

Episperm,  the  skin  of  the  seed. 

Equitanc  (astraddle),  214. 

Erose,  eroded,  as  if  gnawed,  281. 

Etterio,  565. 

EtiolatL'd,  colorless  for  want  of  light. 

Exalbuminoi  a,  without  albumen. 

Exoiirrent,  173. 

Exogenae,  Exogens,  69,  897. 

Exogenous  structure,  691. 

Exosmose,  Howing  out,  781, 

i'ixo-jpores,  631. 

Exsorted,  projecting  out  of,  or  beyond. 

Extra  (in  composition),  beyond  ;  as. 

Extra-axillary,  same  as  Bupra-axillary. 

ExstipulatL',  without  stipules,  240. 

Extra  Flour  (of  wheat),  750. 

Extrorse,  turned  outward,  497. 

Falcate,  scythe-shaped,  curved. 
Fariaiceoas,  tlour-Uke  iu  texture. 


Fdrinous,  mealy  on  the  surface. 

Fascicle  (a  bundle),  361. 

Fasciculate  (leaves^  222. 

Feather- veined,  259. 

Ferruginous,  of  ne  color  of  iron  rust. 

Fertile  (flower)   seed-producing,  421. 

Fertilization,  151,  etc. 

FibrillsB,  fibrils,  119,  724, 

Filament,  the  stalk  of  a  stamen,  493.        ' 

Filiform,  slender  like  a  thread. 

Fimbriate,  fringed,  having  the  edge  bor- 
dered with  slender  processes. 

Fistular,  hollow,  as  the  leaf  of  onion. 

Flabelliform,  fan-shaped,  276. 

Flagelliform,  whip-shaped;  long,  taper 
and  supple, 

Flavescent,  yellowish,  turning  yellow. 

Flexuous,  zig-zag,  or  wavy. 

Floccous,  with  hairs  in  soft  fleecy  tufls. 

Flora,  (a)  the  spontaneous  vegetation  dt 
a  country ;  (b)  a  written  description  of 
the  same. 

Floral,  relating  to  flowers. 

Floral  calendar,  366. 

Floral  clojk,  368. 

Floral  envelopes,  399 

Florets,  the  flowers  of  a  compound  flowef, 
355. 

Flower,  372,  etc.;  origin  of,  110. 

Flower,  the  standard  of  beauty,  372. 

Flowering,  364. 

Flower-bud,  195,  374,  etc. 

Foliaceous,  leaf-like  in  texture  or  form. 

Foliation,  the  act  of  leafing. 

Follicle,  571. 

Food  of  plants,  835. 

Foramen,  same  as  Micropyle,  635. 

Form?,  accommodated,  17. 

Forms,  arrested,  21. 

Forms,  graduated,  14. 

Forms,  typical,  11. 

Free,  not  adherent  nor  adnate,  462. 

Fringed.     See  Fimbriate. 

Frond,  an  organ  which  is  botli  stem  and 
leaf,  as  in  duck-meat,  fern,  626. 

Frondescent,  bursting  into  leaf 

Fructification,  flower  and  fruit  as  a  whole. 

Fruit,  112,  541 ;  growth  ot;  766. 

Fruit,  ripening  of  766. 

Frutescent,  shrubby,  becoming  shrubby. 

Fulcra  (roots),  136. 

F'lliginous,  smoky  brown,  blackisli. 

.Kulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

'  nj'/iculus  (a  little  rope),  535. 

i     inel-form.     See  li.fuudibuliform. 

FurcAle,  forked. 

Fuifuraceous,  scurfy,  * 

Furrowed,  marked  with  chr^nnels  length- 
wise. 

Fuscous,  grayish  or  blackish  brown. 

Fusiform,  spindle-shaped,  187. 


184 


INUHX    AND    OLOSSARy. 


Galea,  galeato,  483. 
Gamopetate,  monopetate,  903. 
Gamopotaloua,  with  the  petals  united. 
Gamophyllous,  of  united  leaves. 
Gamosopalous,  with  the  sepals  united. 
Geminate,  twin,  two  together. 
Gemmation,    state    of  budding    (Latin 
gemma,  bud).  ' 

Geniculate,  bent  aa  the  knee  (genu) 
Genus,  80.    Genera,  888. 
Germ,  the  ovary  (ob8olete\ 
Germination,  608,  761. 
Gibbous,  more  tumid  in  a  certain  place. 
Glabrous,  smooth  or  not  hairy,  296. 
Gladiate,  sword-shaped,  ensiform. 
Gland,  glandular,  682. 
Glans,  562. 
Glaucous,  sea-green,  bluish,  usually  with 

a  bloom  or  whitish  powder. 
Globous,  in  form  nearly  spherical. 
Glomerate,  collected  into  close  heads. 
Glomerule,  362. 

Glossology,  the  same  as  Terminoloffv. 
Glumes,  339,  459. 
Glumiforae,  898. 
Gluten,  750.  i 

Gonidia^  635. 

Granular,  composed  of  grains. 
Grafting,  158. 
Gramiiioideie,  905. 
Grand  Divisions,  m. 
Growth  is  downwards,  799. 
Gymnos  (a  Greek  prefix),  naked;  as, 
Gymnospernious,  with  naked  seeds. 
Gymnospermnj,  gynmosperms,  898. 
GyranosporiE,  gymnospores,  900. 
Gynandrous,  504. 
Gynoecium,  405, 

Gynobaso,  a  process  of  the  torus  on  and 
around   which    the  carpels    are   sus- 
pended ;  sa  Geranium,  Fig.  428. 
Gynopliore,  a  produced  torus  bearing  the 

ovary  on  its  summit     Fig.  290. 
Gyrate,  same  as  Circinato,  213. 
Gyrous,  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 


Hermaphrodite  (dower),  with  both  sta. 

mens  and  pistila 
Heterocephalous,  heads  of  two  sorts  in 

the  same  plant,  some  $  and  some  $ . 
Ueterogamous,  two  sorts  of  flowers  in 

the  same  head,  some  $  and  some  $ . 
H exa  (Greek  numeral),  six ;  aa  in, 
Hexagonal,     6-sided.     Hexamerous,    «;- 

parted. 
Hexandrous,     0-stamened.     Hoxandria, 

Hilum,  537,  588. 

Hirsute,  hairy  with  rather  long  ha?rs. 

Hispid,  bristly  with  stiff  hairs,  298. 

Hoary,  frost-colored,  grayisli-white. 

Homogamous,  head  with  all  the  flowers 

alike,  as  to  the  stamens  and  pistils. 
Honey,  767.     Honey-bee,  768. 
Hooded.     See  Oucullate. 
Horny,  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Hortus  siccus,  herbarium,  54. 
Humifuse,  spreading  on  the  ground. 
Hyaline,  transparent  or  nearly  so. 
Hybrid,    a    cross-breed    between    two 

species. 
Hydrogen,  831. 
Hydrophyta,  907. 
Hymenium,  031. 

Hyperborean,  inhabiting  northern  regions. 
Wypo  (m  Greek  compoimds),  under;  as, 
aypocrateriform,  salver-form,  480.     Fht 

322.  ** 

Hypogean,  growing  under  ground. 
Hypogynous,  463,  604. 
Ilysterophyta,  907. 


Habit,  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant. 
Habitat,  the  natural  loc-ulity,  or  place  of 

growth  of  a  wild  plant. 
Hairs,  681.     Hairy,  hirsute. 
HalberL-sliaped,  hastata     Fig.  155,  I. 
Haired,  ono  half  apparently  deficient. 
Hastate,   with  the  base   lobes  abruptly 

spreading,  as  in  a  halbert     Fig.  155  L 
Heart-shaped.    Fig.  155,  jj.    Heart-wood, 

Herb,  herbaceous,  89,  90. 
Herbacjous,  green  and  cellular  in  tex- 
ture. 
Herbarium,  64. 
Hcaperldium,  667. 


shorter 
corolla 


Tcosandria,  877,  Class  XH. 

Imbricate,  imbricated,  390. 

Immarginate,  having  no  rim  or  border, 

Immersed.     See  Submersed. 

Inaxial  root,  123. 

Incised,  divided  deeply  as  if  cut. 

Included,  inclosed  within,  or' 
than;  as  the  stamens  in  the 
tube. 

Iiicrassate,  thickened. 

Incumbent,  so.  embryo,  599. 

Indehiscent,  not  opening,  549. 
Indigenous,  native  of  a  country. 
Induplicate,  388. 
Indusiuiii,    the    shield  of  the    fruit-dot 

(sorus)  of  a  fern.     Fig.  500,  601. 
Inferior,  lower  in  position,  465. 
Inflorescence,  320. 
Infundibuliform,  funnel-shaped,  479. 
Innate  (sc,  suither),  495, 
Innovations,  635.  ' 
Inserted,  Insertion,  refer  to  the  point  of 

junction  or  apparent  origin. 
Integument,  a  coat  or  covering, 
luternode,  161. 


INDEX    AND    OLOSSART. 


185 


Intemiptedly  pinnate,  287.  Fig.  159. 
Introree  (anthers),  turned  inward,  497. 
Involiicre,  337. 

Involute,  rolled  inward,  213.  Fig.  81. 
Irregular  flowers,  441. 

Jointed,  having  joints,  separable  pieces. 
Jugum,  a  pair;    as,  bijugous,  with  two 
pairs  of  leaflets;  trijugous,  three  pairs. 

Keel,  Keeled.     See  Carinate. 
Kidney-shaped.     See  Reniform,  271. 
Kingdoms  of  Nature,  31-33. 

Labellum,  the  odd  petal  of  an  orchid,  484. 

Labiate,  lip-shaped,  483. 

Lacerate,  torn  irregularly  by  deep  inci- 
sions. 

Laciniate,  slashed,  with  deep  incisions. 

Lactescent,  containing  lac,  or  milk. 

Laciinous,  with  large  depressions  or  pits. 

Lacustrine,  growing  in  lakes. 

Lamina,  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  453. 

Lanceolate,  lance-shaped.     Fig.  116. 

Ijanuginous,  woolly,  297. 

Latex,  the  turbid  or  milky  juice  of  plants. 

Latieiferous  tissue.     See  Cienchyma,  671. 

Latin  names  of  plants,  75. 

Layer.     See  Stolon,  157. 

Leaf,  217,  etc.;  structure  of,  729. 

Leaf-bud,  195,  etc. 

Leaflet,  the  pieces  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Leaf-stems,  166. 

Legume,  572. 

Lenticulatc,  shaped  like  a  double  convex 
lens. 

Liber,  tho  inner  bark,  701. 

Lichens.  Fig.  530-536.  See  Aero- 
phyta,  907. 

Ligneous  system,  685. 

Ligulate,  strap-shaped,  482. 

Ligulo,  tho  stipules  of  grasses,  251. 

Liliaceous  flower,  473. 

Limb,  the  border,  453. 

Linear,  long  and  narrow,  275. 

Livid,  clouded  with  bluish,  brown,  and 
gray. 

Lobate,  lobed,  270. 

Loculieidui,  opening  into  the  cell,  550. 

Locusta,  a  spikelet  of  the  grasses. 

Loment,  a  jointed  legume,  573. 

Lorate,  thong-shaped. 

Lunate,  crescent-shaped. 

Lyrato,  pinnatifid  with  the  upper  lobes 
mnch  larger  than  the  lower. 

Macros  (in  Greek  compounds),  Jong  or 

large. 
Maculate,  spotted  or  blotched. 
Mangrove  tree,  138. 
Male  (flowers),  same  as  Stamioate; 


Marcescent,  withering,  but  persistent 

Marginal,  belonging  to  the  border. 

Marginate,  having  tho  border  different 

Medulla,  pith.     Medullary  rays,  705. 

Medullary  sheath,  693. 

Membranaceous,  membranous,  thin  and 
pellucid. 

Mericarp,  one  of  tho  carpels  of  a  cremo- 
carp  of  an  Umbilifer,  557. 

Micropyle,  535  ;  same  as  Foramen. 

Microscope,  60. 

Midrib,  tho  central  vein  of  a  leaf. 

Midvein  (used  in  this  work),  256. 

Mitriform,  formed  like  a  conical  cap. 

Monos  (in  Greek  compounds),  one  only,  aa, 

Monadelphous,  606. 

Monandrous,  one-stamened,  503. 

Moniliform  (roots),  132. 

Monocarpic  herbs,  91. 

Monochlamydeae,  902. 

Monoehlamydeous  (flowers),  420. 

Monocotyledonous,  596,  897. 

Monoecious,  877,  §  5. 

Mouogynous,  with  one  style,  513. 

Monopetalae.     See  Gamopetalte,  903. 

Monopetalous,  458,  459. 

Monophyllous,  one-leaved. 

Monosepalous,  458,  459. 

Monstrous  flowers,  380. 

Morphology,  39 ;  of  the  flower,  372. 

Morphology  of  the  leaf,  239. 

Mucro,  a  sliarp,  small,  abrupt  point 

Mucronate,  283. 

Multi  (in  composition"),  many. 

Multitid,  cut  half-way  into  ■  many  seg- 
ments. 

Muricate,  bearing  short,  hard  pointa 

Muriform,  like  a  wall  of  mason-work. 

Muscology,  a  treatise  on  mosses. 

Muticous,  pointless,  not  pointed. 

Mycelium,  628. 

Naked  seeds,  548. 

Napiform  (root),  28. 

Natant,  swimming ;  under  water. 

Naturalized,  growing  spontaneously  but 

not  native. 
Natural  System,  886. 
Natural  System,  history  of,  891. 
Nectar,  noney :  Nectary,  433,  456. 
Nepenthes,  309. 
Nerve,  tho  veins   (-54)  are  sometimes 

so-called. 
Netted  or  net-veined.  See  Reticulate,  268. 
Neutral  flower,  422. 
Nodding,  the  summit  bent  over  (sa  moW' 

drop). 
Node,  a  joint  of  the  stem,  161. 
Nodoua,  knotted;  large-jointed. 
Nodulous  (root),  132. 
Nomenclature^  909. 


186 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSABY. 


Normftl,  according  to  rule,  regular. 
Nucilbrm,  nut-liko. 
Nn«lou3,  koriiol  (sc.  ovule),  535. 
Nut.     See  Glana,  662. 

Ob  (in  composition),  denotes  inversion ;  as, 

O'«oompros3ed,  flattened  back  and  front. 

Obcordate,  284.     Oblanceolate,  266. 

Oblif^ue,  unequal-sidod  (sc.  leaves). 

Oblong,  265.    Obovato,  266.   Obtuse,  283. 

Ob  volute  (in  aestivation),  214. 

Ochrca,  sheathing  slipulea,  249. 

Ochroloiijoua,  cream-color,  pale  yellow. 

Octo  (in  Greek  compo-sition).  eight. 

Octandria,  877.    Octandrous,  8-stamened. 

Octogynous,  8-styled,  878. 

Offset,  a  short  lateral  shoot,  1 59. 

Oligos  (in  Greek  composition),  few ;  as, 

Oligandria,  with  few  stamens. 

Olivaceous,  olive-green,  brownitih-green. 

Opaque,  dull,  not  shining. 

Opercular,  with  a  lid,  496. 

Opposite,  two  at  a  node,  153,  222. 
Orbicular,  Orbiculate,  circular,  265. 
Orchidaceous,  484. 
Organogens,  829. 
Organographj'^,  39. 

Organic  world,  30.     Organic  soil,  837. 
Orthotropous  (ovule),  erect,  536. 
Osseous,  bony,  as  the  peach-stone. 
Oval,  263.     Ovate,  265. 
Ovary,  515.     Ovule,  532. 
Ovoid,  egg-shaped  as  in  fruits. 
Oxygon,  831. 


Paleaj  or  Pales,  339,  489. 

Paleaceous,  chaffy,  having  pales. 

Palmi-veiued,  260.     Palmate,  272. 

Panduriform,  fiddle-shaped. 

I'aniul?,  352.     Paniculate,  panicled. 

I*apilJoiiac30us,  474. 

Pa[)pu.s  the  calyx  of  Composites,  485. 

Parallel-veined,  258. 

Puraphys.'s.  jointed  threads  arouna  the 

antheridia  of  mosses.     Fig.  622. 
Parasites,  144. 
Parenchyma,  664,  730. 
I'arietal,  on  the  wall  (paries),  526. 
Parted,  deeply  divided  into  parts. 
Patent,  wide  open.     Patulous,  half  open. 
Pear-shaped,  obovoid,  larger  above. 
Pectinate,  combed,  finely  pinnatifid. 
Pedato,  shaped  like  a  bird's  foot,  273. 
Pedicel,  328.     Peduncle,  327. 
Peltate,  shield-form,  271. 
Pendent,  Pendulous,  hanging,  drooping. 
Penfcillate,  with   a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  if  a 

camei'ri-hair  pencil. 
Pente  (in  Greek  composition),  five;  as, 
Pentamerous,  5-parted. 
Peatandrous,  603.     Pentandria,  877, 


Pepo,  a  fruit  like  a  melon,  568. 
Petdimial,  living  several  years,  92. 
Perfect  Howcr,  with   both    stamen   and 

pistil. 
Perfoliate  (through  the  loaf),  293. 
Peri  (in  Greek  composition),  around. 
Perianth,  402 ;  forma  o^  469. 
Pericarp,  547. 
Poiigynium,  488. 
Perigynous,  464. 
Period  of  flowering,  365. 
Perisperm,  same  as  Albumen,  590. 
Peristome,  632. 

Per.'^istent,  remaining  lon^  in  place. 
Personate,  483. 
Petals,  401 ;  forms  of,  455. 
Petali(era3,  898. 
Petaloid,   with  the   form  or   texture  of 

petals. 
Petiole,  243.     Petiolate,  239. 
Petiolule,  246. 
Phajuogamia,  892,  895. 
Phyllodiura,  plur.  Phjdlodia,  307. 
Pliyllotaxy,  leaf-arrangement,  220. 
Physiology,  41,  736. 
Phytology,  43  (Greek,  phytos,  a  plant). 
Pileorhiza,  cap  of  a  rootlet,  725. 
Pileua,  cap  of  some  Fungals.     Fig.  537  c. 
Pilou.«,  with  erect,  thin  hairs,  29S.        ' 
Pine,  sizoo^  101,— Californian,  101. 
Pinnate,  287.     Pinnatifid,  268,  209. 
Pistil,  405,  511. 

Pitchers  (leaves).     See  Ascidia,  308. 
Pith,  692.     Pitted  cells,  650,  667. 
Pitted,  with  depressions  or  excavations. 
[  Placenta,  520  ;  free  axile,  528. 
Plourenchyma,  666. 

Plicate,  plaited  lengthwise  as  a  fan,  394. 
Plumous,  feathery. 
Pliimulo  (a  little  plume),  103,  593. 
Pollen,  508.     Pollen  tube,  756. 
PoUinia,  musses  of  pollen,  510, 
Poly  (in  Greek  compounds),  many. 
Polyadelphous,  506.— 877,  §3. 
Polygamom,  Polygamia,  877,  §  5. 
Polypjtala3.     See  Dialypetidic,  903. 
Polypeta!ou3,  Polysepalous,  458. 
Pome,  a  fruit  like  an  apple,  569. 
Posterior,  next  tlio  axis. 
Potato,  manner  of  its  growth,  188, 
Precoeiou.s,  flowering  belbro  the  leaves. 
Prajfoliation,  vernation,  209. 
Prem6r.se,  ending  abruptlv,  185. 
Press  for  dryuig  plants,  57. 
Priokles,  18,  684. 
Primine,  same  as  Testa,  535. 
Primordia!  uuicle,  045. 
Prismatic,  prism-shaped,  having  several 

parallel,  longitudinal  angles. 
Procumbent  (stem),  148.     Fig.  38. 
Produced,  extended  moro  than  usuuL 


INDEX    AND    OLOSSARV. 


I»7 


ProhTerous,  reproducing,  as  cymes  from 
tlio  midst  of  a  cymo,  Howera  from  the 
midst  of  a  dower. 

Protein,  744.     Protoplasm,  744,  655. 

Protothallus,  629. 

Priiinous,  powdered,  as  if  frosted,  300. 

Prurians,  causing  an  itching  sensation. 

Pseudo  (in  Greek  composiiion),  apurious. 

Pubescent,  downy  witii  short,  soft  iiairs. 

Puberuloiit,  minutely  downy,  297. 

Pumilus,  purnilou^,  dwarfed  in  size. 

Punctate,  seeming  as  if  perforate,  682,  or 
inarlced  witii  minute  dots. 

Pungent,  piercing,  siiarp-pointed. 

Putamen,  the  bony  nucleus  of  a  dnipo. 

Pyramidal,  form  of  a  cone  or  pyramid. 

Pyriform,  of  the  form  of  a  pear. 

Pyxis,  a  pericarp  with  a  lid,  570. 

Quadri  (in  composition),  four ;  as, 
Qiiadrifoliate,  four-leaved. 
Quadrangular,  four-angled. 
Quadrijugate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Quadrilateral,  four-sided. 
Quinque  (in  composition),  five. 
Quinate,  growing  in  lives,  292. 
Quincuncial,  391.     Fig.  248. 
Quintuple,  tive-fold. 

Race  (Latin,  stirps),  a  permanent  variety, 
as  red-cabbage. 

Raceme,  349. 

Rachis,  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  286,  330. 

Radiate,  diverging  from  a  common  cjntor. 

Radiate  (in  tlio  Composites),  the  outer 
row  of  florets  ligulate.     Fig.  170. 

Radiant,  outer  flowers  enlarged  (and  often 
neutral).  Fig.  271  ;  or  (in  tho  Compos- 
ites), all  tho  florets  ligulate. 

Radical,  from  tlie  root,  103. 

Radical  of  the  flower,  408. 

Radicle,  rootlet  (of  tiie  embryo),  592. 

RamiaJ,  of  a  branch,  221. 

Rapiie  (of  tho  ovule  or  seed),  537. 

Riiphidos,  660. 

Receptacle,  331,  397,  443,  631. 

Recurved,  bene  (not  rolled)  backward. 

Reflexed,  curved  backward  excessively. 

Refracted,  bent  suddenly  as  if  broken. 

Regma,  fruit  as  of  Geranium,  577. 

Regular,  like  parts  similar,  412. 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  271. 

Repand  (margin),  280. 

Repent,  creeping. 

Respiration,  812. 

Resnpinato,  reversed,  upside  down. 

Reticulate,  netted,  258. 

Retrorse,  backwards,  downwards. 

Retfise  (apex),  284.     Fig.  155,  c. 

Revolute,  rolled  backwards,  213. 

Rhizoma,  Rhizomo,  183. 


Rhombic,  Rhomboidal,  in  the  flgare  of  a 

riioaib,  or  approaching  it. 
Rib.s,  tlie  cliief  veins  of  a  leaf,  ridgea. 
Ring  elastic  (of  ihe  fem-sporange).     Fig. 

Ringent  (corolla),  483. 
Root,  114.     Root-^tof'k,  18.1. 
Rosaceous  (corolla),  471. 
Rostrate,  beaked,  with  a  beak. 
Rosuhte  (leaves),   arranged  around  the 

base  ot'  tho  stem  as  rose-leaves. 
Rotfit3,  wheel-shaped,  476. 
Rotation,  circulation  in  the  cell,  806. 
Rdbicund,  blushing,  rosy  red. 
Rudiment,  the  beginning  of  a  thing. 
Rugous,  wrinkled,  295. 
Ruminated  (albumen),  full  of  chinks  as  if 

composed  of  numerous  folds. 
Runcinale,   hooded  backwards,  269. 
Runner,  160. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  267. 

Salver-shaped.   See  Ilypocrateriform,  480. 

Samara,  661. 

Sap,  the  crude,  794 ;  the  true,  796. 

Sarcocarp  (of  the  drupe),  663. 

Scabrous,  rough,  296. 

Scalarifbrm  (cells),  ladder-shaped,  653. 

Scales,  435.     Scale-stems,  167. 

Scanu^nt,  climbing. 

Scape,  329.     Scarious,  295. 

Scattered,  sometimes  used  for  alternate. 

Scorpoid  (inflorescence),  358. 

Scrobiculate,  pitted,  with   little  depres- 
sions. 

Screw-pine,  136. 

Sea-green,  light  bluish  green,  glaucescent. 

Secund,  all  On  one  side,  or  turned  one 

way. 
Seciindine,  same  as  Tegmen,  535. 
Seed,  682.    Seed  coverings,  583. 
Seed,  longevity  olj   602 ;    dispersion  of 

604. 
Semi  (in  composition),  half;  as, 
Semicordale,  half  of  cordate. 
Semilunar,  half-moon-shapod, 
Sjmisagittat;?,  and  Semitereto. 
Sepals,  400.     Sepaloid,  sepal-like. 
Septum,  a  partition  between  two  spaces, 
Septicidal  (dehiscence),  550. 
Septifragal  (deiiiscence),  550. 
Sericeous,  silkj--,  297. 
Serotinous,  occuring  late  in  the  seasoa 
Serrate,  Serrulate,  279. 
Sessile,  sitting,  not  stalked,  239. 
Setcu,  299,  487.     Setacuous,  bristle-form 
Setous,  Setigeroua,  bearing  bristles. 
Sheath,  Sheathing,  as  the  leaves  of  the 

grasses. 
Shrub,  95. 
SiliqiJ'^  674    Siliclo^  575.        . 


188 


IKDBX    AND    OLOS8ART. 


8iliqiio"fl8,  bearing  ailiqu-oa  (aa  the  Cruci- 

fora). 
Silver-grain  (of  wood),  707. 
■Simple,  of  one  piece,  not  compound. 
Sinistrorae,  twining  from  right  to  left. 
Fig.  49. 

Sinuute,  270.     Slips,  158. 

Soil,  837. 

Solitary,  growing  alono,  or  singly. 

Sori,  patcliesof  fruitiu  ferns,  632.  Pig.  488. 

Spadicirior;«,  904.     Spadix,  347. 

Spathe,  Spatiiaceous,  336. 

Spatulato  (leaf),  266. 

Species,  76,  888.     Specific  name,  76. 

Specimens  (of  plants),  53,  66. 

Spennatozoid,  633.     Fig.  497,  563. 

Spike,  Spic.itc,  346. 

Spikelot,  a  little  spike,  as  in  a  grass. 

Spine,  a  woody  thorn,  316. 

Spindle-slviped  (root),  127.     Fig.  27. 

Spiral  arrungomeiit  (of  leaves),  228. 

Spiral  cells  or  vessels,  651. 

Spongelet,  Spongiolo,  118. 

Sporange,  632.     Spores,  630. 

Sporidia^  630.     Sporules,  635. 

Sporogamia^  906. 

Spur,  a  projecting,  slender  appendage,  434. 

Squurrous,  spreading  widely,  as  the  in- 
volucral  scales  of  some  Composites. 

Stamens,    404,   491.      Staminate  flower, 
421. 

Staminodii,  43G,  502. 

Starch,  658,  748,  750. 

Stem,  or  Aseouding  Axis,  146. 

Sterile,  not  bearing  seeds,  421. 

Stigma,  Stiginalic,  515. 

Stipe,  the  stalk  of  tlie  ovary  or  ovaries ; 

also,  the  stem  of  a  mushroom. 
Stipcls,  SlipcUato,  251. 
Stipules,  Siipulate,  240,  247. 
Stolon,    157.      Stoloniferous,    producing 

stolor»s. 
Stomata^  678,  732.     Figs.  582-586. 
Strap-shaped,  Hat,  narrow  and  straight. 
Strict,  erect  and  very  straight. 
Sti-igous,  with  sliarp,  close,  rigid  hairs. 
Strobile  (fimt),  578. 
Strophiolale.  having  an  appendage  (stro- 

pliiolo  or  caruncle)  about  the  hilum. 
Style,  515.     Styloid,  style-like. 
Sub  (in  composition),  302. 
Suberous,  corky  in  texture. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped,  277. 
Succulent,  very  juicy  and  cellular. 
Sucker,  156. 

Suflrutescent,  woody  at  the  base  only. 
Sulcato,  furrowed, 
Superior,  465,  468. 

Superior  calyx,  calyx  adherent  to  ovary. 
Superior  ovary,  calyx  free  from  ovary. 
Supirvolute,  394 


Supra-axillary,  situated  above  the  axtt. 
Supradecompound,  very  mucii  divided. 
Suspended  (ovule),  534.     Figs.  414,  419. 
Suspensor  (of  the  embryo),  768.    Fig.  6081 
Sutural  (dehiscence),  650. 
Sword-shaped,  as  the  vertical  leavesof  Iri* 
Syconus,  fruit,  such  as  the  Fig.  580. 
Symmetry  (of  the  flower),  410,  412. 
Syn    (in   Ureek    compounds),   together, 

union. 
Syncarpium,  679. 

Syngonesia,  Syngenesioua,  877,  508. 
Synonyms,  914. 

Taper-pointed.     See  Acuminate,  283. 

Tap-root,  124,  142. 

Tawny,  fulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

Taxonomy,  the  science  of  classification. 

Tegmen,  the  iimer  eeed-coat,  635,  583. 

Tendril,  313,  178. 

Teratology,  380. 

Terete,  cylindrical  or  nearly  so. 

Term  of  Plant  Life,  83,  etc. 

Terminal,  situated  at  the  end  or  apex. 

Terminology,  44.  , 

Ternate  (leaves),  in  threes,  288. 

TesseJated,  checkered,  as  a  pavement 

Testa,  the  outer  seed  coat,  636,  683,  4. 

Tetra  (in  Greek  composition),  four. 

Tetradynamous,  605.   Tetradynamia^  877. 

Tetragonal,  with  four  corners. 

Totragynous,  v  ith  four  pistils. 

ThalamiHoraa,  002. 
Thallogamia,  906. 
Thallogens,  722,  899. 
Thallus,  627. 

Thecaspores,  630.     Theca,  Thecae,  632. 
Thorn,  317. 

Throat,  the  orifice  of  a  monopetalous  cor- 
olla 
Thyrse,  353. 
Tomer-.tous,   with    short,    dense,   woolly 

hairs. 
Top-shaped,  inversely  conical. 
Torus,  same  as  Receptacle,  331,  397. 
Trachetichyma,  668. 
Tree,  96. 

Tri  (in  Greek  compounds),  three. 
Triadolphous,  the  stamens  in  three  sets. 
Triandri.i,  Triandrous,  877. 
Trigynous,  ^hreo-styled,  513. 
Tri9occous  (fruit),  with  three  one-seeded 

carpels. 
Tricolorcd,  with  three  colors. 
Triennial,  lasting  three  years. 
Trilid,  split  half-way  into  three  parts. 
TriiV)ti:j.iQ,  with  throe  leaflets. 
Trilobate,  having  three  lobes. 
Trimerous,  3-parted,  418, 
Tripartible,  separable  into  three  parts. 
Triple- veined,  261.     Fig.  118. 


INDEX   AND    GLOSSARY. 


189 


Trfquetrous,  tlireo  angled. 

Tripinnate,  thrice  pinnate,  289. 

Triternate,  thrice  ternato. 

True  sap,  796. 

Truncate,  284.     Fig.  156,  d. 

Trunk  (of  a  tree),  171. 

Tryma,  fruit  as  the  liickory-nut,  564. 

Tube,  459.     Tubular  corolla,  481. 

Tuber,  187. 

Tuberculate,  covered  with  warts  (tuber. 

clea).  ^ 

Tumid,  swollen  or  inflated. 
Tunicate,  coated,  as  the  bulb,  193. 
Turion,  young  fhoot,  as  of  asparagus. 
Typical  Flower,  412,  449.    Figs.  260,  262 
Typical  Form3,  11,  12. 

Umbel,  351.     Umbellet,  a  partial  umbel. 

Umbellate,  bearing  umbels. 

Umbilieate,  with  a  sharp  depression  at  end. 

Unarmed,  with  no  stings,  thorns,  eta 

Undershrub,  a  low  shrub,  95, 

Undulate,  wavy,  280. 

Unequally  pinnate,  287. 

Unguiculato  (petal),  having  a  claw,  453. 

Uni  (in  compounds),  one. 

Uiiifoliate,  with  one  leaf  or  leaflet. 

Uniform,  of  one  form. 

Unilartcral,  one-sided. 

Unilocular,  one-celled. 

tTnivalved,  with  but  one  ralve. 

iJrceolate,  uru-shaped,  478. 

Utricle  (fruit),  559. 

Vaginato,  sheathing,  the  flattened  petiole 

involving  the  stem. 
Valvate,  387. 
Valves,  Valvular,  550. 
Varieties,  78. 
Vascular  tissue,  668. 


Vaulted,  arched.  [733. 

Vegetation,  or  Physiology  of  Plant  Lifey 
Veins,  253.      Voinlets,  Veinulets,  257. 
Venation  (of  the  loaf),  255. 
Vdntricous,  swelling  out  on  one  side. 
Vernal,  appearing  in  the  Spring  time. 
Vernation  (of  the  leaf  bud),  213. 
Ventral,  belonging  to  the  front  side,  i.  «., 

the  side  towards  the  axis. 
Verrucous,  covered  with  warta  (verrucsei 
Versatile  (antlier),  495. 
Vertex,  the  summit,  same  as  Apex. 
Vertical,  in  the  direction  up  aud  down, 

or  parallel  with  the  axis. 
Vorticillate,  whorled,  222. 
Verticilaster,  862. 

Ve'spertine,  appearing  in  the  evening. 
Vexillary  (sEstivation).     Fig.  251. 
Voxillum,  standard,  474.     Fig.  316,  317, 
Villous,  clothed  with  long,  weak   iiairs! 

297. 
Vimincous,  with  long  flexible  shoots,  osier- 

'•'^e.  [slender. 

Vine,   178.     Virgato,   twiggy,   long  and 
Viscid,  Viscous,  sticky  or  glutinous. 
Vitta^  Vittie,  the  minute  oil-tubes  in  the 

fruit-coat  of  the  Umbolifera). 
Volva,  membrane   enclosing  the  young 

Fungus.     Fig.  537,  e. 

"Wedge-shaped,  gradually  tapering  to  the 

base. 
Water,  838. 

Wliorl,  a  circle  of  similar  organs. 
Witch-grass,  181. 
Wood,  694.     Wot)d-ceU8,  649. 

Yeast  Plant,  745. 

Zoology,  37. 
Zoospores,  633. 


ABBREVIATIONS    ANB    SIGNS 


ach.  achenia. 
cest.  aestivation. 
alter,  alternate. 
amplex.  amplexicaul. 
anth.  anther. 
axill.  axillary. 
cal.  Qn\yx. 
caps,  capsule. 
cor.  corolla. 
decid.  deciduous. 
diar,;.  diameter. 
tUip.  elliptical. 
emarg.  emarginato. 
tpig.  ppijrynoua. 
/  or  ft.  feet. 


OFTEN  USED   IH  DESCRIPTIVE 

Jil.  filaments. 

Ji.  flower;  Jis.  flowers. 

fr.  fruit. 

hd.  head  ;  hds.  heads. 

hyp.  hypogynous. 

imbr.  imbricato, 

inf.  inferior. 

invol.  involucre. 

irreg.  irregular. 

leg.  legume. 

If.  leaf;  Ivs.  leaves. 

Ifts.  leaflets. 

lorn,  loment 

opp.  oppositft 

ova.  ovary. 


BOTAN^Y. 

ped.  peduncle. 
pai.  petals. 
perig.  perigj'noua. 
perig.  periij;yniuia. 
recep.  receptacle. 
reg.  regular. 
rhiz.  rhizoma. 
ri.  root. 
sds.  seeds. 
sea.  seo-menl. 
Sep.  sepals. 
si.  stem. 
sia.  stamens 
stig.  stigmaa^ 
sty.  styles. 


iM' 


190 


ADBRBVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS. 


The  namo3  of  tho  months,  and  of  staiea  and  countries,  are  often  abbreviated,  and 
alwaya  in  the  huiiio  riiaiinor  as  in  other  works ;  tiius,  Apr,  April ;  Jn.  June  •  Mass. 
Maasachusetta ;  N.  Y.  Now  York;  la.  or  lud.  Indiana;  Car.  Carolina:  La.  Lou- 
iaiana;  etc. 


ITie  following  Signs  are  also  in  general  use : — 

An  annunl  plant.  1^   A  plant  with  a  woody  stem. 

A  biennial  plant.  $   A  staminato  flower  or  plant 

A  perennial  herb.  $    A  pistillate  flower  or  plant. 

A  perfect  flower,  or  a  plant  bearinpf  perfect  flowers. 
Monoecious,  or  a  plant  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 
$   DicBcious ;  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  plants. 
9  i   I'olygamoua;   tho  same  speciea  with  staminate,  pistillate,  and 


Used  only  in  the  Cruciferae. 


8 

2  . 

?  9  ^   I'olygamoua ;   tho  aame  speciea  with  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect 
flowors. 

0  Wanting?  or  none. 
CO  Indeflnite,  or  numerous. 
0—  Cotyledons  accumbent       ) 
Oj  Cotyledons  incumbent 
0»  Cotyledons  conduplicate. 

fA  naturalized  plant 
A  plant  cultivated  for  ornament 
A  plant  cultivated  for  use.     This,  with  tho  two  last,  are  placed  at  the  end  of  a 
description.     In  other  situations  they  have  their  tisual  signiflcation  as  marks  of 
division  or  reference.     In  measure  of  length,  or  other  dimensions,  the  following  signs 
are  adopted  in  this  work  : — 

f  (without  tho  poriol)  A  foot 

(a  single  accent)  An  inch. 
"  (double  accent)  A  line  (one  twelfth  of  '). 

I  The  note  of  exclamation,  common  in  botanical  works,  is  used  in  contrariety  to 
tho  note  of  interrogiition  (?).  It  denotes,  in  general,  certainty  from  personal  observa- 
tion. Affixed  to  a  locality,  it  denotes  that  the  writer  ha.s  examined  specimens  either 
in  or  from  that  place.  Affixed  to  tho  name  of  an  individual,  it  denotes  that  tho 
writer  has  examined  specimens  supplied  by  him.  Its  use  in  the  present  work  is 
discontinue!,  except  i  i  the  case  of  coatrovjrted  fticts. 


Authors'  names  are  usually  abbreviated,  as  follows  :- 


Adnns  Ailanson. 

A.  DC.  AlphunbO  Do  Canilolle. 

Ait.  Alton. 

Am.  Arnott. 

AiiM.  Aiiblot 

Bart.  Barton. 

IteAUv.  lieniivois. 

Benth.  Bcntliain. 

Berl.  Bcrlandler. 

Bcrnh.  Bernhanli. 

Brongn.  Hronsniart. 

Bigl..  or  Bw.  Bijrdow. 

Bochin.  Boi'hincr. 

Hong.  Bong.arJ. 

Br.  Brown. 

Caas.  Cassini. 

€av.  Cavaniilos. 

Clintn.  Chainisso. 

DC.  De  Candollo. 

Deaf.  Dcsfontaines. 

Desv.  Desvnux. 

Dew.  Dewey. 

Dill.  Dillenius. 

Dull.  Dul;amel. 

Dninort.  Dmnort^er 

Kndl.  Enflliclier. 

Ehrii.  Knruart. 

Ell.  Elliot 

Kngel.  Encplinnnr,. 

FroBl.  Frrelich. 

G»rt  Oiertner. 

tiinel.  Qmelin.  < 


Orev.  flrevillo. 

Griseb.  Oiisebach. 

Oron.  Gronoviiis. 

Hodw.  Hedwig. 

Iloffrn.  Huffman. 

Hook.  Hooker. 

Huds.  Hudson. 

Jnss.  Jussiuti. 

Lag.  Lagnaca. 

Tjaiii.  Lainark. 

Lamb.  Lambert. 

Lehm.  Lohmann. 

Lindl.  Lindlcy. 

L.  or  Linn.  Linn89us. 

Lk.  Link. 

Mart.  Martins. 

Mentz.  Mentzel. 

Midi. v.  Michaux. 

Mich.v.  t.  [fiilus),  Michaux  tho 

voiincer. 
Mill.  Miller. 
Mirb.  Mirbel. 
Moencli.  Mcenchansen. 
Mnhl.  Muhlenberg. 
Ntres.  Nees  von  Esenbeck. 
Niitt  NutUll. 
"^■...v.  Pavon. 
i  ers.  Persoon. 
Pall.  Pallas. 
Pluk.  PInkonet 
Plum.  Plumier, 


Polr.  Poiret. 

Ph.  Pursh. 

K.  Br.  Robert  Brown. 

Raf.  Raflnesquo. 

Rich.  Richard. 

RIchn.  Richnrdgon. 

R<em.  Rwmer. 

Salisb.  Salisbury. 

Schw.  Schwonitz. 

Schrad.  Schradcr. 

Sclhilt.  Scliultcs. 

Sco]).  Scopoli. 

Ser.  Seringe. 

Sclik.  Schkuhr. 

Sin.  Smith. 

Solimd.  Solande' 

S|ir.  Sprenecl. 

Steud.  Stc'iulel. 

Sw.  Swartz. 

T.  &  G.,  Torr.  &  Gr.,  Torrer  « 

Gray. 
Torr.  Torrey. 
Tourn.  Tournefort. 
Trin.  Trinius. 
Traut.  Trautvctter. 
Vaill.  Vnlllant 
Vent.  Vciilenut. 
Wahl.  Wahlcnber». 
Willd.  WilMenow" 
Walt  W.dter. 
Wul£  Wulfon. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

FOUNDED     UPON    THE     MOST    OnviOUS    OH    AKTIFICIAL     CHARACTERS,    DE. 

SIGNED  A8  A  KEY  FOR  THE  READY  DETERMINATION  OF  ANY  PLANT, 

NATIVE,  NATURALIZED  OR  CULTIVATED,  GROWING  WITHIN 

THE    LIMITS    OF   THIS    FLORA. 


(Clam.) 


PROVINCES,  CLASSES  AND  COHORTS. 

ScB-KiNouoM  I.    Phaenogamia  or  Flowering  Plants.    (Pbovinck.) 
Province  1.    Bark,  wood  uiid  pith  distiiK-t,  tlio  two  former 
as  concentric  layera  around  the  latter.    Leaves  net-veined. 
Eower,  at  lecut,  never  completely  S-nurcntt,  its  parta  mostly 
in  48  and  58.  DICOTYLEDONS  or  EXOGENS. 

Class  1.    Flowers  with  stigmas,  and  pistils  enclosing  the 
ovules,  becoming  seed-veasels  enclosing  the  seeds.    ANGIOSPERMS.  (Coiioiw.) 
CoHOitT  ].     Corolla  with  the  petals  distinct.  POLYPETALOUS.  (A) 

Cohort  2.     Corolla  with  the  petals  united.  GAMOPETALOUS.  (B) 

Cohort  3.     Corolla  (and  often  the  calyx,  also,)  wanting.        APETALOUS.  (C 
Class  2.    Flowers  with  open  scales  imtead  of  pistils  (or  no  ' 

pistils  at  all),  the  ovules  naked.    (Pine,  Cedar,  Fir,  Yew, 
Cypress,  etc.)  GYMNOSPERMS.  (Cohort.) 

CoHonT  4.     The  cone-bearing  plants  (same  as  Class  2).  CONOIDE.(E,  (D) 

Provinok  2.    Burk,  wood  and  pith  commingled.  Zvs.paralhl- 
veined  (rarely  netted).    Fls.  S-merous.     MONOCOTYLEDONS  or  ENDOGENS 
Class  3.    Fls.  with  no  glumes.     PETALIFER^  or  AGLUMACEOUS.  (Cohort.) 
Cohort  5.     Fls.  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete.     SPADICIFLOR^.  (E) 
Cohort  6.    Flowers  complete,  with  a  double  perianth.  FLORIDE^!  (F) 

Class  4.    Flowers  invested  with  green,  alternate  glumes 
instead  of  the  perianth  which  is  wanting  or  minute.  GLUMIFERJi:.  (Cohort). 
Cohort  7.  The  Grasses  and  Sedges  (same  as  Class  4).    GRAMINOIDEiE   (G) 
Sto-kinqdom  IL    Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants.  (Province.) 
Province  1.     Wjih   stem    and   leaves  distinguishable,  and 

containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels.  ACROGENS  or  ANGIOSPOR^E   (H) 

Province  2.     With  a  tliallus,  often  etcm-like,  but  contain- 
ing cellular  tissue  only.  TIIALLOGENS  or  GYMNOSPOR^  (K; 

A     Cohort  1.     POLYPETALOUS. 

*Herba  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical  (11). 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  on  the  stem  (7). 

*  Slirubs,  trees  or  undershrubs.— Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.  (2) 

—Flowers  irregular  (or  fruit  a  legume),  (r) 
2  Polyatiflrons,— stamens  3  to  10  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more.  (3)   • 
/*  ^^ligsiiurours,     stamens  i— 2  times  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer.  (4)" 
3  Leaves  opposite,  (s) 

3  Leaves  alternate.— Stomens  on  the  torni  or  the  hypopj-nous  corolla,  (t) 
•—Stamens  and  petals  on  the  calyx-tube.  (v3 


192 


ANALYSIS    Of   THB    NATTfRAL    ORDERS. 


(W) 


4  Ovaries  simple,  distinct  or  Bolitary.    Vines  or  erect  slirubs 
4  Ovarv  compound,— wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx,  (x) 

—free  from  the  caly.i  or  neany  so.  (5) 
6  Stamens  opposite  to  the- petals  nrd  of  tha  same  number,  (y) 
6  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  ditfereut  number.  (6) 
C  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stems,  (z) 
6  Leaves  alternate,— compound,  (yy) 
— simple,  (zz) 
T  Polyandrous,— stamens  3  to  10  times ^s  many  as  the  petals,  or  ,nore.  (m) 
7  01ig:androus,— stamens  1—2  times  as  many  as  tlio  petals,  or  ftwer.  (8) 
8  Pistils  separate  and  distinct,  few  or  solitary,  simple,  (n) 
8  Pistils  united,— ovary  cotnpound,  free  from  the  calyx.  (9) 

— ovarj  compound,  adherent  to  the  calyx,  (o) 
9  stamens  opposite  to  the  potals  and  of  the  same  number,  (p) 
9  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  greater  nu/nbc-   (q) 
1 1  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.    Fruit  never  a  leguipe.  (13) 
11  Flowers  irregular  I'rarcly  regular  and  the  fruit  a  legume).  (12) 
12  Stamens  numerous,  S  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  (k) 
12  Stamens  few  and  definite,  5—12.  (1) 
13  Stamens  3  to  10  timts  v^.  many  as  the  petals.  (15) 
13  Stamens  few  and  deflnito.— Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  (14) 

— Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx,  (j) 
l4  Pistils  one,  or  indefinite  (1—15),  distinct,  simple,  (e) 
14  Pistils  definitely— 2  united,  the  short  styles  combined  into  otn.  (f) 
—8  or  4  united,  styles  or  stigmas  3,  i  or  6.  (g) 
—5,  distinct  or  united,  with  5  distinct  otyles.  (h) 
—5  united  and  the  styles  combined  in  one.  (ii) 
l.>  Stamens  hypogynous,— on  the  receptacle,  (IG) 
15  Stamens  perigynous,—on  the  corolm  at  base,  (c) 
—on  the  calyx  av  the  base,  (d) 
1«  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  stylos),  (a) 
16  Pistils  (and  styles  if  any)  completely  united,  (b). 
a  Petals  5  or  more,  deciduons.     Leaves  not  peltate. 
a  Petals  3,  persistent,  withering.    Floating  leaves  peltate. 
a  Petals  numerous,  deciduous.    Leaves  all  peltaie 


b  Sepals  4—6,  equal.    I  atals  CO,  inibricar.ed  in  the  bud. 
b  Sepals  5,  equal,  Petals  5,  imbricate.    Leaves  tubukr.  * 
b  Sepais  5,  unequal.    Petals  5,  convolute.    Flowers  oi  2  sorts 
b  Sepals  2,  with— 5  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

— 4  or  8  petals  usually  crumpled  in  the  bud, 
c  Filaments  united  into  a  tub3.    Anther  1-celled. 
d  kjepals  2,  persistent,  capping  the  pyxis. 
"d  Sepals  3—5,  valvate  in  the  bud.    I'od  long,  2-carpelod. 
d  Sepals  3- 5.— Petals  imbi.'oato  in  bud.    Fruits  simple." 
—Petals  convolute  in  bud.    Fruit  compound. 
e  Stamens  opposite  to  tne  imbricated  petals.     J'istil  1  only. 
e  Stamens  alternate  with  tlie  petals  or  more  nutx.erous. 
f  Stamens  G  (tetradynamous).    Pods  2-cfned. 
f  Stamens  4,  or  8—32.     Pod  1-celled. 
g  Sepals  and  petals  in  ?s.    Stamens  6.    Small  herb. 
g  Sepals  and  petals  in  4s.    Stamens  8.    Climbing.  ' 
g  Sepals,  etc.,  in  Sa.— Stam.  5,  monadclphous.    Climbing. 
— Stnm,  .5,  distinct.    Qreftjiish,   Olinibi 
— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Yellow.     Erect. 
— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Cyanic.    Erect. 


—Stam.  8 — 15.- 


-Fis.  9  ,  very  many,  minute 
-Fla,  monoecious. 


Eanunculaoex.  1 
Cabombaoej!.  7 

NELUJfBIACE.^.   8 

Mymph^eace^.  9 

Sarbaoeniace^.  10 

Cktace,«.  17 

Poi{tulacace^.  22 

P'-paveraoeje.  11 

Mai,vaoe,«!.  24 

poktclacage^.  22 

TiLiAC;;,«.  28 

KosACE^.  47 

LOASACE^B.   53 
BEIiBEHinACE^.    (5 

Kanuncitlace-e.  1 

Crccifek^.  13 

Capparidaoe^.  M 

LiUNANTHACE,*.    3B 

S/Pi:fDAOE«.  41 

Passiflorace.*!.  57 

'g.  Order.  104 

TuBNERA(;EJi!.    56 

Dboskrace^.  19 


CiSTACE,*.    17 


AWAIYSIS   OP  TIIK   NATUBAt   OllDBBS. 


109' 


LlNAOX^.   80 

Obdbr.  80 
ozalidaoelx.  32 

CHAaSULACKiE.   60 

Broskbace^.  Id 

Okdkr.  73 

Edtacejd.  87 

PoBTULACACEiE.    22 

Onaobacejb.  52 

Sazifraoace^.  61 

Umbelifer^.  63 

Arauacb^.  64 

EANnNCCLACEJC.   1 

Kbsedace^.  16 


h  Stamena  5,  alternate  with  the  5  petals.    Seeds  CO. 

to  Btamons  5,  opposite  to  the  6  petals.    Seed  1. 

h  Stamens  10,  the  filaments  united  at  the  base' 

h  Stamens  6-24  (twice  as  many  as  the  petals)*,  distinct. 
1  Ovary  one-celled.    Leaves  radical,  jl^itab]^ 
I  Ovary  2-5^11ed.- Leaves  dotless,  mosUy  radical. 
•  o^  1     ,.  —Leaves  dotted.    Cauline.  oinnate 

J  Styes  5  or  more.    Ovary  l-celled,  half-adherent.    Seir2 
J  Style  1,  carpels  as  many  as  the  petals  (2—6) 
J  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals.'    Seeds  seveml 

i  S  vlt'  ?'  7^"''  ''  ''^^  "^""^  *^«  («)  P«^^«-    Seeds  two 
J  Styles  3-5,  ovary  £  -5-ceUed,  3-5-8eeded, 

k  Ovaries  many,  or  tew,  rarely  1,  always  simple. 

k  Ovary  compound,  3-oarpeled,  open  before  ripe. 

I  S%l%%e^r;te',Sr^^^^^^^  Spurs  1-2,  blnnt.    ^^[eL.  ,2 

I  Sepds  4;  petL  2,  111  c^ wluke.'Xur^  nde'^^'^  ^P"''     ir^f'^^^'  « 

.        'Sepalsandpetalseach-4,notveryirreU!"t-spur.      IZIZZl  T. 

-5.  Stamens  8.    Spur  slender.  Tbop^olace^.  86 

— 5.  btamens5.    Spur  blunt  or  none.        Vioiace^16 

m  Pistils  many,  enti^lydistTnolBrpir"""'^'  ^'■^  ^««--/'«>-..os.:  46 

m  Pistils  3-5,  united  more  or  less  completely.  Kf'CNocLACK.B.  1 

m  Pistils  6—10.  united  with  «A««ii«  uf:„.  j  HrpEBicAoajE.  18 

n  Pistils  3  or  more,  distinct  aimn1«         '='«™«nB  1^ -I8.  Bbrbebidacejb.  6 

nP.tils2  consolltr^nTetstars^  ^«--—  f, 

o  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals.     Anthers  open  atTeL  M,          ^rdeb.  97 

o  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sejals-    A^trersSn  literal  ?  *^^^^«^^-  '^ 

o  Carpels  fewer  th.  the  aep^-  OO-seederS^r^  SA.^ro'Tor  II 

-l-seeded.    Styles  2  or  3.  Abauack^.  64 

P  Style  «  cleft  at  the  summit.       "''^'^*    ^'^''  '  ^^""^'«>'     ''-^---''  ^5 
p  Style  and  stigma  1,  undivided.  Poetclacaoe^.  22 

q  Leaves  pinnate,  with  interpetiolar  stipules.  v  ^"''"''-  '^^ 


Flowers  cruciform.    Stamens  6. 
Flowers  6-merous.    Stamena  10. 


q  Lvs.  simple,  toothed  or  lobed 
q  Lvs.  simple,  toothed  or  lobed, 
q  Leaves  simple,  entire,  (qq) 
qq  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx 
qq  Pet.  hypogynous.-Fls.  irregular,  unsymmetrical. 

-Fls.  regular-2  (or  3)-parted  throughout. 
—5-parted,— Leaves  punctate 

r  Pistil  asimple  carpel,  becoming  a  leglime.    I^m^u^f^^J'^T"''''^"^'^  '' 
r  P-tilcompound,-3-carpeled.    Fls.  perfect.     Lvs.  digLto  •^^«"-—  « 

— 3-carpeled.    Fls.  monoecious.     Cultivated. 

—5-carpeled.— Stipules  present.     Cultivated! 
>  «?fo«.»«.  ^„  *!.  -Stipules  none.     Native. 

I  fZZ  receptacle,  in  several  sets.    Leaves  dotted. 

«  Stamens    ou    caly^-Ovarles  many,  free,  but  enclosed 


Cbuciehr*.  18 
Gebajiuob^.  31 

Ltthrace.«.  61 

PoLYOAIVlCEJt.    46 

ElatinacE/k.  20 
Htpebicaoe^.  18 


-Ov.  compound,  free  in  the  bell-shaped  cal, 
— Ov.  adherent.— Fruit  fleshy,  baooatn 

t  Petals  imbricate  or  valvate  in  ^stivatiTn'^Tu)"'''  "'"'" 
t  Petals  convolute-Anthers  1-celled,  turned  inwards. 
—Anthers  2-celled,  turned  outwards. 


Sapindace*.  41 
Beooniace^.  59 
6bbaniace£.  81 

EBICACBiB.   78 

Hypericace^.  18 
Calyoanthacea:.  48 


LYTHBACEaC   51 
SAXIFBAQAOSiB.   61 


13 


Mal'aoe^.  94 
Stebciuacxji,  25 


194 


AKALTSIS    OF  THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.. 


n  Ovaries  distinct.    Petals  6,  valvate.    Erect  shrabs.  Awonaok.*.  3 

u  Ov.,  distinct.  Petals  3 — 9,  imbricate.  Trees  or  erect  sbrabs.  MaqnouackvE.  2 
u  Ov.  distinct,  few.  Pe'-alB6 — 9,  imbricate.  Climbing  sbrubs.MsMisPEKUACEj:.  5 
u  Ov.  compound.— Lvs.  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  Aueantiacej:.  28 

— Lvs.  opaque.— Sepals  valvate.    Fls.  small.  Tii.lace.*.  2G 

— Sepals  imbricate.    Fls.  large.  Camelliace^.  27 

V  Style  1  with  many  stigmas.    Green,  fleshy  shrubs.  Cactace^.  54 

V  Styles  several,  or  1  with  1  stigma.    Woody  trees*  or  shrubs.         KosACEie.  47 


w  Pistils  many,  spicate  on  the  slender  toius.    Climbing. 

W  Pistils  2 — 6,  oapitatate  on  the  short  torus.    Climbing. 

tr  Pistil  one  only.    Flowers  6-parted.    Stam.  opposite  the  petals. 
X  FioweriJ  4-parted.    Stamens  8.    (Flowers  red  or  roseate.) 
X  Flowers  4-parted.    Stamens  4.    Flowers  whitish. 
X  Flowers  5-parted. — Ovary  5-carpeled,  5  styled. 

— Ov.  2-carpelcd. — Leaves  palmate-veined. 


schizanurace^.  4 

Menispebmace^.  5 

Bebbebidace,«;  6 


OnaoracejE. 

Coknaue^. 

Araliace^. 

Gbossulace^. 


— Leaves  pinnate- veined.  Saxifhagace^. 


52 
65 
64 
55 
61 
44= 
43 
42 
41 
40 
99 
29 
37 


y  Leaves  opposite,  stem  climbing  with  tendrils.  Vitace. 

y  Leaves  alternate.    Erect,  or  vino  without  tendrils.  Ehamnace>b. 

E  Carpels  3—5,  styles  short.    Leaves  simple.  Celastoace^. 

as  Carpels  8,  styles  long,  slender.    Leaves  pinnate,  serrate.  Sapindacej!. 

s  Carpels  2,  with  2  slender  styles.    Samara  double.  AcEEACEiE. 

%  Carpels  1 — 2,  with  1  short  style.    (Drupe  or  single  samara.)  Oieace^. 

yy  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  tube.    Leaves  bipinnate.  Meliace^. 

yy  Fils.  5,  distinct. — Leaves  pellucid  punctate.  Eutace^. 

■^Lvs.  opaque.— Ov.  3-carpeled,  l-seeded.  Anacabdiaceju.  38 

— Ov.  of  8  one-seeded  carpels.  Sapinhace^.  41 

zz  Petals  4,  yellow.    Ovary  2-carpeled,  2-seeded.  Hamamelace.e.  62 

za  Petals  4—7,  cyanic— Drupe  l-seeded,  but  with  3  stigmas.  Anicabdia.^e^.  38 

— Drupe  4 — 6-8eeded,  stigmas  4 — 6.      AQUiFouACEyE.  74 

— Capsule  OO-sceded.    Ericiuese,  73.   Pittosporace^.  39 

— Cap.  3-»eeded  (scarlet).    Seeds  ariled.  Celastoaoej!.  42 

—Capsule  2— 3-seeded.   Ovules  pendulous.    §  3,  Obd.  73 


B     Cohort     2.     GAMOPETALOUS. 

I  Stamens  (6 —  00)  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  (a) 
§  Stamens  (2 — 12)  fewer  tlian  the  corolla  lobes  or  of  the  same  number.  (*S) 
*3  Ovary  inferior,  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  (3) 
3  Stamens  cohering  by  their  anthers,  (c) 
3  Stamens  entirely  distinct,  (d) 
•■2  Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  (6) 
6  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  symmetrical.  (7) 

7  Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (and  free),  (e) 
7  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes  (rarely  connate).  (9) 
9  Shrubs,  trees,  with  the  carpels  or  stigmas  8— fi.  (f ) 
9  Herbs  1 — 10-carpelled  or  shrubs  2-carpeled.  (g) 
0  Flowers  reguliU'  and  the  stamens  reduced  to  2.  (n) 

0  Flowers  irregular.     Stam.  (except  in  3  or  4  species)  unsymmetrical.      (o) 
a  Filaments  6,  united  into  2  equal  sets.     Herbs.  Ord.  V2 

a  Filaments  QO,  united  into  1  tube  enclosing  the  styles.  Ord.  24 


Obd.  46 


a  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  split  tube  around  the  1  style. 
a  Filaments  00,  united  only  at  the  base  into  1  or  5  sets,  (b) 

b  Calyx  of  5  leafy  imbricated  sepals.    Shrubs,  trees.  Orji. 

b  Calyx  tubular,  5  toothed  or  truncate.    Shrubs,  trees.  Sttracace^. 

a  Filam.  entirely  distinct.— 8  or  10  in  number.    Flowers  perfect.      Ericace^. 

■•-aaiidieinnumb.    Fls.  polygamous.    Ebknackjc. 


07 

■ 

75 

i  ^ 

73 

■ 

7(3 

■ 

ANAlYSia  OF  THK  KATCRAL  0EDBR8. 


195 


S:::"  'ziT^tzi^^m^^^'^t^y  -  --^-^  compos.. 


c  Flowers  separate,  irregular,  perfect.    Pl^ts  erect. 

c  1  lowers  separate,  regular,  imperfect.    Weak  vines. 
d  Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  separate. 
d  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between,  or  verticiUate. 
a  Lvs.  opp.    Stipules  none.-Stam.  6-4.    Ov.  2-5-celled. 

— Staro.  2—8.    Ov.  1-celled. 


—  rc 

LoBELIACKiE.   7^ 

Obd.  58 
Campanulace^.  72 

BuBIACEvE 

Capbifouace^  , 
Valerunack^, 


— Stauien8  4.    Flowers  capitate.         Dipsaceji: 


67 
68 
68 
69 


Plumbaginace^.  80 

Pbimulace^.  78 

Sapotace^.  77 

Aquifoliaob^ 

Vebbenaos^ 

Ebicaoe^, 

BoBRAOIMAGK£. 

(h) 
(k). 


74 
88 
78 
90 


Apoctnacejc.  96 

AsCLEPIADAClta,   97 
CONVOIVDIACEJ.   93 

Ord.  lOl 

HrDROPIIYLLACE^.    91 


m 


e  Herbs.    Ovary  with  5  styles  and  but  1  seed, 
e  Herbs.    Ovary  with  1  style  and  many  seeds, 
e  Trees  or  shrubs.    Ov.  1-styled,  6-celled,  1-sceded. 
f  Style  none.    Drupe  4—6  seeded. 
f  Style  one.    Drupe  4-seeded. 
f  Style  one.    Capsule  8— 5-celled,  00-seeded. 
g  Ovaiy  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  acheuia. 
g  Ovaries  2,  distinct  (often  covered  by  the  stamens) 
g  Ovary  1,  compound,  1-celled  (placenta  often  large) 
g  Ovary  1,  compound,  2— 6-celled.  (m). 

h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  convolute. 
h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  valvate  ? 
h  Stigmas  distinct.    Flowers  minute,  yellow 
k  Ovule  solitary.     Corolla  limb  entire. 

k  Ovules  several.    Leaves  cleft  and  lobed.  .lYDRopr.YLLACEJs    91 

k  Ovules  several.    Lvs.  or  Ifts.  entire.-Fls.  not  spicate.  GkX™":  9.5 

m  Leaves  all  radical.    Flowers  spilSf'  ^''"^-     P^^rcS'  ^ 
m  Leaves  opposite.-Ovary  2-cellcd.  ZZIZ'.  85 

— Ov.  3-celled.   Not  twining,  i 
Leaves  alternate— 0 v.  3-celled.    Not  twining.  [  Polymoniacej.  92 
-Ov.  2-celled.   Twining.  Convolvitlace^.  98 

-Ov.  2-cel  ed,  4-8eeded.  Erect.  Borraoinacejc.  90 
-Ov.  2-celled,  oc-seed.- Styles  2.  Hydbophyl.  91 

Jstut-    ril^^-^i'^-^'icatedinbul'^^"'^"  1^:1^- JJ 

n  Shrubs.    Corolla  4-parted,  valvate,  or  none.  OleacZs  99 

o  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  (or  fewer)  achenia.  (p) 

o  Ov.  entire  4-ovuled,  4  or  fewer-seeded.    Lvs.  opposite     VKHBENAcr.^   88 

o  Ovary  entire,  00-ovued,  OO  or  several-seeded,  (s)  «»^^ace^.  88 

p  Leaven  opposite.    Stems  square.    Stamens  2-4.  Labiate    M 

T  ,„  „» ,  ti    .. ,      „  Orobanchace^.  82 

-Leafy.-Fru.t  4-5-oelled.    Leaves  opposite.  Pedaxiace^.  84 

—Fruit  2-celled.  (t) 

t  Corolla  convolute  in  bud.    Seeds  exnlburalnous.  Acanthaoe^   87 

t  Corolla  imbricate  in  bud.    Seeds  albuminous.      ScBopT.rri^oE^  S 

t  Corolla  plicate  in  bud.    Seeds  albuminous.  So  "^aceI"  9^ 

C     Cohort  3.    APETALOUS. 

I  Pl^nS  S''^°''!'  "u  ^°'^''"  ""**  "'  '*'"'^"*''  (^^"^P'^  HumuluB,  116)."  (2) 
1  nants  woody,— shrubs  or  trees.  (5)  '       ^   ^  ' 

2  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx  (or  a  cnlyx-like  involucre).  (3) 

^  blowers  achlamydeous,--neither  calyx  nor  corolla,  (f) 

3  Calyx  fVee  from  the  ovary,  i-ometimes  enclosing  it.  (4)  ^ 


196 


ANALYSIS    or  THE   NATURAL   ORDERS. 


4  Ovaries  several,  entirely  distinct,  each  1-styled,  1-ovuled.  OnDiR  1 

4  Ovary  one,  1-ovuled,  1-seeded,  stylo  or  stigma  1.  (b) 

4  Ovary  one,  1 — 3-ovuIed,  with  2 — 5-styles  or  stigmas,  (c) 

4  Ovary  1,  with  many  ovules  and  1  style  or  stigma,  (d) 

4  Ovary  one,  with  4—  QO  ovules  and  2 — 12  styles  and  stigmas,  (e) 

a  Stamens  1 — 8,  symmetrical  with  the  stigmas.  Ord.  63 

a  Stamens  8 — 10,  the  stigmas  2.    Ovary  QO-seeded.  Obd.  61 

a  Stamens  6  or  12,  symmetrical  with  the  6  ovary-cells.  Abistolochiace^.  100 

a  Stamens  5,  the  style  1.    Ovary  2-ovuled,  l-seeded,  Santaiaoe^.  109 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  4-lobed,  stamens  1—4.  Ord.  47 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  entire,  funnel-shaped,  colored.         NYOTAGiNACEy:^.  101 

b  Flowers  diclinous.    Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  green.  Urticace^.  115 

e  Fruit  3-seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  stigmas.  Euphobbiace^.  112 

C  Fruit  1-seeded. — Stipules  sheathing  the  stems.  Poltgonace^.  102 

— Stip.  0.  Calyx  scarious-bracted.  Amabantacej!!.  106 

— Stip.  0.  Calyx  double.  Climbing-  B.\seli,ace^.  104 

— Stip.  0.  Calyx  naked.  Lvs.  alternate.  Chenopodiace^.  105 

— Stip.  0.  Calyx  naked.  Lvs.  opposite.  §  8,  Obd.  21 

d  Stamens  (4)  opposite  the  sepals.  Obd.  51 

d  Stamens  (5)  alternate  with  the  sepals. 

e  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  circumscissile  (utricle). 

e  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  4 — 5-valved  (capsule). 

e  Leaves  alternate. — Fruit  5-horned,  5-celled  (capsule) 

— Fruit  a  fleshy  4 — 10-seeded  berry, 

— Fruit  circumscissile  (utricle). 

f  Flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe.    Monocotyledons. 

f  Flowers  in  a  long  naked  spike.    Stamens  6  or  7. 

f  Flowers  soUtary,  axillary,  minute.    Aquatic  plants,  (g) 

g  Stamen  1,  styles  2.    Leaves  opposite.  Callitbicace^.  124 

g  Stamens  2,  styles  2.    Loaves  alternate,  dissected.  Podostemiaoeje.  125 

g  Stamens  12 — 24,  style  1.  Lvs.  verticillata,  dissected.  CERAXopHYLLACEja.  126 
5  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  opposite,  (h) 
5  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  alternate,  (k) 
5  Flowers  (diclinous),  the  sterile  only,  in  amenta,  (n) 
5  Flowers  (diclinous),  both  the  fertile  and  sterile  in  aments.  (o) 

h  Fruit  a  double  samara  (2-winged).  Ord.  40 

h  Fruit  a  single  samara  (1-winged),  or  a  drupe.    Stamens  2.         Oleace^.  99 

h  Fruit  not  winged, — S-seeded.    Stamens  4.  Eupiiorbiace^.  112 

— 1-sceded.    Stamens  4  or  8.  Elkaonaceje.  Ill 

— l-aeedeJ.    Stamens  8.    Parasites.       Lobanthaceje.  lOS 

k  Style  or  stigma  one.     Fruit  1-seeded.  (m) 

m  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. — Anthers  opening  by  valves.  Lauraoe^. 
m  Calyx  free  from  tlio  ovary. — Anthers  opening  by  slits.  Thymelacejc. 
m  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. — Ovules  2 — 4.     (Slirubs.)     SAHXALACKiE. 


Obd.  73 
Obd.  22 
Ord.  21 
Ord.  GO 

PlIYTOTACCACE^.   103 

Amakantaoej!. 

Ord. 

Saxjrubageje. 


108 
131 
123 


—Ovule  1.    (Trees.) 
k  Styles  or  stigmas  2. — Stamens  numerous. 

— Stamens  ns  many  as  the  calyx  lobes. 
k  Styles  or  stigmas  8  (rarely  2 — 4). — Fruit  dry,  3-partiblo. 

— Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe. 
k  Styles  or  stigmas  6 — 9.    Ileath-like  undershrubs. 
k  Styles  and  ovaries  5,  scarcely  united.    Leaves  pinnate. 
n  Nut  or  nuts  in  a  cup  or  involucre.    Leaves  simple. 
n  Nut  drupaceous,  naked.     Leaves  pinnate. 
o  Fruit  fleshy,  aggregated  (sorosis).    Juice  (or  sap)  milky. 
•  Fruit  dry.    Plants  with  a  watery  juice  or  sap.  (p) 


107 
110 
109 
65 
C2 
113 
112 


0b» 

Obd 

Ulmaceji. 

Euphobbiace^. 

Obd.  43 

EmpETBAGX^.   ll(i 

Obd.  87 
Cupm.iFXBJi:.  119 

JUOLANDACE^.    118 
AjnoOABPACSiS.   114 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE    NATURAL    OEDBRS. 


197 


Obo.  62 

Pl^TANACE^.   117 


p  Amenta  globular,  racemed.    Nutlets  2-celled,  woolly. 
p  Amenta  globular,  solitary.    Nutlets  l^eUed,  1  seeded. 
p  Amenta  cylmdrical  or  oblong,  (s). 

8  Ovary  l-celled,  l-aeedod.    Fruit  ofUn  fleahv  M 

8  Ovary  2  celled   e^vnia^   i  o^  j  "1"mi  nesny.  Mtbicace^.  121 

B    Cohort  4.    CONOIDE^ 

"■"Sir'"  ^«"« «»-"""»»-  s.»„,.b„„.hta„wo«d,. 

1  Le.v»p.„„....    F„U,»Wr.»U.a^.   S.e,„.  .tap,,,  p.,^,,^..  <,,^--;  ||» 


E 


Cohort  S.    SPADICIFLOR^ 


2  Sa^te  frnn!,Ti''  ''^^^  **'"''*«  ^^-^^^^^    ^padix  simple.  (3) 

2  ?knr,  wi  W     '  T^"'  ^'^""°«  '«"««  o"  the  waten      ^  ^ 
2  Plants  with  stem  and  leaves,  rooting  and  fixed.  (3) 
3  Spadix  evident,  in  a  spathe  or  on  a  scape. 
3  Spadix  obacure  or  spike-like.    Stems  leafy.  (4) 
4  Flowers  with  no  perianth,  densely  spicate  or  capitate 
4  Flowers  with  a  perianth  or  not.    Plants  aubnSfser 


PALKACEat.    130 

Lemnag&s.  132 
Abace^.  181 


Ttphtce^.  133 
Naiadaoea,  134 


F     Cohort  6.     FLORIDPLE. 


(k) 


J  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  small,  dense,  involucrate  hpn^ 
1[  Flowers    not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  rkcemed  spi«^L  etc   ^t 

"  — -— ^^^^^~-  i'^?!---  -^chab^aoe.   13. 


DiOSCOBEACEJE.    144 
OBCHIUACEiB,    138 

Mabantace^.  139 
ii^modobace^.  )42 

BuKMANN'lACE.E.    137 

IridacEvSi.  145 

Amabyllidace^.  140 

Alismace^,  135 


a  Flowers  dioecious,  6-androus.    Shrubby  climbers 
a  Flowers  perfect,-gynandrou3  (stamen'^^n  ule  ^"til) 
-monandrous  with  half  an  anther. 
K  T>    •     .,  „  ~3— *'-»"drous.    Stamens  distinct    (h) 

b  Penan  h  woolly  or  mealy  outside.    Ovaiy  halt' fre    ^^ 
b  Perianth  glabrous  outside.-Stamens  3,  inthers  intn>rse. 

—Stamens  3,  anthers  extror^e. 
„  — Stamens  6. 

c  (.  nrpels  many,  distinct,  acheniate  in  fruit 
c  Carpels  3,  united,  with  the  stigmas  distinct  or  not.  (d) 
d  Leave,  verticillute  in  1  or  2  whorls.    Stigmas  8  ^ 
d  Leaves  alternate-Stigmas  3.    Scurfy  eilphytes. 
„  T  — Stigmiia  united  into  1. 

e  Leaves  net-veined,  dilated.-Flowers  perfect,  4-parted 

«  Leaves  parallel-veincd.  (ff  ^^'^^*^'-- ^'^^^^^^t  «-P«ted. 
f  Styles  and  often  the  stigmas  also  united  into  1.  (g) 

g  Flowers  colored,  regular.    Stamens  6  (4  in  1  s;ecies^       T 

S  F  owers  colored,  irregular  or  else  triandmns  ^     pi;.™!''"*'"^-  ^*« 

g  Flowera  greeuiah,  glume-like  or  acarioul!  roNT,s»KBiAOE*.  150 

^^^  JONOACKA   16i 


147 
141 


Tbilliaoe^ 
Bromeliace^.  .^^ 
commeltnace^.  153 

R0XRirKO!5I.ic!;,55_     JJff 

Smilace^.  145 


198 


ANALYSIS  OF  TUB  NATURAL  0RDSR6. 


f  Styles  and  stigmas  S,  distinct,  (h) 

h  Leaves  rush-like.    Ovary  of  3  one-seeded  carpels.  Jdnoaoime^.  185 

h  Leaves  linear,  lanceoltite,  etc.    Ovary  6— QO  -seeded.      MELANTUAOEii:.  149 

k  Petals  yellow,  small  but  showy.    Plant  acaulescent.  Xybidack  js.  163 

k  Petals  white,  minute,  fringed.    Plant  acaulescent.  EKiocABLONAcn^  154 


G    Cohort  7.    GRAMINOIDE^. 

t  Flower  with  a  single  bract  (glume).    Culm  solid,  sheaths  entire.     Ctpebaoe-k.  155 
1  Flower  with  several  bracts  (glumes  and  pales).    Culm  hollow.    Sheaths 

split  on  one  side.  Gbauimba.  15S 

H     Province,  ACROGENS. 

S  Plants  with  well  developed  foliage.  (1)  > 

T  Leaves  few,  mostly  ample  and  from  subterranean  rhizomes,  (a) 
a  Fruit  borne  on  the  leaves  which  are  often  more  or  less  contracted.  Fiucks. 
a  Fruit  borne  at  the  base  of  the  radical,  entire  or  lobed  leaves.  Mabsileaceji. 
'i  Leaves  numerous,  small,  mostly  spirally  imbricated  on  the  stem,  (b) 
b  Fruit  axillary,  sessile,  opening  by  a  slit.  LycopodiacEjB. 

b  Fruit  mostly  terminal  and  usually  stalked,  opening  by  a  lid.  Mcsci. 

^  Leaves  numerous,  small,  imbricated  on  the  stem  in  2  rows,  i 
§  Plants  with  the  leaves  and  etem  confounded,  thallus-like.  ) 
S  Plants  with  verticillate  branches  instead  of  leaves,  (c) 

c  Fruit  in  terminal  spikes,  and  of  one  kind  only.  EamsETACE^. 

c  Fruit  lateral,  scattered  on  the  branofaeB,  and  of  two  kinds.  Chakace^. 


160 

157 

158 
162 


Hepatic^.  163 


159 
161 


K     pRoviNCK,  THALLOGENS. 

Plants  aquatic,  with  a  colored  thallns.    Fruit  immersed  in  the  frond.  Alq^.  164 

Plants  on  dry  rocks,  logs,  or  bark  of  trees,  thalloid  or  granular.  Lichens.  165 

Plants  growing  on  decaying  organisms.    Thallus  cotton-like,  the  fruit  very 
different,  all  without  ohlorophylle  or  Btarch.  Funai.  166 


Note.— Six  Ortlers  of  the  Cryptogamia,  No*.  161-166,  are  necessarily  exchided.    In  the  ful- 
filment of  our  plan,  these  exieiuive  Orders,  will  constitute  a  separate  and  independent  volnmu, 


PART    FOURTH. 

DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY;  OR,  PHYTOLOGT. 

OOMPRISINa 

THE   FLORA  OF   THE  UNITED  STATES  AND   CANADA      .' 

(WITHIN  THB  LIMITS  MENTIONED  IN  THE  PBETACE). 


<  ' »  ♦  n  » 


PLANTS     VpS^k?^?^-^^^^^  ^«  FLOWERING 

PLANIS.-Vegetables   having  an   axial   development    leafV 
appendages  and  true  flowers,  their  substance  comS 
lular  spirovascular,  and  woody  tissue  ;  their  flowere  with  man  ' 
fest  stamens  and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds  wSh  Tnenrvi" 
,  (For  sub-kmgdom  Gryptogamia  or  Flolerless  Plants, Veepi^ 

^TaNTR^p?^?^^    ^^    DICOTYLEDONOUS 
ILANIS.— Ph^Bnogamous  plants  having  a  stem  comnospd 
of  a  central  co  umn  of  pitfe  enclosed  wTth  wood  and  bark 
the  latter  exterior:  growino-  bv  the  arlHif mn  ..f^ .  .  • ' 

layers  external  to  the  woodrint^ernal  To  the  bark      r""*"' 

d-merous.     Embryo  with  two  or  more  opposite  cotWedom 
(Province  Endogen^  or  MonocotyledonouT  plantrsee  p^ 

Class!    ANGIOSPERM^.-Exogenous  plants  with  net 
reception  ot    the  pollen,  enclosing  the  ovules  within  an 
ine  seeds.      Cotyledons  only  two.     (Class   II    Gvmno 
^^^::^^^->  -^'^^  -^«'  -^  ^-es  ^oCe?: 

^"^^^^.^^.PiA^pYPETAL^   OR    POLYPETALOUS 

i^Awvxi:.xNo.— Plants  having  a  double  perianth  consist- 

diftin  t^:'^  r'^'  T^  r^>'  '^'  1^*^-  comPd  o^^ 
distinct  petals,  rarely  abortive.     (Cohort  2.     fiamoDC- 

Mnnnli  ^^"«P^*^^«"«  Exogens,  page  393.     Cohort^S. 
Monochlamydere  or  Apetalous  Exogens,  pa<re  601 ) 


200 


Obdkb  1.— RANUNCULACElrE. 


Obdeb  I.     RANUNCULACEiE.    Cbowfoot8. 

Eerbs  (or  woody  climbers)  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice.  Leaves  mostly  divided, 
exstipulatc,  with  half-claaping  petioles.  Calyx. — Sepals  3-15,  green  or  petaloid, 
distinct,  hypogynous.  GoroUa. — Petals  3-15,  distinct,  hypogynous,  sometimes 
irregular  or  none.  Stamens  qo,  distinct,  hypogynous,  Anthers  adaate,  opening 
lengthwise.  Ovaries  QO  or  fow,  simple,  distinct,  the  cell  1 — oO  -ovuled.  Fruit 
either  dry  achania,  or  follicles,  or  baccate,  1 — CO  -seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  with  a 
straight,  minute  embryo  in  horny  albumen. 

Illustrated  in  Flits.  10,  24, 182,  143,  162,  241,  242,  288,  291,  294,  8«T,  8S6,  416,  458,  2S6,  288,  Ac. 
Genera  48,  species  nboiit  1000,  mostly  natives  of  cool,  damp  climates,  those  of  the  tropicul 
regional  growing  only  upon  the  moiintniiis,  and  In  tlioir  proper  localities  abundant. 

Pbopbrtiks.  Nearly  all  the  eonora  posses.<)  acrid  and  more  or  loss  narcotic  properties,  some 
of  them  being  highly  prejudicial  to  animal  life.  These  qualities  are  dis,sipated  bv  a  boll  ng  heat 
or  by  drying,  or  heightened  by  spirits  and  sugar.  The  species  of  Ilelleborus  ond  Aconitum  are 
highly  poisonous,  biit  medicinal  when  riglitly  used.  This  order  Is  rich  In  ornamental  cultivated 
plants. 

TRIBES  AXD  GENERA. 
Sepals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Achenia  tailed.    (Tribe  I.) 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud. — Ovaries  1-  seeded,  acheniate.  (2). 

—Ovaries 2 — oo  needed.   (3) 
2  Corolla  o,  or  undistin^iiishable  from  the  colo'-od  calyx.    (Tribe  II.) 
2  Corolla  and  calyx  distinct  either  in  color  or  form.     (Tribe  III.) 
3  Sepals  as  pornmnent  as  the  stamens.    Fruit  follicular.    (Tribe  IV.) 
3  Sepals  c.iducous  sooner  than  the  stamens.     (Tribe  V.) 
3  Sepals  persistent  ;wtth  the  follicular  fruit    (Tribe  VI.) 
I.  CLKMATIDE.ifi.     Totals  0,  or  stamen-like.    Loaves  all  opposlttt.  Clematib.  1 

II.  ANEMONES— Sepals  deciduous  with  tliostomens.  Stem-leaves  opposite.    Anemonb.       8 
— Sepals  deciduous  with  the  stamens.  Leaves  all  radical.  Hepatica.  3 

— Sepals  caducous.    Flowers  usually  Imperfect.  Thahotbum.       4 

—Sepals  caducous.     Flowers  perfect.  Tbautvbttebia.  5 

in.  RANUNCULE^— Sepals  not  appendaged.    Flowers  scorlet  or  yellow.  AnoNis.  6, 

— Sep.ds  not  appendaged.  Petals  xanthic,  uscale  at  base.  Ranunculus.       7 
— Sejtals  appendaged.     Plant  minute.    Leaves  radical.  Myosukub.  8 

IV.  HELLEBORE.F.,  Perianth  regular. 

— Petals  0.    Sepals  white.  Isoptrum.  9 

— Petals  0.     Sepals  6  to  9,  yellow.  Caltha.  10 

— Petals  slender,  tubular  at  apex.  Roots  bright  yellow.  Oopti*.  11 

— Petals  minute,  tubular  at  base,  1-lipped.  Trollius.  12 

— Petals  small,  tubular,  2-lippod.  Sepals  persistent  Hellrbobub.  IS 
— Pet.  small,  concave,  2-lobed.  Fls.  racemed.  roots.yel.ZANTiiOBiiiZA.  14 
— Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals, 8-lobed.  Nioella.  15 

— Petols  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  spur-like,  equal.  Aquilkoia.         IS 
IV.  HELLEBORE^  Perianth  irregular. 

— Upper  sepal  spurred,  containing  two  spurred  petals.  Dklpiiinium.  IT 
—Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  deformed  petals.    Aoonitum.  13 

V.  CIMICIFUGEjB. — Flowers  numerous,  in  long  spicatc  racemes.  Cimioifuoa.        19 

— Flowers  many,  in  short  racemes.    Fruit  fleshy.  Act^a.  20 

— Flower  1  only.    Plant  2-Ieaved.    Berry  compound.  IIvdkastis.         21 
VI.  PuEONIE.iE.— Pet.  plane,  large,  showy.    Disk  sheath! ng  the  ovary.        P^oma.  22 

1.  CLEMATIS  L.  Virgin's  Bower.  (Gr.  KX'^fia,  a  vino  or  tendril.) 
Calyx  of  four  colored  sepals,  in  aestivation  valvate-induplicato.  Petals 
none,  or  if  present  more  like  sterile  filaments.  Stamens  co,  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  the  outer  or  all  sometimes  sterile.  Ovaries  oo,  i'l  a 
head.  Achenia  caudate  with  the  lengthened  plumous  or  pubescent 
stvle.  U  Herbs,  or  vines  a  little  woody,  climbing  by  twining  petioles. 
Leaves  opposite.     The  herbage  is  acrid  and  caustic. 

§  Atbaoese.    Outer  stamens  petal-like.    Lvs.  vert'-iliate.     Fls.  solitary.  Ving No.  1 

I  Clematis  proper.    Petals  none.    Leaves  oppositi     /) 

•  Vines. — Flowers  In  cyinous  panicles Nos.  2—4 

— Fls.  solitary.— Sepals  panduriform,  wuvy-edged Nos.  5, 6 

— SppaU  lance-ovate  with  a  reflexed  point No?.  7,8 

*  Erect  herbs,  near  1  f.  high.    Flowers  solitary Nos.  9—11 

EzoUc,  euluvated  species Nos.  12—15 


Ordkb  l.-RANtJNCULACE.«L  jOl 

outer  ones  (petals  ?)  dilated  anatulat^  timvSi  „,-fK  •  '  r  ^""'nonts  about  24, 
some  climber  in  highland  wooXvUDrTSinT^^  'mperfect  anthers.-A  hand: 
May,  J„.  (Atragonf  AmerSa  Sims)!  ^  ^  '  ^'  '""'^'^  ^^^'^^  ^"^ 

''t74'&tZt£;-J:Z^j£-ZT^^  ««^c«^c^en^fe_A  common, 

length,  supporting  iistf  offences  and  Sn,<.t!'''^T^  *^^  ^"'-  ^tem  8-15  f.  irl 
Leaflets  2-3'  by  li-2'  wi  irZTonaf^T  H  J  '^^  ™«*«8  of  the  long  pe.ioles. 
obtuse.  Stamens  28-36;  pLSwSLf^it  *.'  ^'''*''  ^blong-ihovate, 
with  long,  plumous  tails  io.^'i^i^l^^^t::^^.  Fn.it  furnisheHi 

'L^eS3°^^aroL/^''kn^^^^^^^  ^^A.,  «*«,  en.V,   oblong- 

Panicles  oorymbous,trS.tomm.sfet^oS^  "*'"   'J"'^. '"   *"   ''«  P^^^^ 

the  linear  peLs  long.  tiZZTsSlT ""'^JLZT.X^^^    '"'''''  ^^^^^ 

^  l^^STt'el^S^^cIL^^^  «-^"'  ™o«tly  3-lobed,  the 

lary,  divaricately  foSS^ym  J"  .nal^  Stly  T^"^  'seoahT'.  ^'T^  '"  '^^"- 

but  not  extensively,  smooth.     Leaves   excSjHy  ^ado'"      Leaflet?^  lT^?t 
with  short  (6-9'')  pube^lnft'lf-Atrte  P^'-P'^  A^-er.     Aehonia 

Achenia  with  long  silky  tails.     Apr  »      '»    "'  ^^o   »•     toepals  1—1^  long. 

subsessUe      T  ft!  «     f    "^  ?"'"**^'  *'"''''  ""^  "^«  branches  (bracts)  simple  ovate 

^rfver^banks^Y^or.^^p  '^^l"'  '""'''  ''^'^^y-  ^«^«*^««'  ie«ea<A.-Mt     and 
entlesTmnie  2T'll     a  K^'"?:  st^ni  12-18'  high,  sericious.     Leaves  sessile 

.eiiowi^h-whiti^itr'^^wrshrrri^^^^^^^^ 


202 


Obder  1.— RANUNCULA-CEJE. 


10  C.  ovdta  Ph.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  glahrotts,  glaucous  and  veiny  beneath. 
— N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Stem  simple,  1 — 2f  higli,  glabrous  as  well  as  the  whole  plant. 
Leaved  entire,  simple,  on  short  petioles,  tiie  lower  subcordate.  The  stem  termi- 
nates  in  a  short,  nodding,  purple  llower,  with  ovato-acuminate  sepals.  Achenia 
with  long  plumous  tails. 

11  C.  Baldwinii  T.  &  G.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  lance-linear,  the  lower 
^•bbid  or  cleft. — Tampa  Bay,  Fla.  (Baldwin.)  Slender,! — 2  f  high.  Lvs.  acute 
at  base,  about  J'  by  2',  petiolato.  Flower  cylindrical-campanulaic,  purplish,  on  a 
long  terminal  peduncle.     Plumous  tails  2'  long, 

12  C.  Fldmmula  L.  Flowers  paniculate  ;  lvs.  pinnate  ;  Ifls.  oblong,  acute,  at 
each  end, — S.  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  often  cultivated.  Its  long,  half  woody, 
angular,  climbing  stems  form  shady  masses,  covered  wifJi  small,  white,  cymous, 
extremely  fragrant  flowers.  Lfts.  very  variable.  Frait  tipped  with  long  shaggy 
tails.     Jl,  Oct.t 

13  C.  fl6rida  L.  Flowers  solitary ;  sepals  acuminate,  smooth ;  lfts.  ovate,  acute. 
— From  Japan.  Vine  12f  long.  Lvs>.  ternate  and  decompound;  lfts.  entire. 
Peduncles  longer  than  tiie  loaves,  bearing  each  a  largo,  white-yellow  flower. 
Jn.,  Sept.f 

14  C.  Viticella  L.  Flower  solitary  ;  sepals  obovate. — From  Spain.  Vine  long 
and  climbing,  with  ternately  decompound  leaves.  Lfts.  entire,  ovate  or  oval. 
Flower  large,  purple,  the  sepals  broad,  obtuse  at  end,  often  double.     Jn. — ^Sopt.f 

15.  C.  lasiantha  Nutt.  Fls.  solitary,  dioecious,  on  clustered  2-leaved  branch- 
lets  ;  sepals  oblong- cuneate,  spreading,  villous  on  both  sides ;  lvs.  ternate,  lfts. 
broadly  ovate,  incisely  toothed,  the  terminal  3-lobed  or  cleft. — Vine  delicate, 
climbing  many  feet,  pubescent  or  villous.  Lfts.  about  \\'  by  1'.  Peduncles  3' 
long,  the  pale  blue-purple  fl.  IJ'  broad.f     Rocky  Mts. 

2.  ANEMdNE,  L.  Fig.  361.  (Gr.  uve^o^,  wind.  Most  of  the 
species  grow  in  elevated  or  windy  places.)  Involucre  remote  from  the 
flower,  of  3  divided  leaves;  calyx  regular,  of  5 — 15  colored  sepals; 
corolla  0  ;  stamens  oo,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  ovaries  oo,  free, 
collected  into  a  roundish  or  oblong  head ;  achenia  with  a  short,  rarely 
lengthened  beak;  seeds  suspended. —  4  Lvs.  radical,  stem  lvs.  2  or  3 
opposite  or  whorled,  forming  the  involucre. 

§  Pulsatilla.    Carpels  many  (50— 7.5)  with  long,  plumous  tails No.  1 

%  A.vEMONE  proper.    Carpels  not  produced  into  tails.  (•) 
■  *  Pistils  many  (iiO — 70)  in  a  head,  donsely  woolly  in  fruit,   (a) 

a  Involucrate  loaves  sessile,  with  a  sinijlo  flower Nos.  2 t 

a  Involucrate  leaves  petiolate,  with  2—3  flowers ].  iii.Nos.  6—7 

•  Pistils  fewer  (15— 20),  merely  pubescent  in  fruit '.'".'.Nos.  8.  9 

*  Pistils  few  (lu — 15),  glabrous.    Flowers  umbelod Nos  10, 11 

Exotic,  cultivated  species.,.. Nos.  12^  la 

1  A.  Nuttalliina  DC.  Pasqije-flower.  Plant  clothed  with  silky  hairs.  St.  in 
flower  very  short,  in  fruit  8 — 12'  high.  Lvs.  long-stulkod,  many-cleft,  segments 
linear  or  cuneiform,  incised.     Involucre  below  the  middle  of  the  stem,  sessile, 

■  Bubulately  dissected,  concave  or  cup-shaped  in  position.  Sep.  of  tlie  single 
showy  flower  5  or  6,  1'  long,  pale-purple,  silky  out-side,  appearing  before  the 
leaves,  in  Apr.  Tails  of  the  carpels  1^-'  long. — Dry  hills,  Wise,  III,  W,  to  11, 
Mts.     (A.  patens  L.     Pulsatilla,  Gray.) 

2  A.  Caroliniina  Walt,  Lvs.  3-parted  into  cuneate-linear,  twice  trifid  segments ; 
invol.  similarly  cleft  halfway,  hand-shaped;  sep.  15 — 20,  obtuse;  head  of  carpels 

■  cylindracoous-obloug. — A  dolicitcly  beautiful  plant.  Gar.  to  Ark.  and  Nebr. 
Rhizome  tuberous,  sending  up  many  stalked,  multifid  leaves  and  a  scape  6 — 10' 
hig'  bearing  the  2  or  3-leaved  involucre  below  the  middle,  and  the  single  large, 
fragrant,  white  or  rose-colored  flower  at  top.  Scape  pubescent  above.  Outer 
aepala  dotted  with  purple,  oblong,  the  inner  (or  petals)  n.-irrower,  all  nearly  per- 
sistent.   InvoL  similar  to,  or  less  deeply  cleft  than  the  leaves,   Apr.    (A,  tenella, 

•      Ph.)  F       V  . 

3  A.  heteroph^lla  Nutt.  Lvs.  of  roundish-oval,  crenate  segments;  invol. 
linear-cleft  to  the  base ;  sep.  acute,  5 — 1;5 ;  head  of  carpels  cylindricaL — Ga.  (near 
Macon,  Mettauer)  to  La.  (Hale)  and  Ark.  Rhizome  tuberous.     Radical  lvs.  one  or 


OiDia  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 


SOS 

peduncles,  middle  S 'nafi  l2ra7otrJoh"     .k"'  '   °°^.  P^'"'^"^'  l-fi"^^'-^^ 
Lvs.  2-3'  by  3-1'  S^^ted  l£   '1^1     ^''f  7'*^  an  invoiucel  of  two  bracts. 

G-lO'long^^petiilWo'ftXSl^^^^^^^ 

woolly,  in  heads  f  long.    July  ^^'^  ^'  y^Uowish  green.   Fruit 

7  AtvHnLo?r'^''f  P-  ^'^^^'^-I'^dges,  Vt.  (Dr.  Robbing.) 

'toro^n1n^^tXSl;^    ^^;J^oo,M>.^,,,.  J,  ^,,^1!!:  . 
in  open  fields.     liadicaneaf  1  te^rn^t^  «7       'f^,l  ^^".""^ '°  ^^^  ^°°'^«'  ^^^ges,  and 
leavVs,  placed  in  a  Sort  nek^t  'rt'rK*' ^\°'' ^^^'^-     ^^vol.  of  3  petidate 
lobed,  the  lateral  segmenS  cleft  soIhL/  *^>  '*'Tu  '*?  •^''''''^^^  out-toothed  and  • 
leaf  quinate.     At  thMop  of  th^  7^^T!  '^"''^  '"^  1^^  ^.'''^'  '°  "^  *«  '•^"der  the 
Apr.,  May.  ^  ^  "'^  ^^"^  ^  *  «'°g^«  white  flower,  purplish  outside. 

^  ^nef  TnTo^u'^SfiLoS  P'?"  r^  ^*  ^^"^*^  ^  or  3,  lateral 

Stem  12  to  20'  higr^lVs  larl^  v«inf  ?  ?''  ^A'^  *^  ^^""-  ^-  *°  I»<i.  and  Wis. 

Sir  ^^i£FSK^^^         =: 

andhorthward     pLt  clotS  witlXn'^'^rf* '  ^^^^^  ^itened.-ln  Canada 
•segm.  cuneiform,  iSelflnv  S^^^  ''^"■'-    ^?-  P^^"^*^^^  3-5-parted, 

.similar,  the  sessile  leSs-SfclSm^^  """'^  '°^^«-     J°^«l-  somVwhat 

staik-s.  •"''''"^-    ^^^we'^s  several,  umbelate,  white,  on  leafless 

'UJe'^^acr;.lti-T„  wo'odf cT'^to  G^IVfH     ^^'^^"^'  ^«''  --^• 
little  plant  of  early  spring     Tw^'.onfi^;-      ^>  ^^-  *<'  ^°«^^  common.     A  fine 
nate  or  triternate.  Uie^coLoi  petiX       /loL'^'S  "J^l^"^ /"bei^ ;  Iva  biter- 
6-12"  long,  *  as  wide  oval  «nhlr!  ft ,  u"^'     ^^-  ''^®  "''^S"  of  the  inv  " 
appearing  as  I  whS  orG  noHnlni  .'*V"'°t^-     ^"^°'-  "^  '^^  te^ate.  ■  "^f^ 
palepurp"le.     ^^16-8'      Anr    M?  ^^t.  ?^^""  ^^«^*''  ^hite^  x '^''^^  '« 
12  A  coron^H.  T    T     ^P'"' ^^^^     (Thalictrum  anemonoide.    ^'^ 

of  fig;^°eS7  L^i:afltri;;:infobir  ^^^^^^^      «- 

garden  species    with  double  and  semi-do"^^e  varieties  of  red,  '''^>  ^"""^  ^^"® 
flowers.     May.f 


804 


Ordeu  I.— RANUNCULACE^. 


Observation. — Many  other  forei^  ppocics  aro  ortiamental,  and  perhaps  rarely 
cultivated.     They  all  prefer  a  t'reah,  loamy  soil. 

3.  HEPATICA,  Dill.  Liverwort.  Fig.  132,  190.  (Gr.  ^Trorof, 
of  the  liver ;  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  leaf.)  Involucre  of 
3  entire,  ovate,  obtuse  bracts,  resembling  a  calyx,  situated  a  little  below 
the  liower ;  calyx  of  5 — 9  petaloid  sepals,  disposed  in  2  or  3  rows  • 
corolla  0 ;  achenia  awn  less. 

H.  trfloba  Chaix  (and  acutiloba  DC).  Lvs.  trilobate,  the  lobes  entire;  ecapo 
l-flowered,  hairy. — Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  and  Wise.  This  little  plant  is  one  of  the 
earliest  harbingers  of  spring,  often  putting  forth  its  neat  and  elegant  Howers  in 
the  neighborhood  of  some  lingering  snow  bank.  The  root  consists  of  numerous 
and  strong  fibers.  Lvs.  all  radical,  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  smooth,  evergreen, 
coriaceous,  divided  into  three  lobes,  which  suggest  all  its  names.  Fls  on  scapes 
3 — 4'  long,  solitary,  numerous,  generally  blue,  but  frequently  in  varieties  of  white 
and  Hesh  color.  In  cultivation  they  become  double.  In  respect  to  the  form  of 
leaves  there  are  two  varieties : 

a.   OBTUSA,  lobes  obtuse,  rounded. — Prefers  the  south  side  of  hills. 

0.   ACUTA,  lobes  acute. — Prefers  the  north  side  of  hills.  (H.  acutiloba,  D.  C.) 

4.  THALfCTRUM,  Toum.  Meadow  Rue.  (Said  to  be  from 
ddXXUy  to  be  green.)  Calyx  colored,  of  4 — 5  roundish,  concave, 
caducous  sepals;  corolla  0;  filaments  oo,  compressed,  dilated  upward, 
longer  than  the  caly,x;  ovaries  numerous  (4 — 15);  achenia  sessile  or 
Btipitate,  ribbed  or  inflated,  pointed  with  the  stigma  or  short  style. — 
U  Lvs.  ternately  compounded,  with  stalked  leaflets.  Fls.  paniculate, 
often   ?  ^  or  $  0  ^. 

*  Carpels  mostly  10  or  12,  bonked  witli  a  style Nos,  1,  2 

*  Carpels  few  (4 — 6),  with  sossilo  stigmas Nos.  8,' 4 

1  T.  dioicum  L.  5  ^  ;  stem  leaves  on  a  short  common  petiole ;  Ifts.  obtusely 
6-7  lobed ;  ach.  about  8,  sessile. — Hilly  woods,  Brit.  Am.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  A 
Blender  and  delicate  plant,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  1 — 2f  high.  Lvs.  ternately 
decompound,  the  cauline  on  petioles  1 — 3'  long,  shortening  upward.  Lfta.  roundish, 
about  f'  diameter,  with  5 — 7  obtuse  lobes,  paler  beneath.  Filaments  filiform,  longer 
than  the  5  obtuse  sepals.  Tlie  slender  terminal  panicle  is  often  purplish,  gener- 
ally pale  green.     Fruit  strongly  ribbed  and  distinctly  pointed.     May. 

2  T.  corniiti  L.  ?  J  ;  stem  lvs.  aU  sessile  (no  common  petiole) ;  Ifts.  roundish 
obovate,  rather  acutely  3-lobed ;  ach.  about  12,  substipitate,  ribbed. — ^^Common 
in  meadows.  Stem  3-4f  high,  smooth,  hollow,  jointed,  furrowed  Lvs.  roseni- 
bling  those  of  the  columbine  (Aquilegia),  green  above,  smooth,  several  times 
compounded.     Lf:p.  1-2'  long,  §  as  wide.     Panicles  large  and  diffuse.     Jn.,  Jl. 

0.  puupurXsckns.  Stetna  purp  isli,  tall ;  stem-lvs.  sessile  or  the  lower  witii 
short  stail<R;  fls.  purp  ish-green,  with  drooping  capillary  fil. ;  Ifts.  thickish, 
the  sides  revoluto.     Dry  hiil.-i,  N.  H.  to  Ga.  (T.  purpurascens  L.) 

3  T.  clav^tum,  D  C.  Fls.  perfect ;  lvs.  cauline :  panicle  corymbom :  ach.  stiped.— 
N.  Car.  (Curtis).  Plant  very  smoooth,  2f  or  more  in  hight.  Lvs.  biternate,  on 
netioles  1'  in   length  ;  Ifts.   roundish,  obtusely  3 — 5-lobed,    glaucous  beneath. 

gjg'jj^les  loose  and  capillary.     Fruit  inflated,  obovate,  striate,  each  as  long  as  its 
.  stipe,  acute.     Style  0. 

sessile CarP  ^-      ^^^'  '""^^'^  radical :  fls.  ^  in  a  simple  raceme :   ach.  ovate, 

%iternate  •  Ifis  Y   "o^hward.     Plant  about  U'  high,  glabrous.     Lvs.  pctiolatc, 

Mnatinff  in  a  c?'^'*'  *^°"*  *'  *^''*'"'  crenatoly  toothed.     Stems  few-leaved, 

™^^  filiform      Stvle*^'^  °^  ^  ^^^  nodding   flowers  on  slender  pedicels.     Fila- 


T.iJJ!,^;VEmRIA.  Fiso, 

petals  0;  stam      ''"''^"    botanisi.>     Sepals   4-5,  colored,   caducous; 
IS  00,  petaloid;  carpdg  15— 20,  membranous  and  in- 


^  -  ..  and  Meyer.      (Named   in  honor  of 

Orcrman    botanist.^     ~ 


Obdbb  1.— RANUNCULACE^.  gQg 

dehiscent,  angular    l-seeded,  tipped  with  the  short,  hooked  style -^ 

4  Lvs.  pahnately  Jobed.     Fk  coryinboi,  8.  .  "ooKea  st>ie.-~ 

^V?J!^*'?.  ni*'^^'^  ^*^r-     ^  '"^"^  P'''"^  of  tho  prairies  and  wood«,  Va.  to 

6.  ADdNIS,  L     Phea8ant'8-Eve.     (Feigned  to  have  sprung  from 
?  \    f  f /^^«;*  ^l'«"  ^«»"d«d  by  tho  boar.)     Sepals  6,  app^e-ied 
petals  5-  5,  w,th  a  naked    scaleless)  claw.     Achenia  spiked    S 
and  pcnted  w.th  the  hardened,  persistant  style.-IIerbs  wfth  di'ssLte^ 
Ivs.  aud  terminal,  solitary,  red  or  yellow  flowers. 

1  A.  autumndlis  L.    Fetals  5—8  (rrimson),  concave  and  connivent  —A  nn« 
hardy  annua,   from   Europe,   naturalized  in  some  parts  of  tho  CurvSte^ 

5  'ir;?dil"'r     "-r  P'""'^^^'^  parted, 'wiir„umerru"Lr':g- 

peJJn^a^S^S^e.  I^^^i^r^r  ^^^1^;;^^-- 

o.!'  I?A''  „«^"^"^'  ^'  Crowfoot.  Buttercups.  Fig.  24  241 
Lid  f  ''''  458.386,415.  (Lat.  r«n«,  a  frog;  from  ^the  aqxfat  e 
habitat  of  some  species.)  Calyx  of  5  ovate  sepalsVcoioIla  of  5  round- 
ish, shming  petals  each  with  a  necteriferous  scale  (Fig.  294)  or  pore  at 
the  base  in.,de;  fibments  oo;  achenia  oo,  flattened,>inted,  crLded 
:;d%^:ilo"wtower"^'^^^-^-^^'  --^'^  ^^'  -tra)te.n;teleat:f 

I  Seeds  (carpels)  rough  with  points  or  prickles i„      ,  „ 

S  Seeds  (carpels)  smooth  and  even,  or  merely  rucous  Vft) ^**^  '•  ^ 

a  Loaves  in  fine,  nuinerous,  thread-like  divisions,  under  water  xr      o  . 

a  Leaves  all  und.vidi^d  and  simple.-Stems  creeping  S"*-  k'  i 

„„     ,,        ,      ,  — Stems  erect.... ■   '. m      ,  ' ,. 

a  Koot-lvs  simply  crenate  or  lobed,  stem  leaves  divided Vt      J":? 

a  Leaves  all  more  or  less  divided,  not  submersed  7b)       ^"^  *•>' " 

b  bepaht  spreadinK  in  flower,  shorter  than  the  sfio'vv  netals  v       , »    , , 

b  Sepals  reflexed  in  flowcr.-IIead  of  carpels  oblon-  ^        ^v?''  \V^ 

-Heads  of  cari»l8  globoS;: ! ! ! .' ! .' ! ! ". .' .' ! ! !  ] ' .' Nos'  17  18 

^  i?"o*^/^'l°*^f  ^'     ^^^'^Z  carpels  aculeate,  strongly  margined  and  cndinir 

TEuk  P^'-  °^^-^.   y-»o^--      Carpels  large  (3''  lonnnel3g-beS): 

^  ^JkJ^^^^.  ^r      ^a^"^'  ''''^^^  roundish,  granulated,  tipped  with  a  very 

Shed      m  «n-;rl«n  fh^'  "^u^^'  3-Iobed  or  parted,  tlie  segments  acutei; 

sScelv  1"  in  ClT^     K  r'^P"'  f^^^  "^'^  exceeding  the  calyx.    Seeds 
scarcely  i    m  length,  m  a  globular  head.    §  Eur.  "«^«" 

^wrflK^™    ^     ^CAPiLLACEUB.     Lvs.  aU  Miformly  dissected;  pet.  white; 
W^^i^rZ^  »;«£«t^^Ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  Aretic  Am.  to  S.  Car. 
hanr-.  fc     ^  r  *?•         °  7^^^  P^^"*  '«  submerged  except  the  flowers,  and  per- 

^Zlf""*^  '  ^.r"*^"^'  ^^7^  ^'^'^^'^  dichotomously  into  numerous  hair-like 
3!°^K  ''^.^^^i''^^  roundish  and  ^-1'  diam.  Ped.  thick,  1-U'  long.  PJ.- 
emaUer  than  m  R.  acns.    Petals  rather  narrow,  white,  except  the  yellow  ci 


206 


Oeder  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 


lacustrXek  )         '"  --P'"aceous-muItlM ;   fls.  as  large  a^'in  R.  aeris.     (R. 

runners  from  the  joints.     Lvs   radical  Tr  l^J-     ^'f™ ''O'^nd,  sending  out 
2-6'  high,  eael,  with  2  small  brT^ltvPlW«  ''°,  ^°°^  P^**°'«^-     Scapes 

Nectary  naked  (not  covered  by  S?JI  ^''''^  ^°^  ^  "^^"^  «^*«««  tracts. 

Places,  Can.,  N.  II.,  W  TovST'^lT^^  ^V^'  '^^'^  ^"^  °*^^''  ^^^' 
joints.  Lvs.  fiesl.j^  6-12''  inS'^th  moJrv!.  ^'  ''°""^'  ™°''"g  "^^  t^'« 
end.     FJs  small  f  W"  w;Ho\      q    ^,  '  7-  ^''^  narrow  and  acute  at  each 

/?.  OVALis.     Lvs.  oval  and  lanceolate;  pet  C- -10 

^  shapS,^on^ei?hing  pStl-Ta  aotuol'^Jr ^^  '^*-  '^^^•^'  ^^^*'  ^--  ^^  '--- 
Canute'  N.  Car.,  W   triH      S^t  fiK       It^'  ^T'%'?  Pitches  and  swamps, 

i  as  wide,  petioles  1—3"  long,  upper  ones  1— U'' lonl  i         -1     '  -^r^  ^^°S- 
remote  teeth.     Fl.  very  sma^i  ye^w.Tlong  '/ediS.^  '^Mlf '  ""'  "^""'^• 

less  than  I'Tong      CarVS^  noin!^^^^^  '"""'■•   Z/-^-  "'""^'•«"«'  ?«'«»«  ^'^How, 
m  T>     t-      =  '  P"'"^^^*^*  '"  ""ound  heads.    (R.  Toxensia  Engl 

°iHtleW^tLnp2r1efl:^^^^ 

atl  divisions,  and  on  Soles  2^' L.^'  !^"  '  T^"'^'^  "^'"^'"'^^  ^''"^  ^^^'°- 

"^  R.  fasciculiris  Muhl.    Eakly  CRowFonr     «v^^/ .       *  j-     •    , 


Oedeb  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 


207 


(R. 


and  hUls.  Root  a  cluster  of  fleshy  fibres.  Root  Ivs.  on  petioles  3—8'  long,  ter- 
nate,  with  the  middle  segment  long-stalked  and  again  piunately  ternate ;  labaral 
segra.  mostly  sessile,  all  3—5  cleft  into  acute  lobes.  Stsms  never  creeping 
Pubescence  silky,  appressed.  Fls.  bright  yellow,  1'  broad.  Petals  spatulato^ 
obovate,  with  a  broad  scale.     Beak  of  the  carpels  slender.     Apr.,  May. 

13  R.  repens  L.  Boot  fibrous;  radical  Ivs.  termie  with  stalked  leaflets;  pedun- 
cles furrowed;  carp,  broadly  margined  and  pointed.— In  moist  and  shady  places 

Early  flowering  stems  erect ;  later  branches  from  the  base   prostrate,  1—3 4f 

long,  generally  hirsute  at  the  base.  Petioles  hairy,  long.  Lvs.  hairy  on  the 
veins,  dark  green,  ternate,  the  Ifts.  ovato  or  broadly'  crenate,  variously  lobed  and 
clefl,  all  (or  at  least  the  middle  ones)  petiolulato.  Fls.  middle  size,  bright  yel- 
low. Fr.  in  a  round  head.  May,— J  I.  Varies  exceedingly  indiflerent  localities 
and  stages  of  growth.     Some  of  its  more  striking  forms  ure: 

ti.  LiNEARiLoBua  St  Very  long,  floriferous,  emoothish ;  lobes  of  Iva  very  nar- 
row.    Fruit  not  strongly  margined. 

y.  iiisPiDua  Stem  and  petioles  densely  hirsute  with  soft-spreading  hairs ;  Ifta, 
all  distinctly  stalked,  deeply  parted.     Fr.  short-pointed. 

6.  NiTiDus.  Mostly  erect,  glabrous ;  fls.  large,  sep.  reflexed ;  fr.  strongly  mar- 
gmed.     Common  South,     Probably  a  distinct  species. 

14  R.  palmatua  Ell.  Lvs.  palmately  3—5  cleft  or  divided,  tvith  the  si.ius  at  base 
closed,  the  segm.  ail  sessile  and  cut-toothed  or  lohed;  carp,  few,  Tnargined,  and 
straight-beaked.— In  wet  barrens,  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  12—18'  high,  with  a  few 
slender  branches,  pubescent.  Lvs.  all  petiolate,  pentangular  in  outline,  1—2' 
wide,  with  appressed  pubescenca.  Upper  Ivs.  of  3  linear  segments.  Fls  few 
yellow,  small  (6—8"  diam.)    Fr.  compressed.  '        ' 

15  R.  icria  L.  Butter-cups,  St  erect,  many-flowered;  lvs.  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent, deeply  trifid,  with  the  base  segm.  divaricate,  all  laciniate,  upper  ones  with 
Imear  segments;  ped,  terete;  cal.  hairy,  spreading ;  carp,  roundish,  smooth,  com- 
pressed ;  beak  short,  recurved.— This  is  the  most  common  species  in  N.  Eng,  and 
Can.,  in  meadows  and  pastures,  rapidly  and  extensively  sprfeading.  St.  1— 2f 
high,  round,  hollow,  mostly  hairy.  Lvs,  1  J— 3'  diam.,  upper  ones  in  3  linear  seg- 
ments.    Fla.  large  (1'  diam.),  golden  yellow.     Ja,  Sept 

13.  PhtsA.    Fls,  double,  the  petals  excessively  multiplied.     Gardens. 

16  R.  Pennsylvdnicus  L,  Hirsute,  with  stiff,  spreading  hairs ;  lvs.  ternate  Ifts 
sub-petwlate,  deeply  3-lobed,  incisely  serrate;  cal.  reflexed,  rather  longer  than  the 
roundish  petals ;  carp,  tipped  with  a  short,  straight  style.— A  very  hairy  species 
in  wet  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  IJ— 3f  high,  Lvs.  2—3'  diam  Ifts. 
strongly  yemed  and  with  spreading  segments.  FJs.  numerous,  small  bright 
yellow.    Fruit  in  dense  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads.~Jn.,  Aug.    (R.  hispidus 

17  R.  sceler^tus  Ph.  Smooth;  lower  lvs.  3-partea,  segm.  S-lobed.  crenately 
mcistd,  or  entire;  carp,  minute,  poinikss.—Grows  in  wet  places.  Can  to  Ga 
St.  rather  thick,  hollow,  much  branched,  1—1  Jf  high.  Lower  petioles  3—5' 
long,  with  rather  large,  palmately  3— 5-parted  leaves.  Floral  lvs.  or  bracts 
mostly  simple,  lanceolate  and  entire.  Fls.  small,  yellow.  Cal.  reflexed  as  lonr 
as  the  minute  petals.  Hds.  of  carpels  only  2— 3  "  long.  This  is  one  of  the  mr^t 
acrid  of  the  tribe,  and  will  raise  blisters  upon  the  skin.     Jn.,  JL 

18  R.  recurvdtus  L.  Hirsute  with  thin,  spreading  hairs ;  lvs.  all  similarly  3-Mar<ed 
segm.  oval,  unequally  incised,  the  lateral  ones  2-lobed;  cal.  recurved,  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  petals;  ach.  with  a  hooked  beak.— About  If  high,  m  damp 
woods.  Lab.  to  Fla.  Palo  green,  branching  above.  Lvs.  1^—2'  long  2— ^J^ 
wide,  on  petioles  3— G'  long.  Upper  lvs,  subsessile  and  3-parted  quite  to  the 
base.  Ma  small,  with  inconspicuous,  pale  yellow  petals.  Carp,  ovate,  tipped 
with  long,  liQoL'^d  beaka.     May=,Tl.  •>  r  r  i    ft»v»» 

^^,f^'  ^^}^^^*  ^^-      ffairy;  st.  erect,  bulboui, at  the  base;   radical  lvs.  ternate 
Vts.  petwlate,  mcisely  dentate,  each  about  3-cleft;;  ped.  furrowed,  cal.  reflexed-^ 
lliis  IS  another  acrid  species,   very  common  in  pastures,  mow-lands,   &c.     Rt 
fleshy      St    leafy,  furrowed,  6—18'  high,  hollow,  thickened  at  the  base  into  a 
fiort  of  bulb,  and  dividing  above  into  upright  peduncles,  with  golden  yellow 


208 


Order  1.— EANUNCULA.CE^. 


flowers.  It  is  well  distiaguighed  from  R.  acris  by  its  reflexed  sepals  and  its  fur- 
rowed  pedunciea  The  lobes  of  the  root-leaves  are  also  rounded  rather  than 
acute  at  apex.    May,  Jn.    §  Eur. 

8.  MYOSORUS,  Dill.  Mouse-tail.  Fig.  286,  287.  (Gr.  fivg, 
^vbg,  mouse,  ot>pa,  tail;  alluding  to  the  long  spike  of  carpels.)  Sepals 
6,  produced  downwards  at  base  below  their  insertions ;  petals  5,  with 
slender,  tubular  claws:  stamens  6—20;  achenia  very  closely  spicate  on 
tiie  elongated  torus.—  ®  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  radical.  Scapes  1-flowered. 
1  M.  mfnimuB  L.     Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.  to  La.  and  Oreg.    A  diminutive 

plant,  reinarijable  for  its  little  terete  spikelet  of  fruit,  which  is  often  more  than 
an  inch  long.  Lvs.  1—3'  long  and  1—2"  wide.  Scape  a  little  taller,  with  a 
single  minute,  pale  yellow  flower  at  top.     Carp,  very  numerous,  blunt.    Apr. 

9.  ISOPYRUM,  L.  False  Rue  Anemone.  Fig.  288.  Sepals  5, 
petaloid,  deciduous ;  petals  5,  small,  tabular,  sometimes  0  ;  stamens 
10—40;  ovaries  3— 20;  follicles  subsessiie,  acuminate  with  the  style, 
2— «everal-seeded.— Delicate  herbs,  with  leaves  2— 3-ternate,  segments 
2 — 3-lobed.     Fls.  pedunculate,  axillary  and  terminal,  white. 

1  I.  Wtematum  Torr.  &  Gr.  Low,  erect,  glabrous ;  pet.  none ;  carp.  3—6 
broadly  ovate,  divaricate,  sessile,  strongly  veined,  2-3eed6d,-  sds.  ovate,  com- 
pressed, smooth,  and  shining.— 2/  Damp  shades,  Lake  Erie  to  Ark.,  rare.  Rt 
librous.  Stems  several,  4—10'  higli.  Lvs.  mostly  bitemate,  tlie  radical  on  long 
petioles,  segm.  cuneate-obovate,  4—6"  long,  on  stalks  of  equal  leogth.  Fls.  ou 
slender  peduncles  1—2'  long.     May.     Looks  like  the  Rue  Anemone. 

10.  CALTHA,  L.    Marsh  Marigold.     (Gr.  KdXadog,  a  goblet ;  the 
yellow  calyx  may  well  be  compared  to  a  golden  cup.)     Calyx  colored 
of  5—9  sepals,  resembling  petals ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  oo,  shorter  than' 
the  sepals;  follicles  5—10,  oblong,  compressed,  erect,  many  seeded.— 
4  Aquatic  and  very  glabrous. 

C.  paliisteis  I^  Lvs.  reniform  or  orbicular,  crenate  or  entire.— Wet  meadow? 
Ldn.  to  Oar..  W.  to  Oregon.  Root  large,  branching.  Stem  about  If  high,  some- 
tunes  trailing,  iHillow,  round,  dichotomoua  Lower  lvs.  2—4'  wide,  on  long  semi- 
cylindno  petioles,  upper  ones  sessile,  all  of  a  dark,  shining  green,  veiny  and  smooth 
HiB.  ot  a  golden  yellow  in  all  their  parts,  U'  diam.,  few  and  pedunculate.  Outer 
row  ol  t]I;»n3nt3  clavate,  twice  longer  than  the  inner.  The  young  leaves  are  in 
great  request  in  spring  fcff  greens.     May. 

11.  COPTIS,  Salisb.  Goldthread.  (Gr. /coTrrw,  to  chop  or  cut; 
referring  to  the  parted  leaves.)  Sepals  6—7,  oblong,  concave,  colored, 
deciduous ;  petals  6—7,  small,  clavate,  tubular  at  apex  ;  stamens  20—25 ; 
follicles  5—10,  stipitatc,  rostrate,  diverging  in  a  stellate  manner, 
4—6  seeded.— Low  herbs  with  radical  lvs.,  and  a  long,  slender,  peren- 
nial, creeping  rhizome. 

C.trifdlia  Salisb.  Lva  3-foliate;  scape  1 -flowered;  petals  much  smaller  than 
the  sepal.'^— Penn.,  N.  to  Arctic  Am.  St.  subterranean,  extensively  creeping. 
golden  yellow,  very  bitter  and  tonic.  Lvs.  all  radical,  Ifts.  sessile,  4—8"  long 
crenate-mtieronate,  smooth,  coriaceous,  common  petiole  1—2'  long  Pod  3—4' 
high,  with  a  single  minute  bract  above  tlie  middle,  bearing  a  single  white,  star- 
l!..e  tir.wer.  The  yellovv  petals  arc  barely  disiiuguishttblo  by  titeir  color  amonsr 
the  white  stamens.     May.    Medicinal. 

12.  7R0LLIUS,  L.     Glork  Flower.     (Germ,  trol  or  trollcn,  globu- 
lar ;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  flowers.)     Sepals  5— 10— 16^  roundish 


Ordeb  1.— ea    UNCUL^CE^. 


209 


ovate,  colored,  deciduous;  petals  5-25,  small,  linear,  tubular  at  base  • 

stamens  Qo,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals;  follicles  oo,  subcvlindric 

sessile,  many-seeded.—  U  Smooth,  with  palmately  parted  leaves. 

1  T.  laxus   Salisb.      Sep    5,  oblong,  spreading;  petals  15—25,  shorter' than  th« 

stamem.-In  swarups,  Can.  to  Penn.     Not  common.     About'  1  f.  Sgh.     Lvl 

deeply  cleft  mto  5  segments,  which  are  lobed  and  cut-dentate.     Fls.  if  diam 

no    globular.     Sep.  yeUow  greenish  outside.     Petals  ver^  small,  orangicoS' 

!^r  ir  It!  ir^nrM^isr^^"*  ''''''■  ™^  ^^  ''^  ^^^^  ^"^"^ 

plant,  of  easy  culture  from  seeds  or  roots.     May,  Jn.f  ornamental 

Frfm^A^'^^Sw  h  f'PfJ^^Preading;  petals  10,  longer  ihun  the  strniens— 
jTom  Asia.  Plant  about  2f.  high,  with  ample  foliage,  and  larye  deen  orautre- 
colored  flowers-yellow  in  some  of  its  varieties.    Jn.f  ^  '      ^       ^ 

13.  HELLfBORUS,  L.   Hellebore.    {'EXeiv,  to  cause  death,  BopL 
iood;   the  poisonous   qualities   are   well   known.)     Sepals   5,  mostly 
greenish,   persistent;    petals    8-10,    very   short,   tubular,    2-lipped  ; 
stamens   oo ;    stigiuas   3-10,   orbicular;   folhcles   cohering   at   base 
many-seeded.— 2^  Lvs.  coriaceous,  palmately  or  pedately  divided.    Fls 
large,  nodding.  -        i  ., 

H.  vfrldls  L  Glabrous;  radical  lvs.  pedately  divided,  segm.  lanceolate  acute 
serrate;  caulme  lvs.  few,  palmately  parted,  nearly  seskle ,° peds.  often  iA  S- 
?^3TZ':f^T"'^i'  ''""-""^  European  pLt,  g  on  Lng  Island     S 

14.  ZANTHORHlZA,  L.  Yellow  Root.  (Gr.  ^aT^^fi^.,  yellow  ; 
p/^a,  root.)  Sepals  5 ;  petals  5,  of  2  roundish  lobes  raised  on  a 
pedicel  ;  stamens  5-10  ;  ovaries  5-10,  beaked  with  the  styles. 
2-3-ovuled ;  foUic  es  mostly  1-secded,  seed  suspended.-Suffruticous 
stem  and  bark  yellow  and  bitter.  Lvs.  pinnately  divided.  Racemes 
axillary,  compound.     Fls.  small,  dark  purple,  often   $  ^  ^ 

Z.  apifdlia  L'Her.     River  banks  N.  Y.  to  Ga.     Rt.  thick.     St.  short   woodv 
leafy  above.     Lvs.  glabrous  about  8'  long,  including  the  long  petioles  '  Lfts  [' 

Tu  .  °  ^'  '''''•^°'  '^T^'^y  ^°^°**  ^"<i  'i^ntate.     Rac.  many-flowered    annearln^ 
with  the  leaves.     Follicles  spreading  1  J"  long.    March.  A^pr.  TslmES 

15.  NIG^LLA,  L      Fennel-flower.    Fig.  143.    (Lat.  m>r,  black ; 
the  color  of  the  seeds,  which  are  used  in  cookery.)     Calyx  of  3  scDaU 
colored;    corolla  of  6    3-cleft  petals;  styles  5  ;' ^apsulci  5,  follicufa;; 
menr*  "'  '*      ^"''  '"  ™*"^  linear  and  subulate  segl 

1  N.  Damascdna  L.  Fls.  in  a  leafy  involucre;  carp.  5,  smooth.  2-celled  united 
as  fe  as  the  ends  into  an  ovoid-globose  capsule.  A  hardy  annual  of  the  gSn  to 
which  have  been  applied  the  gentle  names  of  "ragged  lady,"  "devilinTS  " 
Ac.      Lvs.    W.C0  and  thrice  pinnatifld,  as  finely  cut  as  thcie  of  the  fennel      Fls. 

h«"!w '  't'*''^'  ^"^Pr^""  ^"^^  over-topped  by  a  circle  of  leaves  divWed like 
the  rest.     Ihcy  are  often  double,  white  or  pale  blue.     Jn.— Sept.f 

cate,  not  united.     From  Egypt.     Rather  smaller  than  the  last.     Jn.— Septf 

16.  AQUILEGIA,  L.  Columbine.  (Lat.  aquila,  the  ean-lc;  the 
spurred  petals  resemble  the  talons  of  a  bird  of  prey.)  Sepals^'s,  equal, 
ovate,  colored,  spreading,  caducous;  petals  5,  tubular,  dilated  at  thj 

14 


2^^  Obdeb  1— RANUNCULACE^ 

Z'tel^tl  Tto  Tir  ''''*'  '^  '""^^  ^**^«'^«d  t^  t^«  torus,  extend- 
ternate.  ^FJs.  noddh'g.'     ^        '        "^""  ^'  "^any-seeded.     Lvs.  2-3- 

\t  e^*sertfd-TMs''Ua?^^^^^^^  ?«"?^^  t'^-"  the  limb;  sta.  and 

soils,  generally  on  the  su'nnyli^^^^^^^  t^r  cSatfd  ^'^h'T^'  '°  ""'y 

.     ease,  and  is  much  more  delicate  in  if<,  foliar.  „S  •  ^7*'^^*'''^  with   the  greatest 

the  Common  blue  Smb.ne     S    iSn  .  -^        ^  '"^  t""  ''"^"  ^^  "^  ^0^^"  than 

.rrcg„la,-,  tl,o  upper  one  spurred  behind;  petals  i,  verv     rol,lar  ufe 
two  upper  ones  protraeted  into  a  tnbulan  LctariferonsV  ^ene'o  ed 
in  the  spur  of  the  calyx;  styles  1-5 ;  follieles  l-S.-^owy  herbs 
Lvs.  palmately  divided.     Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  never  vcilo7 

Ifef-S^Sr'lj-K^^^^^^^^^^  NO.M 

•  Spur  as  long  as  the  sei)aLs,  ascumlinj;,  strai-bt 

•  Spur  longer  than  tho  sepals,  Ui-ttexed  at  eml    Nos.  8,  4 

^^e:Sr^Stn^er  S^^hr:^  «r^"^"'b-ohe;r-;i"  fe-":;^; 
double  floweS Tvarious  coloi    "\  §1^"""'  '"""''  ''  '^"''°  ^"^  «^«>i- 

petals  shorter  than  sepals,  lower  one^Ssel/berded   2  Ift  ^"'  '"'■  1'^^' 
ovaries  3— 5.— 2f  Native  in  Wis   and   Art  ^  bearded,  2-deft;  spur  ascending; 

in  gardens.     St. V4?high;  M  Sure^colored  f'"'^  "™'''  "'"""^  ^'^'"^^^^'^ 
''Sdd1e'^tgl*"c'?ndW^^^^^^  '^^«'    »-•  fl<^t,  3.oleft  below  the 

,    m  6-8,  light  bfuVla"  mtrtoso  pinior*''  '"  °'""°'''  °"'  '""«  <''*'''''■ 

enure     mals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  the  lower  densely  bearded 

triSd  cuSeS    \„?^^  I-ABKSPUR.    Lvs.  downy,  5-lobed,  lobes  cuneate  at  base, 
..   mtia,  cut-dentate ;  s^ur  curved  downward^.-^  Gardens.    t3t.  5  or  6i  high.    Ih. 


ObdA  1.— ranunculace^. 


21 1 


blue  and  when  viewed  at  a  IMe  distance  the  stamens  and  bearded  petals  re- 
semble  a  bee  nestling  within  the  calyx,    f  Siberia.  "carueu  peiais  re- 

««j!.?'-/i*f?^^^.^'?°?  ^-     ^''^'  Palmately  5— 7-parted,  lobes  linear,  distant- 
Teaniat    Pls^lS«  ^""^^  ^-^  ^'''' '  P^*^'^  ^^^^^er  than  calyx-A  superb 


OJseryaton.— A  few  other  species  may,  perhaps,  be  found  in  gardena 
showy  plants,  of  tlie  easiest  culture.  garuwaa. 


All  are 


i8  ACONITUM,  Tourn.  Wolfsbane.  Fig.  283.  (Gr.  aKovtro?,  with- 
out dust;  because  the  plants  grow  on  dry  rocks.)  Sepals  5,  irregular, 
colored,  upper  one  vaulted ;  petals  5,  the  3  lower  minute,  the  2  uppei^ 
on  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  upper  sepal,  recurved  and  nec&r- 
iferous  at  the  apex  ;  styles  3-5  ;  follicles  3-5.-2^  Lvs.  digitate  or 
palmate.     Fls.  in  terminal  spikes.  ^ 

1  A.  uncindtum  L.    Stem  flexuous ;  pan.  rather  loose,  with  divergent  branches  • 
(upper  sepal)  exactly  conical,  short-beaked  in  front:  ova.  villous —A  cultivated 
See77lt:L^'%:iT''   ^-  ^i  '%'"''     «*■  2f  l"gh-     Lvs:^orScSurdark 

2  A  reclindtum  Gray.      St.  trailing  (3-8f  long) ;  lvs.  deeply  3— 7-cleft  neti- ' 
date,  divisions  crenate.  incised  or  lobed  ;  >.  wMe,  in  very Tooso  panides-  Ae- 

3  A.  Nap611us  L.     Monkshood.    St.  straight,  erect:  Iva  deenlv  5-cleft  cut 

tXy'^:'Zl\^::r\''''''''  "^^?  ^^^  ^^'^'^^  ^'  "eS,\te?afones 
nairy  msia^.  ova.  smooth.— A  poisonous  plant  cultivated  among  flowers     It  is 

a  tall,  rank  perennial,  making  quite  a  consequential  appearance      St   4f  hi^i 

with  a  long  spicat3  inflorescence  at  its  termination.     Fls^ Sk  blue  surmounted 

lUlr  ^'^"1  f^PP^'  '"P"''  "^  '^  ^'«°d«'i  i^  a  monk's  cowl     S     There  are 
varieties  witli  flowers  white,  rose-colored,  etc.  ^' 

19.  CIMICIFUGA,  L.  Bugbane.  (Lat.  c/mea-,  a  bug,  fuqo  to  drive 
away;  a  uding  to  its  offensive  odor.)  Sepals  4  or  5,  ctlucous  petels 
stamen-hke  1-8,  small,  clawed,  2.hirned^at  apex;  sk  nurn^isf  with 
slender  white  filaments ;  fbl  icles  1-8,  dry,  dehiscent.-  4  Lvs.  ternately 
decompound.     Flowers  white,  in  long,  slender  racemes.  ^ 

I  ^=^.  =;' VSS^^^'a-^Si^^Ke^: ,-n 

^^'^"^Z.  ^SS^^o^Sle^JirSSSJTS^^ 
ta-^rbSf"p.S  SfZi"  '"■'"""«'«.  «<r"<*.  terminal  o-e.„„6l. 

carpa  Du.)  ""     — ='     ^'"  r^'^"^"'»»i«»  x.:i.     ^icHoa  podo- 

glabrous  panicle  i  mcemi"^*  A^r^'"^" ,?  "  ^"^^ '"«''-  t«™inatin«  in  a  long 
wantin..   ^  ^'''""*^'    ^^P'  ^'  ^oundiah,  petals  spathulate,  bifid,  few  w 


212 


Order  1.— RANUNCULA.0E^. 


20.  ACr^A,  L     Baneberry.      Gr.  aKrfj,  tlie  Elder;  which  plant 
these  herbs  resemble  in  foliage.)     Sepals  4-5,  caducous     petals  4-8 
spatulate,  long-clawed;    filaments  about  30,  slender,  white:  pistil   1 
with  a  sessile  2-lobed  stigma;  berry  globous,  with  a  lateral  fut-row  l' 
celled;    seeds  many,  smooth,  compressed.- ^  with  ternately  divided 
loaves,     l^ls.  white,  in  a  short,  oblong  raceme. 

'^nS?*1  ^Z  T" ••  ^f  BvNEHEBRY.  Rac.  hemispherical ;  petals  acute • 
podicds  slender ;  hemes  red  ovoid-oblong.-Not  uncommon  in  rocky  wS 
Can  to  Penn  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.  Plant  glabrous,  li_2f  high,  beariL^T? 
amp  e  b.  or  tr.ternate  Ivs.  and  a  tern.inal  short  raceme  of  whi  e  Is  iftf  ovate 
1— J  long,  half  as  wide,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed.  Petioles  4—7'  lon^  aomo 
what  glaucous.     Rac.  as  broad  as  long.     May.     (A.  rubra.  Bw.)  ^' 

/-^BA.  Mx.  Rac.  oblong;  petals  truncate;  pedicels  of  thefrpit  thicker  than  thn 
peduncle;  berr.es  white.-Common  in  rocky  -  .  -^n  to  6^  The  amnl« 
leaves  are  precisely  similar  to  those  of  a.  and  ."  >  c"  ve  characters  3n 

above  are  not  quite  constant.  Specimens  fro.  ,  .tletorv  Tavo  bS 
red  bernes  on  thickened  pediclesf  from  xV.  Y.  (Tor  0  h^vVw  ^beS 
on  slender  pedicles.     The  European  variety  has  purplish  black  berries!    May 

21.  HYDRASTIS,  L.     Turmeric    Root.      Fig.   359.      (Gr    v6o)o 

COU3,  peals  0;  Stamens  oo,  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals;  ovaries  12 
or  more,  becoming  a  baccate  fruit  composed  of  1-seeded  acines  aggre- 
gated into  a  head.-2f  Rhizome  thick,  knotty,  yellow,  with  long 
fabrous  roots,  sending  up  a  single  radical  leaf  and  a  stem  which  is  2. 
leaved  and  1 -flowered. 

^kn^^Kv^^Stem  fi*  Jf^f  .^"Ij:  «?«<=•'?«•  I*  8;row3  in  bog  meadows.  Can.  to  Car. 
ana  Ky.  btem  6—12  high,  becoming  purplish,  hairy  above.  St  leaves  2  onlv 
^ternate  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  petiolate,  palma  e,  wth  J-5  lo£' 
Ped.  terminal,  sohtory,  1-flowered.  Sep.  reddish  white,  of  short  duration.  Fr 
red,  juicy,  resembling  the  raspberiy.     Sds.  nearly  black.     May,  }„';"'^"°"-     ^'^• 

22    PA:0NIA,  L.     P.^onv.     Fig.   10—23,  30,  291.      (The  phvsi. 
Clan  P«.on,  according  to  mythology,  first  used  this  plant  in  medicine, 
and  cured  Pluto  with  it.)      Sepals  5,  unequal,  leafy,  Versistent ;  petal 
5,  stamens  oo  (mostly  changed  to  petals  by  cultivation);  ovaries  2-5 
surrounded  by  an  annu  ar  disk ;  stigmas  sessile,  double,  persistent ;  fol' 
icles  many  seeded.-^  Rt.  fasciculate.      Lvs.  biternate.      Fls.  large 
terminal,  solitary.  ^  ' 

♦  stems  annual,  herbaceous.     Carpels  2—5. .. .  ,t       .     » 

•  Stems  perennial,  shrubby.     Carpels  5 . . ; ".'.'.'.".".'.', ". ' v   ' 

in  ^  **' .°?'°*°^^"   ^-     Common  P^oNY.      Lower  "lvs.biDinnateiv'diviilp^. 

SL'dId  pSrvt^:'/"r'^  incised;  car^.  2,  c^«;«;,\X ri^,S.-The 
splendid  Paeony  has  long  been  cultivated  throughout  tiie  civilized  world      ThU 

ZTml  '"^^  '^'''■f  """"'r  "^  Switzerland.  It"^  is  a  hardy  perenn ill  requiring 
very  httle  pains  for  its  cultivation.  Among  its  varieties  the  double  i^ed  is  3 
Tors:    If;7];;^;-*-^>^^-utiful.    The  HesH-colored  and  tCi^l'a^e^S 

Q  ?.^"  *?**'^*'f,  ^-  J'^'*-  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  smooth-  follicles  2  or 

iJoirm:7fn~T'Z''\  '^'"'^'y-  ^"^"'^  Pl^"*  ^^^^^  shining  geen  and 
rTl    S;  -^"0'  *''^"  *^®  ^'^*'  *^"*  ^'""^y  «'«g'^°t  and  fragrant.    Petals  white 

Cal.  b^o^yn,  with  3  green,  sessile  bracts  at  bale.     Nine  or  ten  varies  with 
flowers  single  or  double,  white,  rose-mlorfiH   *n    „re  now  mentionZl  i  f  f '      l 
iogues  of  American  gardenera.f  '  ""'  "  raeutioned  m  the  cata- 

4e^;""Sr  c'^l.  "rSte^Jl^XmTb^rfaTrSefliv^^^^^^^  '' 
narrow  segments  of  the  leaflets.    Fk  concavtlSe  cobJerMany  vLieUesT' 


OrdUr  2.— MAGNQLIACE^ 


218 


4  P.  Moutan  L,  Chinese  Thee  P^ony.  St.  shrubby;  Ifis.  oblong-ovate 
glaucous  and  somewhat  hairy  beneath,  terminal  1— 3-lobed  ;  ova.  5,  distinct  stir- 
rounded  by  the  very  large  disk.— From  China.  The  woody  stem  branches  into  a 
bush  3— It  Ingh.  Lvs.  large,  on  long  stalks.  Fls.  very  largo,  always  double 
in  cultivation,  Iragrant  and  truly  splendid.  This  plant  is  remarkable  for  produc- 
ing the  largost  form  of  disk  in  tlie  vegetable  kingdom. 

5  P.  papavericea  L.  St.  shrubby ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  glaucous  and  slightly 
hairy  beneatli,  terminal  onolobed;  ova.  about  5,  closely  united  into  a  globoits  head.— 
From  China.  Resembles  tiio  last  in  foliage,  but  is  remarkably  distinguished  from 
all  the  other  species  by  its  united  carpels.  Flowers  white,  with  a  purple  centre, 
oaen  single  in  cultivation.  Other  species  and  varieties  are  cultivated,  rarely  in 
this  country,  amounting  to  about  150  in  all. 


Order  11.     MAGNOLIACE^.     Magnohads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  coriaceous,  simple,  entire  or  lobed  (never  toothed) 
leavei  Leaf  buds  sheathed  with  membranous  stipules  which  soon  fall  off.  Fls. 
large,  polypetalous,  polyandrous,  polygynous.  hypogynous,  perfect.  Calyx  and 
corolla  imbricated  in  bud,  colored  alike,  in  3  or  more  3-merous  circles.  Ovaries 
several  or  many,  compactly  covering  the  elongated  torus.  Fmit  of  numerous  dry 
or  fleshy  carpels,  aggregated  into  a  sort  of  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  with 
a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.     (See  Figs.  68,  72,  131.) 

An  order  of  12  (/mera  and  63  xpecieo,  Inoliidins  some  of  tho  most  splendid  of  flowerine  trees 
Jamn'cWnn  and  Indi    ''"  '  '"  "'"  ^""*'""'"  '=^'"'"'^'  "'^""^  '"  t''"  Western,  and  a  few  to 

>/opc/7ie«.— The  bark  is  aromatic,  containing  an  intensely  Litter  principle,  whicb  is  tonic 
and  stimulating.    The  flowers  are  fragrant  and  aromatic  in  a  high  degree. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

Tribe  ILLICIE.^.    Carpels  arranged  into  a  single  circle Illicicm.  1 

Tribe  MAGNOLI^jE.    Carpels  imbricated  into  a  cone-like  fruit.* 

*  Anthers  opening  inwards.    Lvs.  folded  lengthwise  in  bud Maqnolia.        2 

*  Anthers  opening  outwards.    Lvs.  folded  crosswise  in  bud Lieiodkudbon.  S 

1.  ILLICIUM,  L.  Star  Anise.  Sepals  3—6,  colored  ;  petals  6—30  ; 
carpels  capsular,  dry,  arrancred  circularly,  dehiscent  on  tho  upper  side, 
each  with  one  smooth  shining  seed. — Shrubs  with  very  smooth,  ever- 
green leaves ;  exhaling,  when  bruised,  the  odor  of  Anise. 

1  I.  floridanum  Ellis.  Petals  21—30,  purple;  lvs.  acuminate.— Swamps,  Fla. 
to  La.  Shrub  4 — 8f  high.  Lvs.  on  short  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate  slightly- 
acuminate,  entire,  smootii,  thick,  3—6'  by  1—2'.  Fls.  about  U'  broad  on 
slender,  nodding  pedicles.  Cal.  deciduous.  Petals  purplish  crimson,  linear, 
obtuse,  in  3  whorls.  Sta.  30  or  more.  Ova.  about  12  in  one  regular  circle 
with  short,  recurved  styles.    Seed  poUshed,  as  large  as  that  of  the  apple.    May! 

^  J'  ,P*^i*^^»'a  Mx.  Petals  6—12,  yellowish;  lvs.  oblong,  obtusish.— Eiver 
banks,  Fla.  and  Ga.  Shrub  6—1  Of  high.  Lva  thick  and  leathery,  entire,  on 
sliort  petioles.  As.  smaller  than  in  the  last,  nodding,  dull  yellow.  Petals  ovate 
or  roundish,  concave.  May.  The  bark  and  leaves  of  these  plants  are  strongly 
aromatic  and  spicy,  in  their  properties,  much  resembling  Aniso.  The  root  of  tho 
latter  has  the  properties  of  Sassafras. 

2.  MAGNOLIA,  L.  (Named  for  Prof.  Magnol^  a  French  botanist 
of  the  17th  century.)  Sepals  3;  petals  0—9;  anthers  longer  than  ' 
the  filaments,  opening  inwards ;  carpels  2-valved,  1— 2-seeded,  aggre- 
gated into  a  hard,  cone-like  fruit ;  seeds  berry-like,  and  suspended  from 
the  opening  carpels  by  a  long  funiculus.— Trees  and  shrubs  with  large, 
fragrant  flowers.  Lvs.  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  embracing  and  em- 
braced by  the  sheathing  stipulos. 


214  ^  Order  2. -MAGNOLIACB^. 

♦  L&iTos  oordato  or  a;.riciiIftto  at  the  base.      Trees  80— 40f  liiirh  w  .   >?  . 

"  Leaves  acute  at  the  base.-ferruglnoas  or  glaucous  Watl.7thick sZ  I  i 

—green  (not  sblnlng)  both  sides,  thin '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'Sol  8,4 

Exotic  species,  cultivated.  Nos.  8—10 

1  M.  grandlfl6ra  L.  Bio  Laurel.  Trej;  Ivs.  rust-downy  beneath,  everoreen  ■ 
peta^obovate-lu  awampy  woods,  JJ.  Cur.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.  A  staSV  anTS 
tiful  troe  attainmg  the  hight  of  70-90f;  with  a  diameter  of  2  or  3f  at 
S*nf  h  T  'u  T"  e'-o"",^,  is  pyramidal.  Bark  smooth,  gray,  resembling 
that  of  the  beech.  Lvs.  6-8'  long,  thick  and  Arm,  oval-oblong,  entire  dark 
green  and  shm.ng  above,  clothed  with  a  rust-colored  tomentum  b^nea  h  Pis 
K  Tf  th^;  strongly  fragrant.  8  or  9'  broad.  The  seeds  after  quitting  the 
cellls  of  the   ovoid  fruit  remain  several  days  suspended  on  a  wliito  thread. 

^^;.f*^°*  ^-  .T"/™  \^''-  Beaver  Tkke.  Shrub  or  small  tree;  ii;^.  oval 
obtuse  gaucous-whtte  beneath;  petals  ovate  or  roundish,  erect— Native  in  marshv 
grounds,  Mass.  to  La.   chiefly  found  near  the  coast.     It  is  a  fine  shrub.  5-20  f 

^  «^7*!f '"j"^/*.*  h  ^J^^*"*^'*  Tree.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath  ■ 
So^^^et 'ti  "'tr^'^'^'Kr 7^'  ^^"'  "^ ^'''^^'•^■•^'  ^'^t  more  abundant  in  the 
S  r^  Sf  ,••  ,  k''  •"  "''''^^  ^""^^^  *'■"'•  '^'''''^  P^^f'^^t'y  straight,  4-5f 
nZ"  T?i7?  «''f-''  ^^17"^.^"  •'^"'P^.^  a"d  "-^^gular  summit.  Lvs.  viry' acumi- 
nate tig.  5— 6  diam  bluisli  sometimes  yellowish-white,  numerous,  and  finely 
contrasted  with  tlio  rich,  dark  foliage.  Cones  of  fruit  about  3'  long  cylindri? 
bearing  some  resemblance  to  a  small  cucumber.     May. 

4  M.   umbrella  Lam.     Umbrella  Tree.     Lvs.   deciduous,   cuneate-lanceolate 
sMy  when  you^u, ;  sep.  3,  reflexed;  pet.  9,  narrow-lanceolate,  clcute.-^  sZu^e 

7n    V'  common  m  the  southern  States,  extending  north  to  southern  N  Y 

fnH  S  ,^'T^''l  "''■•^"'?'-  .^^'-  ^^-20'  by  6-8',  appearing  whorled  at  the 
end  of  the  branches  in  the  form  of  an  umbrella.  Fls  terminal,  white.  Y-T 
diam.    ir.  conical,  4—5  long,  rose-colored  when  ripe.     May,  Jn. 

5  M.  macroph^Ua  Mx.  Lvs.  obovate-spatulate,  cordate;  pet.  rhomb-ovate  white 
purple  tmid^  at  6ase.-River  banks,  Chattahoochee  to  Red  R  (Dr  Hale)  north  £ 
the  Tenn.  (Miss  Carpenter),  and  to  the  Ky.  R.  A  small  tree  30-  Slfgh  8-lS^ 
^"""j.u  f-  '^'*''  ""  ,^*™"^  midvein,  oRen,  on  young  shoots,  3f  in  h  by  if  in 
breath,  glaucous-white  beneath.  Fls.  magnificent,  the  separate  pel.  suring 
6—8  m  length.     Sepals  erect,  lance-linear.     June.  ^ 

6  M.  Frdseri  Walt.  Zw.  obovate-spatulate,  aurieulate  at  tlie  narrowt  ^njse 
gUbrous;  pet.  pure  «;Atfe.-A  slender  tree,  25-35f  high,  Fla.  northward  t.  ' 
lli^^-^  H  f  smooth  l.ght.gray._  Lvs.  6-9' long,  4-6'  broad  above,  mu,  " 
narrowed  below,  and  ending  at  base  m  peculiar  ear-shaped  lobes.  Sep.  3  ereenis 
on  the  back.  Pet  6,  lance-ovate,  thick.  2J-3'  long,  strongly  aroraatii.  Apr  May. 
h  °?'^**f  }^\  ^^f-  *''<'«^^y  ''^«'«.  subcordate,  acute,  whitish  and  pubescetii 
f,nwV/-  ^-^''^^jy^iiow-tho  yellow  flowered  species  inhabits  the 
upland  regions  of  Ga.  and  Car.  Trunk  straight,  40-50f  high,  covered  with  a 
deeply  furrowed  bark.  Lvs  long-petioled,  4-6'  by  3-4',  smooth  and  entire.  FlI 
about  4  diam.,  marked  withm  with  fine  red  lines.    Fr.  cylindrical,  3'  long.    May 

8  M.  fuscata.  Lvs.  evergreen,  eUiptic  or  oblong,  clothed  with  fusco^  down 
when  young,  at  length  glabrous;  branches  also  fuscous-tomentous-  fls  erect  — 
From  China.     Shrub  3f  high.     Fls.  brownish.  m«uioua,  us.  erect,— 

9  M.  obovdta  L  Lus.  deciduous,  obovate,  acute,  strongly  veined,  glabrous: 
fls.  erect;  sep.  3;  petals  6;  obovate.-From  China.  Shrub  6f  high,  opening  its 
erect,  cup- shaped,  rose-purple  fls.  in  May.  b  .    p   '  "b  "-a 

10  M.  conspicua  L.  Yulan.  Lvs.  deciduous,  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate 
the  younger  pubescent;  sep.  none  or  very  smaU;  pet.  6—9,  white  or  rose  color.- 
From  China.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  10-30f  high,  with  numerous  white,  fragrant 
flowers  appearing  early  in  spring.  * 


Order  3.--AN0NCAB^ 


215 


3.  LIRIOD^NDRON,  L.  Tulip  Tree.  (Gr.  Xetpiov,  a  lily ;  6iv6pov, 
a  tree.)  bepjr  s  3,  reflexed,  caducous ;  petals  6,  erect ;  carpels  imbricated 
in  a  cone,  1-  2-seeded,  ludehiscent  and  attenuated  at  apex  into  a  lance- 
olate wing.-lree,  with  showy,  bell-shaped,  upright  flowers.  Vernation 
induphcate.  Stipules  large,  oval,  caducous.  In  the  bud,  each  leaf 
bends  inward  to  an  inverted  position,  infolds  all  that  is  within  it  and  is 
in  Itself  infolded  by  its  pair  of  stipules  and  by  the  next  lower  leaf,  and 
so  on.  as  seen  in  Figs.  68,  72. 

\^^"r^^^®?Y,^^'yi'^T-  .^'""''■^o^^-  ^°P^^«-  A  fine  tree,  one  of 
most  remarkable  of  tho  American  forest.,  Can.  to  La.,  especially  abundant  in 
the  Western  States.  It  is  ordinarily  about  80f  high,  with  a  diara.  of  2  or  3? 
but  along  the  Ohio  and  Miss,  rivers  it  grows  much  larger.  Near  Bloomington' 
Ind.,  we  measured  a  tree  of  this  species  which  had  been  reoe  ^tly  felled  Its  cir^ 
cumforence  4f  from  tho  ground  was  23f;  30f  from  the  ground  its  diam.  was 
5f;  the  whole  Inght  125f.  Tho  trunk  is  perfectly  straight  and  cylindrio.  At 
top  It  divides  abruptly  into  coarse,  crooked,  rather  unsightly  branches.  Lva 
dark-green,  smooth,  truncate  at  the  end,  with  2  lateral  lobes,  3-5'  in  length  and 
breadth,  on  long  petioles.  In  May  and  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  campanulate 
flowers,  greenish  yellow,  orange  witliin,  solitary,  broader  than  the  tulip,  and 
erect.     Ihe  wood  is  extensively  used  as  a  substitute  for  pine. 

Order   III.     ANONACEtE.     Anonads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  naked  buds,  entire,  alternate  Ivs.  destitute  of  stipules  Fls 
usually  greea  or  brown,  axillary,  hypogynous,  valvato  in  {estivation.  Sepals  3- 
petals  6,  in  two  circles,  sometimes  coherent.  Stamens  oo,  with  an  enlarged  con- 
nectile,  short  filament,  and  large  torus.  Ova.  several  ©r  oo,  separate  or  coherent, 
fleshy  or  not,  m  fruit.     Embryo  minute  in  the  end  of  ruminated  albumen 

fSnt^  "'""'""  *"•■'"  ''""■  ^''''-    '^J^-r  pulpy  fruit,  as  tho%J^?«^X'};pSUr^^^^^^^ 

ASIMINAAdans.  Papaw.  Fig.  113.  Sepals  3,  petals  6,  the  outer 
row  arger  than  the  inner ;  stamens  densely  packed  in  a  spherical  mass  • 
pistils  several,  distinct,  ripening  but  few,  which  become  large,  oblong! 
pulpy  fruits  with  many  flat  seeds.— Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  brown- 
ish, axillary,  solitary  flowers. 

*  Flowers  appeftriiig  before  the  leaves v ..  1  o 

*  b  lowers  appearing  with  tho  leaves .'.".'.".".'.'.'.'.".".".'.*.'..'.'.'  ".* Nos  3  4 

1  A.  triloba  Dunal.  Lvs.  obovate-ohlong,  acuminate;  pet.  dark  purple,  exir'ior 
orbicular,  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  sep.-A  small  and  beautiful  tree.  15-20f  high 
on  banks  of  streams  Mid.  Southern  and  Western  States.  Branches  and  lvs.  nearly 
S  Z''  *P?  '  v*l'  ^7^^  ^^  ^-^ '  ^^--y  «"^°oth  and  entire,  tapering  to  veVshS 
petioles.  Pis  I'  broad,  precocious.  Fr.  about  I'  thick  and  3' longrovoid-oblong 
about  8-soeded,  yellowish  fragrant,  eatable,  ripe  in  October.  Fls.  in  March,  Apr 
(Uvaria,  Torr.  and  Gr.    Anona,  L.).  '     ^ 

2  A.  paryifldra  Dunal.  Lvs.  obovate-oval,  acuminate;  pet.  greenish-purple,  ike 
outer  oval  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  sep.-Woods  near  the  coast,  from  Car  to 
Fla.  and  La.  Shrub  2-3f  high,  smaller  every  way  than  No.  1.  lVs.  about  half 
as  large,  glabrous,  obtuse-pointed,  tapering  to  the  base.  Fls.  less  than  half  as 
large,  opening  while  the  branches  are  naked.     Fr.  roundish,  about  1'  lone.     May. 

3  A.  grandiflora  Dunal.  Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  grayish-tomenious  both 
sides ;  outer  pei.  very  large,  yellowish  white.— Fino  woods,  Ga.,  and  Fla  Shrub 
J— 31  high.  Its  young  branches  also  tomentous.  Peduncle  and  calyx  wooUv  of 
about  equa  length  Outer  petals  about  2'  in  length,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
b— 8  times  longer  than  the  oblong,  brownish,  inner  petals.    Apr. 


216  Ohdeb  5— MENISPBRMACE^.— Menispeemadsl 

^w^Jf*^*;.^""^!;,  ^7*''*'  ^*''-'^^-  ^^^-  coriaceoufl,  evergreen,  linear 
«r?t  '  ft««ar-o6ton.eotote,  or  lin.-oblong  or  spatulate,  etc,  glabrouB  „j^ 
redcksh-brown  obovate-oblong.-Shrub  6-12'  high,  sandy  plalna  Ga  and  F?„ 
Lys.  very  variable  in  form,  3-6' long,  usually  ^.ly  narroroften  obovate  or 
eJS    Apr  '"  '""*^'^-      ^"■^-   "P^'^^  "^""*  ^'    '   long  in  Ltl; 

Obdkb  IV.     SCIIIZANDRACE.E. 

S'cram6««<7  5Ar«J5  with  alternate,  simple,  exstipulate,  punctate  leaves ;   with  Fk 
diclmous,  axillary,  small,  hypogynous  and  polygynous;   witli  Cal.  and  cor.  S-merou.' 
in  two  or  several  rows,  imbricated;  with  SUxm.  few  or  many,  on  very  short  filaments 
condensed  on  a  roundlsli  torus.  Ova,  few  or  coherent,  becoming  baccate,  l-S-seeded 
m  truit.     Seeds  suspended ;  embryo  minute,  in  solid  albumen. 
Oenera  5,  species  12,  belonging  to  India,  Japan,  and  the  United  States. 

ens^arTolin"^^'''  («••■  fA:'>;  to  cut,  aVrfpa,  stamens;  the  stam- 
ens  are  cleft.)  8  Sepals  and  petals  9-12,  similar,  roundish,  concave  • 
stamens  5,  anthers  connate ;  carpels  at  first  aggregated  in  a  roundish 
head,  beconnng  m  fruit  scattered  on  the  elongating,  filiform  torus  ~A 

S.  coccfnea  Mx.    A  handsome  plant  in  damp  woods,  S.  Car    Ga    to  T^     ^f  in 
c^la'  e  aTLe^^Flf  Sr^l^.  ^^  ovaI,^tapering  at tihtdttome'whlt 

Order  V.     MEksPERMACE^.     Menispermads. 

ShruU  climbing  or  twining,  with  alternate,  palmate-veined,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Fls.  dicBcious,  rarely  ?  or  ^J$,  hypogynous,  3_6-gynous.  ^epafea^d  petals  s^mt 
lar  m  3  or  more  circles,  imbricated  iu  the  bud.  SU^m.  equal  in  number  to  the  pete  Is 
and  opposite  to  them,  or  3  or  4  times  as  many.  Fruit  a  l-seeded  drupe  with  a  large 
or  long  curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.     (Illust.  in  Fig  U7  ) 

J'lrrtrwCTtr/'^Ll^iK^o?,^^^^^^^^  of  the,n  natives  of  tropicaUsia 

gSnus.  AaanUrta'*cocculu/o'f  'il^^^tl^X.  i^rc^.tr'I^e:^^^  l^nfoLS'j  t^tfia.""'^'"" 

GENERA. 

t  Stamen,  12^20,  scp.  4-8,  nut  moon-siiaped.    Lvs,  peltate Mfnisphrmpv     1 

i  Samcnsfi;  sepas6;  nut  moon-shaped.    Lvs.  sinuate,  3-lobed. ....  Coc,™  \ 

i  Stauaease;  scpals6;  nut  cup-shapcd.    Lvs.  deeply  Wobed ....[....cXocabpum.  I 

.Ja  ."''^W^SPfcRMUM,  L  MooN-sEED.  {Gr.  fi^vrj,  the  moon ;  anepua 
seed  ;  from  the  crescent  form  of  the  seed.)      Fls     9  $  -  sena  s  4     fi  ' 

^t'^Vl^T'^'^^'""'  ^«^^--«  12-20  as  long  JtheseTi' 
anthers  4-celled  ;  9  ovaries  and  styles  2-4  ;  drupes^  1-3  seeded ' 
seeds  lunate  and  compressed.~Fls.  white,  in  a.xillary  clusters  ' 

''peS^ttZ\Lfh?LtT?L^ 
petiofes  i-5'  Ion/'  t^.^^       -'u  generally  5.angled,   smooth,  pale  beneath,  on 

0.  LOBATUM,  has  the  leaves  lobed. 


Order  6.— BERBERIDACE^, 


217 


2.  COCCULUS,  DC.  (Dimimitive,  from  Lat.  coccum,  a  berry.) 
Fls.  ?  $  .  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  6  ;  anthers  4-celled  ;  ?  ovaries 
n  to  6  ;  drupe  globular-compressed,  nut  curved  as  in  Menispermum. 
— Fls.  in  axillary  panicles. 

C.  CarolinidnuB  DC. — In  woods  along  rivers,  S.  111.  to  Ga.  St.  round,  slender, 
trailing.  Lvs.  pubescent,  at  lenjfth  glabrous  above,  broadly  ovate  or  cordate, 
mucronate,  entire  or  sinuato-lobed,  sometimes  hastately  3-lobed,  2'  to  3'  diam., 
petioles  half  as  long.  Fls.  very  small,  greenish.  Pet.  of  the  sterile  fls.  with ' 
inflected  auricles  at  the  base  of  each.  Drupes  red,  1 — 3  together,  2"  wide,  the 
nut  curved  almost  into  a  circle  and  finely  crenated.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3.  CALYCOCARPUM,  Nutt.  Cup-seed.  (Gr.  KaXv^,  a  cup; 
KOpTrdf,  fruit.)     Sepals  6  ;  petals  0;    $  stamens  12,  anthers  2-celled ; 

?  stamens  6,  abortive  ;  ovaries  3 ;  stigma  fimbriate-radiate ;  drupe 
oval  with  the  putamcu  deeply  excavated  in  front  and  cup-shaped. — Fls. 
greenish  white,  in  long  axillary  panicles. 

C.  Lydni  Nutt.  Ga.  (Mettauer)  to  Ky.  A  slender  vine,  very  smooth,  ascend- 
ing many  feet.  Lvs.  large,  thin,  4 — 8'  diam.,  the  lobes  dilated  above  and  acumi- 
nate. Petioles  long,  slender.  Rac.  slender,  3 — 12'  long.  Fls.  small,  2"  diam., 
nearly  white,  about  5  on  each  ped.  Drupe  1'  long,  oval.  Jl.  (Menispermum 
LyoniPh.) 


Order  VI.     BERBERIDACELE.     Berberids. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  usually  exstipulato,  simpb  or  compound  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Gjilyx  of  2 — 6  deciduous 
sepals,  in  I  or  2  rows,  often  with  petaloid  scales  at  base.  Corolla  of  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  petals  as  sepals,  in  one  to  several  rows.  Slam,  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  opposite  to  them,  rarely  more  numerous.  Antliers  opening  mostly  by 
recurved  valves  hinged  at  the  top.  Pistil  one,  style  short  or  none.  Ff.  a  berry  or 
capsule,  seeds  several,  albuminour,    (Figs.  168,  182,  253,  304,  346,  347,  444.) 

An  order  hnrd  to  dpflne.  including  12  genera  and  100  species,  some  of  thorn  of  widely  different 
Imbit  and  very  doubtful  affinities.  They  inhabit  the  temperate  zones.  Some  {renera,  as  I'odo- 
phylium  and  .leffersonia,  possess  catharic  properties.  Others,  as  Berberis,  contain  in  their  fruits 
malic  and  oxalic  acids. 

TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 

TiiiHE  nEUBEUIDV.F,  — ''hrubs.    Embryo  long  as  albumen.    Anth.  halved Brrbkris.      I 

TmiiB  NANDINE^E.— lliMbs.    Embryo  short  or  minute.  (♦) 

♦  Anthers  opening  by  2  valves  hinged  at  the  top.  (a) 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  2  drupe-like,  soon  nr.kod  seeds Caulophtllum.  2 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  a  2 — 1  seeded  berry Diimiylleia.        8 

a  Stamens  8.    Fruit  a  cnpeuie  opening  by  a  Ud Jepfeksonia.       4 

♦  Anthers  opening  by  2  slits  lengthwise.    Stam.  6 — 18 Podophyllum.    6 

1.  BERBERIS,  L.  Bkrberry.  (Name  from  the  Arabic.)  Calyx 
of  6  obovatc,  spreading,  colored  sepals,  with  the  3  outer  ones  smaller  ; 
corolla  of  6  suborbicular  petals,  with  two  glands  at  tlie  base  of  each ; 
filaments  6,  flattene  1 ;  anthers  2  separate  lobes  on  opposite  edges  of 
the  connectile  ;  style  0  ;  berry  oblong,  1 -celled  ;  seeds  2  or  3. — Fine, 
hardy  shrubs. 

1  B.  vulgiris  L.  Spines  (reduced  lvs.)  3-forked ;  lvs.  simple,  aerraturea  termi- 
nated by  soft;  bristles ;  rac.  pendulous,  many-flowered ;  pet.  entire. — A  well- 
known  bushy,  ornamental  shrub,  in  hard  gravelly  soils.  Northern  States.  Grows 
3 — 8f    higlj.     Lvs.  \\ — 2'  long,  half  aa  wide,  round-obtuse  at  apex,  tapering 


218 


ordeh  c— herbkiudack/r. 


5'l^v.!li!?v!°  ??  ^"°'*''  •*"''  "''""'•'^'^bly  (liHtinK„i.!,o.l  by  U.oir  l,riatly  8orrrturo8 
violeatly  a,au.Ht  the  «tig.„a  when  touclT  "^BoS^HcarK  vc^y  a   a^li; nlfir;!; 

>  Canamknhis  WilUl.  Rno.  fosv  (G-8)-flc,wcro.l ;  borrios  oval. -Can.  (PurHl.)  to 
Va.  and  Ua.,  along  tho  AlloKhanica.  Apparently  a  ro.liicc.l  form  of  a  with 
narrower  loavos  an.l  s.nallor  flowers  an.!  clusters.     (B.  Canadensis  Ph  ) 

culUvated.     A  Arm  bnshy  .sl.rnb,  3-5f  In^h,  witl/si  i^i  ..^.I'rK  c'o^^  I^^^^^^^^ 

iJ-.  ^AULOPHVLLUM.  Mx.  ConosT.  ((>.  KavXh,,  stem;  0,UAo., 
leaf  the  stem  uppoann.flr  as  the  stalk  of  the  compound  loaf.)  OaIv.x 
of  0  jireen  sepals  S-bracteJ  at  base;  corolla  of  6  short,  dand-lifc 
thickened  petals,  opposite  tho  sepals  ;  stamens  C  ;  ovarv  i>-ovulcd 
becom.njr  a  thin  pericarp,  wliich  soon  breaks  away  after  floWcrinff,  and 
the  J  roun.l  drup.M.ke  seeds  ripen  naked.- 2/ GJabrons  and  irJaucous, 
arisiiiiT  from  a  knotted  rhizome.     Lvs.  compound. 

^'and*Kf' 'Jw  ?'''•  ^'^^'''^r*'  l^"'*''-  ^  "'"■'""■"  P'"^"*  !"  ^""''«.  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky  1  hint  glaucous,  purple  when  young.  St.  l-2^f  higli,  rou  '  dividing 
above  into  2  parts,  „„o  of  which  is  a  short  co.nmon  potiol6  of  .ft  itornu...  XTZ 
other  hears  a  2-ter.iate  loaf  and  a  nico.nous  pa.dcle  of  gr(M<nish  flowers  Ms 
paler  l^neath,  2-..r  long,  lobed  like  those  of  the  Thalictrurn  or  Aqui  ogia.'  S-ods 
2(rnosly  I  by  ahort.on),  naked  aRor  having  burst  tho  eaducousthiJ  perLrp 
deep  blue,  resembling  berries  on  thick  stipes.     Alay.    (Leoutico,  L.)       ^''"""'"P' 

3.  DIPHYLLEIA,  Mx  IJMnRELLA-LEAF.  (Gr.  dig,  twice  ;  (f>vUoi' 
loat.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  caducous;  (tor.  of  0  oval  petals  larger  than 
the  sepals;  stamens  G;  ovary  eccentric ;  sti^^na  subsessile;  berry  few- 
eceded,  seeds  attached  laterally  below  tho  middle.— 2/ Glabrous,  arisinir 
Irom  a  thick,  iionzontal  root-stock.     Lvs.  simple,  peltate. 

^il^^.^*f^"^'  ^'r".?  '"'^'•f  "i^o""  Mts.,  Va.  to  Ga.,  and  Tonn.  Stems  l_2f 
high  stout,  some  of  them  bearmg  a  single  largo  (l-2f  broad)  orbicular,  cut- 
lobed  centrally  peltate  leaf;  others  with  two  alternate,  smaller,  roundish  ren- 
form  loaves,  which  are  peltate  near  tho  base,  deeply  2-lobod,  the  lobes  cleft  ml 
a  terminal  cyme  of  white  flowers  in  June.  '       ' 

4.  JEFFERSdNIA,  Bart.    Twin-leaf.    (In  honor  of  President  Jeffer- 
son,  a  patron  of  science.)     Sepals   4,  colored,  deciduous ;   petals  8 
.  spreading,  incurved;  stamens  8,  with  linear  anthers;  sti<rma  peltate • 
capsule   obovato,   st.pitatc,   opening    by   a   circumscissile^  dehiscence' 
Ithizome  thick,  blacKish,  with  a  mass  of  matted  fibers.     Scape  simple 
1-flowered.     Lvs.  2-parted  or  binate.     (Figs.  168,  253,  304,  444.)        ' 

^'i^S^O^}^  »?''"■  /^  ^'"^."'f'  Pji'"'^  8-14' l.igl),  Middle  and  Western  States, 
b.  to  (x.i.  Rhizomo  horizontal.  Kach  petiole  bears  at  the  top  a  pair  of  binate 
obliquely  ovate  leaflets,  which  are  placed  base  to  base,  and  broader  than  Ion  J 
ending  m  an  obtuse  point,  glaucous  beneath.  Scap<?  as  long  as  the  petioles  Fls 
large,  regular,  white.  The  capsule  opens  only  half  round,  and  hariherefore  a 
persistent  lid.  Apr.  This  plant  ha,,  in  Ohio,  the  repntatio.n  of  a  stimulann'nd 
•nti-spaamodic,  and  is  there  significantly  termed  rheumatism  root 

5    PODOPHVLLUM,  L.     Mav  Apple.     (Or.  nov,,  no6b,,  a  foot, 
VyAAov,  a  leaf;  alluding  to  tbe  long,  firro  petioles.)     Sepals  3,  oval. 


Obdkr  a— NKLUMBIACEiB. 


219 


obtuse,  cotjciiyo,  caducous;    potiils  6—9,   obovato,  concavo;   stamens 
U— 18,  witli  linear  anthci-8 ;  berry  large,  ovoid,  1-celled,  crowned  with 
the  solitary  stigrna. —  U  Low,  rather  poisonous  herbs.    Floweriuir  stems 
'-'•learcd.     Fl.  solitary.  h     ^     , 

P.  peltAtum  L.  Wii^D  Mandrake.  In  woods  and  fields,  common  in  the  Mid.  and 
Wostorn  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  S.  to  La.  Height  about  If  It  is  among  our 
more  curious  and  interesting  pla  Us.     St.  round,  siicathod  at  base,  dividing  into 

2  round  petioloa,  between  wiiicli  is  tlio  flower.     Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  in  6 7 

lobes,  oaoli  lobe  G'  l<mg  from  the  insertioti  of  the  petir.:-'  2-lobod  and  dentate  at 
apox.  Barron  stems  with  one  centrally  peltate  leaf.  Fi.  pedunculate,  drooping, 
white,  about  2'  diam,  Fr.  ovoid  oblong,  large,  yellowish ;  with  the  flavor  of  tho 
strawberry.    The  root  is  cathartic.     May. 

Order  VII.     CABOMBACE.^i     Water  Shields. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  the  floiUing  lvs.  entire,  centrally  poltato,  the  submersed  ones 

dissected.     Fls.  small,  erect,  ono  on  each  peduncle,   hypogynous.     Petals  3 ♦, 

alternate  with  the  3  or  4  sepals  which  are  colored  inside,  all  persistent.  Sla.  twice', 
or  4  or  6  times  as  many  as  tho  petals.  Anihera  adnate.  Ova.  2  or  more,  distinct! 
Stig.  simple.  i*V.  indehiscent,  tipped  with  tho  hardened  stylo.  Sda.  globular, 
pendulous.     Embryo,  minute,  2-lobed,  external  to  an  abundant,  fleshy  albumen' 

Oenerai,  itpficlM  a      Atnorican  wftter  plants,  cxtondlnff  from  Cayenne,  8  America,  N.  to 

1.  BRASI^NIA,  Sclireb.     Water  Target.     Calyx   of  3 — 4    sepals, 

colored  within,  persistent;  corolla  of  3— 4  petals;  stamens  12 24; 

ovaries  6—18  ;  carpels  oblong,  2  (or  by  abortion  l)-seeded.—  U  Aquatic! 
The  stems  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  are  covered  with  a  viscid 
jelly.    Lvs.  all  floating,  entire. 

B.  pelt^ta  Ph.  It  inhabits  muddy  shores  and  pools,  often  in  company  with  the 
water  lily.  Can.  to  Ga  and  Ark.  Lvs.  peltate,  elliptical,  entire,  2—:V  by  1— lA', 
with  tho  long,  flexible  petioles  iusortod  exactly  in  the  center,  floating  on  the 
surface  of  tho  water,  smooth  and  shining  above.  Fls.  ari.'ting  to  the  surface,  on 
long,  slender,  axillary  peduncles.  Petals  purple,  about  3"  long.  Jl.  (Hydro- 
peltis  purpurea  Mx.) 

2.  CAB6MBA,  Aublet.  Sepals  3,  petaloid ;  petals  3  ;  stamens  6  ; 
pistils  3  (rarely  2  or  4),  nearly  the  length  of  stamens,  and  half  as  long 
as  the  petals  and  sepals;  carpels  few-seeded. — Lvs.  opposite,  mostly 
submersed  and  filiformly  dissected. 

C.  Caroliniana  Gray.  In  stagnant  waters,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Stems 
branched.  Floating  lvs.  small  (6"  long,  1"  wide)  and  few,  oblong-linear,  cen- 
trally peltate ;  submersed  lvs.  many,  reniform  in  outline,  1 — 2'  broad,  repeatedly 
di  and  tri-chotomous  into  threadlike  segments.  Ped.  2'  long,  1-flowered.  Fb. 
white,  5 — G"  broad,  strictly  \/,  (.sometimes  ^},  with  oval,  obtuse  petals  yellow  at 
base.    May. 


Order  VIIL    NELUMBIACE^.     Water  Beans. 

Herbs  aquatic,  large,  with  prostrate  rootstock  and  radical,  peltate  leaves,  with 
flowers  large,  solitary,  on  long,  upright  scapes,  4 — 5-sepaled;  petals  numerous, 
arranged  in  many  rowa,  as  are  also  the  stamens,  ovaries  separate,  each  with  a  simirie 
style  and  stigma,  becoming  in  fruit  l-seeded  nuts  half  sunk  in  the  hollows  of  the 
vary  large  torua,  the  seeds  wUh  largely  developed  erobryo,  and  uo  albumen. 


220 


Ordee  9.— NYMPHAEACE^. 


Nelumbo.     Characters  of  the  genus  the  same 


This  order  comprises  but  a  single  genm  with  2  apecieH,  viz..  N.  sneciosum  sunnos^rl  t,.  >,-. 
the  sacred  Egyptian  bean  of  the  I  In.ii.s,-  the  othorfas  fo'llow^^  Th'l.^uts^^e  nutritive  ± 
also  at  certain  seasons,  the  farinaceous  rhizomes.  "uinuve,  una 

NELOMBIUM,  Juss. 
as  those  of  the  order. 

N.  llitsum  L.  A  magnificent  flowering  plant,  frequent  in  the  stagnant  waters  of 
the  South  and  West;  m  Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y.  (WiUiams);  Lyme,  Gt]  near  Philadel- 
phia, etc.  Khizome  creepmg  in  mud  in  depths  of  water  from  2  or  3  to  6f  Prom 
this  arise  the  simple  scapes  and  petioles  to  the  surface.  Lvs  10—18'  diam 
orbicular,  entire,  concave,  the  petioles  inserted,  at  the  center.  Fls  several  times 
larger  than  those  of  Nyniphiea  odorata,  fragrant.  Petals  concave,  obtuse,  light- 
yellow,  3—4  in  length.  The  nuts  imbedded  in  the  torus  are  about  the  sizo  of 
acorns,  and  -omarkable  for  the  large,  leafy  embryo.     Juno  (S.)— Aug. 

Order  IX.     NYMPHAEACE^.      Water  Lilies. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  peltate  or  cordate  leaves  from  a  prostrate  rhizome.  Fls.  large 
showy,  often  sweet-scented.  Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated,  griduaUy 
passing  into  each  other.  Sep.  persistent.  Petals  inserted  upon  the  disk  which  sur- 
rounds the  pistil  Sta.  numerous,  in  several  rows  upon  the  disk,  often  passing  into 
petals.  Antluirs  adnate,  introrse.  Pistils  many,  united  into  a  many-ceUed,  raany- 
seeded,  compound  ovary  ^with  a  radiate  stigma.  Sds.  embryo  inclosed  i  a'sack  at 
the  end  of  a  copious  albumen  next  the  hilum.     (Figs.  453,  232—240.) 

Genera  6,  species  50,  inhabiting  the  noithern  hemisnhero  Victoria  in  nmmfnrini  »..,„  • 
Their  general  suspect  1.  timrof  an  Indogen.  but  they  \J.  /foliaceorc otyH^^^^^^ 
of  nympliHia  contain  a  |)owerful  astringent  principle,  which  is  removed  by  re  eated  walhir^Tn 
water,  after  which  tltey  are  tasteless,  and  may  bo  used  for  food.  'cpeaced  w  ashing  in 

1.  NYMPH  a:  A,  L.  Water  Lily.  (The  Greek  nymph,  or  Naiad,  of 
the  waters.)  Sepals  4  or  5  ;  petals  oo,  inserted  on  the  torus  at  its  base  • 
stau.Gns  gradually  transformed  into  petals:  stigma  surrounded  with 
rays  ;  pericarp  many-celled,  many-seeded.—  li  Aquatic. 

1  N.  odorata  L.  Rhizome  thick,  in  mud  boneatli  deep  (3— 9f.)  water,  sending  its 
lvs.  and  fls.  to  the  surface  ;  lvs.  floating,  orbicuiar  (5-8'),  entire,  cleft  at  base  to 
tlie  centre,  where  the  long  petiole  is  inserted,  the  lobes  imbricated;  fls  white 
dehciomly  Jragrant,  often  with  a  delicate  tinge  of  purple;  filaments  yellowisli  • 
seeds  oblong,  half  the  kngOi  of  the  aril     Jl.,   Aug.     One  of  the  loveliest  of  flowers', 

2  N.  tuberosa  Paine.  Rhizome  ;)rodMc%  oblong  (1')  tiibers  whicli  spontaneonsly 
separate;  lvs.  floating,  orbicul.ir-reniform,  (G— 15')  entire,  very  veiny,  the  lobes 
divaricate;  fls.  ecnntless,  or  nearly  so,  milk-white  (never  purp'ish),  pet.  very  blunt- 
seeds  globular-ovoid.    Sodus  Bay  (Hankenson)  to  Pa.,  and  wesiwaM.     Jl. 

2.  NOPHAR,  Smith.  Pond  Lily.  {Neufar  is  the  Arabic  name.) 
Sepals  5  or  6,  oblong,  concave,  colored  within ;  corolla  of  numerous 
small  petals  furrowed  externally,  and  inserted  with  the  numerous,  trun- 
cated, linear  stamens  on  the  torus;  stigma  discoid,  with  prominent 
rays ;  pericarp  manytcellcd,  many-seeded.— 2f  Aquatic.  Lvs.  oval  or 
oblong,  s-igiltatc-cordatc. 

X  N,  advdna  Ait.  Yellow  Pokd  Lily.  Lvs.  floating  or  erect,  with  roufidod, 
diverging  jobcs at  base,  peiioka  luiif -round ;  sep.  C;  petais  OO;  stig.  Vl—ib-rayed, 
margin  slightly  repand.— Very  common  in  shiggish  streams  and  muddy  lakes,' 
Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Oregon.  A  weli-.ooking  and  very  curious  plant,  but  from 
its  filthy  habits  it  has  been  called,  with  justice,  the  frf)g  lily.  The  rhizomo  ia 
large,  creeping  extensively.  Lvs.  largo,  dark  green,  shining  above,  and  when 
floaUng,  palo  and  elimy  beneath.     Petioles  half  round.     Fls.  rather  largo  and 


Order  1  ().— S  ARRACENIACE^. 


221 


globular  in  form,  erect,  on  a  tliick,  rigid  stalk.  Three  outer  sepals  yeUow 
inside,  and  tiie  three  inner  entirely  yellow,  as  weU  as  the  petals  and  stamens. 
Jn.  Jl.     (Nymphaea  Mx.) 

2  N.  Kalmi^na  Ait.  Floating  Ivs.  with  base  lobes  approximate,  submersed  Ivs 
membranous,  renijorm-cordate,  the  lobes  divaricate,  margin  waved,  apex  rotuse- 
sep.  5;  stig.  8-12-rayed,  crenate.— A  smaller  species,  with  small  yellow  lis' 
growing  in  similar  situations  with  the  last,  Northern  States.  Dr.  Robbins  from 
whose  MSS.  tlie  above  is  quoted,  thinks  it  wholly  distinct  trom  N.  lutea,  (Smith) 
or  any  other  species.  Petiole  slender,  subterete.  Upper  Ivs.  2—3'  long  iV- 2i' 
wide;  lower  Ivs.  3—4' diam.     Jl.     (Nuphar  lutea /3  Kalmiana  Torr  &  Gr.)' 

3  N.  aagittaefdlia  Ph.  Lvs.  elongated,  sagittate-cordate,  obtuse;  sep.  6:  pet  0- 
antii.  subsessilo.— In  slow  waters,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  (Savannah).  Rhizome  erect' 
Lva  large,  10  to  15'  long.  Fls.  as  large  as  in  No.  2.  Outer  sep.  green;  inner 
yellow  and  petaloid.  f  a        ,  , 

VICTORIA  regia  is  also  a  member  of  this  Order,— a  gigantic  "Water  Lilv 
native  of  the  rivers  of  Brazil  and  Guiana,  and  successfully  cultivated  here  Its 
ear  lest  leaves  are  linear,  then  hastate,  next  sagittate  ;  its  late  ones  become  ovato 
wit.i  a  deep  slit  at  base.  Thence  tliey  gradually  become  circular  and  centrally 
peltate,  exhibiting  by  a  distinct  line  the  union  of  the  base  lobes.  When  full  grown 
they  are  4— 6f  diam.  (or  8— 12f  in  their  native  rivers),  with  upturned  edges  and 
prominent  veins  beneath.  The  expanded  flowers  with  numerous  petals  and  sepals 
are  It  in  diameter.  ^ 


Order  X.     SARRACENIACEvE.     Water  Pitchbrs. 

mrbs  aquatic,  in  bogs,  with  fibrous  roots,  perennial,  and  with  the  leaves  all  radi- 
eal,  urn-shaped,  or  trumpet-shaped,  and  large  flowers  on  scapes.  Floral  envelops 
4--10,  unbricated,  the  outer  greenish,  sepaloid.  Stamens  00,  hypogynous.  Carpels 
united  into  a  several-celled  capsule.     (Figs.  174,  175,  176.) 

A  curious  order,  chiefly  renmrknble  for  t!io  leiives  wliicli  aro  of  that  class  called  asctUia  r8ans> 
If  Oal&alr*'        "'""■"  ""'^  ^^  "'■ '  '''''''''  *""  "-^""""Phora  of  Guiana?  th^arl^S 

SARRACINIA,  Toixrn.  Pitcher  Plant.  (Named  in  honor  of  Dr 
Sarmzcn  of  Quebec.)  Calyx  of  5  colored  sepals,  with  3  small  bracts  at 
base  persistent;  corolla  of  5,  incurved,  deciduous  petals;  stigmas  5 
united  into  a  large,  peltate,  persistent  membrane  coverinrr  the  ovary 
and  stamens;  capsule  5-celled  ;  seeds  very  numerous,  albuminous-- 
Lvs.  holding  water,  with  a  wing  on  the  front  side  and  a  hood  (lamina) 
at  top.     Scapes  1-flowered,  fl.  large,  nodding. 

L,imin;i  inflected  over  tlio  throat  of  the  tube w««  i  o 

Liiiiniiia  erect  or  nearly  so,  throat  open*  «08.  i,  ^       , 

♦  Loaves  ventricous,  never  spotted  with  white..     .  v     «       ^ 

*  Leaves  trunipet-shaped,  very  tall,  often  mottled  and  spottod  iu/ve.W.'.'.'.W.W.'.No!  4. 

1  S.  paittaciiia  Mx.  Lvs.  short,  reclined,  with  a  broad  semi-ovate  wino-  •  fls  f^M, 
^«r^^._Bogs,  Ga  Fla.  to  Ln.  Lvs.  3'  to  5'  long  when  the  plant  is'iAfioweT 
6—0  when  in  fruit,  slightly  mottled  with  white  on  the  back.  The  tube  is 
small  an  1  nearly  closed  by  the  hooded  lamina,  which  gives  to  the  whole  leaf 
1110  so:nblanco  of  a  parrot,  whence  the  specific  nama  Scape  If  hi^h  PI 
rather  smaller  tlian  that  of  S.  purpuro.-!,     March. 

^i?:i7**'i*°^^^"  ]^''-  ,f  ^•'- «'o«^''K  nearly  erect,  mottled  with  white  on  the 
back,  the  wing  lance^linear;  Jls.  yellow.— Bogs  in  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.,  Ga. 
(K.ay  an.l  Pond)  and  Fla.  Lvs.  12'  to  18'  high,  remarkable  for  their  white  di^, 
phanous  spots  nenr  the  top.     Tube  somewhat  ventricous  above,  nearly  enclosed 

fL  ahnT;!f '^- ""'?^?  ''?'''^  •  '^'"^  «"  *«  12"  wide.     Scapes  koSMriv^ 
Fla.  about  the  sizo  of  the  last.     Mar.,  Apr.  *  -"  »»* 


2-32 


Order  12.— PAPAVERACEiE. 


'  B.  purpurea  L.  Side-saddle  Flower.  Lvs.  short,  decumbent,  inflated  most 
\ear  the  middle ;  lamina  broad  cordate. — Bogs  throughout  Can.  and  U.  S.  This 
species  is  the  most  common,  and  on  it  the  genua  was  founded.  Lvs.  6 — 9'  long 
lx)8ulate,  evergreen,  composed  of  a  hollow,  pitcher-form  petiole,  swelling  in  the 
middle,  with  a  wing-like  appendage  extending  the  whole  length  inside,  from 
} — r  wide,  and  extended  ou  the  outside  of  the  mouth  into  a  lamina,  covered 
above  with  reversed  hairs.  Their  capacity  when  of  ordinary  size  is  about  a 
wine  glass,  and  generally,  like  the  other  species,  they  contain  watet  with 
drowned  insects.  Scape  14 — 20'  high,  terete,  smootli,  supporting  a  single,  large, 
purple,  nodding  flower,  almost  as  curious  in  structure  as  tlio  leaves.  Jn. 
li.   HETBBOPHYLLA  Torr.      Scape  rather   shorter ;    sep.  yellowish  green ;  pet. 

yellow. — Northampton,  Mass.  (R.  M.  Wright).     Lvs.  scarcely  ditlereut.     (S. 

heterophylla  Eaton.) 

■■  S.  Gronbvii.  Trpmpet-Leaf.  Lvs.  tall,  straight,  ereci,  tube  gradually  enlarged 
to  the  open  throat,  wing  narrowly  linear,  lamina  sub-erect,  roundish,  mucronate,  con- 
tracted at  base. — The  largest  species  of  tiio  genu-!,  in  swampy  pine  woods,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  La.  Lvs.  often  3f  in  hight,  and  the  scapes  even  taller ;  the  lamina  aa 
bi-oad  as  the  open  throat  (2 — 3).  Pis.  very  large  (when  extended  4 — 6' 
diam.)  and  of  exactly  the  same  structure  in  all  the  varieties. 

a.  PLAVA.    Fls.  yellow;  foliage  yellowish  green,  with  or  without  purplish  veins 

(S.  flava  L.     S,  Catesbsei  Ell.). 
3.  ALATA.     Pis.  yellow?   large;    lvs.  1 — 2f  high,  with  the  tube  somewhat 
ventricous  above,   throat   contracted,   wing  conspicuous   (V   broad).     La. 
(Hale). — 'Intermediate  between  species  3  and  4 ;  perhaps  distinct. 
y.  RUBRA.      Pis.  reddish  purple,  smaller  than  S.  purpurea.      Lvs.  1 — 2f  high, 

with  purple  veins  (S.  rubra  Walt.). 
(5.  Drummondii.      Fls.  purple,  very  large;  lvs.  very  tall  (20—30),  remark- 
ably mottled  above  witli  purple  veins  and  white,  diaphanous  interstices.    (S. 
Drummondii  Groom)  Pla.  (Chapman.) 


Order  XII.     PAP  AVERAGES.     Poppy-worts. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  generally  a  milky  or  colored  juice. 
fTs.  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  never  blue,  hypogynous,  regular,  y/  or  y.  Sep. 
2,  rarely  3,  caducous,  and  petals  4,  rarely  6,  all  imbricated.  Sta.  indelinite,  but 
some  multiple  of  4.  Antliers  2-celled,  innate.  Ova.  compound.  Sty.  short  or  0. 
Stig.  2,  or  if  more,  steUate  upon  the  flat  apex  of  ovary.  IV.  either  pod-shaped, 
with  2  parietal  placentae,  or  capsular,  with  several.  Sds.  CO,  minute.  Embryo 
minute,  at  the  base  of  oily  albumen.     (Figs.  229 — 231,  276.) 

An  order  consisting  of  16  genera  and  180  gpecies,  more  tlian  two-thirds  of  which  are  natives 
of  Europo.  Tlio  order  is  characterised  by  active  narcotic  properties.  princi])ally  resident  in  the 
turbid  juice.  Opium  is  th«  dried  inilliyjuico  of  Papaver  soiiinlrenun.  Tlie  seeds  are  coin- 
iiionly  rich  in  fixed  oil.    Several  of  the  species  are  highly  ornainenial  in  cultivation. 

T  Plants  witli  a  red  juice.    Petals  8,  plane  in  tho  bud 3anouinabia.       1 

^  Plants  with  a  yellow  juice.     Petals  crumpled  in  the  bud.  (♦) 

•  Stigmas  and  pl.icentm  3,  4,  or  C.    Capsule  ovoid,  (b) 

*  Stigmas  and  placonttu  2  only.    Capsulo  long,  pod-shaped,  (i.) 

a  Pod  1-colled,  smooth.    Lvs,  pinnate Ciiklidoxii'M.  2 

a  Pod  2-celled,  rough.    Lvs.  palmate Glauoium.  3 

b  Style  distinct,  but  short Meconopsis.  B 

b  Stylo  none,  stigma  sessile Auoemonk.  4 

T  Plants  with  a  white  jidco.    Petals  4,  crumpled  in  iiinl Papavbh.  6 

5  Plants  with  a  watery  juice.    Calyx  a  ndtre,  falling  olf  wliolu EscnsciiuLTZiA.  7 

1.  SANGUINARIA,  L.  Blood-root.  (Latin  sanguis,  blood  ;  all  its 
parts  abound  in  a  red  juice.)  Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  8 — 12,  in  2 
or  3  rows,  the  outer  longer.  Stamens  about  2  i ;  stigma  sessile,  1 
or  2-lobed  ;  capsule  silique«form,  oblong,  l-celled,,2-valved,  acute  at  each 


oedeb  11.— pap  averages. 


22d 


end,  many-seeded.— 2;  A  low,  acaiilcscent  plant,  with  a  white  flower, 
and  a  glaucous,  palmate-veined  leaf. 

S.  Canadensis  L  An  interesting  flower,  in  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  appearing 
in  early  spring  Rh.zomo  fleshy,  tuberous,  and  when  broken  or  bruised  oxud^ 
an  orange-red  fluid,  as  also  does  every  other  part  of  the  plant.  From  each  bud 
of  the  root-stalk  there  s^prings  a  single  large,  glaucous  leaf;  and  a  scape  about  6' 
high  with  a  single  flower.  Whole  plant  glabrous.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with 
roundish  lobes  separated  by  rounded  sinuses.  Fl.  of  a  quadrangular  outline. 
I  r  M?'  (Fi-'' 55  f  *  duration.  The  juice  is  emetic  and  purgative. 
/?.  Leaf  not  lobed,  margin  undulate.     Bainbridge,  Ga. 

2.   CHELIDbNIUM,   L.     Celandine.     (Gr.  ;t:eAfd6jr,  the  swallow; 
being  supposed  to  flower  with  the  arrival  of  that  bird,  and  to  perish 
with  Its  departure.)     Sepals  2,  suborbicular ;    petals  4,  suborbiculari 
contracted  at  base ;  stamens  24—32,  shorter  than  the  petals ;  stigma  1, 
small,  sessile,  bifid;    capsule   siliquo-form,  linear,   2-valved,   l-celled ; 
seeds  crested.—  U  Fragile,  pale  green,  with  saff"ron  yellow  juice. 
C.  m^jus  L      Lvs.  pinnate;  Iftg.  lobed,  segments  rounded;  fls.  in  umbels.— Bv 
roadside..,  fences,   eta,   arising  l-2f  high.     Lvs.  smooth,  glaucous,  spreading, 
consisting  of  2-4  pairs  of  leaflets  wifii  an  odd  one.     LftslJ— 2i'  Jouff  ?  as 
broad,  irregularly  dentate  and  lobed,  the  partial  stalks  winged  at  bale.     Umbels 
thm,  axillary  pedunculate.     Petals  elliptical,  entire,  yellow,  and  very  fugacious 
like  every  other  part  of  tlie  flower.     The  abundant  bright  yellow  juice  is  used  to 
euro  Itch  and  destroy  warts.     May— Oct.    §  Eur. 

3.  GLAOCIUM,  Tourn.  Horn  Poppv.  (Gr.  yXavKbv,  glaucous,  the 
hue  of  the  foliage.  Sepals  2;  petals  4;  stamens  00 ;  style  none, 
stigma  2-Iobed;  ped.  2-celled,  linear,  very  long,  rough.-^D  or  (g)  sea- 
green  herbs,  with  clasping  lvs.,  yellow  juice,  and  solitary,  yellow  fls. 

^w?r!f  "'?K^''7"or  ^^''u  "^'^  "^H"'"''*"''''^  near  tho  coast,  from  the  Potomac  soutii- 

J^nanHl  A  ".  1  V  5'^^'  ''"''^''''^  '^^^'^  ^  ^''^''^°"'  ^'°"'°-  ^t  glabrous.  Lvs. 
ropandly  5-7 -lobed,  clasping  so  as  to  appear  perfoliate.  Fk  2'  broad,  of  short 
aura  ion,  but  many  in  succession,  succeeded  by  a  horn-sliaped  fruit,  which  is 
rough  with  tubercles,  and  6—9'  in  longtli.     Jn.— Aug.   § 

4.  ARGEMdNE,  U  Pkickly  Poppv.  (Gr.  apyefia,  a  disease  of  thd 
eye,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.)  Sepals  2  or  3,  roundish " 
acuminate,  caducous;  petals  4  or  0,  roundish,  larger  than  the  sepals'; 
stamens  00,  stigma  sessile,  capitate,  4  or  6-rayed ;  capsule  ovoid,  prick!  v 
opening  at  the  top  by  valves.-®  Herbs  with  yellow  juice,  spinous- 
pinnatihd  lvs.,  and  showy  fls.  ^  j        »    r 

\^^^°^!}^  h  TT?"*^  P^'^^'^'y  5  caps,  prickly,  6-valved.-A  weed-like  plant,  nativo 
at  the  Soutl,  nn  I  W  est,  g  at  the  North.     St.  2-3f  high,  branching,  armed  wUi 

henoath.     Pis.  axillary  and  terminal,  on  short  peduncles,  2— .T  diam..  yellow 
lie  juico  becomes  in  air  a  line  gainboge-yeliow,  and  is  esteemed  for  jaundice" 

\ZZl  "■'T'"'!'?  f""""  T^  ""^'«'  "*°-     J"ly.-Varieties  occur  uilh  ocl  S 
leucous  fla.  and  with  l^rgo  white  fls.     (N.  Car.     Curtis.) 

5.  MECONdPSIS,  Viguier.    Yellow  Porpy.    (Gr.  firjfaov,  a  i>oppy ;    " 
oxpig,  resemblance.)    Sepals  2,  hirsute ;  petals  4  ;  stamens  00  ;  style  con' 
sp.cuous ;  stigmas  4-6,  radiating,  conve.v,  free ;  capsule  ovoid,  l-celled, 
opening  by  four  valves.-  2f  Uerba  with  a  yellow  juice,  pinnately  divided 
lvs.,  and  yellow  fls. 


iU 


Obdeb  12.— FUMARIACE^. 


M.  diphylla  DC.  Lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  eegmenta  5—7,  ovate  oblong,  sinuate 
cauline  2,  opposite,  petiolate ;  ped.  aggregated,  terminal ;  caps.  4-valved,  echi- 
nate-setous.— Woods,  Western  States.  Plant  12—18'  high.  Lvs.  large,  8'  by  6' 
on  petioles  about  tlie  same  length,  terminal  segment  somewhat  confluent.  Ped! 
about  3'  long.  Petals  deep  yellow,  orbicular,  1'  diam.  Sty.  surpassing  the  stam 
May.     (Stylophoruni  Nutt.) 

6.  PAPAVER,  L.  Poppy.  Fig.  229,  230,  231.  (Celtic,  papa,  pap ; 
a  soporific  food  for  children,  composed  of  poppy  seeds,  etc.)  Sepals  2, 
eaducoiis ;  petals  4;  stamens  oo  ;  capsule  1 -celled,  opening  by  pores' 
iinder  the  broad,  persistent  stigma. — Exotic  herbs,  with  white  juice, 
abounding  in  opium.     Fl.  buds  nodding,  erect  in  flower  and  fruit. 

1  P.  somniferum  L.  Opium  Poppy.  Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  lvs.  clasping 
cut-dentate;  caps.  globous.—(X)  with  large,  brilliantly  white  flowers,  double  in  culti- 
vation. St.  Ij— 3f  high.  Lvs.  4— »'  by  2—3',  with  rather  obtuse  denturea 
Extensively  cultivated  in  Europe  and  southern  Asia  for  opium,  a  drug  more 
generally  applicable  and  moro  frequently  prescribed  than  any  other  article  of  the 
materia  modica.    Ju.  Jl.  j  § 

•  ^  ^'  ^'^^*"°*  ^-  ^^-  hispid  with  spreading  hairs;  lvs. pinnately  parted,  segm 
mctsed;  sep.  hairy;  caps,  club-shaped.— 'S)  Sparingly  naturalized  in  cultivated 
grounds,  Pcnn.  and  southward.  St.  about  2f  high,  very  slender.  Els.  light 
red  or  scarlet,  much  smaller  than  in  No.  1,  on  very  long  hairy  pedicels.     Jn.  J1.8 

3  P.  Rhadas  L.  Si.  many-flowered,  hairy;  lvs.  incisely  pinnatifiel:  caps, 
gmous.—'l)  Distinguished  from  the  last  species  chiefly  by  its  more  finely  divided 
leaves  and  its  globular  capsule.  About  2f  high.  Els.  very  largo  and  showy  of  a 
deep  scarlet.  Varieties  are  produced  with  various  shades  of  red  and  parti-colored 
flowers,  moro  or  less  double,  ^n.  Jl.f 

4  P.  orient^le  L.  St.  l-flowered,  rough ;  lvs.  scabrous,  pinnate,  serrate :  caps?, 
smooth.— 4  Native  of  Levant.  St.  3f  high.  Els.  very  large,  and  of  a  rich 
scarlet  cr'or,  too  brilliant  to  bo  looked  upon  in  the  sun.     Jn.f 

7.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Cham.  (Named  for  Eschscholtz,  a  German 
botanist  well  known  for  his  lescarches  in  California.)  Sepals  2,  co- 
hering by  their  edge,  caducous ;  petals  4 ;  stamens  oo,  adhering  to  the 
claws  of  the  petals;  stigmas  4—7,  sessile,  2—3  of  them  abortive;  cap- 
sule pod-shaped,  cylindric,  10-striate,  rnany-seedcd.-KP  Lvs.  pinnatifid, 
glaucous.  The  juice,  which  is  colorless,  exhales  the  odor  of  liydroch- 
loric  acid.  '- 

1  B.  Dougldsii  Hook.  St.  branching,  leafy;  torus  obconic;  cat  ovoid,  with 
a  very  sliort,  abrupt  acumination ;  pet  bright-yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at 
base.— A  very  showy  annual,  common  in  our  gardens,  native  of  California  Ore- 
•gon,  etc.  The  foliage  is  smooth,  abundant  and  rich,  dividing  in  a  twice  or 'thrice 
pmnatifld  manner  into  linear  segments.  Els.  2'  broad.!  (Chryseis  Californica  of 
Lindl.  and  1st  edition.) 

^1  ^^■•1^*]*^^'""*°*  ^^^^^-  ^*-  branching,  leafy;  torus  funnel  form,  with  a 
much  dilated  limb:  cat  obconic;  ivith  a  long  acumination:  fls.  orange-yellow  — 
Irom  California.  Lvs.  and  color  of  floArers  as  in  the  preceding,  c.vcept  the  latter 
are  more  ot  a  reddish,  orange  hue.f    (Cliryscis  crocea  Lindl.  and  of  1st  edition.) 


Okdkr  XII.  FIJMARIACE.'E.  Fumeworts. 
Serbs  smooth  and  delicate,  with  brittle  stems,  and  a  waterv  juice.  Leaves  usually 
alternate,  multitid,  often  furnished  witli  tendrils.  Fh.  irregular,  purple,  white  or 
yellow.  Sepals  2,  very  small.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  parallel,  one  or  both  of  the 
outer  saccate;  2  inner  coiiering  at  apex.  Sta.  6,  diadelphous;  fil,  dilated;  anth. 
adoate,  extroree,  2  outer  1-celled,  middle  2-celled.     Ova.  superior,   l-celled-  -^ 


OEomi  12 — FCMARIACE^ 
fllifo™ ;  .(ijr.  rth  „„  or  more  pomte.    Fr.  either  .n  tadehUcent  nut  l--2«eded 

Corolfa  equally  2-8purrD(l  or  2.glbbous  at  baao.  (a) 
Coro  a  uneqiml,  only  one  of  the  petals  spurre.l    L 
t  ptlnl^  not '"Jitert,  decidu«„8.'   Not  climb  L 

a  Petals  unite.1,  persistent.    Plants  ciimbinK    Dioentha.    1 

D  *r»lt  pod-shaped,  many-seeded..         Adi.umia.     2 

D  *  rult  a  globular,  1-seeded  nut       • Corydalis.  3 

FUMABIA.       4 

1.  DICENTRA,  Borkh.     Ear-drop      'ar   ^).  a    u^ 
spur;  from  the  character.)     Sepal   2   small     n  f^^^^?    ^'^^^^'^^  « 
equally  spurred  or  gibbous  at  bC  an/?    • '  ft'  *'  *'''  ^  ^"^"'' 

se\s  o/ tlLo  each;  pod  24akedrm;n;ltd1r  ' 2?^^^^       ""'^'  "  ' 
scapes.     (Diclytra,  DC)  ^  seeded.—  4  Fls.  m  racemes  on 

K^[Wt^-^^'^K^-aa/=- No,.M 

1  D.  cuoulUria  DC.    Fig  42   4^   qia     nrrJ^ ' N03.  8,  4 

/erotw;  rac.  4-10-flowered  aonnn^'  Dutchman  s  breeches,     i?oo<  6«i6,-. 

Wood;,  Can.  to  K^ Tslor  t  ZT  '^TT^J^''^''^"^'  «=«'^'  ^^raigT- 

multifld,  somewliat  triternato  ImoShlrhl  Z  ''"'^,."°'i«'-  ^^ouad.  Lva  radical, 
rather  shorter  than  tho  scape  ScS  Ilet.r  f^i  n"  t'^^'^'Sf  "^'^  *^«  Petiole; 
ding,  whitish,  at  summit  ySlov..  TediSs  shor?"Iv%^"^^  ^l''  ''''''^^'''  '»<^- 
rairmto  braoteoles  near  the  flower  SnnrLo^^*^^'"^^  ***  *  ^'■^^^'  »°<i  with  2 
May.  "^®'^-     '='P""  »^"*  as  long  aa  the  corolla.    Apr., 

2  D.  Canadensis  DC.    Fig.  44.    Sqcirrpl  Pnnv     v,      ^. 

tubers  globous,  raceme  simple,  secundl^sfli^L^  '^^^^anean,  tuheriferou,, 
tuse,  slightly  incurved.- A  smooth  pr^ttTD^rnn  '  *^"-'  ^^''^^  ''''''*"^"^'  ''^' 
to  Ky.  The  rhizome  bears  a  nuL?r  of  roSSlTh^^  I"  ?f  ^  V««<1«.  Can. 
and  of  a  bright  yellow  color  J^TvLflJ  ^f^  *"'^^''^  '*''*'"'  "'«  ^ize  of  peas, 
pinnatifid.  sfgmLtslTnSSkonroSu  0  Vt^^r  *^^  "*^- ^«^P^ 

a  few  odd-looking  flowera  Co?'  Sj  ?~  >  ^''"•^-  ^^'^^P^  <^-8  '""gl'.  bearing 
Sta.  3  on  each  lip!    M^y.  Ja.  '     °^'^  """^  P^^^P^^'  ^''^g'''^^*   5"  long^ 

^ymo?s;^^.?fo;,,f^£';^^^^^^^^  .acoo^poun^,  the  branches 

fid,  acute  Beg«     ScapT 8  J  ?  ^--^^^^^^t'  ^''^'^  -^i-^y  P'n«at' 

6-10  purplish,  noddlngTwer.      Co^^8   "mT'^'f  (4-8)  cymes,  each  with 

showy  species  in  cSltivaSn  \4ouf  the  sL  o  T,^^^^^^^^  '^M^r  r  "^^  f'^^*"^'  ^"'^ 
and  lobes  rather  obtuse      R^  seo'  „rf  th«  -  o  I  '7*^1'  ^''''*"®  ^'^^  '"«'s^d 

purple,  about  10"  lonrbv  ?^nr  r°  ^A  .^  ''^'!i'^^  ^  *^  4-flowered.  Fls.  bright 
3.    M^y,  J].f  ^'  ''^  ^    *"'  ^    ^''^<''  *'>«  st'goia  angular,  not  cleft  as  in  No. 

M.a„y-scodcd.-®  A  delicate;  climbing  viSo'  "^''  '  ''         ™"'^' 

lobod,  smooth,  their  fSSl£«r.inlr    ?   J' ■  "  "S;™"''  ""''"■^'°  ■ii'^'ions  3. 

15 


IM 


Obdxb  13.— crttciferai 


at  base,  of  4  petals  united  Into  a  spongy  mass,  cylindric,  compressed,  taperiUB 
upward,  2-lipped.    Fine  for  arbors,  Jn.,  Aug.f 

3.  CORYDALIS,  DC.  (Gr.  name  of  the  Fumitory,  from  which  genus 
this  was  taken.)  Sepals  2,  small ;  petals  4,  one  of  which  is  spurred  at 
the  base  ;  stamens  6,  diadelphous ;  filaments  united  into  two  equal  sets 
by  their  broad  bases,  which  sheath  the  ovary ;  pod  2-valved,  compress- 
ed, many-seeded. — Lvs.  cauline.     Pedicels  racemous,  bractless. 

1  C.  glafica  Ph.    Glanoous,  erect;  fls.  red,  yellow  at  the  tip;  pods  erect;  lobes 
of  the  Ifls.  obtuse,   bracts  minute. — @  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  N.  Car.,  1— 3f. 
high.    Lfts.  1'  long,  3-lobed,  Corolla  with  a  short,  blunt  spur.     Racemes  panicled 
Apr. — Jl. 

2  C.  aflrea  "Willd.  Low,  diffuse,  finally  ascending  (8—1 2') ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  acute ; 
rac,  opp.  the  Ivg.  and  terminal;  fls.  secund,  bright  yellow,  spur  deflected;  pods 
pendulous.— (D  Rocky  shades.     Cor.  6".     Apr.— Jl. 

/?.  MACRA>fTHA.    FU.  10";  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  limb.     Dakota. 

y.  flXvula.  Fls,  3 — i'',  pale  yellow;  spur  very  short;  pet.  pointed.     Com. 

3  C.  mont^na  Engl.  ?  Ascending  ;  rac.  terminal ;  If.-lobes  obtuse ;  bracts  lanceo- 
late;  cor.  yellow,  spur  ascending,  nearly  as  long  as  the  limb  ;  lower  pet.  at  length 
pendent;  pods  ereot,  seeds  lenticular.    South- West, 

4.  FUMARIA,  L.  Fumitory.  (Lat.  fumus,  smoke ;  from  its  dis- 
agreeable odor.)  Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  4,  unequal,  one  of  them 
spurred  at  the  base ;  filaments  in  2  sets,  each  with  3  anthers  ;  nut 
ovoid  or  globous,  1-seeded  and  indehiscent. — Lvs.  cauline,  finely  dis- 
sected. 

F.  offlclndliB  Ii.  St.  suberect,  branched  and  spreading;  lvs.  bipinnate;  rac. 
loose ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  globous,  retuse  nut.— 
A  small,  handsome,  smooth  plant,  10—15'  high,  in  saody  fields  and  about  gar- 
dens, introduced  from  Europe.  Lfts.  cut  into  segments,  dilated  upwards.  Fls. 
small,  rose-colored,  nodding,  the  pedicels  becoming  erect  in  finiit,  and  twice  aa  long 
as  tlie  bracts.     Jl.,  Aug.    §  Eur. 


Order  XIII.    CRUCIFER^    Cbuoifkrs. 
1  ^  -  16 


'■i^) 


620.  A  flower  of  Sinnpis  nifrra.  1.  The  stnjnens  (4  lone 
nnd  2  "lunt)  and  j.istil.  2.  I'lan  of  the  flnwer,— stamens 
in  2  rows,  outer  ro\y  half  wanting.  3.  A  stiiquc,— 4.  partly 
open,  sliowinsr  the  septum  with  scedst  altaciied.  6.  Cross 
section  of  a  seed,  cotyledons  condiiplicate  (0»).  6.  Cross 
section  of  a  seed  of  Citpsella,  the  cotv  ledons  i  neiimben  t  (dl  V 
7.  Section  of  a  winped  seed  of  Arabis  Canadensis,  cotyle- 
dofls  accumbent  (0=:). 

Herbs  with  a  pungent,  watery  Juice,  and  alternate,  exstipulat©  leaves,  with 
flowers  cruciform,  tetradynam  us,  generally  in  racemes,  and  bractlesa  Sqtals  4, 
deciduous ;  petals  4,  hypogynous,  with  long  claws  and  spreading  limbs.  Stamens 
6,  ,the  2  outer,  opposite  ones  shorter  than  the  4  interior.    Ovary  2-carpeled,  2-celIed 


Oedkb  13.— CRUCIPER^  227  > 

by  a  false  partition,  with  parietal  placentae.    Fruit  a  silique,  or  silide  usually  2- 

celled.    Stigraaa  2,  sessile.     Seeds  2-row8d  in  each  cell,  but  often  so  intercalated 

aa  to  form  but  one  row.    Umbryo  with  the  2  cotyledons  variously  folded  on  the 
radicle.    Albumen  0. 

must.  2M,  812,  86S,  447,  448. 

Properties.  The  Cruclfers  as  a  class  aro  of  much  importance  to  man.  Thev  furnish  «pvp«i 
limentaiy  articles,  whch  are  very  nutritious,  as  the¥urnip,  CabbaK^  OaulTflower  •  8^v^J« 
others  are  used  as  condiments,  as  Mustard,  Eadisli,  Coclilearia,  etc  XVafl  008^^*1  a  oeeuliai 
icrid.  volatile  principle,  dispersed  througli  every  part,  often  accompS  by  an^there^  oil 

t„?wi,  J}.f  S^n^^.o'tW*  laj-ge  order  were  arranged  into  sub-orders  by  De  Candolle  accordinn 
to  their  various  modes  of  folding  the  cotyledon  upon  the  radicle,  which  modes  are  ^foUowR? 

i;n?.JLft\'^''n'°''*2*'n*''^'■'»?'•''«  *""«•»  '«"«'»  a"-!  applied  toThe  edges  of  the  ^tyleZs: 
,2T.^^}^  ''"'S  ?=•«  *;,^"*y'i''°"»  incumbent,  the  radicle  applied  against  the  back  ofone  of 

.rnEtra2U?.^iart,i!^SK«^^ 

r,^?r„f "'•'"''*'  'f""*  ',''^«.t>-»9'!"-«  'n  the  seed,  however  minute.     In  the  followine  svmTDsU  the 
t'u;t"o're"'n*Itl!?^tr&n%^Jh'e'^  ""''"'"'  ''"•"««"'^"'  °'  '""^  Gener^TlSI  \Z1^\^^ 

TBIBE8. 

§  SILIQUOS^— fruit  a  silique  opening  by  valves.    (Tribes.) 

Tribe  1.  ARABIDE.S,    Seeds  flattened,  often  bordered  ;  cotyledons  0= General    10 

Tribe  2.  8i8ymbsk.«.    Seeds  oblong,  not  bordered  ;  cotyledons  0 1| '    Gon  11-14 

Tr  be  8.  Bbasbicb^    Seeds  globular,  cotyledons  0».    Flowers  yellow.  "  Gen  IS  1ft 

§§  SILlOULOS^,-lVuit  a  si.icle  opening  by  valves  when  more  thanTrd;d.    (Tribes  )     ' 
Tribe  4.  ALT881NH.B.     Dissepiment  broad.    Cotyledops  0=.. .,  Gen  17-21 

Tribes.  Camelinka     Dissepiment  broad.    Cotyledons  0 1| .'.'.*.'.'.'."* Gen  22  28 

Tribe  6.  Thlaspea    Dissepiment  narrow.    Cotyledons  0= Gen   24 

Tribe  7.  Lepidinkjb.     Dissepiment  narrow.    Cotyledons  0 1| . . . '. Qeii  25^27 

.  Jx^'' ®-  ^**"°''*-    Dissepiment  0.      Sillcle  l-seeded,  Indehlscent '.' Gen2fi 

$§$  LOMENTACE^,-fruit  a  jointed  Silique,  partitioned- across.    (Tribes.) 

Tribe  9.  Cakalijjea    Cotyledons  0=,  seeds  compressed Gen  29 

Tribe  10.  Eaphamsa    Cotyledons  0»,  seeds  globous. '.V.V.V.'.V.V.'.V.'.'.'Gen."  80 

AKHPICIAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENEBA, 

§  Fruit  a  silique.    Seeds  in  a  double  row o  -„ 

Seeds  In  »  single  row.    Flowers  cyanic  (a). *"*™  ' 

Flowers  xanthic  (b) 
a  Flowers  purple,  single.    Stigma  capitate.    Plant  native...  Tpnom  » 

a  Flowers  purple  (or  white  and  double).    Stigmas  horned.    Cultivated Gen  4  U 

a  Flowers  white  or  roseate.    Siliques  flattened,-ral8ed  on  a  filiform  stipo.V."  V. . . Gon!  13 

.    a     .     ,.    ,         ,,^      ,,  —sessile,  having  no  stipe Gen.  5.  6  7 

b  Seeds  globular,  with  cotyledons  conduplicate  (0>^) q^  '  ,5  ,1 

b  Seeds  oblong  or  lens-shaped.     Siliques  terete  or  flattened,  ^einl'eM! .".'.".'.' .'.'".'.  .Gen.  8,  9 

Rc  r.    u      M.  ,       „,  S'"q''<'»8'l»ft''lsh,  valves  l—S-velned...... Gen.  10. 11.12 

S8  Fruit  a  sllicle.    Sillcle  turgid  or  flattened,  with  a  broad  partition  (c). 

Sllicle  flattened  cnnirary  to  the  narrow  partition  (d). 

Sillcle  with  no  partition,  l-seeded.     Flowers  yellow. ...  Gen  28 

C  Ornamental  exotics,  variously  colored.    Gardens Gen  17  18 

C  Native  planta  with-llowers  cyanic,  white .Gon.  19,  2o]  23 

—flowers  yellow.    Sillcles T  oblong ..''''. ,,,,,, .'oen.  1 

,a    J  ,.         ^      ..  Sillcles  ovoid  or  globular Gen.  21,  22 

a  Seeds  several  In  each  cell.    Sillcle  triangular Gen  26 

d  Seeds  only  2,— one  In  each  cell.    The  two  outer  petals  larger. ..  ..^........,..  .Qen.  24 

The  petals  all  equal Qen  26  27 

S§5  Fruit  a.loment.  Jointed  and  partitioned  across Gen.  2»'80 


218  Order  13.— CRUCIFKRiB.  • 

1.  NASTURTIUM,  R.  Br.  Water  Cress.  (Lat.  nasus  tortus  ;  from 
the  effect  of  these  acrimonious  plants  upon  the  nose.)  Sepals  equal  at 
base,  spreading;  siliques  subterete,  generally  curved  upwards,  some- 
times shortened  so  as  to  resemble  a  silicic;  valves  veinless;  seeds 
small,  lens-shaped,  Qo,  in  a  double  row  (0=).-- -Aquatic  plants  with 
pinnate  or  pinnatifid  Ivs. 

•  Petals  white.    Slllques  rather  long  (10—12") fr„  ■, 

♦  I'otals  yellow.    Siliques  shortened  (4— 8"),  but  longer  than  VliV  iiediijels  ('aV. 

*  Petals  yellow.    Siliques  or  Billcles  (1—6")  shorter  tlion  the  pedicels  (b). 

a  Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatlHd.    Diffusely  branched jjo*  9fl 

a  Leaves  lyrate,  or  merely  toothed.    Steins  erect n  «  d  \ 

b  Petals  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  obscure N  «  fi  t 

b  Petals  longer  than  th«  calyx,  bright  yellow .".'."..'.'.'!!.".'!  .'.'.'iSos.'  8  9 

1  N,  Officinale  R.  Br.  Enolisu  Watku  Cress.  Lvs.  pinnate,  Ifta.  ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  repand;  petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx.— 2f  Brooks  and  sprinev 
places,  rare.  (Yellow  Springs,  0.)  Sta  decumbent,  thick,  branching,  6— 12' long 
Lfts.  3—7  broad,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  obscurely  toothed,  terminal  one 
largest.  Ha  corymbod.  Siliques  hardly  1'  long.  Occasionally  cultivated  for 
salad.     May,  Jn.  §  J. 

2  N.  tanacetifdlium  ITook.  Tanset-leaved.  Upper  lea/segm.  confluent,  lower 
distinct,  oblong  or  roundish,  sinuate-toothed  teeth  obtuse;  pods  linear-oblom—^Z) 
lamp  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla,  W.  and  N.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Sts.  smooth,  difliisely 
bratichod  liom  tho  base,  4—12'  high.  Root  lvs.  2—4'  long,  narrow,  regularly 
r innate  with  19—15  segm.  in  the  larger  plants,  tlie  3  upper  segm.  often  conflu- 
fnt.  lis.  minute.  Pods  4— 8  "  long,  slightly  curved,  on  ped.  i  as  long,  and 
tipped  with  a  distinct  but  short  style.     Mar.,  May.  ^        .j  ei 

(3.  0BTUsu^^.     Lfts.  mostly  distinct,  oval,  obtuse ;  pods  shorter  (3  to  5")  twice 
longer  than  pedicel.     (S.  obtusum,  Nutt.) 

3  N.  Walter!.  Segm.  of  the  lvs.  all  distinct,  narrow,  with  a  few  linear,  acute  lobes 
QTtseth;  poclslinear,—  2l  ?  Ga.  (Feay  and  Pond.)  and  Car.  Kt.  thick,  blackish 
with  many  strong  fibres.  Lvs.  numerous,  mostly  radical  or  subcauline  1— 2' 
long,  linely  dissected,  tho  terminal  segm.  3-lobed.  Sts.  branched  from  the  base 
(only  ?),  3—5'  high,  puberulent.  Fls.  minute.  Pods  slender,  about  5"  long 
ped.  halt  as  long ;  stylo  distinct.     Mar.,  Apr.     (Sisymbrium  Walteri  Ell.) 

4  N.  limdsum  Nutt.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  toothed,  lower  ones  pinnatified  at  base 
(lyrate),  upper  entire  at  base;  pods  elliptic-oblong  (:5— 4").— ^)  Edges  of  the 
Miss.,  Lii.  (Hale.)  (Jlabroiis.  Sts.  erect,  simple,  branched  only  at  top,  10—15' 
high.  Lvs.  all  omilino  and  potiolato,  the  lower  irregularly  divided  at  base,  where 
they  touch  the  water.  Rac.  .several.  Fla.  minute.  Pods  on  very  short  pedicels 
with  stylos  much  shorter.     Apr.,  May.     Hardly  distinct  from  the  next. 

5  N.  sessilifldrum  Nutt.  Lvs.  crtneafe-obovate,  repandly  toothed  or  sub-entire- 
P()ds  hnear-oblmg  (5— G"),  subsessile.— '5!)  Banks  of  the  Miss.  Glabrous.  Sts' 
erect,  nearly  simple.  Lvs.  attenuated  at  base,  those  of  the  stem  nearly 
entire.  Fls.  minute.  Rac.  elongated  in  fruit,  both  pods  and  stigmas  almost 
sessile.     Apr. — Jn. 

6  N.  palvistre  DC.  Marsh  Crkss.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  pinnately  lobed,  amplexical, 
lobes  coiijluent,  dentato;  rt.  fusiform;  pet.  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  silicle  spreading, 
turgid,  twice  longer  than  wide.— 11  In  wet  places.  St.  1— 2f  high,  erect,  branched 
above.  Lvs.  2 — 3'  long,  all  more  or  loss  pinnatified,  with  the  terminal  lobe 
large,  ovate.  Fls.  numerous,  small.  Siliclo  3"  long,  pedicels  twice  as  long,  oil  -n 
detlexed.     Jn.— Aug. 

7  N.  hfspidum  DC.  Villous;  lvs.  runcinate-pinnatified,  lobes  obtusely  dentate; 
silicle-s  tumid,  ovoid  or  globular,  the  pedicels  longer,  ascending;  pet.  scarcely  as 
long  as  the  calyx.— (^)  Banks  of  streams  N.  H.  to  Penn.  Stem  angular,  branched, 
1-— 3f  higli,  with  many  paniculate  raeemea  .ahnvn,  Lv?,  3—6'  long.  Fls. 
minute.  Silicles  1"  long,  on  pedicels  2—3"  long  and  somewhat  spreading.  Jn, 
— Aug. 

8  N.  sylv^stre  R.  Br.  Wood  Cress.  Lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segm.  serrate  or  in- 
cised; pods  linear  .style  very  short.— If  Wet  meadows,  near  Piiiladelpiiia  (Nutt)' 


Obdbu    13.— CRUCIFER^ 


220 


n^*r  Boston  (Spragiie).  Sta  ascending  from  a  prostrate  baao.  Fls.  rather  JarRo 
Cr^^Ld^t  ^  i3l."TEu^  '^'^  ""''''  ^'  ^°'^'  ^'-  P°^'-'^  -^- 
®.w'  «*«"^*"«J  Nutt  Lvs  pinnatified,  segm.  lance^blong,  nearly  entire :  poda 
obU>'9,acnte,  with  a  sUndersiyk.-B^nkBofthemss.  opposite  St.  Louin,  southward* 
W.  to  Oregon.  Glabrous  and  diffusely  branched.  Lvs.  regularly  pinnatified  the 
erminal  segm.  otten  confluent.  Fli.  ratiier  large  and  show./  Podsabout  +' 
long,  slightly  curved,  the  pedicels  sUU  longer,  spreading  or  recurved.     Jn"         * 

2.  TURRITIS,  Dillon.  Tower  Mustaud.  (Ut  tar ritis,  tnrvetcd  \ 
from  the  pyramidal  form  of  the  plant.)  Sepals  erect,  converjrincr' 
sihque  long,  linear,  2-edged  ;  valves  plain,  l-vcined  ;  seeds  in  a  dmiblc 
row  (margined  in  one  species)  (0=).— Fls.  white  or  rose-colored.  Stem 
lvs.  mostly     sagittate-clasping. 

1  T.  glabra  L.  Fls  (cream-white)  erect ;  siliques  long  (.3'),  strictly  erect  ■  sterwlvs. 
ovate  lanceolate.-^^ln  rocky  fields  about  New  Haven  (Eat^n)  andVan  'g  abToS" 
St.  round  snnple,  Ht  lugh.  Radical-lvs.  petiolat^  dentate ;  caulino  arrow-sh  S 
7^y''^rtTli.t  '|\ir°"^^>—  -^  -tiro.   '  Siii.ues  straight 

2  T.  Btrfcta  Graham.  FU.  {rose-white)  erect ;  silique  long  (3),  ^recL  finallv  ascend- 
*ng,  stem^vs  linear-lanceoMe.-'^,  On  rocks,  N.  Y.  (rare),  W  to  Or,     PllrSab- 

.Suo     rm"f''''  "■'"''  f"P'^  l-'*:'"^'*-    R«ot-lvs.  spatulate,  remotely  den- 

3  T.  brachycdrpa  Torr  &  Gr.      Fls  {paU-purple)  nodding;  siliques  shorier  (V) 
=l7s;Lg!^   Fls  Slt^laS  ''''  ''"""'  ^^"^-'-l^^^eolate.  sagittate  and 

3.  IODXNTHUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  False  Rocket.  (Gr.  .^d.^- violet- 
colored,  avdo^^  flower,)  Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the 
petals;  siliqne  linear,  terete,  veinlcss;  seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row 
in  each  cell  (0=:).-Glabrous,  with  violet-purple  flowers  in  panicled 
racemes.  ^ 

^■2'''!?hl!h^%'^rtf-^''r^,^'?"-  *^  ^"^  ^-  ^'^  ^'^-  ^*-  ^i-^^d^^  f«"-«^'ed 

£—M  high.  Lvs.  thin,  sliarply  dentnte,  3—5'  long,  i  as  wide,  the  lower  often 
lyrate-pmnat  fid,  those  of  the  stem  hulceolate,  acuminate,  Lroeirpetiolate 
£rninn™,'r^  Z^-  f  ^'"'"'^•,  ^.1"^'  long-clawed,  with  an  obwate  borde?.  Pods 
torulous,  15— 20    long ;  sds.  oblong,  plano-couvox.     May,  Jn. 

4.  MATTHlOLA,  R   Br.    Stock.     (In  honor  of  P.  A.  MatthiolL 
physician  to  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  botanic  author.)     Calyx  closed 
2  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  base  ;  petals  dilated  ;  siliques  terete  ;  sticrmas 
connivfint,  thickened  or  cormitc  at  the  back.— Herbaceous  or  shrubby 
oriental  plants,  clothed  with  a  lioary,  stellate  pubescence. 

*  Pcivrinial  or  biennial.    Stems  hcrbacoons TJ„,  i   o 

*  IVivnaial.     Stems  shrubby  at  base ..!!"'.!!!!!!..'.'.'.' .■."."Nos"  8  li 

1  M.  ^nnuuB  R.  Br.  Ten  weeks'  stock.  St.  erect,  branched:  lvs.  hoary- 
co.n&scent  lanceolate,  obtuse,  subdentate;  silique  suhcylindricaL-^  A  fine 
garden  lower  from  S.  Europe.  St.  2f  high,  and,  with  the  leaves,  covered  with 
a  solt,  stellate  pubescence.    Fl.s.  variegated.     Jn.f 

nil  ^"  ®^^°"8  ^-  ^^'  GiiKCUN  Stock.  St.  erect,  branched^  lvs,  lanceolate, 
glahrom;  siliques  somewhat  compressed.-®  From  Greece.  Plant  about  If 
high,  distinguished  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  by  its  smooth  foliage.  Fls. 
white,  appearing  all  summer.f  °  ^  6  ». 

«io?.^"  l"^^?"'*  ^-  ^'•-  PURPLE  July  Flower.  St  erect,  branched;  lvs.  lance- 
wate.  entire,  hoary-canescent ;  siliqnes  subcylindrical,  truncate  and  compreawd 


,^3<^  Onnm  13.— CRUCFFERwB. 

,  7i  RF'^^^'l^^'.  ^^  Pepi^R^root.  (Lat  (/c;m,  a  tooth  :  from  tlin 
.>otl..I,ke  projections  of  tho  rhizome.)  ScpaU  c'onverjrini  ;  .Hin  o 
a nce-hnear,  w.th  flat,  ve  nlos«  valves,  oftu,.  opening  elasticallyf  piS  « 
no^wingjM^  ;  8d«.  m  a  ju.jjle  row,  ovate,  not  bordered  ;  funiedL  bS 
nr  -i^'"  Tf  ^;  f ''i  P«'"!,»tcly  divided,  those  of  the  stem  but  2 
raceme."'  "'^"'^'      ^^''  ^^'''^  ''  P^T^"^'''   ^^   «  ^«""i"ai 

1  D.dlph^Ua  I*  SI  2-kaved;  l/ts.  miboi'ate ;  rhizome  continui^^' ]oothed~ln 
wcxMi3  aiid  wot  meadows,  CaiL  to  Car.,  W.  to  tiio  Miss.  sT^W  If  hhJ,^ 
round,  smooth,  w  tl.  2,  nearly  opposite,  tomato  loaves  aCo  tiu,mS       Lft  ' 

Sc?li  tiw'1'  ""'"^""r  '  ''"^J^'  ^''''«'  ^'"^  P-'t'-^'^  ">"«'»  J-'^'-Kor  ZrS  o  iilyx 

lt^.:SoT^:.aZ'::l'iL;:  ^^^^^'^  ^^  ^"^  ^•^-'  ^--^  -^^'^  *-""  -^^ 

?  ri  !^\^\"^'  '"''.""'*  «»•««''>•<'';  rA.a  .«owii/om.— In  woods,  Can  and  U 
S  lie  roots  ockc(,n«sLs  of  several  connected  tubers  of  a  pungeS  ta^  a  Stem 
f  h.gh.  sinooth,  snnplo.  Lvs.  usually  \n  a  whorl  about  half  way  urtho  86^7 
u  thvoorirropular,  nmcroaato  teeth,  rarely  subontire,  lateral  d^essoltE 
wanting-.     Fls.  racemed,  purplish.    Apr.,  May  feonenuiy 

^  w/'a?""^*^^',-^'"''';  ,    ^""'•"''  ^'''-  "»*""^y  ^'  «"^  verticilMe,  rarely  2  mttft/zfci 

^nall^rS:;  i„  ^l^'S  spSr'  "  "  '"  "  ^'^"""^'^  ""'^"'^'^  ^^-  -'"*«' 
4  D.  mdadma  Nutt.  5i!c;u  about  2-leaved  (2  to  7) :  Ifts.  3  ovate  tootherT  or  P7pf>  • 
riu^  n,on.l  form,  Iho  tubers  tcK,tlied.-N.  Y.  and  Pena  ram  TnSrs  of  ^ 
rootstock  thick  as  the  linger,  an  inch  or  more  in  lengtlu'  Tl-^^^gb  La  ! 
uig  a  lengthened  raceme,  ^^  ith  pale  purple  Jbwen,  which  are  larger  than  hi  No  T 

^ut-tShed  o^sr  ST' """''  '"'^'^'"  '"•  ""^  ""'^^^^  ^"^  "^^'^'^ 

*  SiJ^^r^ot^lvf  o??""-  ,'^S«^»^2-/.W(2or  3),  Ieaflet.3,  fa«ceo&i/e ««rf „ear/y 
Sroeiv^ttJd     pin    vr  v""^''  toothed  a,id  cut-lobed  lft*  ;  rhiz.  moniliforn? 
TuSnf  th™f  f      'n   ^-^xHi     "^  ""'''"  ""^  ^'''"'^^*«  species,  sonio  6'  high 
lubers  of  the  root  few  (1-3),  oblong.     Radical  If.  always  pr^nt  long-netioled 

Ju^io.  r  "• ""'"  <''  ^""«^'  "'^'^  p*^'""^*"^'  ^^^  fo^cKr^T 

M?;iA",°^^^'*^'.^  ^^f'C^Ess.  (Gr.  /i-apJm,  heart,  (fa/z«a;, 
to  stren^rthen ;  from  its  stomachic  properties.)  Calyx  a  little  sprea  iin.r 
sihque  Imear  with  flat,  veinless  valves,  narrower  tlun  the  disLpi.nen't, 
and  often  opemng  elastically  from  the  base  ;  sti-ma  entire  ;  seed,  not 
margmed,  with  a  slender  funiculus  (0=).     Fls.  white  or  pumle. 

•  Leavers  pinnate,  with  many  toaflets v      i  o 

a  Stye  slender.    In  low.  wot  ,rroiinrt» :......  k^  ^  * 

aStylonone,    In  hieli  mountains S*^' ^  i 

N09.  f,  0 

Si,-^^^  ^^A^■   ^'"'^"^  '°  *^"''0Pe)  glabrous,  erect;  lvs.  pinnately  5-11- 
foliate,  terminal  lft.  largest;  fls.  (white)  small,  silique  erecti  lincafor  filSL ;  ,tig. 


Obdk  13,— CRUOlrER*  -„ 

minute,  ««M<fe.-®  Common  in  ttreama  and  sprinny  d1«cm  thm,,.!,™,.  ik.  „    , 
AspMt.  various ;  »t.  varying  from  Uliform  to  Ihi*  and  iShv     r  nTJ       "'°°"^' 
regular  or  not,  lobod,  tojthid,  angW  or  entire  *ww.ohlL  ^'  '",  °'  """''• 
o,.,,M-.ol.«i.     Pod.  alwaW  to/Lou,  ^'^''^t^^^^T^T^^.^T ^Z 

^:rriGrw'^on'Srd''sf,tti„r  ^  -  ^■'""■«- ;  p<«»  -iform, 

White  or  «Ur.  !^:^vt!T^^iz:  X"'i^'"°-  '''' 

oblong  or  rh„mbo!dal,  ang,il,,r.,ubdoatat,,  tbj  upper  bmoiola  e    sU,ile      Rn 
cemea^a  or  .„„,  with  whi.„  aUowy,  .lowir.     S.?re,  I'Tong  "Sigl^tpi..." 

''•lauTr*o.''"5»y.^'°°'''''''  °'°°''  '"'■'°'""'  •"•'  P^Pl-flowered.-Cle.e. 
*  °iiErSi%'^V...irj;''^J,t;"'"''?,fif^^  """'f'T''  ""■  "' 

Jj^'^^^h  >  ^''''^  ^v^'^o'-  (^^"'^  ^•■^"^  ^^«*^.  t^  native  coun- 
try of  some  of  the  species.)  Sopab  mostly  erect;  si  1  que  linear  «)m- 
pressed;  valves  each  w  th  one  or  three  longitudiial  veins,  seeds  i^  a 

:Si;:erFi::;ht""'   """^  ^"^^^'"^''  ^^^^^'^^^^  ac'cumbento? 

*  Leaves  (all  or  at  least  the  radical)  plnnatmi v«.  ,  - 

L.NUOs  all  undivided,  tootliod  or  or  tire,  often  clwir  J  VaV *•  *'  *• 

a  Si  iqnes  short  (ft-12")  and  straight.'  Sec-ds  nTwfnged  xr      o  . 

a  ^1  q..c8  ..ni?or  (1-n  straieht  or  curve  1     See.ls  not  winded ^"''-  ^  i" 

a  S.liuues  long  (3'),  curve.l,  pendant.    Seeds  winged."?!.    I  *    .'".•.•.•".•.•.•.•.•.•i.-S:  7,'  s! 

^  bn„H,od°aT*?itr  x'^^'-  :f^'  '''"  '*"•  P«""«<i^  <«•  P'n««^.  «noo/AwAi  st 
ardKr V^rttw'm''^"''x  ??^  P"'^''^"'"  ascending;  scfo.  borde^-ed.-^  N.  Car. 
a  tfi^r/ncnf?  *^(Macon)  Ga.  Sts.  6-10'  high,  slender.  Leaves  1-2'  long 
H,S  'T^f"":  °f  ,^t9  P.«"^  of  oblong,  few-toothed  leaflets,  rachis  sli^h?^ 
.^mg.d.     rods  ,_iO    Dy  1  -,  valves  veiny.    Fls.  minute,  white.     Mar.,  Apr     ^ 

nft;.n^i  ;  u^^^T  'f  •  smooth,  linear,  entire;  radical  Ivs.  lyrately  pinnatifid 

te^^  OnJ'^'^^r*^'^"'  Pfll^^'^  ^P'^«'^'°'?'  8iliques%recl,^,.ed,^i 
E  p  M  "^''^  ^'"^  ^*"-  *'»^  W''^  t«  ^a-  Sts.  declined  at  b^,  6-12' 
Snuato-ln  llr'  ''"""'™"^  '•"l"  »t«.  1-3'  long,  i  as  wide,  petiolate,  pinnktifid  or 
sinuato-dentate,  upper  ones  subiinear  and  subentira     Fla.  middle  size  (3"  long) 


V.i-2 


Ohdeb  13.— CRUCFFKRifl 


Sdiqaea  wW.  raftturo  1 J-2'  long,  1"  wide,  tippod  with  a  short  Btda.     CTof.yledons 

obiiquo.y  0-.  oruoarly  0|.     Apr.,  May.  "  ^'"^""s 

li.  X  variety  (A.  PErn.KA  Lam.?)  has  very  Blender,  npright  stom.^  smooth,  u 

low  a.iialJ,  lucLsed  loot-lvs.,  few  line,ir  Btem-lv».  and  cotyledons  whoUv  0=  — 

bhores  of  tho  great  lakes  (Ohio),  Can. 
3  A.  Thalldna  L.  Mousk-eab  Cress.  Sta.  branched  at  base,  erect;  Ivs.  niloiw 
obl()n:<,  nearl;/  entire ;  petals  twice  longer  than  calyx:  puds  erect,  squarish  -^)  Roc>ks 
and  sandy  hoid-s,  Vt.  to  Jil.  and  Car.  Whole  plan't  pubescent  with  stelialo-haiiu 
«t.  soyoral  Irom  ihe  eamo  root,  erect,  simple,  slender,  4—12'  hiirh.  Root-lvs 
oh«S  P^'  °'  ,^-2^.1o«f?,  cauline  approssed,  an  inch  long,  bji.se  Bomewhat 
§S."'(4mbrm:  G^T     ^«^««-«'^l-^-    Cotyledons  obliquely  OJ.     May. 

*  niti;,f®"*,^**,'-'^T.,*i^''-  ^*'-  ^ran^'hert  at  base,  diffuse;  Ivs.  roughish^owny, 
oblong  sUarply  toothed;  petals  hardly  longer  than  calyx;  pods  spreading.-^ 
River  banks,  NY  to  Mo  Plant  scabrous  with  stellate  hairs.  Sts.  decumb^ 
hoS^  Ji'^  Root-lvs.  2  long  by  J;  caulino  half-clasping  with  an  auriculate 
sleSer  rX''n    "  Ur   ""^  "*^*8"'"'"^y  *oo"'e<i-     Fla- small,  whitish.     Tods  very 

*  ^^  Patens  Sullivant.  Erect,  pubescent;  caulino  Iva  coarsely  toothed ;  siUques 
••Vrmd^ng  and  curved  upwanls  beaked  with  a  distinct  «<2//e.-Hocky  banks  of  tl... 
UtT  2'  (f'''''^^,'^*)'  '^"'i  southward.     Sts.  l-'Jf  high.     Root-lvs.  rosulate,  petio- 

ate ,  stoin-  v.s.  oblong-ovato  or  linbar,  auriculate-clasping.    Fia.  rather  lartfo  ^5— G  ' 
broad),  white.     Pods  nearly  2'  long.     May.  b    v      " 

^  tti„^*"'i*'*  ''^''''?-  ^^?''^'  ^T"^'^  '■''^'^^l  ^^3-  oblong-ovate,  tapering  to  a  pe- 
tole,  ciiuhno  oval  or   lanceolate,  sagittate-clasping,  entire  or  toothed:   siliques 

OrPo-on'  '«!  'o^  ^-   "^""T^^^  *\""^  i«  1"^-  i-^^cky  grounds,  Can.  to  Va.,  w!  to 

St    ;  r  "'T /'■''?'  *^^  """"^  •■««*'  '■«"'^'l'  '""■•y«t  base,  near  a  foot 

high,  slender  and  parallel.     Lvs.  scarcely  dentate,  sessile,  with  heart-shaped  or 

arrow-sh..pedbasoH,tlio  upper  acute.   Fla.  greenish-whito.   Siliquos  1—2' long.  Jn. 

^iw^;^*^^5*f  P^.  '^^'F'  g''»"'^«"».  »"»oo/A;  s<em-?i;5.  lincar-lanceolate,  and 
imeav  aagMate-cIasprng,  tho  upper  entire;  «*i/.2ue5  very  long,  linear,  at  length 
spivalmg  and  pe.Klulou...-7;  Jn  rocky  Woods  and  low  grounds,  Can.  to  iS 
and  westward.  St.  2f  high,  round,  simple,  or  branched  above.  Root-lvs  often' 
IZSt:  °^^7?^""^»  *^blong,  petiolate,  ^IJ'  long,  J  as  wide,  with  acuto'teeth. 
atem-lvs.  3—5  long  and  very  narrow.  Fls.  erect,  greenish,  tho  petals  hardly 
longer  than  tho  calyx     Siliques  3'  long,  scarcely  1"  Vide.     M^y.  ^ 

th^^^.f^f'^^^"  h  ^'^■'^'f.IlO"-  'r^^  pubescent;  stem  lvs,  lancoolato,  painted 
t^p  vv'  T'i^V  *'l'^"f  sWalcate,  veined,  pendulous.-'^  On  rocky  hiils  Can. 
w«  ai  i;i  .  1  !^'  ^  P^'I"*  remarkable  for  its  long,  drooping  pods  which  resem- 
ble a  8.ckle-blade,  or  rather  a  scythe.  St.  2-;}f  high,  slender,  round,  smooth. 
.1%  ,      ?•  ^  ^\T^^^  *''®  ^°^^s*  early  maresceut,  middle  and  upper  ones 

sessile  or  claspmg,  with  narrow  bases,  remotely  denticulate.  Fls.  small,  the  nar- 
row, white  petals  twice  longer  than  tiie  calyx.     Pods  slender,  llattonod,  3'  long. 

8.  CHEIRANTHUS,  L.     Wall  Flower.     (Arabic  khcvru,  iho  name 
of  a  certain  plant,  and  Gr.  dvOog,  flower.)     Calvx  closed,  2  of  the  sepnls 
gibbous  at  base  ;  petals  dilated  ;  siliquc  terete  or  compressed  ;  sti.rma 
2-Jobed  or  capitate  ;  seeds  flat,  in  a  single  series,  often  maririncd.  (0"==) 
(iarden  perennials,  mostly  European.     Lvs.  undivided. 

i-^'  i^^j®^*^  ^'  ^*'  ^'omewhat  shrubby  and  decumbent  at  base;  lvs.  onlire  or 
slightly  dentate,  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  ;  branches  angular ;  petals  obovato  • 
sdiques  erect,  acuminate.-'^  From  S.  Europe.  A  popular  garden  flower,  ad' 
mirea  lor  its  agreeable  fraerrance.  and  handsome  eorymboua  pluatora  nf  nran'^e 
or  yellow  flowers.     Plant  about  2f  high.     Jn.f  ° 

9.  LEAVENWbRTHIA,    Torr.      (Named  for  Dr.  Leavenworth,  the 
djscoverer.)     Calyx  rather  erect ;   petals  cuneate,  retusc  or  truncate ; 


8 


Obdeb  13.— CRUCIFEll.«L 


238 


fiilique  flat,  Imcar  or  oblong,  valves  indistinctly  reinod  ;  seel.,  in  a  sinrrlo 
row,  flattened  wing-rnargined  ;  embryo  nearly  straight,  curving  towanis 
an  accnnbent  form.-®  Low.  smooth  herbs  with  fyrate-pinnatifid  Ivs. 
Ms.  yellowish.  '  ' 

^■i>?*^°J*^.*l*  T"";  ^^'"^  ^-  '^"™*  Torr.).     Oa  wet  rocks  S.  E  Kv  to  Texa^. 
Plan   2-(i    ugh      Lvs    mostly  radical,  an  inch  op  two  in  fen^  1,  ^;i?„   il? 
angular      F k  at  first  solitary',  on  sieuder  seapos,  (inaily  nvceraed      S  twic^: 
longer  Ihaa  the  s.p.Us,  yellow,  at  least  its  broad  claws.     PodsTeet,  3-5-soedS^ 
Mar.,  Apr.     (Oardauune  uailiora.     Mx.)  h  ■»     "  stouLd. 

10.  BARBXREA,  II  Br.  Winter  Cress.  (In  honor  of  St.  Bar. 
hara  uho  discovered  [what  arc  since  unknown]  its  medicinal  proper- 
tics)  Sepals  erect;  sihques  columnar,  2  or  4-angled,  valves  carinat:> 
with  a  ,ni<l-vein ;  .seeds  in  a  single  row  {0=).-Lvs.  lyrate-pinnatifid. 

1  B.  vulgaris  R.  Br  Upper  Ivs.  toothed  or  pinnatifid  at  base;  silioues  obsctirvh 
4.a«^ted  pointed  w.th  the  style.- '^  Fields  and  brooksides,  commorN  Sates 
Whoto  plant  glabrous.  St.  furrowed,  l-2f  high,  branching  abZ  Wer  vs' 
lyrate  p.nnat.fld,  w.th  small,  oblong  pinnaj,  and  a  large,  broad-ovate  torSlobo" 
dark  green,  shinmg  vvith  clasping  petioles ;'  upper  Ivsl's^ssile,  arver^Suse  -Fi; 
m  dense  racemes.   Podsabout  9"  lon„^  usuaUy  curved,  ascending  orJrect    May  Jn." 

r  ;  ^^M  l^"'  ,  .  ^'*-  ..^^''''^  '^^^  ^'^^ss-  Scurvy  Grass.  Upper  Ivs  Dinnati- 
lid  w.th  the  lobes  al  linear-oblong;  silui^,  2.tdged.~%  CuSed  souTward 
Lr  .salad  and  sparingly  naturalized.  St.  slender/lf  high.  LoJe  Tva  ^v  tb« 
terminal  lobo  ovate.     Siliques  2  or  ;}'  long.     Apr.,  Jn. 

If.  ERfSIMUM  L  False  Wall  Flower.  (Gr.  f:pvoy,  to  cure;  from 
Us  salutary  medicinal  properties.)  Calyx  closed;  siliques  columnar, 
.<-sided,  valves  with  a  strong  mid-vein  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  seeds  in  a  sin! 
gle  SLTies  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  Oj|.— Fls.  yellow. 

1  E    cheiranthoidea  L.     Pubescence  minute,  appressed,  branched-  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late, dentjculute,  or  entire;  Ha.  small;  siliques  .&  (8-10"),  onsend^  iTread 
ZVr     '^'  f  ^-  «""^'''  ""'^'^y  ««^il«-a)  By  streams  and  in  we   g^df  U  S 
and  Can.    notconmion.    St.  erect,   l-2f  high,   often  branched,  a.idwth   the 
kaves,  scabrous.     Lvs.  acute  at  each  end,  1-2'  long,  i  as  wide     F  s  sn^alL  vel 

Saig"^°jr""°"  ^'"'^"^''^  '■  *^  "^'^^ ''  '■"  ''•^^^'' "--.  -d  «--£ 

oesconce,  st^inplo;  lvs.  Imear-lanceolate,  remotely  dentate,  sessile  lower  onca 
m'7St":nlt^  mfloresec^e  racemous,   corymb^d  at  summit    ;.5;  Z^ 
(«),  erect,  on  short,  erect  pedicels ;  stig.  capitate.-^  A  fine  plant  with  lar^e 
.showy  flowers,  resembling  the  wall-flower,  oa  blul^along  riv^erro J^o  to  A^k 
St.    --.if  l„gh,  s  ender.    Lvs.  2-3'  by  3-6".    Sep.  straw-colored     Petals  laree 
Lri-lit-orange  yellow.     Siliques  3'  long.     Jn.,  Jl.  ^  ' 

12.  SISYMBRIUM,  Allioni.  (.\n  ancient  Greek  name.)  Calyx  half- 
spreading,  equal  at  base;  petals  unguiculate,  entire :  siliquc  subterete, 
waives  concave  marked  lengthwise  with  1-3  veins;  style  very  sh-rt- 
seeds  in  a  single  scries,  ovoid,  0||._Fls.  (yellow)  small.  ^ 

■^  5;,?®°*?^,^?  ^°°P-     IlEDOE  Mustard.     Zw.  rananafe;  rac.  slender  virsato- 
cliques  subulate,  erect,  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis.-^h  A  o^l^'' Z^fll\ 

bmtC'^&e;ts'1:Lrbv'^"i' "!';•  '•     ''  l-f'higl.7  withVreading 
f«  th^  ^-1     .^^'^  '^f-  -^     *>   "7  1— •» ,  the  lower  segments  placed  at  riirht  antrl^ 

S  3  ?Zl??'  ""■  P'*'"''"^  backwards,  thet.rminalsegmenf  largest     Upper  Iv? 
ui  3  lanceolate  segments  at  right  angles.     FU  small,  yellow,  terminatinftho  S 


d34 


OnnsR  13— CaUCIFER^ 


cerae,  which  beciomes  1 — 2f  long,  aal  environed  by  the  appressed  sessilo  poda. 
Jn.,  Sept.    Medicinal.   §  Eur. 

2  S.  Sdphla  L.  Flixweed.  Lds.  bipinnaiifid,  lobes  linear-oblong,  acute,  incised; 
sepals  longer  than  the  petals ;  silique  linear,  slender,  erect,  longer  than  the  spread- 
ing pedicel.— Plattsburg,  N.  Y.  (Mrs.  Gonant),  and  Can.  along  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Stems  erect,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  finely  dissected,  almost  tripln- 
uatifid.  Fls.  very  small,  pale  yellow.  Siliques  1'  long,  very  narrow,  in  long 
racemes.    July. 

3  S.  can^Bcena  N"utt.  Tanset  Mustard.  Lvs.  bipinnately  divided,  canescent. 
lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  subdentato,  obtuse;  p:tcds  about  equalling  the  cai^x; 
siiiguas  oWong-linear,  ascending,  shorter  {or  never  longer)  than  the  spreading  pedi- 
cels.— ^rr  Arctic  Sea  to  Florida.  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  often  nearly  smooth.  Lva. 
about  3'  long,  sessile,  lance-obloag  in  outline,  segm.  5 — 7  pairs,  finely  divided. 
Fls.  very  smalL  Siliquea  3 — 6"  in  length,  tha  seeds  somewhat  2-ro.wed.  Variable. 
Mar.,  Jn. 

13.  WAREA,  Nutt.  (Named  in  honor  of  Mr^  Ware^  the  discoverer.) 
Sepals  colored,  ligulate ;  petals  with  very  slender  claws,  longer  than 
the  lamina;  silique  flattened,  long  and  slender,  raised  on  a  slender 
stipe ;  stamens  nearly  equal,  0||. — (B  Glabrous,  entire-leaved  plants,  with 
the  aspect  of  Cleome.  Flsv  white  or  purple^  i»  sboi't  racemes.  Siliques 
curved  and  declinate. 

1  W.  ouneifdlia  Nutt.  vs.  oblong,  obtuse,  ctmeate  at  base,  and  sub-sessile. — 
Dry  hillsy  Gra.  (Mettauer)  and  Fla.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  branched  above.  Lvs.  ^ — 1' 
long,  rather  thick,  the  upper  linear.  Fls^  in  showy  clusters  at  the  summits  of  the 
branches,  white  or  purplish.  Pedicels  divergent.  Sta.  exserted,  with  the  anth- 
ers finally  circinate.  Petals  with  remarkably  slendm^  claws  2"  in  length,  lamina 
1".  Siliquea  IJ'  op  more  in  length,  4  times  longer  than  the  filiform  stipe. 
Jn.,  Aug. 

2  "W.  amplexifdlia  Nutt.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  partly'  ciaspinff. — TJ)  Fk.  In  all 
other  respecta  like  Na  1,  and  in  all  probalulity  not  distinct  from  it. 

14.  HbSPERIS,  li.  Rocket.  (Gr.  eaTrepa,  evening;  when  the 
flower  is  most  fragrant.)  Calyx  closed,  fun-owed  at  base,  shorter  than 
the  claws  of  the  petals ;  petals  bent  obliquely,  Hnear  or  obovate ;  sil- 
ique 4-sided,  2-edg;ed  or  suhterete ;  seeda  not  margined ;  stigmas 
forked,  with  the  apices  converging  (0||). — Fls.  cyanic. 

1  H.  matrondlls  L.  St.  simple,  erect ;  lvs.  tanceolate-ovate,  denticulate ;  petals 
emarginato,  miicronate ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx. — A  fine  garden  peren- 
nial, said  to  be  found  native  about  Laku  Huron.  St.  3 — 9f  high.  Fla  purple, 
often  doublo,  and  white  in  /?  hortensis.  June — Aug.  \  Eur^ 

2  H.  dprica  L.  St.  erect,  simple,  pubescent :  lvs.  eblon^,  obtuse,  entire,  ciliate 
Tiispid;  pedicels  as  Icmg  as  the  calyx. —  4  From  Siberia.  Stem  &  foot  high. 
Fla  purple.    May,  Jn.,  f. 

15.  SINAPIS,  Tonrn.  Mustard,  (The  Greek  name,  ff/vaTT*.)  Sepals 
equal  at  base,  spreading;  petals  ovate,  with  straiglit  claws;  siliques 
subterete  ;  valves  veined  ;  style  short  and  subulate,  or  ensiform  ;  seeds 
in  a  single  series,  globular  (0»). — Fls.  always  yellow. 

1  S.  nigra  L.  Black  Mustard.  Smooth;  silique  smooth,  somewhat  A-angled, 
apprc-sBod  to  the  raehis,  and  beaked  with  a  slondcf,  -l-sided  style. — ^X  In  culti- 
vated grounds  and  waste  places.  St.  .3 — 6f  high,  round,  smooth,  striate,  branch- 
ing. Lvs,  all  petiolate,  lower  ones  variously  lyrate  iind  dentate,  upper  ones 
lance-linear,  pendulous,  entire.  Sep.  and  pet.  sulphur-yellow.  Pods  very  nume- 
rous, nearly  1'  long.  Sds.  numerous,  small,  globous,  nearly  black,  well  known 
as  a  condiment.    Jn.,  July.,  X  §  Eur. 


Ohdke  13.— CRUCIFER^  28/^ 

those  of  S.  nigra,  esteemoi  in  medicine.    Jn.,  Jl.  J.  purposes  an 

16.  BRASSICA,  L      Cabbage,  etc.      (Celtic  hresk,  the  cabba^rc  "i 

it!t  1-     ^'  ^r  ^"-^•y)^*^*^^'  P«<^^«  ob^-^te;  filaments  wl^fou 
teeth  jsihque  sub-compressed,  valves  concave,  with  a  central   vehi 

below.    Wr  k^T^-J'to  '*r^^Sr»r'/Z!r'"T'^"T««>'l  ".Ir. 

insra.„ts/t,Viiwet^  "^  •*■ '°"«-'''  -"-^'^t 

dons  and  liQldi     St.  2-4^^  mSVIS  til  1        ^^  "^'°'  "^  '"  «"■ 
.     '  ex'J^ndl^,.  ''"°"  '^^^"^"     ^^^  ^"'^^^  -^^P't'^te  when  young,  finally 

y  BorHYTIS-CAULIFLOBA.    CaULIFLOWFR     Kf   low.    tiH..    tl.!„i 

,.o"d  '^^Ifltu  tx;Lgf?(-  "tz^'oZf aTb  '^'" '  Tr 


286 


Ckiek  13.— CRUCIFEK^. 


2  A.  marftimum  Lam.  Sweet  Alyssum.  St.  suffruticous  and  procumbent 
at  base  ;  Iva.  lineur-lanwolate,  aeuto,  soinowliat  lioary ;  pods  oval,  smooth. — 
y  A  swoet-.sa'nto(l  garden  plant,  witli  lino  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
St.  a  foot  in  length.  F\h.  from  Jn.  to  Oct. — All  the  species  of  Alyasum  are  of 
easy  culture  in  common  loamy  soils,  f. 

V 

18.  LUNARIA,  L.  IIonestv.  (Lat.  ^?<«ff,  tho  moon  ;  from  the  broad, 
round  siliclcs.)  Sepals  soinewliut  bisaccato  at  base;  petals  nearly  en- 
tire ;  stamens  without  teeth  ;  silicic  pedicellate,  elliptical  or  lanceolate, 
with  Hat  valves  ;  funiculus  adheriiijj  to  the  dissepiment  (0  =  ). 

1  L.  rediviva  L.  Perexni.vt.  Satin  Flower.  St.  erect,  branching;  Iva. 
ovate,  cordate,  potiolato,  nnjcronately  serrate;  silides  fcinceoia^e,  narrowed  at 
each  end. —  4  From  Germany.     Stem  2 — 3f  high.    Fls.  light  purple.     Jn.f 

2  L.  biennis  DC.  Honesty.  St.  erect ;  Ivs.  witii  obtuse  teeth ;  silkies  oval, 
obtuse  at  hoOi  ends. — (^i)  These  are  largo,  hairy  plants,  native  of  Germany.  Sta. 
3 — ^If  high.  Lvs.  cordate.  Flu.  lilac-colored.  The  broad,  round,  silvery 
Bilicles  are  tho  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plants.     May,  Jn.f 

19.  DRABA,  L.  Whitlow  (»ra8s.  (Gr.  i^Qufir],  acrid,  bitinn^ ;  from 
tho  taste  of  the  jdant.)  Calyx  equal  at  base;  petals  equal ;  filaments 
without  teeth  ;  silicic  ovai  or  oblong,  entire,  t!ie  valves  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  veined;  seeds  not  margined,  2-rowcd  in  each  cell  (0=). — Fls. 
wliite,  rarely  yellow.     Plants  small. 

SEkophiia  (DC).   Petals  2-pftrtc(l No.  1 
DuA HA  proper.    Petals  cntiio  or  un'y  erimrjilimti".  (a) 

a  Stylo  longer  short,  but  distinct.    Plants  pcrenninl Nos.  2,8 

a  Stylo  none     Plunts  nnutinl  or  biennial.  (b> 

b  Pi'tllcol  ns  long  ns  or  lon^fer  tlian  tho  siliclo Nos.  4,  .V 

b  Pc'diool  shoilt-r  than  the  slliolu Nos.  6,  T 

1  D.  (Er6phila)  v6rna  L.  "WniTLOW  Grass.  Scape  naked;  Iva  oblong, 
acuto,  subserrate,  hairy  ;  petals  bifid ;  stig.  sessile :  siliele  oval,  tlat,  shorter  than 
tho  pedicel. — (i)  A  little,  early-flowering  plant  in  grassy  fields,  rather  rare.  Can. 
to  Va.  Lvs.  tdl  radical,  lanceolate,  J — 1\'  long,  i  as  wide,  with  a  few  teeth 
towards  tho  end.  Scape  a  few  inches  high,  with  a  rac.  of  5 — 15  small,  white 
flowers.  Cal.  spreading.  Petals  dell  half  way  down.  Siliclea  about  a  hno  wido 
3"  long,  Avith  deciduous  valveii     Apr.,  May. 

2  D.  arabisans  Mx.  St.  leafy,  erectly  branched,  pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
minuidy  dentate;  siliele  oblong-lanceolate,  smootli,  longer  than  the  pedicel;  sty. 
short  but  distitict. — Lake  shores,  Willoughby,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.  Sts.  several 
from  the  same  root,  G — 3'  high.  Radical  lvs.  about  1'  long,  forming  rosulato 
lulls  at  the  top  of  tho  short  radicjil  shoots;  cuulino  somewhat  clasping.  Fls. 
white,  in  a  short  raceme.  Siliclea  elong-ated  (4 — G  '),  twisted  when  ripo  so  as  to 
appear  tloublo.     May. 

3  D.  ramosfssixna  Desv.  Minutely  pubescent;  sts.  numerou.^;  lvs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  reniote  and  slender  teeth,  upper  ones  entire ;  rac.  corymbously 
paniculate  ;  sUicle  lanceolate,  ahout  the  length  of  Vie  pedicel,  the  style  half  as  Itmg. 
—On  rocks,  Harpt>r'3  Ferry,  Va.,  W.  to  Ky.  Sts.  slender,  4—10  long",  liie  bar- 
ren ones  with  tufted  leaves  at  top.  Lvs.  about  1'  long,  with  one  or  two  teeth  on 
each  side.     Fls.  white.     Siliclea  3"  in  length,  ascending.     Apr.,  May. 

4  D.  nemorSlis  Ehrh.  St.  pubescent,  branched ;  lvs  oval,  caulinc,  laneoolalo, 
toothed;  pet.  emarginate;  silicles  oblong-elliptical,  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels; 
seeds  nearly  30. — Mich.,  Mo.  Plant  slender,  8 — 10'  high.  St.  with  a  few 
branc'1'.es.  Lvs,  mostly  radical.  Rac.  much  elongated  in  fruit,  with  very  long 
pedicels.     Fis.  minute,  j'ellowish- white.     May. 

5  D.  brachycdrpa  Nutt.  Minutely  pubosoeut;  radical  lvs.  roundish-ovato, 
petiolate,  caulino  oblong  or  linear,  .'^lightly  dentate  or  entirt< ;  rat;,  many-flowered, 
etraigiit,  elongated  in  fruit ;  petals  obovatc,  entire ;  siicle  oval,  glabrous,  about  at 
long  as  the  pedicels,   lQ—U-seedtd.—  U  Grassy  places  near  St.  Louia,  S.  to  La. 


Order  13.— CRUCIFiR^. 


287 


Silicles  scarcely  2"  iu  length.     Mar. 


St   brancLod  and  leafy,   2 — i'  high. 
Apr. 

S  D.  cuneifdUa  Nutt.  Hirsute,  pubescent;  st.  branching  and  leafy  below 
naked  above;  Ivs.  cuneate-oUong,  sessile,  denticulate;  rac.  elongated  in  fruit- 
stMcs  twice  longer  than  the  pedicels,  20— 30-seefiferf.— Fields,  Ky  to  La  Plant 
3-8  iiigh.  FIs  much  larger  than  iu  the  preceding.  Petala  white,  nearly  thrico 
longer  tliaa  the  sepals.     Mar.,  Apr.  ^ 

7  D.  Carolinidna  Walt.  Lvs.  ovate-roundish,  entire,  hispid;  silicles  linear 
smooth,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  corymbous,  30— 40.seeded.— Sandy  field«  Ct ' 
K.  J.,  b.  to  (xa.  St.  1—3'  high,  leafy  at  base,  hispid,  naked  and  smooth  above' 
Lvs.  clustered  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  very  hairy.  Petals  white,  twice  as 
ongas  the  sepals.  Sihcle  6"  i..ig,  rather  obtuse,  smooth  (or  minutei;  hispid  in 
(J  ?).     Apr.— Jn.     (D.  micrantha  Nutt.)  *^ 

20.  ARMORACIA,  Rnpp.  Horse  Radish.  (Armorica,  its  native 
country,  now  the  province  Brittany,  Franco.)  Calyx  equal  at  base 
spreading;  petals  entire,  much  exceeding  the  calyx;  filaments  tooth- 

.  loss  ;  silicles  ellipsoid  or  globular,  turgid,  l-colled  from  the  incomplete 
partition;  style  distinct;  seeds  few  {0=).—  U  Lvs.  oblong,  undi- 
vided, or  the  lower  pinnatifid.     FIs.  white. 

1  A.  rusticfna  Ilupp.  Radical  lvs.  oblong,  crenate;  caulino  long,  lanceolate 
don  ate  or  incised,  sessile;  silicic  roundish,  ellipsoid,  much  longer  than  the  stvk 
—  4  A  common  garden  herb,  sparingly  uatundized  in  wet  grounds.  Rt  fleshv' 
arge,  white,  very  .'xcrid  St.  2-3f  high,  angular,  emootli,  branching.  Radiil 
lvs.  near  a  foot  long,  \  as  wide,  on  long  channeled  petioles.  Lower  stcm-lvs 
often  cut  111  a  pinnatihd  manner,  upper  tootlied  or  entire.  FIs.  not  laive" 
Sihdo  mucii  sliorter  than  the  spreading  pedicela  The  root  is  a  well  known  con- 
diment for  roust  beef  and  other  viands.    Jn.     §Eur.     (Cochlearia  L.) 

^  ^^•...-^^ericana  Arn.  Aquatic ;  immersed  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid  with 
c^p>miry  segments,  emersed  oblong,  pinnatifid,  serrate  or  entire;  silicle  ovoid, 
me  longer  than  the  sty le. -Lakes  and  rivers,  Can.,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  FIs.  not  large 
(4   broad),     feiiicle  2    long  on  long  spreading  pedicels,  much  as  in  No.  1.     (Nas- 

Eaton?)  '^"^^^  "''^"'*  ^'  ^"^"^""""^  ^J^^'i-     Cochlearia  aquatica 

21.  VESICARIA,  Lam.  Bladdeb-pod.  (Lat.  vesica,  a  bladder  or 
blister;  from  the  inflated  silicles.)  Petals  entire ;  silicic  globous  or 
ovoKl;  inflated  valves  nerveless,  hemispherical  or  convex  ;  seeds  several 
111  each  cell,  sometimes  margined  (0=).-— FIs.  yellow. 

1  y.  Shdrtii  Torr  &  Gr.  Lvs.  elliptical,  sessile,  entire;  style  twice  as  long  as  the 
Cwrrr^'r'^^Ml"-  ?-\T""f   ""^'•»=''»^^-<l^  Banks  of  Elkhorn  Crel,  ncSr 

slo^r  « Jn^;  ,  ^^'T*^  "'  ^^°'"?  '^'"-  *'"'^)  ^*-  d^«""'l^«n^  abo"t  a  spar^  long, 
slender,  ste  utdy  puhest.ent  Lva  6-12  "  long.  Pedicels  6'  long,  and  he  silicb 
as  largo  as  the  fruit  of  Coriander.  ^' 

22.  CAMELINA,  Crantz.     False  Flax.     (Gr.  xafial  dwarf,  AtVov, 
nax.)      Calyx  equal  at  base;    petals    entire;  silicle   oliovate  or  sulv 
globous,  with  ventricous  valves  and  many-seeded  cells  ;  styles  filiform 
persistent ;  seeds  obiong,  striate,   not   margined  (0||).— FIs.  small  yel- 

^"nvH^Zf  ^'^^'^'^'  A  ^•'"'-  '''^"«^'at«'  sagittate  at  base,  subentire;  silicle  obovate- 
pynform,  margined,  tipped  with  the  pointed  style.-D  In  cultivated  fields.  St. 
i— Zi  high  stmiglit,  erect,  branching.  Lvs.  roughish,  1—2'  lone  clasnine  the 
st^  with  U^eir  acute,  arro.v.8haped  lobes.  FIs.  in  paaiculated  Smer^sScleS 
cTfi  1^'  ?•  .P^"^'"'''  2—3  times  as  long  Said  to  be  cultivated  in  Germany 
lor  the  oil  which  is  expressed  from  the  seeda     Jn.    g  Eur.  utnnanj 


238 


Oedbb    13.— CRUCIFKR^ 


23.  SUBULARIA,  L.  Awlwort.  (Named  in  reference  to  the 
linear-subulate  leaves.)  Silicic  oval,  valves  turgid,  cells  manv-sncded  • 
stigma  sessile  ;  cotyledons  linear,  curved  and  incumbently  folded  on 
themselves.— CO  Aquatic  acaulescent  lierbs. 

S.  aqudtica  L-A  small  plant,  growing  on  tho  muddy  shores  of  ponds  in  Mo.  and 
N.  H.  Lvs.  all  radical,  entire,  subulate,  an  inch  in  length.  Scape  2—3  hicm  ra- 
cemou.s,  with  a  few  minute  wliite  fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  only  2^in  lenjnh     Jh 

24.  iBERIS,  L  Candytuft.  (Most  of  the  species  are  natives  of 
rberia,  now  Spain.)  The  2  outside  petals  larger  than  the  2  inner  • 
sUicles  compressed  truncate,  emarginato,  the  cells  1-seeded.— Handsome 
herbs  from  the  Old  World,  pretty  in  cultivation.     Fls.  white  or  purple. 

i«3  ^'  "™^®"^*a  ^-  herbaceous,  smootli;  ivs.  linear-lcAceohte,  acuminate 
lower  ones  sermte,  upper  ones  entire;  silkies  umbellate,  acutely  2-lobeU  —This  ard 
the  foUowing  species  are  very  popular  garden  annuals,  veiy  pretty  in  borders 
and  of  very  easy  culture.  I.  umbellala  is  from  S.  MurJpe.  it.  If  high  Fls 
purjjle,  terminal  in  simple  umbels,  and  like  th3  rest  of  tho  genua  remarkable 
for  having  the  2  outer  petals  longer  than  the  2  inner  ones.     Jn.,  j  "Y^'"*''''^'''^ 

2  I  amira  L.  Bitter  Candytuft.  Herbaceous;  lvs.  lanceolatr  acute,  some- 
what toothed;  fls.  corymbed,  becoming  racemed;  silicks  obconiatL>,  narrowh, 
miarginate.-^  Native  of  England.     St.  If  high.     Fls.  white.      Jn.,  'j{;''^°'""'' 

lift?«  Ljfi*J"?*^^^     Jrerbaceous,mioot\i;  lvs.  pinnatifid;  rac.  corymbous,  but 
httle  elongated  after  flowering.— I)  From  S.  Europe.      Plant  If  high      Fls 
white.    Jn. — Aug.  f  **  "*• 

orr.tJ'^h  '**^4" j*8  ^'-  ^f^rubby ;  lvs.  linear,  entire,  somewhat  fleshy,  rather  acute, 
smooth  or  cihato;  fls.  in  corymb3.-1D  From  S.  Europe.  Nearly  If  high.  Fls 
I-S  i^'-~^f-  +,  .(pbs— Twenty-four  species  of  the  Iberis  have  been  des^ 
cnbed,  others  of  which  are  loss  known,  but  equally  ornamental  with  thoso 
above-mentioned.) 

25.  CAPSELLA,  Vent.     (Derived  from  capsa,  a  chest  or  box ;  allud- 
ing to  the  fruit.)      Calyx  equal  at  base;  silicles  triangular-cuneiform 
obcordate,  compressed   laterally;  valves  carinatc,  not^ winged  on  thJ 
back;    septum  sublinear;  style  short;   seeds  c»,  oblong,  small,  0||  ~ 
th.  white.     A  common  weed.  " 

C.  BurBa-paatdria  Msench.    Shepherd's  Purse.— Found  everywhere  in  fields 

hS  rS'''  '■?'?''^^'!-  ^f-.  ^-'-^''  *^*el>,  nearly  smooth  in  the  upper  part 
hirsute  below,  striate,  branching  Root  lvs.  rasulate,  2-5-8'  long,  fas  wide 
cut  lobed  oil  margined  petioles,  segm.  about  13.  These  leaves  are  Jometimes 
wanting  (when  the  wood  is  crowded),  or  only  dentate.  Stem-lvs.  much  smaUer 
very  narrow,  with  2  small,  acute  auricles  at  base,  half  clasping  tho  stem.  FJs' 
small,  m  racemes,  which  are  finally  3-12' long.  Silicle  smooth,  triangular." 
emarginato  at  the  end,  and  tipped  with  the  style.     Apr.— Sept.   §  Eur. 

_  26.  LEPIDIUM,  R.  Br.  Pepper  Grass.  (Gr.  Atm^,  a  scale ;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  silicle.)  Sepals  ovate;  petals  ovate,  entire; 
silicles  oyal-orbicular,  emarginate ;  septum  very  narrow,  contrary  to  the 
greater  diameter ;  valves  ca.inate,  dehiscent ;  cells  Isoeded.  Cotyledons 
Oil  (m  No.  1,  0=).     Fls.  white,  small,  often  incomplete. 

^  Ptamens  3  oniy.    Foiais  4,  or  wantUii; m,-,  i  <> 

♦  Stamens  «.     Silicles  winged .".".".".".".".".'."."!!.NoI  8  4 

^  ?*:  yirgfnicum  L.  Wild  PEPPERORAsa  ToNOUE-uRAas.  Lvs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, mcisel^'  serrate,  or  the  upper  subentire  petals  4 ;  silicles  orbicular,  omargiiiaU'  • 
cotyledons  Oi.-<Dln  dry  fields  and  roadaidea,  U.  S.     St  rigid,  round,  8m(»th,  If 


Obdkb  13.— CRUCIFER-(E. 


289 


high,  Lvs.  1 — 2'  by  1 — 3",  acute, .tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole,  upper  one* 
Bessile,  lower  pinnatifldly  cut.  Fls.  and  silicles  very  numerous),  in  a  panicle  of 
racemes.  Fls.  very  small,  mostly  diandrous;  silicles  IJ"  diam.,  with  a  nctca  ai 
the  end.    Taste  pungent,  like  that  of  the  garden  peppergrass.    Jn. — Oct 

2  L.  ruderdle  L.  Cauline  lvs.,  incised,  those  of  the  branches  linear,  entire ;  jfe. 
apeialous,  and  with  but  two  stamens ;  silicles  broadly  oval,  emarginate,  wingless.— 
Dry  lields,  Mich.,  Ind.,  Mo.  St.  10—15'  high,  diffusedly  branched.  Rac.  many. 
Fls.  remarkable  for  wanting  the  petals,  which  are  always  present  in  our  other 
species. 

S  L.  camp^stre  R.  Br.  Yellow-seed.  Oauline  lvs.  sagittate,  denticulate ;  silicles 
ovate,  emarginate,  scaly,  punctate.— (D  In  waste  places  and  dry  fields,  especially 
among  flax.  St.  strictly  erect,  round,  minutely  downy,  6 — 10'  high,  branching. 
Lvs.  1'  long,  J  as  wide,  with  two  lobes  at  base,  upper  one  clasping  the  stem,  all 
minutely  velvety.  Fls.  small  Silicles  IJ"  long,  numerous,  in  long  racemes. 
Jn.,  Jl.    §  Eur. 

4  L.  sativum  L.  Peppergrass.  Lvs.  variously  divided  and  cut;  branches  without 
spines;  silicles  broadly  oval,  winged.— -J)  Native  of  the  East.  Sts.  1— 3f  high, 
very  branching,  Silicles  2 — 3"  broad,  very  numerous.  A  well  known  garden 
salad.     Jl.  J  § 

27.  SENEBIERA,  Poir.  Carpet  Cress.  Swine  Cress.  (In  honor 
of  Senebier,  n  distinguished  vegetable  physiologist.)  Silicle  didymous, 
with  the  partition  very  narrow ;  valves  ventricous,  separating  but 
indehiscent,  and  each  1 -seeded,  cotyledons  incumbently  folded  on  them- 
selves,— (D  or  (g)  Prostrate  and  diffuse,  with  minute  white  fls. 

1  S.  didyma  Pers.  Lvs.  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  segments;  silicles  rugously  reticu- 
lated, notched  at  the  apex. — Waste  places  and  waysides,  southern  States,  common 
Sts.  spreading  circularly  like  the  carpet  weed  (Molugo),  flat  on  the  ground.  Lvs. 
1 — 3'  long,  oblong  in  outline,  its  lobes  obtuse,  and  cleft  mostly  on  the  upper 
margin.  Fls.  minute.  Silicles  very  small,  apparently  doubled,  rough-wrinkled. 
Feb. — Jn. 

2  S.  corondpuB  DC.  Lvs.  pinnate,  with  the  segm.  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid ; 
silicles  tubercled,  not  notched  ai  apex, — Waste  grounds,  Va.  and  Car.  (Pursh),  R.  Isl. 
(Robbins).     Not  common.     §  Eur. 

28.  ISATIS,  L.  WoAD.  (Gr.  lad^o),  to  make  equal ;  supposed  to 
remove  roughness  from  the  skin.)  Silicle  elliptical,  flat,  1-celled  (dis- 
sepiment  obliterated),  1-seeded,  with  carinate,  boat  shaped  valves,  which 
are  scarcely  dehiscent  (0||).     None  of  the  species  are  N.  American. 

I.  tinctdria  L.  Silicles  cuneate,  acuminate  at  base,  somewhat  epatulate  at  the 
end,  very  obtuse,  3  times  as  long  as  broad. — 1)  The  Woad  is  native  of  England. 
It  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves,  which  yield  a  dye  that 
may  be  substituted  for  Indigo.  The  plant  grows  about  4f  high,  with  large 
leaves  clasping  the  stem  with  their  broad  bases.  Fla.  yellow,  large,  in  terminal 
racemes.     May — JL  ^ 

29.  CAKILE,  Tourn.  Sea  Rocket.  (Named  from  the  Arabic.) 
Silicle  2-jointed,  the  upper  part  ovate  or  cnaiform ;  seed  in  the  upper 
cell  erect,  in  the  lower  pendulous,  sometimes  abortive. — (J)  Maritime 
lierbs. 

C.  maritima  Scop.  Upper  joint  of  the  silicle  enaifornp.  or  ovate-enaiform=— Native 
of  the  seacoast  and  lake  shores,  N.  States.  A  smooth,  succulent  plant,  branching 
»nd  procumbent,  6 — 12'  long.  Lvs.  sinuate-dentate,  oblong-ensiform,  caducous. 
Fls.  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles,  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  corymbously 
arranged.  Petals  purple,  obtuse  at  end.  Silicle  smooth,  roundish,  lower  jomt 
clavate-obovate,  upper  with  one  elevated  line  on  each  side.    Jl.,  Aug, 


3*<J  Ordkb  u.— CAPPARIDACE^. 

30.  RAPHANUS,  L     Radish.     (Gr.  ^A,  quickly,  .^aii;^,  to  appear- 

fro.n   ,ts  r,.pul  growth.)     Calyx  erect;   petals    obov«te,   uugJXZ- 

il.quos  torcto,  torulous,  not  oper.ing  by  valves,  transversely  2-jointeV 

leWcs  (0>>r'  "'  """'''^  ''"^'  ""'^  ^"'•^«'  subglobous,  I  ^  singt' 

.J-8..m/«/  bmmun^  m  maturity  l-oollod,  Umger  than  th,'.,h,le-7i)  Sir  El 
m  en,  fvatod  Hel.Ls  and  roadsidcvybut  rare.     St'glauc.ou^  brXi^^  Kf"    S' 
brmtl\      J,vs  rougli,  dcutato,  putiolnto  or  Hossilo.     Cal.  bristly      I'etuls  ve  ow 
voiiiy,  bl.HU!hiiig  as  thoy  decay.     Jn.,  Jl.     §  Kur.  ^  ^     '^*' 

2^w*f*^'"-^\  "^"""^^  RABisir.  'Lower  lv8.  lymto,  petiolatc;  siliouo 
L;  cS  T". >''%Tf  ^ ''"^T ''''^r'*^'  ^<yfc.-A  well  known  .^alad  ,?,ci 
wh  tn  i  •■  '^  -IT"*^  '^'f '  '"'"'^  »>ri»«ehing.  Lower  Ivs.  6-10'  lonLr.  Fls 
white,  or  tniged  witl,  purple,  veiny.  Po-la  1-2'  lonL',  tliick  and  floal.v  Tim 
princ.,«  varieties  are  the  Turnip  Radish,  root  subdoboit  •  Comm"  n  liSL  root 
oblong,  terete;  Black  Spanish  Radish,  rc;ot  black  out  Ja  '  Jn-Aug  J       ' 

Ohdkh  XIV.     CAPPARIDACE.1^1     Capparids. 

Mrhs,  sMks  or  even  tree,,  destitute  of  truo  stipules.  Leaves  altornato,  petiolate 
either  undivided  or  pahu.itoly  con.fK.und.  Fk.  solitary  or  raco.nous,  crucitbnn,  hy- 
pogynous.  ^;,.  4,  Pet.  4,  ungui^-ulute.  .S^^,.  ,i_i2,  or  some  multiple  of  4,  never 
tetnidynamous,  on  a  disk  or  .oparatod  from  the  corclla  by  an  internode  of  the  torus 
Ot'o.  often  stipitate,  of  2  unu.u  carpels.  -S^v.  united  inio  on..  .9//j?.  discoid.  I)- 
mhor  pod-aliaped  and  dehiscent,  or  lioshy  and  indehiscent.     Placentce  usually  •> 

-    ^?Ti''/'"""°""'    ^*'''«' *'-'»  0-    J^mbryocnvyed,     Cotyledon  roMacooMS.    (uLt. 
ID  rig.  290.) 

Stunu-ns  fi,  siiwrntcd  IVoin  tho  jvotnls  by  an  Interno.Io. ...  w«  , 

Stamens  ('),  not  soparuti-.i  fioin  tlio  petals fr     * 

Stamoiis  >s  _;i'2.    Torus  not  tlcvilonotl „"• '" 

'  No.  3 

1.  GYNANDROPSIS,  DC.     iG,/»a,>dn\  a  Linna>an  class,  S^btg  nn- 
pcarance)     Sqmls  diet.uet,  spiea-ling;  stamens  6,  separated  from  the 
4  petals  by  a  slend.r  .nternode  of  tho  torus;  pod  linear-oblong,  raised 
on  a  long  stipe  which  rises  troiu  tho  top  of  the  torus.-®  Lvs.  dijritate 
ris.  raccnied.  ° 

^■^Sf?fK^".*  ^^-  ;^'^^>«  J^«-.  Petiolate,  5-foliate,  floral  and  lower  ones 
3-folute,  ins  oboyate,  entire  or  deiiUculate.-In  cultivated  grounds,  Pen.i.  to  (hi 
St.  simple  J-.  high.  ih.  of  a  very  singular  structure.  Pedicels  about  1' 
long  8ien.ler.  Ca  yx  small.  Petals  white,  i  as  long  as  their  lililorm  claws 
Ma.  I  Ion.?,  spnvuiing,  apparently  arising  from  tho  midst  of  the  long  styloid 
torus.     IVds.  2  long.     §  Africa.     (Clcomo  L.)  ^ 

2.  CLEOME,  L.  Spider  Flower.  Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base; 
pctijls  4  ;  torus  not  developed  between  tho  petals  and  the  *  t;«mens, 
which  are  6—4  ;  pod  stipitate  more  or  less.— Herbs  or  shrubt^.  Lvs. 
simple  or  digitate.     FIs.  raceined  or  solitary. 

1  C.  pungens  L.  Fig.  290.  M.>ndular  pubescciit;  st.  simpb  nrA  with  the 
petiol^  aeuleate ;  lvs.  5— 9-foliuu,  on  long  petioles,  Jfta  elliptic-i  vtvolate,  acuto 
at  each  end.  obscurely  denticulate;  bracts  simple;  fls.  meernod;  ;  p.  distinct ; 
pet.  GO  filiform  claws;  sta.  6,  twice  longer  than  tho  pofcUs.— i)  A   :.iii    showy 


Obdbb  16.— VIOLA-OE^. 


241 


plant,  with  curious  purple  flowers,  common  in  gardens,  oscapeU  into  fields.  Ac. 
Sonth.     May— Aug.f   g  W.  Ind.  ' 

2  C.  Bpeoiocfssima  Deppe.  Pilous;  st.  branching  below,  Iva.  5— t-foliate 
on  long  petioles ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tiie  upper  Ivs.  simple,  bract-like' 
ovate;  petals  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  fruit  shorter  than  its  stipe.—®  Gardens' 
Plant  very  showy,  3— 4f  high.  Fls.  rose-purple,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  tho 
nsmg  raceme  tvom  Jn.  to  Sept.  f  Mexico. 

3.  POLANfSIA,  Kaf.  (Gr.  ttoAv,  much,  avmoc,  unequal.)  Sepals  dis- 
tinct, spreading;  petals  4,  unequal;  stamens  8—32,  tilaments  filiform 
or  dilated  at  the  summit ;  torus  not  developed,  minute ;  pods  linear.— 
CD  Strong-scented  herbs,  with  glandular,  viscid  hairs. 

P.  gravdolena  Raf  Viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  tcmate,  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong;  tin. 
axillary,  solitary;  sta.  8—12;  cap.s.  oblong-lancoolato,  attenuate  at  baso.—Grav- 
elly  shores,  Vt.  to  Arlc.  St.  If  high,  branching,  Rtriato.  LRs.  l-U'  long,  4  as 
wide  nearly  entire  and  sessile ;  common  petiole  1 '  long.  Fls.  m  terminal  racemes. 
I  otals  yellowish. white,  narrowed  below  into  long  daws.  Fii.  slender,  exsorted. 
Pods  2  long,  glandular-pubescent,  siiiquose,  viscid  like  every  other  part  of  tho 
plant    JL  •>  f 

Orukr  XV.     RESEDACE^.     Mignonettes. 

Herbs,  with  alternate,  entire,  or  pinnate  loaves.  Stipules  minute,  gland-liko  Fit, 
m  racemes  or  spikes,  small  and  often  fragrui.t,  4-7-merous.  Sepals  somewhat 
united  at  base,  unequal,  green.  Fdals  unequal,  entire  or  cleft.  Sta.  8—20,  in- 
.so.ted  on  tho  disk.  Torus  hypogynous,  one-sided,  glandular.  Ova.  sessile  3-iobod 
1-eelied,  many-seeded.  Placentce  2,  parietal.  Fr.  a  capsule,  1-celled,  opening  be! 
tween  tho  stigmas  belbro  niAturity.  (Illustrated  in  Figs.  295,  422.) 
OenernG,  xpevie^  41,  inlmbltiriK  tlio  cotintrie.s  around  the  Mediterranean  Sen.  huvlntr  no  vnrv 

RESEDA,  L.  (Lat.  rcsed.o,  to  calm ;  the  plants  arc  said  to  relieve 
pum.)  Sepals  4-7  ;  petals  of  an  equal  number,  often  cleft ;  torus 
largo,  tleshy,  one-sided,  bearing  the  8— oo  stamens. 

1  R.  lutSola  L.  Dyer's  Weed.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base  ■ 
sepals  4,  united  bdow;  petals  (greenish-yello;)  S-G-cleft.-O)  Nearly  natS 
izod  m  West.  NY.  St.  about  2f  high.  The  liowers  aro7rranged  LTkZ 
spike,  which,  as  Linn«eu3  observer,  follows  the  course  of  the  sun,  inclining  east 
south  and  west  ;y  day,  and  north  by  night.-It  alfords  a  useful  yellow  dye^  also 
the  paint  called  Lutcli  pink,     g  Eur.  "  "O-^-i  "i»", 

•?lol..S'.°«^»''^**/'".,^^'??'°'l'^'"''-    ^'^-  295,  422.     Lvs.  cuneiform,  entivo  or 

3-lobod;  sep.  shorter  than  the  l-U-detl  petals.-A  well  known  and  universal 

.  voiite  of  tho  garden,  native  of  Egypt.     Tlie  Howers  are  highly  fragrant  and  no 

onquet  .should  be  considered  complete  without  them.     The  variety  pfuTESCKXS  is 

%uX'7        I'T''^     i^.^^^    "'"'^^  P"'""^""*^'  '^"^  "-^i^^^l  t°  tlfe  height  of  2f, 


Order  XVI.     VIOLACEtE.     Violets. 

Herbs  with  simple  (often  oloft)  alternate  Icivop,  with  stipulea  R,.  irregular 
Bpuned,  with  the  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  in  5s.  Sep.  persistent,  slightly  united 
elongated  at  base,  the  2  lateral  interior.  Petals  commonly  unequal,  tl.e  inferior 
usually  spurred  at  base.  Sta.  5,  usually  inserted. on  the  hypogynous  disk.  Fil 
dilated,  prolonged  beyond  tho  anthers.     Ova.  of  3  united  carpels,  with  3  parietal 

16 


i 
242  Order  16.— VIOLACE^. 

placenta),  %/e  1,  declinate.  ^r%.  cucuUato.  /V.  a  3-valved  capsule.  Sde  nmnv 
with  a  ometaceous  testa  and  distinct  chalaza.  (Illustrations  in  Figs.  101  305  3A' 
402,  604.)  *  '        '    **'• 

§  Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  aurlclod  at  base Vioi 

§  Sepals  nearly  equAl,  not  aurlcled  at  base ••..'.."!.!  1 .....!. Sole       2 

1.  ViOLA,L.  Violet.  Pansev.  (From  the  Latin.)  Sepals  5,  unequal, 
auncular  at  base;  petals  5,  irregular,  the  broadest  spurred  at  base,  the 
2  lateral  equal,  opposite ;  stamens  approximate,  anthers  connate,  two  of 
them  with  appendages  at  the  back;  capsule  1 -celled,  S-valved,  seeds 
attached  o  the  middle  of  the  valves.- 2f  Low,  herWeous Va„t 
J^ed  angular,  solitary,  1 -flowered,  recurved  at  the  summit  so  as  to  bear 
the  flowers  in  a  resupmate  position.  Joints  of  the  rhizome  often  bear- 
ing apetalous  flowers. 

*  Acaulosccnt.— Petals  yellow 

—Petals  white •  • '  -^"^  ^• 

—lotals  blue,— beardless.  ."■.■.■; m       IT^ 

-■bearded.-Lvs.divjcied::;:;"::;::;;::;;:::;;.N;,;^;*^^;^ 

•  Cauleseent-Petals  yellow.    Sts.  leai^atVe'l'p'.X;;;;  ••^°«- ''-^^-    ^^^-^'I^ir^^^rjl) 

-Petals  not  quito  yellow.-Stipules  entire Nor  fi! 

,  -Stipules  frinKe-t.K)thtMi '.::::::::ii'o:.  u-w. 

—stipules  lyrote-plnnatifld,  very  large.. .Nos.  19  2u 

3"/°*"f  ^'"^".^  ^^'u  ^'S.  305.  Lvs.  orbicular-ovate,  cordate,  s%htlv' ser- 
rate nearly  smooth  with  the  sinus  closed;  petiole  pubescent;  cal.  obtuse -1 
small,  early  violet,  found  in  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Tenn.  Lvs.  varying  from  ov-ite  to 
reniforin,  mostly  round,  with  a  narrow  sinus  at  base.  Veins  aS  peSes  pube^ 
cent.  Ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves,  sub-4-sided,  bracted  in  the  Tdd^  PetXyo 
-  .V,  marked  at  base  with  brown  lines.     Fls.  small.     Mar.,  May  ^ 

2  y.  lanceoldta  L.  Lvs.  smooth,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  the  hna  netioU 
pbtusish,  subcrenate.-Found  in  wet  meadovJs,  Can.  and  U.  S.  IlSomo  creen 
mg  Lvs.  varying  from  lanceolate  to  Hnear/and,  with  the  stalk  3-5'  S' 
Petioles  half-round  Ped.  sub.4.sided  Petals  white,  g  een  h  at  bale  uppei  and 
ateral  ones  marked  with  blue  lines,  generally  beardiefs.  Fls.  sm^,  \ffe  from 
the  lower  nodes  of  the  rhizomo  apetalous.     Mar.  (S)— May. 

^  J;f^*^^"^*f^J^*  ^'    .^'"^-  Jance-ovate,  ahruptly  contrcxted  at  base  and  -"ocur- 
tToa  and'C     'rE"^'  nearly  equal  beardles8.-Found  in  damp  soi^  S 
to  Ua  and  Tenn.     Rhizome  creeping.     Lvs.  sometimes  subcordate,  rather  obtuse 
crenate,  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth.     Petals  obovate,  flat,  mark^  wHh  purel^ 

'•bStr^MtsV.ruSyr  ^^^*^'  p^^'^  ^^"^^'  ^^^-^  --  --'^ 

*  J;^ ^Jif t\^'S?-  ^"^^  ^'^Z?'*'  »-<>«"'^«A  Blightly  pubescent;  petiole  pubes- 
cent ;  petals  beardless—Found  in  meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.  Rhizome  slender  and 
creeping.  Lvs.  close  to  the  earth  and  sometimes  with  a  rounded  Snus  so  as  to 
appear  reniform.     Petioles  half  round.     Peduncles  8ub-4-sided,  longer  than  tlo 

Wue  hnes.     Fls.  small,  fragrant.     May  (V.  clandestina  Ph.  V.  amcena  Le  Conte) 
5  V.  palustris  L.     Lvs.  reni/orm-cordate ;  stip.  broadly  ovate   acuminate-  sti- 

Tt^rWhiteTts'"  Aho'lT'.^r"?  ''^''  '^P^  oblLg4ri'^~-tmfnfe 
or  the  W  lute  Mts.     About  3'  high,  pubescent.     Lvs,  crenate,  1'  bv*'      Fls  small 

£on:^e%^sr:X^°T ''"'' ''' '-'-  -'  ^^^---  --  ^^ 

rate,  the  sinus  deep  and  nearly  closed;  spw  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  thick 


w 

Obdbb  16.— VIOLACBLE 

Lv8.  rather  uumerous  and  llgJZaTi^^'^^n^^^  StS''r'^^«P""««*- 
one  striate  wiih  deep  blue.     May.   **" '"^  I^^^c'es.     Petals  beardless,  the  upper 

divided  into  about  7  obtuse,  na^^seementl     PoH.i        v^^'-  ^^''^'  2-ternately 

at  base.     Ped.  sub-^-angled,  nmJh  W^aT    S'' ^^^^^  °"^^ 

wlute  at  base,  all  of  therS  beardless  and  fnti.1      w   Mar       "''''  ^'  ^^"^• 

flowers—In  Mt  Hope  Cemetery,  Macon  Ga    ^"  ''"*"^'"'  ^'^'^  ^^® 

Mo.     Lvs.  often  finely  Sed  wi^  manf  dit^^^  ""^  ^«"""'«-  ^I'-^^^a. 

the  edge,  prominently  veined  bonJah^LT^-'*  segments,  pubescent  along 
longer  than  the  leavel  fL  rather  smalIorL•"":','°^*^'  subentlre.  Ped.  a  littll 
petals  bearded.     Mar,  Apr.'  ^^^" '°  *''"  ^^*'  ^^  '^  "^^  blue ;  lateral 

'Lfp^^  ^.^^Sl7ot^b?ate*JI?^^^^^  --e.-  «% 

kmds  of  violet,  found  in  low  ^raasv  xvan^!f.„^  A  J?  »  '^^  ^^^°  more  common 
petioles,  usually  mllea  nt  basS^aS  d  fol    'fLII^H^  ^'%°°  ''^"^ 

scapes  somewhat  4>8iaed  lonirer  th-  n  tlm    f  i^'  1  ?^'  ^•"^^  o""  P"'"?!*'.  with 

base,  marked  with  lines  of  deeper  Xe  Air  \T  ^ ^n  '  '^'^^^'  ^^'''^«  «*  "'« 
pubescent  to  glabrous,  from  l^ren  ?orm  tt^nvi?^^"  JT  T'^'"'  ^'^"^^  *^«™ 
deep  blue  to  hght-blu^  or  e^en  wS  ^nd  l.  •  '  '^^^*°"^'  °''  ^^'^^^'^t^  !  ^o™  As- 
following  remarkable  forms  !!  '  """^  ^  "^  now  generally  conceded,  to  the 

^'  th^S;  iS  iSSlL^rrli'Zl^'^^'"  ?'7  T^'^^'y  l-tate-lobed. 
date.  Fls.  large  Plant  4-T2'%iJrT'°"Y  "'^'^'^^^^^^  broadly  cor 
South.  ^  ^^    ^'^''-     (^-  Palmata  L.)— Common  at  the 

'■ir?argesrobi&Tra?^^^^^^  7^  ^^^fj  ^-Mobed,  the  middle 
fls.  very  la  go     ^V  septe^^^^^^  ^vZ^^'  T^  ^^'-.^^g'^  ^^^^^d  beneath  ; 

P.nt5-.^hlgi     -~-b{;^orSfe 

'°creTat?S«;L^^i  of^r'ltt'raSe?''!^^  '^"^t''^"''  ^«^-^-''  «^«--ly 
die  Ga.,  common  N.  to Penn  PlS  2-3'fi'h  ^^r'  ^^^^^^^.-Sandy  woods,  mid- 
the  petioles  longer  (1-2)      FlfsmalMl  J  ,'''•  «P''^''»'1>%'.  scarcely  1'  long, 

leaves.    Mar.,  Apr.  ^'  ^  ^^'"^^  P^'P'^'  ^'^  stalks  shorter  than  the 

"cis!;/dttl'Vi;L,t^S^^^^^  -»^-te,  often  in- 

longer  than  the  leaves-  lower  and  itvl^i^l  T  ^''f^'^^   pubescent;    pedicel 
Can.  toFla.,  W.  to  Irk  '    L^s  varvhiJ  itom  .^  '  ^''''''^  bearded. -On  dry  hills, 


244 


Order  16.— -VIOLACE^. 


Fls.  yellow,  streaked  with 


loui  when  younj,'.     Lvs.  often  divided  to  the  base 
purple,  tlie  stalks  longer  tliiin  the  leaves.     Mar.,  Apr. 
14  V   pub^sceus  Ait.      Vaious-pube^cent ;   st.  erecf,  naked  below;  lvs   broad 
cordae,  toothed;  sUp.  ovate,  larg.^  sahdontate.-A  large  yellow  violet  ?6und 
dry  stony  wood.s,   Can    to  Ga.  and  Mo.     St.  simple,  Bon^ewhat  trianRula    an 

«.^&  ^°''Tf  '^  ^f  r  ''^^''  V^''  '°P-     ^''-  l>road-ovate,  cordate  or  deltoid,  ol 
scurely  dentate,  obtu.se,   on  short  stalk.s.     Fl-stalks  rather  sliorter  than  leave 
w  h  2  subulate  bracts.     Laternl  v'-tJ.  boarded,  and  with  the  upper  one  nmrke d 
w  h  a  few  brown  hne.s.     Th.  ylo.t  vnri,  -   in  pubescence,  sometimes  even Tlab- 
rous.     Height  very  vanabl'j,  5— L'li ,      *.ay— Jn.  "  b*-'" 

I'l  EKiocARP.v  Nutt.     Capsuio  densely  vUlous.'     (V.  eriocarpa  Schw) 

''■^fm''''''''';^  ^i"'"'"-  ^  ^'-     ^*-  d^«"™bent,   Ijranehing  from  the  root,  and 
with  the  smaller  leaves  somewhat  scabrous.     (V.  scabriuscula  Schw.) 

^^h3"fi°*i°*^^"'!?  h    Smooth;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  serrato;  ped.  shorter 

Am.  0  Gar.,  often  a  foot  in  hight.  Stem  sub^Mr.-.'-  i.^rete,  all  the  way  leaf- 
with  lance-ovate  membranous  stipules.  Lvs.  acute  or  obuse  the  lower  on  verv 
bng  p.tioles.  Ped.  sub-i-sided,  with  minute  bract.«.  Fls.  large  nearlv  reeuW 
Pe  .  wh^o  or  light  blue,  yellowish  at  ba.so,  the  upper  onls^  pur,J  h  oS 
and  marked  witli  blue  lines  inside,  lateral  ones  boirdel      Floworinc.  aU  sum^ 

^^n^:.ff  tf^*°  ^'**  Smooth;  St.  branching,  nearly  erect;  lv.s.  roundisii-ovato, 
coidate,  the  upp-jr  ones  somewhat;  acummato,  cronate-serr.xto ;  stip.  km/e  ciHat/. 
dentate,  obhnjj.lancadale ;  spur  one  fourth  as  hug  as  the  cw^Wa.-Wct  grounds 
y.  S.  and  Can.  St.  6-12'  high,  half  round.  Lvs.  l-l.V  wide,  on  pet"-oles 
tlTlnn  °*  J^'P- <-'0"*P'cuou«,  hicmiate.  Ped.  axillary,  often  nmch  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Cor.  large,  yelJowish-whito  or  ochroleucou^,  lateral  petals  densely 
bearded,  lower  one  striate  with  dark  purple.     Sti^'.  tubular.     Jn. 

17  V.  Mithlenb^rgii  Torr.  St.  weak,  assurgent;  lvs.  reniform-cordate  uiincr 
ones  ra  her  acuminate;  stip.  lanceolate,  s'jmQv^\,at  fimbriate;  npur  half  as )onn  a.3 
t^^e  corolla,  ohtnso-X  spreading,   slender  species,  in  swamps%c.,  U.  S.  T  ?o 

semtur^s'*  f  vT  fi  fn"°  r'  ^~^'  '''"^'  '^'"'  '^'P"''''''  "^"^"^  ^"*  »»t<^  fVu^fro-Uko 
fwft      i'  T\^    "^"^'V-'  younger  onog  involute  at  base.     Petioles  longer 

nnnl  !f  T'  """"^  '^"''^^''  ^>,"  ^'''^  "^'"'^-^  podunele..  Bracts  Rubulate,  mostly 
opposite,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stalk.  Petals  entire,  pale  purple  the  lateral 
ones  bearded.     Stig.  rostrate.     May.  p^'P't,  mo  uierai 

^^rJ:  y,nn!!:^*^  ^'  ^r°^lV''  'V  *'""''*^'  ^'^"'°'  ^''"^^';  J^^-^-  ^^o^-J^^te,  roundlsl,,  ser- 
SLTIT  ^'T'  'f-  '""^'^"^"'^  deeply  fringed;  petals  bearded ; '.;;«,• 
longer   than   the  cordla.—A  common  violet  in  moist  woods.  Can.  to  Ky    well 

Snw^rfe-t  ^^l^'  \T^'  ''T''^}'^'  ,""""'•'  ''^*'^«^  "^'^'t^'T,  which  renders  the 'largo 
iVZZ  ,"",  *°  *'',f  °  ^^.  ^^°  '^'■'^'P^'''-  ^^-  «-8'  J'i?l'.  branching  below. 
Petio  es  much  onger  than  tiio  leaves.  Stip.  almost  pini  atifld.  Ped.  slender 
very  long,  a.xillary.     Fls.  pale  blue.     May.  ' 

^^oTnnl''nv?i°'',-^-  ^■'''^"^'  IlE^KTSEASE.  St.  angular,  diifuscly  branched;  Ivs. 
oblong-ovate,  lower  ones  ovate-cordate,  deeply  crenato;  slip,  as  lar,,e  o^  the 
leaves ;  spur  short,  thick.-Gardens,  where  its  pretty  llowers  ar^e  earlies  fn  .?ring 

iJetofa  ^jurpfe,  </ie  two  lateral  white  and  toith  the  lower  striate,  all  yellow  at  base 
li.  ABVENSis  DC.  Annual.  More  slender  and  le-s  branched;  upper  lvs.  ovate- 
spatulato;  petals  scarcely  twice  longer  tlian  the  calyx,  yellowish  blue 
spotted  with  purple.  (V.  arvensis  Ell.)-Thi3  is,  doubtless,  a  mere  variet^ 
escaped  from  gai-dcns,  in  rocky  hills,  N.  Y.  to  Ga  Not  common.  Sts. 
^ — o — 10  long.     May. 

i>rf?c,t7:^^^f^^^^l?^  ^-  St.  3.comcred,  simple,  procumbent;  lvs.  ovate-oblong, 
senate,  shorter  than  the  peduncles;  stip.  much  smaller  than  the  leave.;  fls.  large.- 
Native  of  Switzerland.  A  beautiful  species,  with  vcrv  largo  fiovver«  (1— 9'  diam.)  • 
all  the  petals  ahke  are  deep  purple.  Whole  plant  smooth,  6—12'  lone.,  gtin 
i—l  long.     Flowering  all  seasons  but  winter,  f 

21  V.  odorata  L.    Sweet,  or  English  Violet.    Stolons  creeping ;  hs  cor- 
date, crenate,  nearly  smooth;  sep.  obtuse;  lateral  petals  with  a  haiiylina-Nativo 


Obdeb   17.— CISTACE^ 


245 


of  l"n;?lantl.  It  is  well  characterized  by  its  long,  trailing,  loafy  runnera.  The  Iva. 
aro  truly  heart-shaped.  Stip.  lanceolate,  toothed.  Ped  longer  than  Iho  leaves, 
bracted.  Fl-<.  siaall,  fragrant.  Several  garden  varieties  aro  known,  and  distin- 
guished by  IIjo  form  ind  color  of  the  flowers;  viz: — the  purple,  white  and  blue- 
Flowered,  tho  rl)ul)  .;  white,  double  purple  and  double  bluo-llowered,  and  tho 
Neapolitan  witli  pab  blue  4lower.s.     Apr.,  May.f 

2.  SOLEA,  Gingiiis.  (jIreen  Violkt.  (Dedicated  to  W,  Sole,  an« 
Ktiijlisli  writer  on  pliviits.)  Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auriculato  ;  petals 
unequal,  tho  lowest  2  iobed  and  ffibbous  at  base,  the  rest  cniarijjiuate  ; 
stamens  cohering,  the  lowest  2  bearing  a  gland  above  the  middle ; 
capsule  surrounded  at  base  by  the  concave  torus;  soeda  0 — 8,  very 
large. —  4  An  erect,  leafy  plant,  with  inconspicuous  axillary  flowers. 

S.  concolor  Gingins.  Gueex  Violet.  Woods,  'VVestem  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  S.  tu 
Oar.  Stem  1 — 2f  hiy;h,  simple,  and,  wltii  tho  loaves,  somewh.it  hairy.  Lva. 
4 — 6'  by  l\ — 2^,  liiucoolato,  acuminate,  subontire,  tapering  to  short  petioles. 
Ped.  very  short,  1— '  flowered,  axillary.  FU.  small,  greenish,  white.  Cal.  abouL 
as  long  as  tho  corolii.  Ljwer  petal  twice  larger  than  the  others.  Capsule  near 
1'  in  length.     Apr.,  May. 


Order  XVII.     CISTACE/E.     Rock  Roses. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  simple,  entire,  opposite  (at  least  the  lower)  loaves,  with 
fls.  perfect,  regular,  hypogynous,  in  one-sided  racemes,  very  fugacious.  Sep.  5,  un- 
equal, persistent.  Petals  5  (sometimes  3  or  wanting)  convolute  in  icstivation.  Sia. 
mostly  OO.  Caps.  1-celled,  3 — 5-valved,  with  as  many  parietal  i)!aco:it;3.  Seeds 
albuminous.     Embryo  curved  or  spiral.     (Illust.  in  Fig.  404.) 

Genera  7,  species  1S5,  luosl  abundant  in  S.  Europe  iind  N.  Afric.i. 

genera. 

1  Petals  3,  llnear-lanceoliito.  siniill Lkchf.a.  1 

T  Petals  5,— large  an<l  showy,  or  wautintr IIf.uantiikmum.  2 

— minute.    Dclieato  slirubs IIudsoxia.  3 

1.  LECHEA,  L.  Pinweed.  (In  memory  of  John  Leche,  a  Swedish 
botanist.)  Sepals,  5,  the  2  outer  mimite  *,  petals  3,  lanceolate,  small ; 
stamens  3  to  12  ;  stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct ;  capsule  3-celIed,  3-valved ; 
placent;e  nearly  as  broad  as  the  valves,  roundish,  each  1 — 2 -.seeded. — 
I'r  Often  shrubby  at  base,  with  numerous  \  cry  small  brownish  purple 
flower?. 

1  L.  major  Mx.  Hairy ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  mncronulatc ;  fls.  minute,  about  as  long 
ns  the  pedicels. — In  dry  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  1 — L'f  higli,  rigid,  briulo 
hairy,  purple,  somewhat  corymbously  branched.  Lvs.  of  the  stem  about  4" 
long,  alternate,  opp  ite,  or  even  verticiliato  on  tho  prostrate  branches,  crowded. 
Fls.  brownish-purpl  inconspicuous  among  the  nuiuorous  bracts.  Caps,  round- 
ish, about  the  size  of  a  small  pin-head.     Variable.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  L.  minor  Lam.  Smnothish;  lvs.  linear,  very  acute;  jis.  small,  on  pedicel  which 
are  mostly  twice  longer. — Grows  in  drj',  sandy  grounds,  U.  S.  an<l  Can.  Sts. 
8 — Hi'  high,  slender,  red,  paniculately  branched,  oflen  decumbent  at  base.  Stem 
lvs.  G — 10"  by  1",  alternate,  revolute  at  tho  margin,  those  of  tiio  divergent,  fili- 
form branches  gradually  minute.  Fla.  twice  as  largo  as  in  L.  major.  Petals 
brnwriisli-niirnliv  r'oJieringat  apex.    Caps,  tlio  size  of  a  lart^o  pin-head.    Jn. SepL 

3  L.  th3rmif61ia  Ph.  Shrubby,  hoary  with  oppressed  hairs;  lvs.  linear  and  linear- 
oManceolate,  rather  acute,  ojteji  verticillote ;  Us.  small,  on  pedicels  still  shorter. — 
Seacoa-sts,  Mass  to  N.  J.  Sts.  about  If  high,  many  from  the  Fame  caudex,  rigid 
and  very  busiiy.  Lvs.  6 — 10'  long,  erect,  crowded.  Fls.  in  terminal,  denso 
cymulcs,  on  very  short  pedicels.     Petals  brown.     Caps,  globona.     Jl. — Sept. 


246 


OnDEn  18.— HYPERIOACE^. 


2.  HELIANTHEMUM,  L.     Rock  Rosr.     (Gp  flAw  tho  sun    Ur 
flower.       Sepals  5,  tl.o  2  outer,  snmllor,  the  3  hu  e/ co^lo  ^     '^'l    J' 

onfro,  subsosailo.     Primary  lis.  with  lar^^,  J>right  yollo  v  netTlI'    Sl^^   ^'t' 

supra-axillary.     Apr,  May  '      '"'°  ^''""  ^    ^'■°^^'  *^«  P°<"«^J8 

AT?:ii?.?^S^!.^  ^     ^v"  ,''^'"r  ^^  ^^''^^'""^  ^^"'^•^«".  «"«'or  of  Flora 
Ang  ,c.i.)     ho])al8  i,  uiute.l  at  base,  Ruhtcnded  by  2   ininuto   ones  ont 
side    petals  5  ;  sta.nens  0-30  ;  style  filitbnn,  straight ;  capsule     !ccS" 
nih^^oSpSr^t;;!^^^^  ^"^"^^  ^^'^'^  ve.,n^e^usU;i;::^ 

m^longth,  closely  apprcssed  to  tho  steu:.     Fls.  about  2'  bro^,  yeU^'lVn' "ous. 
^  ^te^'^^.°l^nl  \    ^^'^^^■P^tbe.cent;  Ivs.  subulate,  a  little  spreading,  pedicels  ex- 

nrvE'  StTCd- "r'"":'," '™-*«  i;v.l.''JAr ?■  ,:^ 

xis.  ,<.iK)\\,  .iDout  J    broad.     Laps,  oblong,  pubescent.     May.  * 

^  /fan7°elt^^.?""-     ''^'""''^^  i'«6^ce«<;  ?r..  fiUform^uhulAte ;  pedicels  longer 

N.  CaJ  -trdLSbeTTt'  \'\°  ^"n''""^^^  '"J'^'^.^'  «"^>">-te.-^HiXMrS 

.  about  5 '  ^>iUlZ'SS^^;L'&^^i^  --■ 

Order  XVIII.     11YI>ERICACE..E.     St.  John's  worts. 
B^^ov  shr^ihs  with  opiKJsite,  entire,  dotted,  exstipidate  leaves,  with  flaoers  per- 
feet,  regular,  hypogynous,  4  or  5-merous,  cymous  and  mostly  yellow;  ..^neqral, 


Obder  18.— UYPERICACEiE.  247 

porsi8(oiit;  pelala  moatly  oblique  or  convolute  in  thobud;  slamens  (evr  or  la&Qy, 
polyadolphous ;  Mithern  versatile  ;  ovary  compound,  witli  styles  united  or  separate, 
liecoiniug  in  fruit  a  1-oollud  capsule  with  parietal  pkccntio,  or  3  to  6-celled  when 
the  dissopinii'iits  reach  tlio  center.  Seeds  oxalburninous,  minute.  (Illustrationa  in 
Fig.  G9,  278,  389,  UOO.) 

Ii'eiifnt  IB,  HjiKrieH  276,  vory  poiuTally  dhtrlbutod,  prescntlnff  a  greftt  rarioty  (>f  habit,  and 
tliiiiriNliIng  In  all  ktmU  o(  locolltles.  Tin-  Jiilcu  of  many  bjiooIbs  U  consldorod  niiiKutlvo  and 
fi'brifugul. 

QENERA. 

Sepals  4.     Petnls  4,  obllqno,  yollow Arcykum      1 

Sepuls  5.     Petals  6,— (>bll(|Uc,  yellow II YfKiirtx'M  2 

— cqullutoral,  jmi i>lisli Elodea        S 

1.  ASCtRUM,  L.  St,  Teter's  Wort.  (Etymology  uncertain.)  Sep- 
als 4,  the  two  outer  usually  very  large  and  foiiaceous;  petals  4,  oblique, 
convolute  ;  filainonts  slightly  united  at  biiso  into  several  parcels;  styles 
2 — 4,  mostly  distinct;  capsule  1-celled. — I'lants  sufFruticous.  Lvs. 
punctate  with  black  dots.  FIs.  pule  yellow  1  or  3  terminating  each 
branch.     Pedicels  bibi-actcolate. 

The  outer  pair  of  sepals— vorv  largo,  ovntc.    Styles  1  or  2 Nos.  1  2 

—still  larircT,  orbicular.     Hty Ion  3 ".....".!.'.'.'.  !noh.  8*  4 

— small,  liko  tlu-  two  Inner.    Styles  8 ..No!  6 

1  A.  Cnix-AndreSB  L.  St.  Andrew's  Cross.  Branches  many,  aubered,  an- 
cipilal  above ;  lvs.  linear-oblomj,  obtuse;  outer  sep.  twice  longer  than  the  pedicel;  2 
bracteoles  a  little  below  the  flower. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Ua.  and  La.  Sts.  1  to 
2f  high,  with  bn)wn,  scaly  bark  below.  Lvs.  G  to  ]2"  long,  minutely  dotted, 
sessile,  smaller  ones  axillary.  Cymes  leafy.  Tho  pcrsLstent,  ovate  sepals  close 
after  flowering,    Jn.,  Jl, 

/3  ANOUSTiFdLiA  Nutt,  Lvs.  oblong-linear,  crowded;  outer  sepals  acute,  tho 
two  bracteoles  close  to  tho  flower. — Cur.  and  Ga.  (Feay.)  Looks  very  differ- 
ent from  n,  from  the  smalluesa  of  its  numerous  lvs.,  which  are  3  to  6"  lon^ 
1'  wide.  ^' 

2  A.  ptimilum  Mx.  Low,  trailing  at  base;  lvs.  oval  and  obovate,  obtuse,  sessile ; 
outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicel,  inner  sepal  0 ;  bracteoks  0. — Ga.  and 
Fla.,  in  dry,  piny  barrens.  Much  branclied,  branches  a  few  ineliea  long.  Lvs. 
about  3"  by  2,"  often  smaller.  Cymes  exserted,  the  pedicels  6  to  10"  long. 
Pet.  rather  larger  than  the  sepals. 

3  A.  stins  Mx.  St.  erect,  ancipital;  lvs.  oStongi,  scssife,  and  half-clasping,  obtuse  ; 
caps,  ovate,  a^ute. — Swamps  in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  1  to  3f 
hij,'h,  straight,  winged  throughout,  branched  above,  usually  simple  at  ba.se  and 
shag^'y  with  loose  bark.  Lvs.  10  to  15"  long,  ^  as  wide.  Outer  sepals  orbicular, 
subeordate,  6"  diam.,  inner  lance-linear.  Petals  unequal,  ovate,  acute,  a  little 
longer  than  the  sepals.     Sty.  3,  distinct,  short.     Jn. — Aug. 

4  A.  amplezicaiile  Mx.  St.  erect,  terete  below ;  lis.  broadly  ovate,  cordate, 
clasping;  caps,  oblong.— Ga.  and  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  dlchotonously  branched 
above,  branches  somewhat  2-edged,  Lv?.  8  to  12"  long,  §  as  broad.  Outer 
sepals  nearly  round,  5''  broad,  the  petals  j  longer. 

5  A.  micro86palum  Torr.  and  Or.  Bushy;  st.  scarcely  edged;  lvs.  oblong  and 
oblong-linear,  crowded ;  sep.  oblong-linear,  much  shorter  than  the  obovato,  un- 
equal petals;  sty.  3,  long,  distinct. — Ga.  and  Fla.  Very  different  in  aspect  from 
the  others,  with  crooked,  straggling  stems.  Lvs.  2  to  4"  long,  1"  wide  (in  a 
variety  twice  as  large).  Pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx.  FIs.  9"  broad.  Sty. 
filiform,  as  long  rr  the  oblong  capsule.     May. 

2.  HYPERICUM,  L.  St.  John's-wort.  (Derivation  unknown.) 
Sepals  5,  connected  ht  base,  subequal,  leaf-like;  petals  5,  oblique', 
stamens  oo  (sometimes  few),  mostly  unite. I  at  base  into  3 — 5  parcels. 


2*8  Obdkii  l8.--HYPERICA0Ev!<:. 

with  no  glaiKls  b  awocM,  then  ;  styh-s  3—5,  <listinct  or  united  at  huso 
persistent.— llcrhaceous  or  slimbby  plants.     Lvs.  punctate  with  pel- 

eHow      ''   ''^'''''"^'''   *'"^'''''     *^''"    '*'''**'""^''    ""*   "'   ''>''"^"''   P'"''^'''^' 

JStftinens  2.V-100,  more  or  loss  nnltod  Into  sots  (a). 
StniiiKiis  5—16,  not  iit  iili  uiilloil  (d) 
a  CWIs  (ami  styloN)  5  or  M.or.-.     Cupsulo  C-fcllcl «<,.  ,   .. 

a  Cari.e Is  .1     <,ii|.si,lo  1-eello.l  (il.c  |,l,ic....i».  not  qniu.  MR.ctln"  (c) 

C  Huif-sl.rubby.    Styles  iinlte.l  into  oiuV.; ..'. ^"»-  ^-j'* 

O  llerbftrc.ms.     Styles  .llstl.ict,  .it  loa.st  at  tho  top.  .■;.■;.■;■.■ ij   '•  };,'~  ^ 

d  I' lowers  in  corymbous  cviiies 'ij       o.T", 

d  Flowers  raceuied  on  the  slender  bnnulies'. . '. '.  V..'. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.',,'.', .' ."  .No's.'  25  20 

1  H.  pyramid^tum  Ait.  mrbaceom;  lvs.  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  aruie;  sty'V 
plaocnun  rctroflcxod  ni  ti.o  coils  of  tl.c  cnp8.ilo.-2(  Hills  and  river  banks  Ohb 
and  Ponn.  to  Can.  St.  :5-5f  higl,,  s.aroely  angular,  smooth,  rigid.  BratiXs 
oorynjbous,  erect,  4-anple.l.  Lv..  of  tlio  stem  2i-5'  long,  '*  as  wide  of  ho 
branclu^  about  half  those  dimensions.     Fls.  very  largo  (U'  broad)    Petals  obo 

o'st^Mef    Sr'S:''irAug"'"     '''^"-  ''  ''''''  --'^---'.  Sped  withto 

2  H.  Kalmidnum  L.  Slauhby ;  hv.  linear-lanceolate,  very  numerous  obtuse- 
caps^  5-colled,  t.ppod  with  tho  5  stylos.-Rocks  below  Niagara  Ss    etc       V 

.andsome  spec.es,  a  foot  or  more  in  liight.  Lvs.  an  inch  in  length,  slightly  royt 
ho  ou  the  margm,  l-ven,ed,  nnnutely  and  thic.kly  punctate,  soss  lo.  BranclLs 
slen.lor  and  dehcate,  somewhat  4-angled.    Fls.  d"  diam.     Sta.  very  many     Aug 

3  H.  Backlfiyi  Curtis.  Low,  diffusely  branched  from  tho  shrubby  base  lvs 
wodgc-ol.ong  or  obomte,  subsossilo,  smooth,  very  ohtuse ;  fls.  terminal  solitary 
peduneled;  sep.  unequal  leafy,  obtuse,  and  with  the  O)  k4;.  slXr  tStlfo 
petals;  caps,  .i-eelled  styles  umted..~.-IIigh.  Mts.  of  N.  Ca.-.  to  Ga.  Stems  8-12' 
high.     Lvs.  (,  or  7    by  3  or  4".     Kesembles  Ascyrura  Crux-Andreaj. 

4  H.  prolificum  L.  Brancliing ;  branches  ancipilal,  smooth;  lvs.  oblong-lanceo- 
«<«,  obtuse,   narrowed  at  ba.e,  cre.uilately  waved  at  edge; 'cvmos  eompoS 

Si  ''^\  rlT^  ""^-'^  rr'f  r'''^'"'^'  ^''''■^'^'  obovato.'a  littlo  larger  than 

3  w~4}     "^^T*""''','''"','^  ''''■"^''  ^-^*  '"fe''"'  prairies  and  creek  shores.  Mid. 

and  W.  States.     Lvs.  2-2^'  long,  4-G"  wide.     Fis.  9"  diam.,  orange-yellow  in 

an  elongated  infloresceiico.     Sta.  (X>.     Jl.   Au"  f  .         b    /       »v  m 

/3.  i)E.vsiPL0UUM  T.  and  G.     Branches  very  numerous;  lvs.   crowded,  mueh 

emaller  (less  than   1   long);  lis.  very  numerous,  in   compound  cyme.s,  ami 

much  smaller  (about  G"  diam.)— E.  Tenn.  to  Fla.     (II.  densiHorum  Ph.) 

5  H.  galioides  Lam.  Branches  few,  torcto ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolato,  rather  obtuse  • 
cj-mules  nunioroas,  axillary  and  terminal,  panieulato ;  sep.  suhegual,  lin^r-Uineeo. 
laie—i,.  Car  to  hhi.  m  damp  soil.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  with  straight,  erect  brunches 
and  a  siiiootli  bark.  Lvs.  laseicled  in  tho  axils  as  if  whorled,  10  to  15"  by  2  to 
3  ,  dotted  with  large,  pellucid  glands.     Fls.  about  7  "  diam.     Jn.,  Aug 

6  H.  roamarinifoliTim  Lam.  St,  straight,  -Tect,  sparingly  branched;  lvs.  lin- 
car,  s/iorter  than  the  mternodes,  narroiued  at  base  to  a  petiole;  cymules  dense  few- 
fiowcred,  pauickd.-Ky.  to  Fla.  Smooth  and  handsome,  18  to  30'  high '  half 
shrubby.  Lvs.  1  to  U'  long,  1— 2'  wide,  revolute-edgcd,  fascicled  in  tho  axils 
as  It  whorled.     1  Is.  6    diam.    Sep.  subetiual,  about  as  long  aa  tho  obovato  petals. 

7  H.  fasciculatum  Lam.  Shrub  much  branched,  bushy ;  lvs.  linear,  very  nar- 
row,  longer  than  the  iniernodes,  sessile;  eymnles  leafv,— Wet  places  in  pino  bar- 
reus,  (..it,  J- la.  to  i,a.,  common.  Bush  1  to  2f  high,  very  leafy.  Lvs.  nearly 
1  in  length,  recurved  or  straight,  with  smaller  ones  clustered  in  tlio  axils  Fla 
mnnerous,  G  diam.  Petals  otovato,  l-toothed  (like  Una.  4,  5)  about  tho  lenLHli' 
Oi  Hie  linear  sepals.     Jl,,  Sept. 

/^.  AiiBRKvi.vTUM.     Branches  irregular  and  crooked;  lvs.  very  short  (2  to  3  '), 
tulled  in  tho  axUs ;  petals  3  times  longer  than  tho  sepals.— Car.  to  Ga. 


Orokr  18.— HYPERICACEiE 


240 


^'  P^?®*^^*""*  r--  ,  '^^-  ^-fged,  branched;  Ivs.  with  pellucid  dots ;  sep.  lanceo- 
lute,  half  as  Img  as  the  petak.~2i  A  hardy  r-lant,  prevailing  in  dnr  pastuJS 
Can.  and  U.  b.,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  larmera.  St.  1  to  2f  hiuh  trachiafA 
yrect  round  w.th  2  opposite,  elevated  lines  extending  between  the  nodes' 
Lvs.  6—10  long,  ^as  wide,  ramial  ones  much  smaller,  all  obtuse,  the  dots  as 
well  as  veins  best  seon  by  transmitted  light.  Fls.  numerous,  deep  yellow  in 
terminal  panicles.  Petals  and  8:;p.  bordered  with  fino  dark-colored  glands  Jn 
.11.    gj  J!/Ur.  °         •«/"., 

9  H.  cory-mbdaum  Mubl  Sis.  terete,  corymbously  branched;  lvs.  oblong-ovate 
or  oval  obtuse,  marked  wUh  bla^Jc  (as  well  as  pellucid)  rfoiv ;  sep.  ovate,  acuU  (very 
small)  ^  av  hug  as  the  petals.-  H  Woods  and  plains.  Can.  to  I'enn.  and  Arte  s7 
1  to  Jf  high,  with  many  small  fls.  in  a  corymb  of  dense  cymes.  Lvs  1  to  2'  Ion? 
'ZS  ^  f  1  T  \f'''^'  ,f  •^*-''"  ,^^"'^P'"S  °'  ^''''^'l^'  o"-  ('»  a  varietv,  E.  TennO 
St'^tyTef  •  J:f,' J^'^^"'  ^^^^^^  ^^'"^  "^^°"^  ^'^^"^  '^'^-     ^^^^-  -"^e-red,  ou^ 

10  H.  macuiatum  Walt.  St.  terete,  corymbously  branched  ;  lvs.  oblovg,  thickly 
sprinkled  with  black  dots;  sep.  lanceolate.-'^.  Car.,  Ga.  (Poay)  Fla  St  at  S 
simple   often  becoming  dilTusely  branched,   1  to  4f  high.'    Lvs.  smaller  (about  1' 

\\  }■■  \  \  [  i"""  ""f  ^;'-  ■^•"'  'P^^'^'"  (°'*  ^■''"'^^y  ?)  ^^"'•^•^'V  differs  from  No 
8,  but  m  Its  bluish  aspect  (from  the  numerous  dots)  and  smaller  'lvs.     Jl.,  Aug 

11  H.  aiireum  Bartram  Branches  .spreading,  ancipital :  ^^,9.  tliick,  lance-ovate 
o\Aximsi^sik;fls.{\aTg^)  solitary,  sessile.—.^  I'eautiful  shrub,  Ca.,  near  Macon' 
St.  2  to  4f  high.  Lv.s  2  to  3'  long,  ^  as  wide,  obtuse  or  mucronulate,  only  tl.o 
strong  mid-veiii  visible,  almost  p?tiolate,  edge  wavv-cri:^pod.  Fl.s  IS"  broad 
Petals  roflexed.  Bta.  excessively  numerous  (more  than  500),  shorter  than  the  3 
partly  united  stylos.     Jn.,  Aug. 

12  H.  myrtifdlium  L  St.  toreto;  lvs.  thick,  ovate  tr  ohlonq,  cordate-claspina  ■ 
jis.  in  a  leafy  compound  fastigiate  cyme,  tho  dichotonia)  sessile.— Ga    Fla      Shrub 

1  to  2f  in  lugiit,  d(,'clinod  and  often  divide.,1  at  base,  corymbod  above'  Lv<^  abou* 
1  long,  J  or  ^  as  wide,  glaucous.  Sop.  lance-linear,  as  lonrr  as  ("3-4")  tho 
E   V*  '  '•eUexed.     Sta.   as  long  as  tho  sty.,  which  separate   at  top. 

13  H.  ambfguumEU.  BrancluM  nncipitixl;  hs.  lame-linear,  thin,  acute :  fls  soli- 
tary  and  in  3s  vi  the  axils  of  the  dipper  leaves.— Banks  of  the  Congaree  and  Ciiat- 

ahoochee,  Ga.  Shrub  with  ^caly  bark,  2  to  4f  higii,  with  numerous,  opposite 
branches.  Lvs.  1  o  2  long,  3— i"  wide,  scsile,  mueronate,  wit!i  a  white,  cal- 
lous point.  Sep.  lanco-hn-ar,  as  long  as  tlie  1-toothed  petals.  Sty.  united 
May ,  Jn.  •' 

14  H  cistifdlium  Lam.  St.  2.wingcd,  subsimple;  lvs.  linear-ohlong,  obtuse 
se,ssile;  fis  m  a  lea^^ess,  compound  cyme.—Ca.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Siirub  straight 
and  erect,  U^ to  21  liigh  Lvs.  1' long,  2-3"  wide,  opaque,  with  smaller  ones 
clustered  in  tho  axils.  Petals  twice  longer  than  tho  oval  sepals.  Sty  united 
except  at  tho  top,  nearly  us  long  as  tho  capsule.     May. 

15  H.  adpr^SBum  Bart.  St.  2-winged  above:  lvs.  linear-oUnn^  or  lanceolate 
halt  erc^t;  cymes  few-leaved ;  sep.  lance-linear;  caps,  almost  3-c/Hod.— Swamps' 
R.  L,  Penn.  o  Ark.  Plant  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  1-2'  by  2-4",  pellucid- 
punctate,  sessie,  rather  acute.  Fls.  G"  diam.,  15-20  in  an  aliuo.st  lealless  cyme 
Sop.  unequal,  half  as  long  as  tho  oblong-obovato  petals.     Stv.  1.     Aug.,  Sept. 

16  H.  nudifldrum  Mx.    St.  and  branches  4-angled  and  winged;  lv.s  orate-iancco'lato 
or  oblong,   obtuse,  sessile;   cyme  leafless,  peduiickxl ;    sep.  linear;   caps,  almost 
3-cellod.— W  et  grounds.,  Penn.  to  La.  and  Ga.     Plant  woody  at  base,  1— 2f  high 
with  numerous  branelus.     Lvs.  thin,  about  2'  long,  with  minute,  pellucid,  reddish 
(lots.     Fls.  tow,  small,  rather  loose  in  tho  stalked  cyme.     Aug.,  Sept. 

17  H.  dolabriforme  Vent.     St.  decumbent  at  the  woody  base,  scnrcelv  2-edged 

,'  —  ..i.n.i !!.,(!.. ,  ,-pr-i,M,nj^,  reiuicMBj  ji-t.  in  a  icajy,  j'uitigiate  cyme; 

seps.  Lince-ovato,  about  as  long  as  tho  very  oblique  (dolab-iform)  petals.— Ky.  and 
lenn.  Sts.  6—18'  long,  with  scaly  bark  at  base.  Lvs.  1'  or  more  in  length, 
sessile,  with  smaller  ones  in  the  axils  with  brownish  dots.    Jl.  Aug. 


200 


Order  18.— HYPERIOACE^, 


18  H.  sphaerocSrpon  Mx.  St.  obscurely  i-sided ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse 
with  a  minute  callotis  tip,  almost  veinless ;  cyme  compound,  nearly  leafless,  pedun- 
culate; sep.  ovate,  mucronate;  sty.  closely  united;  caps,  globular. — Rocky  banks 
of  the  Ohio  and  Ky.  rivers.     St  somewhat  woody  at  base,   10 — 15'  high.     Lvs. 

i  1—2' long,  J  as  wide,  closely  sessile,  with  large,  pellucid  dots.  Fls.  at  length 
numerous,  7"  diam.    Jl. 

19  H.  anguldsum  Mx.  Herb  smooth  ;  at.  acutely  ^-comared ;  lvs.  obloi.f,  lanceolate 
acute ;  cymes  leafless ;  sty.  distinct,  thrice  larger  than  the  ovary. — Swamps  in  pine 
barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  (Bainbridge,  Ga.,  Misses  Keen).  St.  nearly  2f  high.  Lvs. 
distinct,  opaque,  scarcely  punctate,  8—12"  long,  1 — 3"  wide,  edges  revolute. 
Fls.  often  alternate  on  the  ultimate  branches.  Sepals  ovate,  stnate,  acute,  5 
times  shorter  than  the  orange-colored  petals.     Jl. 

20  H.  ellipticum  Hook.  Herb  smooth;  st.  quadrangular,  simple;  lvs.  elliptical, 
obtuse,  somewhat  clasping,  pellucid-punctate;  cyme  pedunculate ;  sep.  unequal; 
sty.  united  to  near  tiie  summit,  as  long  as  the  ovary. — %■  Low  grounds  Can.  to 
Penii.  St.  8 — 16'  hi^h,  slender,  colored  at  base.  Lvs.  8 — 13"  by  2 — 4",  some- 
what croct,  about  as  long  as  the  internodcs.  Cymes  of  about  a  dozen  flower?, 
generally  I  or  2'  above  the  highest  pair  of  leaves.  Central  ^9.  nubscssile.  Petals 
acutish,  orange-yellow,  2—3"  long;  sep.  shorter.     Stig.  minute.     Jl. 

21  H.  gravdolens  Buckley.  St.  terete,  smooth,  nearly  simple;  lvs.  oblong-ovate 
clasping,  punctate  beneath ;  cymea  terminal  and  axillary ;  sep  and  pet.  narrow  • 
fil.  GO:  styles  3.— High  Mts.,  N.  Car.  (Buckley).  Plant  wiilv  a  strong  odor! 
Stem  2— 3f  high.  Lvs.  2'  long,  half  as  wida  Fls.  largo  and  numerous. 
Jl. — Aug. 

22  H.  pildsum  Walt.  Serb  rough-downy ;  st.  simple,  terete,  virgate ;  lvs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  appressed,  clasping,  acute ;  cyme  few-flowered :  stij.  distinct,  as  long  na 
the  ovary. — ,1)  Wet  pino  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.  Lva  4—8"  long, 
^  as  wide,  very  acut?.  St.  1— 3f  high,  quite  simple  to  near  the  top,  clothed  with 
a  rough  coj^t  of  hairs.  Fls.  5 — G"  diam.,  mostly  alternate  on  the  branches  of  tlio 
cyme,     .rn.— Sept. 

23  H.  mutilum  L.  Dwarf  St.  John's  Wort.  St.  quadrangular,  branched  ; 
lvs.  ohiuse,  ovate-ohlung,  clasping,  b-veined,  minutely  punctate;  cymes  leafy;  pot! 
shorter  tlnm  the  s.^p.;  sta.  G — 12. — ®  Damp  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  (ia.,  W.  to  Ind. 
St  3 — 6 — 9'  iiigh.  Lvs,  closely  se.ssile,  apparently  connate,  4 — 8"  by  2—5"' 
outer  veins  obscurj.     Fls.  minute,  orange-colored.     Jl.,  Aug. 

24  H.  Cauadense  L.  St.  quadrangular,  branched;  lvs.  linear,  attenuated  to  the 
base,  with  pellucid  and  also  with  black  dots,  rather  obtuse;  pet.  t^hortcr  than  the 

lanceolate,  acute  sep.;  sta.  5 — 10. — 'D  Wet  sandy  soils,  Car,  to  Ga.      St.  6 12' 

high,   slightly  4-winged.      Lower  branches   opposite,   upper  pair  forked.     Lvs. 

,  8 — 12"  by  ^ — 1  or  2",  sometimes  linear-lanceolate,  radical  ones  obovate,  short. 
Fls.  small,  orange-colored.  Ova.  longer  than  the  style?.  Caps,  rod,  very  acute, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Jn. — Aug. 

25  H.  Sardthra  Mx.  St.  and  branches  filiform,  quadrangular;  lvs.  verv  minute, 
subulate;/*,  sessile;  sta.  5 — 10. — (j)  St.  4— 8— 12'  high,  branched  above  into 
numerous,  very  slender,  upright,  parallel  oranches  apparently  leafless,  from  tlio 
minuteness  of  the  leaves.  Fls.  very  small,  yellow,  succeeded  by  a  conical  brown 
capsule  which  is  twice  the  length  of  tho  sepals.     JL,  Aug. 

26  H.  Dnimmondii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Branches  alternate,  square  above;  lvs.  linear, 
very  narrow,  acute,  longer  than  the  internodes;  Jls.  pedicellate;  sta.  10 — 20; 
sep.  lanceolate,  shorter  than  tho  petals,  but  longer  than  the  ovoid  capsule. — 
diNear  St.  Louis,  to  Ga.  and  La,  Plant  more  robust  than  tho  last,  10 — 20'  high, 
very  branching.     Lvs.  J'  long.    Flf  about  4"  diam. 

3.  ELOD^A,  Adams.  (Gr.  IXuStj^,  marshy;  from  the  habitat  of  the 
plants.)  Sepals  6,  equal,  somewhat  united  at  base ;  petals  5,  deciduous, 
equilateral;  stamens  D  (rarely  more),  triadelphous,  tho  parcels  altcr- 
riating  with  3  hypogynous  glands;  styles  3,  distinct;  capsule  3-celled. — 
U  Herbs  with  pellucid-punctate  lvs.,  tho  axils  Icaflesa.  Fls.  dull  orango- 
purple. 


1  E. 


r  y-jf, *,:?•■  J 


Order  19.— DROSERACE^. 


25.1 


1  B.  yirg£nica  Nutt     St.  erect,  somowhat  compressed,  branchiiiK-  Iva   oblona- 

I  vftl"  n'Innf  ?  •?  ^®  P^*"*  "^"^'y  °f  *  P^i-Pl'sh  hue,  9-20'  hieh. 
Lys.  IJ— 2J  loug,  J  as  wide,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  lower  oblonR-ovate  all  vS- 
obtuse,  glaucous  beneath.    Fls.  5"  diam..  terminal  and  axillary     Pet  aS)Utt^S 

^  'J'lll??^^**  T^"     ^'*  '''''''''^'  "^^owed  at  bcu^e  info  a  petiole;  fls  mostly  in 
't^^lf^'  ?r^^  T'^^cJ  ■^^'"^^  ""^'^^  «*'"^«  the  middle;  caps  oWo^g  rnuch 
?'  lon^r^^'  sepala-Swamps  S.  States,  N.  to  N.  J.     St.'aboSt  2fS?  T. 

iThe  l2  Tut  s'ep?"'  "  '''"■  '"'  '"""°*  ^^'"'^-    '^^^-  ^-^^^^  *^- 

Order  XIX.  DROSERACE^.  Sundews. 
fferbs  growing  in  bogs,  often  covered  with  glandular  hairs,  with  Ivs.  alternate  or 
aU  radical,  mostly  cremate  (rolled  from  top  to  base)  in  vernation;  >.  regular 
cypogynous,  S-merous,  the  sepak,  petals  and  stamens  persistent  (withering)  (,va' 
compound,  one-celled  with  the  styles  and  .^t^mo.  variously  parted,  deft  or  united 
seeds  00  m  the  capsule,  albuminous;  embryo  minute. 

^^""^^^^^trlCtr^^^^^^  over  the   wholo  „obe 

1.  DRdSERA,  L  Sundew.  (Gr.  SpSaoc,  dew ;  from  the  dew-liko 
secreion.)  Sepals  5  united  at  base,  persistent ;  petals  5;  stamens 
.1?^?  ^^  each  2-parted,  the  halves  entire  oV  many-cleft ;  cap! 
sule3-5-yalved,  1 -celled,  many-sceded.—  lf  Small  aquatic  herbs  Lvs 
covered  with  read.sh,  glandular  hairs,  secreting  a  viscid  fluid.  Verna- 
tion circinate.  V  billet 

Scapes  4— a  times  ns  Ion?  ns  t!io  li-p-.  t 

Scapes  1— a  times  as  long  as  tuo  loiivci!  'M'.'.". .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.['. ^    '  IZf 

^  ?;  wS"^/^^**  ^'  i^r*'  ^'■''^■^•^^«n  ah  uptly  contracted  tn^otho  hairy  petiole  • 
Wh  /  i~.  p''""''!^^  '"'°  P'""*'  '^^t  uncommon  in  bo-s  and  muddv^s^iorea 
Whole  p  ant  of  a  reddish  color,  like  the  other  Sundews,  and  beset  wi"h  imduTa; 

opeT   Sps  o'blo7g    'j^lAy"""  '  "  ''"  ""'  ""*°  "°"^'^ 

^  JJU?'"*^*""     f  "r-  f "'"''''  '^"""/"'•"^  «<  '"K^,  <''«  pe<i«;e,  «aA-6-rf;  ,fe  purple  ■  scano 
erect.-Moro  delicate  tnan  the  preceding,  in  marshes.  Fla.  to  Texas      Lvs'  fo?m 
jng  a  rosulato   uft  8-12"  long,  the  smooth  petiole  three  time3^on«er  t ban  tho 
lamina,  which  is  2—3"  wide.     Scanea  rilifnrm    ^     a'  i,Lt^  Tu   ^^^^^^  "''^."  ^']° 
or  forked,  6  or  C.floworc.d.    pSr  igh   ^k      L^'VbirToJiTt' 

3  p.  brevifdlla  Ph.      Zw.  cunei/orm-spatulate,  forminn  a  small  densp  tuff  h ' 

Car.  to  Fla.  and  La     Not  half  as   large  as  the  last.     Lvs.  5  or  G''  lonJ  1—"" 
broad    fla    on  the  ground,  forming  a  round,   compact  rosetto       ScS  2  ^3' 
^gh,  bearing  one  to  three  conspicuous  flowera     Capsule  roundi;h.     A^r 
ln,]^,i^  ^'-     -^f  *•  ^P"^^^^  o?^fo7i^  or  ohovate,  ascending,  alternate  tanerina  at 


262 


Order  19.-~I)H0SKRACE^E. 


6  p.  fUif6nnl8  Rn  r.  Lv,i.  filiform^  very  lonrj,  erect ;  scnpo  nearly  simple,  lonw- 
t hail  tl.o  Ciivos,  iiiany-floworcd;  potivl.s  ol)ovute,  oroscly  dcntieuiato,  lonirer  tliau 
tho  gliind.ilur  calyx;  sty.  'i-partcd  to  tho  base.— (J rows  in  vvtt,  santiy  places 
nlotiK  tlio  coast  Mass,  to  Ji'la.,  much  larger  than  tho  preceding  species.  Tho  Ivs' 
are  destitutb  of  a  lamina,  nearly  as  long  as  tho  scape,  beset  with  glandular  hairs 
oxcept  near  tho  base    8capo  about  a  loot  high,  witii  largo  purplo  flowers.    Aug.' 

5  p.  linearis  Coldio.  Lm.  linear,  ohttuse ;  petioles  rhmjakd,  naked,  erect;  scapca 
row-HoAycnni,  about  tho  Jongtli  of  tlio  loaves ;  cal.  glabrous,  much  shorter  than 
1 10  oval  capsule;  accds,  oval,  t^hining,  .smooth.— Borders  of  lakes  ('nn.,  Mich  to 
tho  Rocky  Mts.  (I looker,  Torn  .fe  Cr)  .Si-apo  ;t— (5'  Jiigh,  with  about  S  small 
Howers.  Lva  about  2"  wide,  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  which  nro  wanting  on 
the  petioli\     .11.,  Aug.  •* 

2.  DIONAA,  L.  VI:^a  s' Flv-trai'.  (One  of  tho  names  of  Voihis  ) 
Sepals  s]>re!uliiii; ;  pct.-ils  r,,  ol)oviito,  witli  pollncicl  voin.s ;  stamens 
10— -1.');  .styles  united  into  1,  tlio  stigmas  many-cleft;  cap.sulc  break- 
ing irregularly  in  opening,  l-colicd;  seeds  many  in  tho  bottom  of  the 
cell.— .'f  Clabrous  herl>s.  Jas.  all  radical,  sensitive,  closing  convul 
sively  whcMi  lonched.     Scape  umbeled. 

D.  nutscfpula  Kll.  A  very  curious  plant,  native  of  sandy  bogs  in  Oar.,  aloii.' 
nvei-s  Ironi  (lie  Ncuso  to  the  Rautoe.  Sometimes  cultivated  in  a  pot  of  bog  earth 
placed  m  a  pan  of  water.  Lv.s.  roculato,  lamina  roundish,  spiiuiloso  on  the  mar- 
giiis  and  upper  aurfiico,  instantly  closing  upon  insects  and  other  objects  whicli 
light  Tipon  It.  Scapo  G— 12'  high,  witii  an  umbel  of  8—10  while,  Howers  At)r 
May.  f  '  •' 

Srnoui)Eii,  PARNASSlKvE, 
Consists  of  tho  .viagle  genus  Pariiassia,  which  ditlers  from  the  Sundcw.s  in  having 
r>  sets  of  abort iv(>  .stamens  and  tiu)  4  stigmas  placed  ov(t  the  p.ariotal  placental  (as 
if  c-u-h   stigma  wcro   compounded   of  tho   two   adjacent   halves   of  two  divided 
.stigmas.— More  recently  this  genus  is  stationed  among  tho  Saxifragoa. 

3.  PARNASSIA,  Tonrn.  CuAss  ok  Parnassi's.  (Named  from 
Mount  J '(iniassuft,  the  abode  of  the  Afuscs,  (Jraces,  ttc.)  Sepals  o, 
united  at  base,  porsistent;  petals  .5,  persistent,  nearly  perigynons  ;  sta- 
mens in  two  series,  the  outer  indetiJiitc  in  number,  uiiited  iii  5  groups, 
sterile,  the  iiuier  5  perfei't ;  capsule  1-celled,  4-valved;  seeds  very  nume- 
rous with  a  winged  testa. —  .'UJIabrous  herbs,  with  radical  ivs.  and  1- 
llowered  .scapes. 

1  P.  Carolini^na  L.  Sterile  fil.,  .T  in  each  group,  distinct  to  near  the  base,  pu^ 
mounted  witii  little  spherical  heads;  pet.  much  exccediu(j  the  cal,  7narked  icith 
gre<n  veins ;  lis.  radical,  or  sessile  on  tho  scape,  broad,  "oval,  tvith  no  sitmt  at 
the  /xj.vc— An  exceedingly  elegant  and  interesting  plant,  growing  in  w^t  mea- 
dows and  boriK  ra  of  strt>ams,  U.  S.  to  Can.  Rt.  libroua.  Lvs.  7 -veined,  broad- 
oval  or  ovate,  smooth,  leathery,  radical  ones  long-stalked,  the  cauline  onlv  one, 
sessile,  chisping,  a  few  inches  above  tho  root.  Scapes  10—  15'  high,  with  L 
handsome,  regular  (lower  about  I' diani.     Jn. — .Vug. 

fi.  Filments  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals;  oaulino  leaf  small  or  none;  rhizome 
thick  and  large. — Fl.x  (Chapm.m.) 

2  P.  paliistris  L.  Sterile,  ./f/,  pellucid,  setaceous,  9  to  15  in  each  set;  cauline  If, 
if^any.  sessile;  radicallvs.  aU  cordate. — Ho,i;s  und  lako  shores,  Mich,  to  Lab.,  and 
W.  to  Rocky  Mta.  Scapes  about  G'  high,  naked  or  with  a  .single  clasping  loaf 
near  tho  iun.'^e.  Fls.  >,'hite,  Sejials  ob'.oug-lanceolato.  Petals  marketl  with  3—5 
green  or  purplo  veins 

3  P.  aearifoiia  Yenl.  Sterilo  C).,  .1  in  each  set;  petals  abruptly  clawed ;  lvs., 
remjbrm—Utn.,  Va.  and  Car.  Lvs.  largo  (1—2'  broad),  the  caulino  cue  sessile 
orbicular.     Fls.  Ij'  diau\. 


Order  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^, 


208 


Order  XX.     ELATINACE^^:.     Water  Peppers. 

Herbs  small,  annual,  with  opposite  loaves  and  ineinbrauoua  stipules.    Fb.  minute 

axillary.     Sepals  2—5,  distinct  or  slightly  co.'ierent  at  base,  persistent.     Petali  hy- 

I)Oi,'ynous,  as  many  as  ttio  sepals.     Sla.  equal  in  number  to,  or  twieo  as  many  as 

the  petals.    AnOu  iiitnirso.      Ova.  2— 6-eclled.    S'igmas  2—5,  capitate ;  placenta  in 

tiio  axis.     Fr.  capsular.     Seeds  numerous,  oxalbuininous. 

denera  fi,  ^peolfx  22,  found  in  every  part  of  tlio  globe,  growing  In  marshes.    The  following  is 
our  only  northern  genus.  0,00  m^  .<• 

ELATINE,  L.     (CJr.  tUar?/,  fir;  from  tho  resouiblancc  of  the  slender 
loiivea  of  .some  species.)      FIs.  2— 4-incrouH.     Stigmas  sessile,  niimite. 

B.  Americdna  Aril.  Mud  PcRbLANE.  St.  diffuse,  procumbent,  striate,  rooting 
Irorn  the  joints,  with  assurgent  branches  ;  Ivs.  lanco-oval  or  obovato,  obtuse, 
entire;  sty.  0  ;  sop.,  pot.,  sta.,  stig.  2— !{,  as  well  as  tho  cells  and  valves  of  the 
capsule;  stip.  very  minute.— A  littlo  mud  plant,  on  tho  borders  of  ponds  and 
rivers,  U.  S.  FIs,  axillary,  sessile,  solitary.  Cur.  minute,  clo,sed.  Jl.— .Sept. 
(Cryptu  minima  Nutt.     Peplys  Americana  I'li.) 


I'lNKWORTS. 


Order  XXI.     CARYOPlIYLLACTwE. 

TTerhs  with  swollen  joints,  opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  regular  flowers.     Sepals 

4  or  .'■),  persistent,  distinct,  or  cohering  into  a  tube.     Petals  4  or  .'i,  unguiculato  or 

not,  bifid  or  entire,  mostly  removed  from  the  calyx  by  a  short  internodo  of  the  toru;!, 

sonietimes  wanting.     Stamens  distinct,  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  rarely  an  equa' 

number  or  fewer.      Ovary  of^en  stipitato;  styles  2—.'),  stigmatous  tho  whole  length 

of  the  inner  surfaoo.     Fr.  a  1-cclled  capsule  (or  imperfectly  2—5  celled),  opening  at 

the  top,  or  loculicidal.     Sik.  numerous;  embryo  curved  around  tho  albumen.     (See 

Ki.j:,s.  70,  209,  258,  206,  299,  .300,  ;U3,  .'592.) 

'I'lie  I'ink worts  as  eonstitnted  by  Kn.llelolierand  others, nnd  (ibove  chfiractorlzcd,  CJinprehonds 
fiMir  Siiliordem,  timl  11.  t!io  aggregate  SS  (ie„era  and  1  l.SO  xpecies.  They  are  n  general  destitute 
..active  properties.  A  few  ol  them  are  valued  as  highly  ornamental  In  cultivation,  but  tho 
peatd  part  are  insignificant  weeds  abounding  in  waste  sandy  tracts  throughout  the  temperate 

§  I.oavps  fiirn'shed  w'.th  dry,  nien-.braiious  stipules.     SunoRDBB  II.  (^) 
§  Exstlpulate.-CapsuK)  l-ccUed,  3-GO-aeedod.     Petals  rarely  absent.    Sl-bordeu  I.^ 
—Capsule  1-celled,  l-.see(icd.     Petals  none.     Suiioiidkr  III.  (h) 
— Capsule  completely  «-ce!lcd.     Petals  none.     Suboudkr  IV.  (k) 

*  Sepals  united  into  a  tube.     I  etals  long-clawed.    Ovary  Rtipod.     Tribs  1.  (a) 

♦  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  njubsessile.  C-ary  sessile.  Tribf,  2.  (b)  ' 
If  Styles  or  stig.  3  to  5,  Capsule  1-celled,  Qo-seeded.  Tuiiik  8.  (e)  ' 
5  Slylei2  or  united  into  1.    Utricle  l-seeded.    Tribe  4.  (f ) 

Suborder  T.     CARYOPirYLLT'VE..,^. 

a  1.  SILKN  KM.—Ci\\yx  with  scalo-lilio  bractlets  at  base.     Stylos  2 T>lArrrnim.  i 

—Calyx  bractles.s. -Styles  2.     Cap,sulo  4-toothed  when  c,  'n.SAPoNARiA.  9- 

—Styles  8.     Capsule  6-tootlicd  when  open. Sii.F.NK.  3 

—Stylos  5.     Caps.  10-toothed...AoRO8TE.M.M  A,  4..  Lychnis.    5 
b  2.  ALSINEJi.— Petals  2-parted  (somct'incs  wanting  in  No.  7.)  (c) 

0  Stylos  5.     Cap.sulo  opening  at   the  top  by  10  teeth  . .  ..Cerastium.  f 

o  Styles  8.    C^;isulo  op-ning  deeply  by  6  half-valves..  .Stellabia.  7 

—Petals  umliviJaif  ( :  nuetimes  wanting  In  No,  10.)  (d) 

d  Val-  OS  of  tho  capsule  8,  eacli  2-toothed.    Styles  3. . . .  Arexaria.  8 

d  Valves,  Ac,  entire — Styles  8,  always  fewer  than  se[.aU Alsine.    9 

—Styles  4  orB,  always  as  many  as  sepals.  .Saotna.  10 
—Styles  3  it  5,     Disk  large,  lO-Iobod.IIoNKENYA.  11 

Suborder  IT.     ILLECEBRINEiE, 
eS.  BPEEOtTLF..*:.— Stvlesfi     Pr.fiiU  wj.it/,      1  ..„  ii„„-.  ...^.^^1 ... 

—Styles  8  and  5.     Petals  red.    Lva.  linear,  opposite Speboularia.  1.1 

—Styles  a  in  all  tho  flowcrs.—Stlpules  ovate,     Lvs.  in  4'8.Poi,ycahi'o.-(.    1  \ 

— Stip,  multifld.    I.va.  opp...STlPuucii)A.     15 


264  Order  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

f  4.  PARONTCHIE A— Sepals  herbaceous,  distinct  or  nenrly  so PAnoNTCHi*.     16 

—Sepals  white  above,  united  in  a  tube  below Svpjionycuia.   II 

Suborder  III.     SCLERANTHINE^. 
h  Styles  2.   Utricle  inclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  tube  . .  .Sciilkrantuus.  i9 

Suborder  IV.    MOLLUGINE^. 

k  Styles  8.   Stamens  hypogynous,  3  or  6.    Ilorb  prostrate.  .Molluoo.  19 

1.  DIANTHUS,  L.  Pink.  (Gr.  Aibg,  dvOog,  the  flower  of  Jove, 
alluding  to  its  preeminent  beauty  and  fragiance.)  Calyx  cylindrical' 
tubular,  striate,  with  2  or  more  -pairs  of  opposite,  imbricated  scales  or 
bractlets  at  base ;  petals  5,  with  long  claws,  limb  unequally  notched  • 
starnens  10;  styles  2,  tapering,  with  long,  recurved  stigmas;  caps! 
cylindric,  1 -celled. — Beautiful  Oriental  plants,  everywhere  cultivated. 

§  Flowers  in  dense  corymbs.— Scales  an  \on<i  as  the  calyx   Nqs  1  2 

— Scales  ovate,"  awned,  short , m„'  7 

§  Flowers  solitary  or  panicled.— Petals  toothed  or  crcnatc j^Vis  °  4 

-Petals  fringed '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' '.'.'.'.".'.'.Nob.  6,6 

1  D.  Armaria.  Wild  Pink.  Lvs,  linear-subulate,  hairy ;  fls.  aggregate,  fascicled  • 
scales  of  the  calyx  laticeolate,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  downy  tube.— ^  Our  only 
wild  species  of  the  pink,  found  in  fields  and  pine  woods,  Mass.  to  N.  J  St 
erect,  1— 2f  high,  branching.  Lvs.  erect,  1—2'  long,  1—3"  wide  at  the  clasping 
base,  tapenng  to  a  subulate  point.  Fls.  inodorous,  in  dense  fascicles  of  3  or 
more.  Ca).  and  its  scales  f '  lotg.  Petals  small,  pink-colored,  sprinkled  with 
■white,  creaato.     Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  D.  barbatus  L.  f:  >-j;st  William  or  Bunch  Pink.  Lvs.  lanceolate  •  fls. 
aggregate,  fascicled;  scales  oj  Ihe  calyx  ot^afe-subulaie,  as  long  as  the  tube.— 2/ 
An  ornamental  flower,  still  valued  as  in  the  times  of  old  Gerarde,  "  for  its  beauty 
to  deck  up  the  bosoms  of  the  beautiful,  and  garlands  and  crowns  for  pleasure." 
Stems  l^f  high,  thick.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  ^  to  1',  narrowed  to  the  clasping  base 
Fls.  in  fastigiate  cymes,  red  or  whitish,  often  greatly  variegated.     May— Jl.  f 

3  D.  CMn^nais  L.  China  Pikk.  St.  branched;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate-  fls 
solitary ;  scales,  linear,  leafy,  spreading,  os  lony  as  the  tube.-^,  Native  of  China 
An  elegant  species,  well  eharacterizod  by  its  leafy,  spreading  scales,  and  its  large 
toothed  or  erenate,  red  petals.  The  foliage,  like  that  of  the  other  species,  is  ever- 
green, being  as  abundant  and  vivid  iii  winter  as  in  suiimer, 

4  D.  caryoph^UuB  L.  Carnation,  Bizarres,  Picotees,  Flakes,  &c.  Lvs. 
hnear-subulate,  channeled,  glaucous ;  fls.  solitary ;  scales  very  slwrt,  ovate  •  petals 
very  broad,  beardless,  erenate.— Stem  2— 3f  high,  branched.  Fls.  white  and  crim- 
son;  petals  erenate.  This  species  is  supposed  to  be  the  parent  of  all  the  splendid 
varieties  of  the  Carnation.  Over  400  sorts  are  now  enumerated  by  florists,  distin- 
guished mostly  by  some  peculiarity  in  color,  which  is  crimson,  white,'  red  purple 
scarlet,  yellow,  and  airanged  in  every  possible  order  of  stripes,  dots,  flakes  and 
angles. 

5  D.  plumdriua  L.  Pheasant's  Eye.  Glaucous,  Pt.  2— 3-flowered •  jfc 
solitary;  calyx  teeth  obtuse;  scales  ovate,  vcrv  acute;  hs.  linear,  rough  at  the 
edge;  petals  many-cleft,  hairy  at  the  throat— if  Native  of  Europe.  From  this 
species  probably  originated  those  beautiful  pinks  nailed  Plieasant's-oye,  of  which 
there  are  enumerated  in  Scotland  r.o  les3  than  300  varieties.  Fls  'white  and 
purple.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

6  D.  Bup6rbuB  L.  Lv.s.  linear-subulate  ;  ^?j.  fastigiate;  scales  short,  ovat\ 
mucronate,  i^oials  pinnate.— y  A  singular,  beautiful  pink,  native  of  Europe. 
St.  2f  high,  branching,  with  many  flowers.  Petals  white,  gashed  in  a  pinnate 
manner  beyond  the  middle,  and  hairy  at  the  mouth.     Jl. — Sept. 

7  D.  Carthusiandrum  L.  The  Monthiy  Pink,  common  in  house  cultlva- 
tion,  with  oright  green,  channeled,  linear  leaves,  short,  ca^spitous  sterns,  pink-red, 

double  flowers,  nnneura  tr>  ho  a  vapiotv  r^f  tU\a  ^rxpr-''^ 

f      -    i-i — ---^. * •^•*VtVt3» 

2.  SAPQNARIA,  L.     Soapwort.      (Latin  sopo,  soap;  the  mucila- 


Ordkr  21.— CARTOPHYLLACE^.  265 

ginous  juice  is  said  to  make  soap.)  Calyx  tubular,  6-toothed,  without 
scales  petals  5,  ungmculate  ;  stamens  10;  styles  2;  capsule  oblong. 
1 -celled.     Petals  often  crowned.  ®* 

1  S.  offlcin^Ua  L  Bouncing  Bbt.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  inclining  to  elliptical  •  fla. 
m  paniculate  fascce-.;    caL  cylindrical;   crown  of   he  petals  linear -i' Bv 

Sf  Sowers     tt   1  %  y^'i'  ^T*''.  r"^«°'  P^^'^*'^^"^  hSn^e.'tink^ 
Jiko  Howers     St.  l_2f  high.     Lvs.  2—3'  long,  ^  or  more  as  wide,  very  acute. 

^ntui^Pvml?^  vulgaris  Mdik.  Lvs.  ovate,  lanceolate,  sessile;  fls.  in  pan- 
mcT^Z^^J  caZ;.^y'-am«&,/,5.angled,  smooth;  bracts  membranous,  acut?.- 
T  v^hrr/  ^"^  ^"^t'^'^ted  grounds.      Whole  plant  smooth,  a  foot  or  .more  high. 

Ion.  Ztl  ^^!^'  ^7^  ^°"^'  i  ^  ^^^•^«'  *^P«""K  *o  «"  ««»*«  «Pe^-    Fls.  on 
gfEur  ^  ^^*   4-toothed.      Sds.   globous,    black.      July,  Aug. 

3.  SILINE,  L.  Campion.  (^iVenws  was  a  drunken  divinity  of  the 
Greeks  covered  with  slaver,  as  these  plants  are  with  a  viscid  secretion.) 
Calyx  tubular  swelling,  without  scales  at  the  base,  5-toothed ;  petals  6, 
unguiculate,  often  crowned  with  scales  at  the  mouth,  2  or  manv-cleft 
or  entire;  stamens  10  ;  styles  3  ;  capsule  3-celled,  opening  at  top  by  6 
teeth,  many-seeded.  '    r        &  r    j 

§  Acaulescent,  low,  tiiftpd.    Perennial „     , 

§  Caulescent-I^etals  frin^e-cIeft  white  or  rose-coior.' "  ■pe'rinnYal :::::::;;: No",  2^ 

-I  etals  bifld  or  entire—Calyx  inflated,  veiny.    Perennial. .Nos  66 

*  r-i  I    .      ,.  — Calyx  close  on  the  nod.  (♦)  "  '    ' 

♦  Flowers  spicate,  alternate.    Annual. i    ^-  V  ^  v„.  7  a 

•  Flowers  not  spicate.-Potals  pale,  closed  in  sunshiti;: ! .' .' .' ! ." !  1 ! No8%  10 

—Petals  red,  purple,  etc.,-bifld '..'.'".'.'..'.'. .Nos  1 1   12 

— entire Nos."l3-^16 

1  S.  acaiihs  L.  Low  and  densely  cfcspitous ;  lvs.  linear,  ciliate  at  base;  ped. 
solitary  short,  1- lowered;  cal.  campanulate,  slightly  inflated;  pet.  obcordate 
crowned.- 2(  A  litte  turfy  plant,  1-3'  high  on  the  White  111?.%?  H.  and 
tooughout  Arctic  Am.     Sts.  scarcely  an/  'Leaves  numerous,   J'  long^ '  Fh. 

^at-^S"]tSA'L  ^'■f*' Pubescent;  lvs.  in  whorls  0/ 4s,  oval-lanceolate,  acumin- 
ate,  ca;.  loose  and  tnjiated ;  petals  flmbriate.— 2^  An  elegant  plant  woods  and 
prairies,  Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  111  snd  Ark      tit  0     Qf  i.;„k  •     1  .  ,     ""'*  ^"^ 

T  VQ    .)     -i'  1^^™  1  „       -J  ^        ■  ^'-  ^~^'  '^'8".  paniculately  cymous. 

Lvs   2-i  long,  i  as  wde,  tapenng  to  a  long  point,  sessile.     Cal.  pale  green 

Tt  ba^r""  Jl  ^'^ ^      "'"^  ''"^'-    ^"'^^  ^•'^ '^'  ^''''^''  f"°«*-'d'  claws  webbed 

^o™trt!f,S;w.''^°\P"^^™'?*J  ^"''  °PP''"^'^  lance-ovate,  acuminate;  caL 
T^r  vllttJJf-  °:r^;'^'"'  ^ownless—Virg.  to  Ga.,  rare.  Sts.  stout, 
J^i  wh  ;  ♦  f  T^*^  ^T-  ^^"-  *-^'  l°"g'  broadest  at  base.  Claw/ 
fi!rkl<i  ^^^  f^ft'^l^exsertedfrom  the  short  calyx,  the  limb  deeply  and  repeatedh 
forked,  witii  linear  segments.     Fil.  long,  exserted.  P       "'J* 

*n^;  ^*l''.7^n"^.N""-  Weak  hairy;  lvs.  ohovate-spatvlate ;  calyx  not  inflated; 
pet.  cuneifon.-.,  divaricately  fimbriate.-River  banks  near  Quinc/,  Fla.      Sta  de- 

2  lon^  t?  ^"-"^^  ^  'u^i  ^f"'     ^'''-  ^""^^  ""''h  «'^°'-t^'-  th««  the'intemodeM  tc 
colored  flowe"rf  ^  Apr!     "^ '  "''"*^"     ^^""^  °^  ^  ^'^  ^  ^^'^^  ^^'  ^'■°'*^^'  P*^«  '°««' 

^loimilTfn*  ^*^-  ^'««^/y  pyberuknt,  erect,  subsimplo;  lvs.  oblong-lanoeolate, 
acummato;  A  yfew;,  50/itory,  fe<z/y;  cal.  inflated;  pet.  2-cleft,  with  a  smaU  bifid 

2Z2  ?Pr-  '^  w^'opI"  '1'  «*'P«—2^  I"  moist  places,  Penn..  Ohio,  111.,  rare.    St 
slender,  leafy,  1 J  to  .3f  high,  generally  forked  near  the  top     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  6  to 

roticuiated."  Petals  white7"~"   ^■•'••'' "^'""  """  — uva,...     ns.  x  xo  3.     uai. 

^  WoSf*^;'^"''-^-  Bmdder  Campion.  Olalmus  and  ^to««««;  lvs.  ovate- 
Janccolaic;  fii.  m  cymout,  hajtess  panicles,  drooping;  cal.  ovoid-globular,  mucli 


256 


Ordkr  21.— CARYOPHYLLACK^. 


inflated  and  netted;  sty.  long-exsorted ;  caps,  short-stiped.— 2^  In  pastures 
about  fences,  Charleatown,  Mass.,  etc.  St.  erect,  about  2f  hi^'ll.  Lvs.  lA  to  3'' 
long,  i  hi  wide,  rather  acuminate.  Petals  white,  cleft  half  way  down.  Cal  with 
pale  purple  veuis.  Jl.— The  young  shoots  and  leaves  may  be  usetl  as  a  substitute 
loT  . .  paragus.     §  Eur. 

^  u^'.'^^*,"^"®^^**®^*  ^-  J^ranched,  villoua;  lvs.  oblong-spatulale,  obtuse,  the 
highest  linear;  spike  somewhat  one  sided;  cal.  very  villous:  petals  roundish,  en- 
hre,  crowned.— Clj  About  Charleston,  S.  C.  A  foot  high.  Petals  pink  or  crim- 
son, with  the  border  pale-purple.    Jl.     §  Eur. 

8  S.  nootiirna  L.  St.  branching,  hairy  below  ;  lvs,  pubescent  with  long  cilia2  at 
base,  lower  ones  spatulate,  upper  lance-linear ;  lis.  appressed  to  the  stem  in  a 
dense  one  sided  spike ;  cal.  cylindrical,  almost  glabrous,  reticulated  between  the 
veins;  pet.  narrow,  2-parted.—(l)  Near  New  Haven,  Ct.  (Robbins)  to  Penn  Va. 
Fls.  white,  greenish  beneath.     Jl.  f  §  Eur.  '' 

9  S.  Antirrhina  L.  Snap-dragon  Catcii-flt.  Nearly  smooth,  erect,  branched 
above ;  Iva.  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  linear ;  fla.  few,  on  slender  pedicels  or 
branches;  cal.  ovoid;  pet.  emarginate.— (T)  Road  sides  and  dry  soils,  Can.  and 
U.  b.  ot.  slender,  branching,  with  opposite  leaves,  about  a  foot  in  height.  Lvs 
about  2  long,  the  upper  ones  very  narrow,  all  sessile,  and  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gin. A  few  of  the  upper  internodea  are  viscidly  pubescent  above  their  middle 
rla.  amall,  rod,  in  loose,  erect  cymes.    Jl. 

P  LiNARiA.     Very  slender;  lvs.  all  linear  except  the  lowest,  which  are  linear- 
spatulate ;  cal.  globular.     Ga.  and  Fla. 

10  S.  noctifldra  L.  Viscid-pubescent;  st.  erect,  branching;  lower  lvs.  spatu- 
late, upper  linear  ;  cal.  cylindrical,  ventricous,  the  alternate  veins  veiiileted  teeth 
subulate,  very  long;  petals  2-parted.^D  Cultivated  grounds.  Fls.  rather  large 
white,  expandmg  only  in  the  evening,  and  in  cloudy  weather,  f  §  Eur.  ' 

H  S.  Virginica  L.  Viscid-pubescent;  st.  procumbent  or  erect,  branching- 
root-lv3  spatulate,  caulino  oblong-lanceolate  ;  /s.  large,  cymous,  cal.  large,  clavale- 
pet  bitkl,  broad,  crowned.— 2^  Gardens  and  fields,  Penn.  to  Ga.  St  1  to  2f 
high,  often  pro(!urabent  at  base.  Lvs.  a  little  rough  at  the  margin.  Cymes 
dichotomous.     Sta.  and  pistils  exserted.     Petals  large,  red.  Jn.  f 

^^  S-  fo^tundifdlia  Nutt.  Pubescent,  weak,  decumbent,  branching;  lvs.  thin 
roundish-oval;  /y.  soliiary,  very  largo;  cal.  cylindric-campanulate ;  pet.  bifid' 
crowned.— Rocks,  Western  States,  rare.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  the  upper  sub- 
orbicular.     Petals  deep  scarlet.     Jn.,  Aug. 

13  S.  Pennaylvdnica  Mx.  YisciA-pubescent-,  sts.  numerous ;  lvs.  from  the  root 
spatulate  or  cuneate,  of  the  stem  lanceolate;  cyme  few-fiowertd;  pet.  slightly 
emarginate,  subcrenato  — ^  Dry,  sandy  soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  St  do- 
Cumbent  at  base,  nearly  If  high,  with  long,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  terminal,  up- 
right bunches  of  flowers.  Cal.  long,  tubular,  very  glutinous  and  hairy.  Pet. 
wedge-shaped,  red  or  purplish.     Jn. 

14  S.  rdgia  Sims.  Splendid  Catch-fly.  Scabrous,  somewhat  viscid ;  kt.  rigid 
erect;  Iva.  ovate-lanceolate;  cym^  paniculate ;  pe<.  oblanceolate.  entire,  crose  at 
theend;  ata.  and  stig.  exserted.— 2^  A  large  species,  beautiful  in  cultivation, 
native  O.no  to  La.  Sts.  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  ij  to  3'  by  8  to  15".  Fls.  very  large 
numerous.  Cal.  tubular,  10-striate,  1'  lonff.  Tetala  bright-scarlet,  crowned! 
J  n.,  J  J,  T 

15  S.  Armaria  L.  Garden  Catcii-fly.  ra^  smooth,  glaucous ;  st.  branching, 
glutinous  below  each  node  ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  fls.  in  corymbous  cymes ;  pot. 
obcordate,  crowned;  cal.  clavate,  10 -striate.-®  A  popular  garden  flower,  spar- 
mgly  naturalized.  St.  1  to  l^f  high,  many-flowered.  Lvs.  U  to  2J'  long,  faa 
wide  ;  internodss  elongated.  Cal.  f  long,  a  little  enlarged  above.  Petals  purple, 
laminae  half  as  long  as  ilio  calri.    Jl.,  Sept,  f  §  Eur.  *-    ^  ' 

rfu  ^^f^pSTEMMA,    L.    Corn  Cockle.     (Gr.  dypovarefma,  urown 

of  the  field. I       Calw  hrncflouo    tiiVkiilor    /^^»;„„«^„„    *U_    i.'.^.i,    .e  f    I 

loaty,  deciduous  sepals,  exceeding  the  corolla ;  petals  undivided,  crown- 


Order  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^.  267 

less;  stamens  10;  styles  5  ;  capsule   1-celled,  opening  at  the  top  by  5 

teeth.— 0)  and  @.    Erect,  hairy,  dichotomous. 

A  Githago.  A  weU  known,  Imndaome  weed,  growing  in  fields  of  wheat  or 
other  grains  and  of  a  pale  green  color.  St  2  to  3f  high,  forked  above.  Lvs. 
inear,  long  (3  to  5  X  fringed  with  long  hairs.  Fla.  few,  large,  of  a  dull  purple,  on 
long,  naked  stalks.  Sds.  roundish,  angular,  purplish-black,  injurious  to  the  white- 
ness of  the  flour.    Jl.  §  Eur.    (Lychnis  Githago  Lam.) 

5.  LYCHNIS,  L.  (Gr.  Xvxvog,  a  lamp;  some  cottony  species  liavinfr 
been  used  as  lamp-wick.)  Calyx  bractlcss,  tubular,  oblong  or  ovoid, 
limb  of  5  short  lobes,  persistent ;  petals  5,  entire  or  cleft,  mostly 
crowned;  stamens  10 ;  styles  6;  capsule  more  or  less  5-cellcd  at  base, 
^)pcnlngby  5  to  10  teeth.— Handsome  perennials,  cultivated. 

S  Fls.  perfect,— Petals  entire  or  2-parte<I ij„,  ,  , 

„  — PeUIa  lacliilate,  or 4-parte(l !.".".'!.".   .' No.  s  2 

§  Flowers  diowsious.    Petals  2-lobed: .....".....'.'.'.'.'■.'.'.'■.■  Nos' 6  6 

1  L.  coron^ria  DC.  Mullein  Pink.  Rose  Campion.  Viihw';  at  di- 
chotomous; ped.  long,  l-Jlowered;  cal.  campamlale,  veined;  pet.  broad,  entire  — 
Native  of  Italy.  Whole  plant  covered  with  dense  wool.  St  2f  high  Fls. 
purple,  large.     Varieties  are  white-flowered,  red  double- flowered,  etc.  f. 

2  L.  ChalG^donica  L.  Scarlet  Lychnis  or  Sweet  William.  Smoothish  • 
flsfasctcuMe;  cCtk^hndric,  clavate,  ribbed  ;  pet.  2-lobed.— \  fine  garden  flower 
native  o.  Russia.  SkI  to  2f  high,  with  dark  green,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminat^ 
lvs.,  and  large,  terminaVconvex,  dense  foscicles  of  deep-scarlet  flowers.  It  has 
varieties  of  white  fls.  and  Skp  with  double.     Jn.,  Jl.  f. 

3  Iv  FloaciVjuli  L  RagSbd  Robin.  Smoothish ;  st  ascending,  dichotomous 
at  summit;  fls.  fasnded ;  cal.  campanulate,  lO-ribbed;  pet.  in  4  deep,  linear  seg- 
inents.-Native  of  Europe.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  rough  angled,  viscid  above.  Lva 
lanceolate,  smooth.  Fls.  pink,  very  beautiful,  with  a  brown,  angular,  emootli 
calyx.     Caps,  roundish,  1-celIed.     Ji,  Sept  \  ,       e       ,       uu 

4  L.  corondta  L.  Chinese  Lychnis.  Smooth ;  Jb.  terminal  and  axillary,  1  to 
3;  caL  rounded   clavate,  ribbed;  pot  laciniato.— Native  of  China.     St.   1  to  2f 

^^^'a     t      f  ''r'7  '■®'^'  remarkable  for  their  large  size.     There  are  varieties 
with  double  red  and  double  wiiite  flowers,  f. 

5  L.  diiirna  L.  St  dichotomous-paniculate ;  fls.  ^  9 ;  petals  half-bifid,  loles 
narroio,  diverging;  caps.  ovoid-gloious.-^&xXye  of  Britain,  almost  naturalized. 
Sta.  about  2f  high,  pubescent  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  elliptic-ovate,  acute.  Fls  li-ht- 
purple,  middle  size.  or,  o.    ^m, 

I  ^  ^'  ^i°^°*  ^'  .  Dioecious;  st   dichotomous-paniculate;  pe/afo  half-bifid,  the 
Mes  broad,  approximaiing ;   caps,  conical.— UaTdy  at  the  South.     St  2f  high 
hoary-pubescent.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  white,  middle^ 
size.    Jn. — Aug.     j-  tiur. 

6.  CERASTIUM,  L.  Mouse-ear  Cmck-WEED.  ((Jr.  uipdc,  ;i  horn  • 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule  of  some  of  the  species.)  Calv.x  of 
5,  ovate,  acute  sepals  ;  corolla  of  5,  bifid  petals;  stamens  10,  some- 
times 5  or  4  the  alternate  ones  shorter ;  styles  6 ;  capsules  cylindri- 
cal or  roundish,  elongated,  opening  at  the  apex  by  10  teeth  ;  seeds 
numerous.— Fls.  cymous,  white. 

§  Petals  about  ns  long  as  the  cal vx xr      ,  » 

8  Petals  iiiucli  longer  than  the  ca'l y.\ ■.'.". v      o  '  I 

•    ^  _     .  ■'*' iN OS.  o— 5 

^r.K  f  !?  ^-  i^^"^'  P'*'^  ^'■^'-''^'  f'-Pspitous  ;  lvs.  attenuated  at  base  ovate 
LI;!    %i.   ,V  ■^•."'  '''^''"P^"''  ^'««<«"/  *•«;'•  when  young,  longer  t^an  the 

S;.  i  "^'  ^«'!"'^'°F'  ™os%  fo'-ked.     Lvs.  5  to  8"  by  3  to  5',  mostlv  verv 

termhkl  ^nl'tr^lf  1  '"^''?-'^^  *°  '}'^  ^"'n-  ^''''-  '"  '^•'"««'  t^''™*"^'  clusters,  the 
sSprfiStl^  n  "'^''i^^''^;  ^^r?y'  *''^  '^'^^^t-  Seps.  mostly  green,  a  litU« 
shorter  than  the  corolla.     Petals  white,  appearing  in  10  segments. 

11 


268  Oedeb  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

2  C.  vlsodsum  L.  nairy,  viscid,  spreading:  Ivs.  oblong  lanceolate,  rather  neute- 
fis.  tn  loose  cyme.,;  sep.  scarums  nnd  wiiito  on  the  margin  and  apox,  shorta-  than 
the  pedicels -i].  Fields  and  waste  K-rout.ds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Plant  grc.^ner  Imn 
the  last  Sts  many,  asaurgont,  diehotoinously  cymous.  Lvs.  5  to  9"  lone  *  to 
1^  as  wide,  radical  ones  mibspntulato.  Pis.  wiiite,  in  diffuse  cymes.  Pet  hardlv 
as  long  as  the  sep.,  obovate,  biUd      Sta.  rarely  but  5.     Jn.— Aug. 

3  C.  arv^nse  L.     Pubescent,  somowhat  ccespitoua;  lvs.  linpar-lanceolate,  acute 
orton  longer  than  the  mtemodos;  cyme  on  a  long,  terminal  peduncle,  four-flow^ 

^Zni.  ''T  „"T!''n"  ^Z'""^  '°"'^'""  ^'''^'^  thecaly.v;  caps,  scarcely  exr,edin,j  the 
f'^«^-\j^«'=.ky  l""f-     Sts.  4  to  10'  high,  decumbent  at  base.     Lvs.  9  to  15' 

tho^iil  X      mT'— A         '^'"'^'  '"''*^^'"  ^'"^^*     ^'''^^'  "^"""^'  "  ^'"'*'  ^°°^^'"  ^^'^ 

4  C.  oblongifdHum  Torr.      Vill.mg,  viscid  above;    st.   aroot  or   declined-  hs. 
Oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  and  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  tin.  nv.niorous 
in  a  spreading  cynio  ;  pet.  twice  ns  long  as  the  sepals ;  cap.-^.  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyz.--%  Kocky  places.    Sts.  6  to  10'  high,  thick.     Lvs.  9  to  12"  by  3  to  5" 
tapering  from  base  to  an  acute  or  obtuse  apex.     Fls.  larger  than  either  of  the 
foregoing,  white,  in  two  or  throe-forkod  cymes.     Apr.— Jn. 

5  C.  niitans  Kaf.  Viscid  and  pubescent;  st.  weak,  striate-suleate,  erect;  lvs- 
ianceolate;  fls.  many,  diffusoly  cymous,  on  long,  filiform,  nodding  pedicels  •  pet 
nearly  twice  aa  long  as  the  cal.;  caps,  a  litUe  curved,  nearly  thrice  as  lonq -Jt 
Low  grounds,  Vt.  to  111.  and  La.  I'ale  green  and  clammy.  Sts.  8  to  15' hiiri, 
branched  from  the  bas.>.  La-s.  J  to  2'  long,  i  as  wide.  Fls.  white.  May- 
Varies  greatly  at  different  dates;  beginning  to  flower  when  small  in  all  its  parts. 

1.  STELLARIA,  L.  Stak  Cihckweed.  (Latin,  stella,  a  star— from 
the  stolhitc  or  star-liko  llowers.)  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base  ;  petals  5 
2.parted,  rarely  0;  stamens  10,  rarelv  fewer;  styles  3,  sometimes  4- 
capsule  oyoul  1-oelled,  valves  as  many  as  styles,  2-parted  at  top  ;  seeds 
numy.— Small  herbs  m  moist,  shady  places.  Fls.  in  forked  cymes  or 
axillary,  white.  ^ 

S  Stoin.s  IcftfV  to  the  top.  or  with  lenfy  brnot.s.  (a) 

S  ntoins  k'ulK'ss  iibovo,  boiiiing  scarioiis  liiiicts jj^g  (5__g 

a  l.ciiv.sovato.  Stems  pro8tV«t<>',pVibe8cent.*.".'.*.'.'.'!.No.s.  1,2 
a  Loavi's  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear No.s.  rf— 5 

^  wnf^^?*?  ^f^^'  <^"'?^^w»'''='^-  I^vs.  ovate ;  st.  procumbent,  with  an  alternate, 
lateral,  hairy  lino;  pet.  shorter  tha:i  the  sep;  sta.  Z  to  b  or  10.— A  common  weed 
m  almost  every  situation  N.  of  Mexico,  flowering  from  the  beginning  of  Spring 
to  the  end  ol  Autumn.  Sts.  branched,  becoming  oymous,  brittle,  round,  jointed, 
leafy,  and  remarkably  di.stmguislied  by  the  hairy  ridge.  Fls.  small,  whit*  The 
seeds  are  eaten  by  poultry  and  birds.     §  Eur, 

2  S.  prostrata  Baldw.  Lvs.  ovate,  the  lower  on  long  petioles,  sts.  procumbent 
hollow  pubescent;  fls.  on  long  pedicels;  pet.hnger  thansepals;  siam.  7.— CD  (la 
and  ^ la.  Sts.  1  to  4f  long,  slightly  channelled  and  downy;  lower  lvs  sub- 
cordate,  .shorter  than  the  ciliutc-petioles.     Fls.  small.     Mar.,  Apr 

3  S.  pAbera  Michx.  St.  ascending,  pviesceid  in  one  lateral  or  two  opposite  lines- 
lvs.  oblong  or  elliptical,  acute,  .sessile,  somewhat  cilinte;  fls.  on  filiibmi,  finally 
recurved  pedicds;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals.- 2^  In  rocky  places,  Penn.  to 
lud.  and  ba.  St.  6  to  12'  high,  often  diffusely  .spreading.  Lvs.  1  to  2A'  by  4  to 
10  ,  with  minute,  scattered  hairs.  Fls.  J'  diam.,  axillary  and  terminal,  with  10 
stamens  and  3  styles.     Sep.  white-edged.     Apr.— Jn. 

4  S.  unifldra  Walt.  St.  glabrous,  erect,  branched  from  the  base;  lis.  linear- 
snmat^,  anecolate,  acute ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary.  1-flowered  :  pet.  emarginale 
twice  as  long  as  the  sep.—®  N.  Car.,  Ga.,  in  swamps.  Sts.  10—12'  high,  slen^ 
oer.  Lvs.  much  shorter  than  the  internodea  Ped.  filiform,  as  long  (2  to  3')  as 
the  mternodes.     May. 

'  --  -°;f""7  P'K^'low.  ^?.  weak,  smooth ;  lvs.  veinkss,  ianceulate.  acute:  ped. 
atieugth  axillary,  elongated,   1-flowered;  jtictofe  ^-parUd  (sometimes  wanting), 


Order   21— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 


259 


nbout  equal  to  the  veinloss  sepala.— (T)  "Wot  places,  N,  H.,  N,  Y.,  N  to  Arctic 
Am  A  spreading,  flaccid  plant.  St.  6  to  12  or  15'  long,  with  d.ffuso  cymea 
both  teniiijjal  and  axillary.  Lv.«.  8  to  15"  long,  1-veined.  PetalH,  when  present, 
white,  small,  at  length  about  as  long  aa  tho  lanceolate,  acuto  sopala.  Caps  lonsor 
than  tho  calyx.     Jii.,  Jl  r  r  •        b 

6  8.  aqudtica  Polllch.  Nearly  glabrous;  st.  slender,  decumbent;  Ivs.  lance- 
oval  and  ohUmg,  acute,  with  manifest  veinlets;  cymes  lateral;  sop.  lanceolate 
very  acute,  3-vcinod,  rather  longer  than  tho  bitld  petals;  caps,  ovoid  about 
equalhng  tho  calyx;  sty.  3.-4  Swamp/  springs,  Penn.,  Md.  (Dr.  Kohbins); 
also,  Kocky  Mts.  A  very  slender  plant,  6  to  12'  long,  with  inconspicuous  flowen 
Lvs.  (>    by  2  to  3  .     May.     (Labnia  uliginosa  Hook.) 

7  8,  16ngipeB  Goldlo.  Smootli  and  shining ;  st.  moro  or  loss  decumbent,  with 
ascending  branches;  lvs.  linear-lanceolak,  broado.st  at  base,  acuto;  poduneiJs  and 
pedicels  erect,  fil^'orm,  cymous,  w,th  ovato  membranous  bract.s  at  base-  son  with 
membranous  mui  us,  obscurely  3-voined,  scarcely  shorter  tlmii  tlio  petals— "TJ. 
Lake  shores,  N  ^  .  and  Mich.  Petals  white,  2-parted.  Fls.  in  loose  cymes,  the 
terminal  peduncle  or  tho  iniddlo  one  tho  longest     Ju. Aug 

8  8.  longifdlla  Muhl.  Lvs.  linear;  cymo  terminal,  spreading,  with  lanceolate, 
scanoii."  bracts;  pedicels  spreading;  cal.  ."{-veined  abmit  equal  to  tiio  petals.— tJ 
b.N.  to  Arc.  Circle.  The  stems  are  of  consi.ierablo  length,  very  slender  and 
brittle,  supported  on  other  plants  and  bushes.  Lvs.  alternate  at  base  Fls  in  a 
divaricate,  naked  ,Tmo  very  elegant,  wiiite,  appearing  in  10  segments  like  tho 
other  species.    Ihroo  sharp,  green  veins  singularly  distinguish  tho  sepals.   Jn..  Jl. 

8.  ARENARIA,  L.     Sandwort.     (Lat.  arena,  sand  ;  in  which  most 
species  grow.)      Sepals  5,  spreading;    petals  5,  entire;   stamens  10 
rarely  fewer ;  .styles  3  ;  ovary  1 -celled  ;   capsule   3-valved,  valves  each 
1' -parted  ;  seed.s  c». — Sty.  rarely  2  or  4. 

Arrnaria.    Lpixven  nnd  sepals  nciitc.    Scods  not  onpondaRed. ..  Kn.  i   « 

MusEiNuiA.    Leaves  and  flcpiils  obtuse.    Seeds  stropliiolate V^V^'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.   ..-Soi  3 

1  A.  serpyllifolia  L  Thyme-leaved  Sandwort.  St.  u  ..hotomous,  spreading  • 
lvs.  ovate,  acute,  subc.liate;  cal.  acute,  striate;  petals  shorter  than  tho  calvx^ 
caps,  ovate,  6-toothed.-^)  By  roadsides  and  in  sandy  lields,  Ms.  to  Ga  Sts' 
numerous,  downy,  with  reflexed  hairs,  a  few  inches  in  length.  Lvs.  but  little 
longer  than  a  flaxseed,  beautifully  cilinte.  Fls.  on  axillary  and  terminal 
peduncle.s.  Pet.  wiute,  oval,  mostly  much  shorter  than  the  3  to  5-veined  accu- 
niinate,  hairy  sopala.     Jn.  ' 

^  :?:;,?^^f *H ''"■ ,  ^*-  ^«"P' <^^^''^"''5^nt,  diffuse;  lvs.  ol)long  or  ovate-lanceolate. 
;h  „  t  L  Al  ''"^^^=  l''^^"-  J-';'^^^''-^<l;  sep.  acute:  pet.  oral,  entire,  much  shorte; 
than   tho  calyx,  but  generally  wanting.— Moist  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fia  and  Gv 

S'^rf 'ft'"?'  ^   V'!'  "'  ^"'P*!:-  pubescent.      Lvs.  minutely  dotted,  attenuate 

axillarv      r«I   .  '^  T'^'n'"?  ''  ''  xr'""^"     ^^-  ^^''^^^  ««  long/ierminal  but  soon 
axdlary.     Cal.  as  Jong  (1  )  as  in  No.  1.     Apr.-Jn.      (StelJaria  lanuginosa  Torr. 

^  ^;.^fff''*^^''f  ^-i  ^P"^l't'  fP\'^^y  pubescent;  lvs.  oval,  obtuse;  ped.  lateral, 
2to3-flowered;  sd.s.  (strophiolate    appei.daged  at  the  hilum.-IJ.'Dann,  shad ' 

ollS  t^fT  T^  ^"'  ^•'-    ^^'  '■  *"  ^^'  *"g'''  nearly  simple,  slende.    S. 
ell^tical.  rounded  at  each  end,  6  to  lO"  long,  ^  as  wide,  on  very  short  petioles. 
Ped.  tennmal  and  lateral,  2  to  3'  long,  dividing'  into  2  or  more  filiform  pedi^l 
ne  of  them  with  2  braoteoles  in  the  niuldle.     Fls.  4"  diam.;  white  petals  So 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Jn.     (.Moeringia,  L.) 

9.  ALSINE,  Wahl.  Grove  Sandwort.  (Gr.  dXaog,  a  grove ;  the 
iavorite  locality  of  these  little  plants.)  Sepals  5  ;  petals  5,  entire  or 
i.-icrcly  notchea  at  apex  ;  stamens  10  ;  styles  3  ;  ovary  1-celled  ;  cap- 
isulc  deeply  3-vaIvcd,  valves  entire;   seeds  Oo._Small,  slender  herbs. 


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260  Ohdeb  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE.B. 

with  very  narrow,  minute  I  vs.  and  whit^  fls      /^y. 

merly  included  in  the  last  genus)  ^         "^""'""  ^"'"  ^°'- 

^    S  Sepala  3  to  6- veined,  (icnto. . 

S  Sepals  velnless,  obtuse.— Lea vca  densely "iui'bVicateU " " •  •  •  ^os.  1  -8 

—Leaves  opposite,  distant. . .'.".'.' C,'  •^°-  * 

Petals  tJl»  .,  long  (2n  ajthe  3  to  Sne^  S  "^V^  ™"y:flo-e,4d. 

r,^  i".  pea'ii  »iou.ei;^;:.aSir.''''pruX„t^%s;r"A^.UiS; 

with  spreading  Sol,"  -11  StiiS^ ^S",  "'"l'^'  "J""'  '"^-Xow^mi, 
Ugh.  Lm  6  to  8Montvei„',^w''rHS.-'^?- «»*'''''•  StB.  8  to  W 
teloW  m  the  axils.  VoKaTobC  itrk.T'''  '°*'i''''  '-""■  '""«'' 
booeolato  scpa,..    M.,,  J„.     (I'rSX'Xn":  ISrH^pt^fr'  °^^ 

3  times  longer  «r  the  obE  veint,  slat"  af  ™°°'";  P*  """vste, 
Island  to  da.  Sts.  6  to  10-  high  DUbeSnt  mS"/-?..""?''?  '»'"'"»■  I"""!! 
branches.    Lvs.  .bout  i'  iongfUme    s^ Lr  V7!f f^  "■ '""°  '^"'  "'°P'« 

while  fl,.  with  ySZ  sLmcns    to'' J?°K..°'"  """  ""■«»  <»"  '""«°) 
veinlcs,.     Aug.    (.Ironaria,  Sp?eng )      *  '»  «    l-y  1,  numerous.    Sepals  ovate, 

«  iu  the  pre«.ng  (rut^-.'^lTC-^f^KrVX^ICS 

bristle-sliapod  leaves  and  smallorT^"  h^r.;H^  a    ^'  /* '^''^^'^s  from  No.  5,  in  its 
stems.     (Arenarla  Mx'  uec  EU.)     ^  ^    '"  ""'^  ^'^^'^  ''"^°-  «'  '"^  '^  t^^^d 

senal^    cansnh    4'f   ?  ?'"'"'  ^'  '"^"^  ^"^  ^^''^^  ««  '"a^v  as  the 

!'?^,"'J'"^«'-'  "'"'■ronate-pointed,  connaf.  r  "opnn«S     Fl"  tSl'  and  J-""^ 
«^.ixttx^-,  uu  poduDcied  louger  than  tile  leaves.    Jn!     """  "  ^^'-■'•"' 


Order  21.— CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 


261 


2  S.  er^cta  L.  Ascending,  simple,  glabrous;  pet.  as  long  as  the  lanceolate,  acute 
sepals;  sep.  pet.  and  sta.  4.-^1)  Dry  places,  Md.  Sts.  smooth  and  glaucous,  2  or 
3  lugli,  with  only  one  or  two  fls.  Lvs.  linear,  acute,  4  to  5'  long.  Caps  ovate. 
as  long  as  tlie  calyx.     Apr.,  May.  §  Eur.     (Moenchia  quaternella  FenzlT) 

3  S.  Blliottii  Fenzl.  Tufted,  decumbent,  glabrous;  lvs.  linear-subulate  very 
acute ,^  Ped.  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  flg.  V;  pet.  hardly  as  long  as  the  sep: 
da.  10.— ^  Sandy  fieids  and  woods  at  the  South,  common.  St.  2  to  3'  long 
Lvs.  G  to  10  long,  connected  at  base  by  a  membrane.  Fls.  much  smaller  thaii 
m  No.  1.     Petals  white,  hardly  aa  large  as  the  sepals.     Mar.,  Apr. 

4  S.  noddsa  Fenzl.  Tufted,  ascending,  glabrous;  lvs.  subulate,  the  upper  very 
short  and  fascicled;  fls.  V;  pet.  mtich  longer  than  the  sep.;  ata.  10.— 2^  Lake 
shores,  Can.,  Isle  of  Shoals,  N.  IT.  (Robbing).  Sts.  many  from  one  root,  sub- 
simple,  appearmg  knotted  by  the  short,  dense  fascicle.s  of  leaves. 

5  S.  fontinaiia  Short.  Procumbent,  glabrous;  lvs.  linear-spatulate ;  petals  0- 
sta.  4  to  6.-^D  Ky.  (Short  and  Peter.)  An  herb  of  larger  growth  than  the  other 
species,  on  limestone  rocks.  Sts.  a  foot  long.  Sep.  4' or  5,  obtuse,  longer  than 
the  depressed  capsule.     Apr.,  May. 

^  .^"  ^P^tala  L.  Erect  and  pubescent;  lvs.  linear-subulate;  ped.  elongated  ascend- 
ing in  fruit;  sop.  and  sta.  4;  pet.  very  minute  or  O.—a^ Sandy  fields,  N.  J.,  Penn. 
Sts.  numerous,  filiform,  2  to  4'  high.     Sep  acute,  shorter  than  the  caps.     May,  Jn. 

11.  HONKtNYA,  Ehrh.  Sea  Sandwort.  (Named  in  honor  of  J. 
G.  Honkmya,  a  German  botanist.)  Si'pals  6,  united  at  base  :  petals  5, 
with shoit  claws,  entire;  stamens  10,  inserted  into  the  crenate  edge  of 
a  conspicuons  disk ;  stylos  3  to  5 ;  capsnlc  3  to  5-valved,  many-seeded.— 
(D  Herbs  of  the  sea  coast,  with  fleshy  lvs, 

n.  peploides  DC.  Abundant  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  N.  J.  to  Lab.  Sts.  creep- 
ing, with  upright  branches,  If  long,  forming  dense  tufts.  Lvs.  ovate,  Iialf  clasp- 
ing, acute,  thick,  5  to  7  or  10"  long,  more  than  half  as  wide,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  internodcs.  Fls.  small,  axillary  on  short  peduncles.  Sep.  veinless,  exceedinz 
tlie  white  petals.     May,  Jn.  (Adenarium,  Ra£)  ■  "-  e 

12.  SPERGULA,  L.  Spurry.  (Lat.  spergo^  to  scatter  ;  from  the  dis- 
persion of  the  seeds.)  ^Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct;  petals  6,  entire; 
stamens  5  or  10;  styles  5 ;  capsule  ovate,  6-valved,  the  valves  opposite 
the  sepals ;  seeds  oo  ;  embryo  coiled  into  a  riiijr.— (jp  Herbs  with  fls.  in 
loose  cymes.     Lvs.  verticillatc.     Stipules  scarious. 

S.  arv^nais  L.  Lvs.  linear-subulate;  ped.  reflexed  in  fruit;  sds.  reniform  angu- 
Jar,  rough.— A  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.  Rt.  small.  St.  round 
branched  with  swelling  joints,  beset  with  copious  whorled  lvs.,  somewhat  downy 
and  viscid.  Two  minute  stipules  under  each  whorl.  Cyme  forked,  the  terminal 
(central)  peduncles  bending  down  as  the  fruit  ripens.  Petals  white,  longer  than 
the  calyx,  capsule  twico  as  long.  Sda.  many,  with  a  membrarous  marein. 
May— Aug.     §  Eur.  * 

13.  SPERGULARIA,  Pcrs.  Red  Sandwort.  Sepals  5;  petals  5, 
entire;  stamen  2  to  10;  styles  and  valves  of  the  capsule  3  (rarely  6, 
iiiul  then  akcnate  with  the  sepals) ;  seeds  oo  ;  embryo  curved.— <D  @j 
Low,  spreadin<r  and  slender-leaved,  with  red  or  rose-colored  fls.  Stin. 
Bcarious.  , 

S.  rtlbra  Pcrs.  St.  decumbent,  much  branched ;  lvs.  linear,  slightly  mucronate ; 
Slip,  ovate,  membranooui,  cleft ;  sep.  lanceolate,  with  acarious  margins ;  sds.  com- 
pressed, angular,  roughish.— Sandy  fields,  Can.  to  Flor.,  near  the  sea  coast.     Sts. 

a  tew  inches  in  leilirf.ll.  sl^nHnp    amnritj>    anninHI'i'* '^'i  •Ho,  ~i fl    — ^.l. 11  ,--- 

row  lvs.,  and  dry,  sheathing  stip.      Fls.  small  on  hairy  stalks.      May— Oct 
(Arenana  rubra  L.) 
0.  MARINA  L.     Lv.s.  fleshy,  usually  much  longer  than  the  internodea,  not  mu- 
cronate, seeds  mnrginloss.— In  salt  marshes. 


262 


Obdeb  21.— CARTOPHYLLACE^. 


The  capEfn^um^^^^  (G.  :roAi)f,  „,any,  .ap.6,,frnlt. 

capaule  3-valved  manrreeL     %T    '       *''  •''^""*^''  «'^«rious-eclged  ; 
low  sprc^^ding  braS;  "^        '  'P^''^''  ""^  q"aternate  o,7  the 

^;^\'r Strata"..  i^iiCnrcLan^Tt?  ^/  r^'^'  T^  «^  ^•^- 

plant,  sta.  3  to  6' high  Lvs  2  to  5^  loni  %f  *  \^'''^'  ""^^  branched 
lanceolate,  membraneous  Fll  «mall  ii  Z,„  l'^'  "^^'^'•^^^^  «««'»  Joint,  ovate- 
sep..  notched,  white.     M^  Jn     §t  ^"""^    ^'*-  ™""''  '^'^"'^'^^  t^an 

mu^;  JJ/Jn"H^'°,^'  ?f^'''"-    .^h'-  *''>«^«.^^''«;  the  stipules  bein^ 
onf  as  thl       ^^r    ""^  "^"^^  ^^^'^  ^'•""^'  ^^^"-'^^"^  "'^'•gi"«  ;  petals  5  ^ 

i    long.     ms.  sessile,  4  to  6  together,  green  an/white^rtlgTr^eddish'^'fi;^ 

^^oe.  ed   not  exceeding  the  calyi-Low  herbs  dichotomouty  ll-^lS 
^vith  scarmus,  silvery  st.pulos,  and  at  least  the  lower  Ivs.  oppo^L  ' 

I  WmT(Mx  „«„;P"^«^-;'-"^™d«t«pex.    Lvs.  linear  and  8„b«I»te No,  1  2 

f  ANvcuiA  (Mx  partly).    Sop.  merely  mucronato  at  apex.    Lvs.  lanceolate  to  ovk  V*) 

-  S»o.„s  procumbent,  diffase  o*.  the  ground.    Stamens  5. . .  ^^1,  ,  , 

•  sterns  erect,  with  dififusely  ascending  branches.    Stun.ens2  oi-S.' ■^oi  6  6 

Mdattoi^    Minute  seto  ill  place  or  petals.    Jl  _N„,  ''''*!  '    ^'J- 

WaoeouJy  cuspidated  ^WhTtrMte     N  S'??,,'"'""'  »'f,  '»'/.  l-»«i»«i, 

etip.  shorter.     Fis.  |."  long.  «"<-i"tis.     i,vs.  d— j— i    ]oug,  ^  a.s  wide, 

^  ^ncSStZTacJu\^o.^:<^    ^f  f '^  ^^"^'^ed,  procumbent;    lvs.   linear. 

branched,    many  'from   tl,«  "^^f"  (Mettaner)   tn  dry  fields.     S(a  more  openly 
Lva.few%-r^onra     2''  S  ^««\/overmg  a  circular  spot   12-20'  dianJ 
5P    Crn«d/„.!^'ir      '^^'l^.  ses«le.     FIs.  a  ^  larger  than  in  No.  3.     Oct. 
»f.- ^„5°*^.*°f!;"-    ^t^""  .«''-«'ct,  slender,  pubescent,  manv  timn«  forkH   -ith 
.l.nd.,   u,   .ap«Jary  braiiOLes  ;   lvs.   lance-olate.  yarying  to  obfanceolate ;  "tS 


Order  22.— PORTULACACE^E.  263 

cauline  opposite,  the  raminal  alternate;  2  pairs  of  scarioua,  subulate  stiBulos  at 
each  fork,  which  are  shorter  than  thb  flower ;  stjle  none;  utricle  equaliutr  the 
preenish  sepals.— HUIy  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ark.  Hight  6—10  or  18' 
often  nearly  smooth.  Lva  4—10"  long,  somewhat  stalked.  Fls.  I"  Ion?  some- 
what pedicellate  Seed  globular,  rosin  colored.  Jn.— Aug.  (Queria!  L.  Anvchia 
capillacea  Nutt.)  o    \-t         ,  uj-^^ma 

il  PUMILA      Dwari;  a  few  inches  (2-4')  high,  the  lva.  reduced  in  proportion 
very  pubescent;  stems  short-jointed,  tufted,  ns.  sessile,  glomerate-  stule  m 
long  as  the  ovary  (at  least  in  specimens  from  Md.  sent  by  Mr.  H  Shriver) 
forked  at  apex.     (A.  dichotoma  DC.)  """*«=.;, 

17.  SIPHONYCHIA,  Torr.  and  Gr.  (Gr.  ai4>u)v,  a  tube,  that  is,  Anychia 
with  a  tubular  calyx.)  Sepals  linear,  petaloid  above,  coherent  into  a 
tube  below,  unarmed;  petals  5  setae  alteraatc  with  the  stamens:  style 
hliform,  mmutely  bifid ;  utricle  included  in  the  calyx.—®  Procumbent, 
diffuse  and  widely  spreading.     Fls.  in  glomerate,  terminal  cymules. 

S.  Americana  Torr.  and  Gr.— S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1— 2f  in  length.  Lva 
oblanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  12—9-0"  long,  obtusl.  Bracts 
like  the  Ivs.,  very  small  Fls.  very  numerous,  1"  or  more  in  length,  with  hooked 
bristles  below.     Sep.  white  abova     (Heraiaria  Nutt.) 

18.  SCLERANTHUS,  L.    Knawel.    (Gr.  OKXr^pbg,  hard,  avdog ;  when 
i:i  fruit  the  floral  envelope  appears  hard  and  dry.)     Sepals  6,  united 
below  into  a  tube  contracted  at  the  orifice;  petals  0;  stamens  10 
iarey5  or  2;  styles  2,  distinct;  utricle  very  smooth,  inclosed  in  the 
hardened  calyx  tube.—®  A  prostrate,  diffuse  littiv-  ./eed,  exstipulate. 

S  dnnuus  L  Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  Sta.  numerous, 
branthing  decumbent,  short  (-J-G').  Lv.s.  linear,  acute,  shorl,  opposite,  partially 
united  at  tlitir  bases.    FIsl  very  smaU,  green,  in  axillary  fascicles     JL 

19.  MOLLUGO,  L.  Carpet-w^ed.  Calyx  of  6  sepals,  inferior,  united 
at  base,  colored  inside;  corolla  0;  stamens  5,  sometimes  3  or  10-  fila- 
ments setaceous,  shorter  than  and  opposite  to  the  sepals ;  anthers  simple  • 
capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many  seeded ;  seeds  reniform.— Lvs.  at  length 
apparently  verticillate,  being  clustered  in  the  axils.       ' 

^i  fTmlS°H"!*f  \  n?  '="°^'^«''™'  fcute;  st.  depressed,  branched;  pedicels 
1- lowered    .subumbellute;    sta.   mostly  but  3.-®  Dry  places  «hrougl!out  N. 

ro  '.S  f7  a"?*""'  J°"'*^-'*'  V''*»«''«'^.  lyi%'  flat  upon  the  ground,  forming  a 
rouudish  patch.  At  every  joint  is  a  cluster  of  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  lvs.  of 
unequal  size,  usually  6  in  number,  and  a  few  flowers,  eacli  on  a  solitary  stalk, 
which  13  very  slender,  and  shorter  thau  the  petioles.    Fls.  small,  white.    Jl.— Sept 

Ordek  XXII.    PORTULACACE^.    Purslanes. 

Ileibs  succulent  or  fleshy,  with  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers 
Sepals  2,  united  at  base,  rarely  a  or  5.  Petals  5,  rarely  0,  more  or  loss  imbricated 
»"  aestivation.  S(a.  variable  in  number,  but  opposite  the  petals  when  as  many. 
Ova.  superior.  1-celled.  Sty.  several,  stigmatous  along  the  inner  surface.  Fr.  a 
lyxis,  dehiscing  by  a  lid,  or  a  capsule,  locullcidal,  with  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. 
heeds  few  or  many,  on  long  funiculi  from  the  base,  or  on  free  central  placenta). 
.^M^aTl!  p.^penios.'^'  inhabiting  dry  places  In  every  quarter  of  the  world.    They  posscM  no 

,  „       ,    ,     „  aENERA. 

SScpalsS.    Petftlsnono.    Pruitapyxls Subuviitm      1 

§  Sepals  2.-8tninen8  6,  opposite  the  B  petals Ci.aytonia.  3 

— Stameus  7  to 80,— hypoBvnous,  capsulo  S-yalvod.... Ta,,.-,;^^   '  g 

— perigynoua.    PyAls  opening  by  a  lid Poetulaca.  4 


264 


Obdeb  22.— PORTULACAOE^. 


of 


afootormorein  lon^U,.     i,^  obt'uM  tit-ri?;  «  K?.  ''■^""'""S.  "ra«h,  thick 
»na  smooth.    Pcd.  much  shoSr  thsni'ho  C^    .^       *"  "  f^"'  "■"'  '"ck 

■^  1^:1^*,'^°^*"*^'^*  ^'^^     ^^- <»"^f«-ianceolate ;  sen  and  Dei  oh/»,^      7r    a   ^  ,• 
Intle  plaut,  common  in  woods  and  mfk-Jitiiia  TV  "™-P«^;  oof«-'«-— ^  A  delicoto 

Rt.  a  compressed,  brown  Sr  b^ied  «^  1  In^r-  ^k^"  ^^'-  ^-  *«  ^''«  "'"«• 
bight  of  the  plant.  Root  lvr;er^  few  ff.n.^.  |n  the  ground  equal  to  the 
;vith  a  pair  o^  oppositolavl  h^i  '^  u^wh  Kr^l  to'^  lTt\'  ?- ''  ''?'' 
tapermg  at  base  irtto  the  netiole      Fk  in  i Til^;     i     i  ^'J  *  to  8  ,  entire, 

of  red,  and  beautifully  pe^cStitb^puririiir^r^'^S:;  "''^  "'^'  ^  ^'^«^ 

^stp:ffs^.Le-oXtr;eXSs^^^^^^^   itr^'  pn  ^^«^^*«' 

Mid.  and.S.  States,  W.  to  Mo.,  rarebN  EnT  TnbTr  «»  i  '  '^'''^\^^^^^^, 
deep  in  the  ground  St  6  to  10' Inn^  w^ft^*  -.k  ■  **®.  '^'"^^  ^^  »  ^^^el  nnt, 
Ivs.  3  to  5'  Lg.  FlH.  5-lS  rose  cl^d  •^rK\^P"'''*^^?P^.«'*«'  ^'^y  "'^^"^ 
minal,  tinally  elongated  racomo      Apr    Ma/'*^  ^''^''  ^^^^""^^  ^«'««.  *«  «  tor- 

^^wlTat"rsulito^K^^^^^^^  ^r  ^°1  *'''^^'    •-    >--- 

dichotomous  cyme.-{l*1rrXnynSt'rSs  ^enn'Ta?' '  i'^' '"/ 
ward.     Rhizome  or  perennial  stem  firtn  anH  h^ok    "^^f^,^' ^®""-  to  Ga.  and  west- 

pu^H  op.e.e.i  iL'''L'»  2:;n:SJ4TS;  aful^t: 

.e^,r  rS  &.  r;:r;T™eSr^i'r;x  stt 

cleft  or  parted ;  pyxis  snbglobous,  dehiscing  near  the   n  die  man v 
seeded      Low,  herUceous,  leshy.     FIs.  expanding  only  in  "'nl'hir "^■ 

«'nt°ou^gardenTtrardtii"i;^;^  ^'^'^  ^^^^^- -- 

and  spreading  smooti      T  va   flilh  ■^^  *  '"'^  f""^  succulent,  much  branched 

TheherbacLSfthrnLflfp    ^^^^  at  the  end.     FIs.  yellow, 

ierb.    Jnf  a4  |.  ^  "  redd.sh-greea  color.     Sometimes   used  as^a  pot- 

.,  1  or  lew  togotse.,  ooi.ouadod  by  an  irregular  circle  of  leavea 


Obdbb  24.— MALVACE^.  2Q5 

and  dense  tufta  of  wool;  pet.  obovate;  stam.  about  16.— Q).  A  very  delicate  plant 
with  purple  stems  and  bright  purple  fls.  IJ'  diam.  ' 

P.  OiUldBii  Hook,  with  short,  cylindrical,  blunt  Ivs.,  somewhat  flattened 
ascending,  branched  stems,  and  largo,  deep  purple  fla,  ia  also  popular  in  house 
cultivation.     These  species  are  natives  of  S.  America,  f 

Ordeb  XXIII.     MESEMBRYAOE^     Ice-plants. 

Plants  fleshy,  of  singular  and  various  form,  yet  beautiful,  with  opposite,  fleshy 
kaves.  Fls.  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal,  remarkable  for  their  profusion,  brilliant, 
and  of  long  duration.  Sepals  Jeflnite;  petals  numerous,  colored,  in  many  rows. 
Sta.  indefinite,  distinct,  arising  from  the  calyx  (perigynous).  Ova.  inferior  or  nearly 
superior,  many-celled.  Stigmas  numerous.  Caps,  many-celled,  opening  in  a  stel- 
late manner  at  the  apex^  or  one-celled.  Sds.  more  commonly  indefinite,  attached  to 
tlie  inner  angle  of  the  cells,  or  to  a  frco  central  placentse. 

<;e,ie  ■,,!>.  xpetie,',  87.\  cl.ioflv  n,itIvo.s  ,.f  the  uri.l,  sandy  plains  ..r  tlie  Capo  of  Good  Hone 
1  he  specie*  are  much  ciiltlvatod  f,.r  ornament.  Lowlsia  mUvivu  ...  i*. .-on; Wled  8p«tlum^ 
liifrlily  valued  for  its  farinaceous,  nutritive  roots.  ""mo  opusuum,  u 

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  L.  (Gr.  nearjfifipia,  mid-day,  dvdoe- 
flowers  expanding  at  mid-day.)  Calyx  S-cleft ;  petals  very  numerous! 
linear;  stamens  cc,  perigynous;  capsule  inferior,  fleshy,  turbinate: 
seeds  numerous,  eith  .r  axile  or  parietal. 

1  M.  cryatallinum  L.  ICE-PLAxr.  Biennial,  procumbent ;  Ivs.  large,  ovate. 
acute,  wavy,  frosted,  3-vemed  beneath.— A  popular  house  plant,  from  Gr^ce  It 
has  a  creeping  stem,  If  or  more  in  length,  and  with  the  leaves  is  covered  "over 
with  frost-like,  warty  protuberances,  giving  the  plant  a  very  singular  aspect 
Fls.  white,  appearing  all  summer,  f-  J        e>  °t>^>^ 

2  M.  grandifldrum  L.  Perennial,  procumbent,  spreading:  Ivs.  petiolato. 
oppoiite,  cordate-ovate;  cal.  4-clef^  2-horned.-'2t  An  interesting  plant  in  hmS 
cultivation  from  Cape  Good  Hope.  The  whole  plant  fleshy  and  succulent,  like 
others  of  Its  kind.  Fls  pink-coloied.  Calyx  thick,  green,  the  horns  opporiS 
Caps,  translucent,  marked  at  summit  with  cruciform  lines,  f.  i'i'"»"«. 

Order  XXIV.     MALVACEAE.     Mallows. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  stipulate  Ivs.  and  regular  flowers,  with  5  sepals 
united  at  base,  valvato  in  the  bud,  often  subtended  by  an  involucel ;  5  petals  hypo-' 
gynous,  convolute  in  the  bud,  with  the  stamens  oo,  monadelphous,  hypogynons. 
nnd  1-celled,  reniforra  anthers.  Pistils  several,  distinct  or  united,  and  stigmas  vari- 
ous. Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule,  or  a  collection  of  1-seeded  indehiscent  carpel*. 
.Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen,  and  a  curved  embryo.     (Fig  262  352 ) 

I'l-nits,  and  are  often  cultivate,!  asV^icii.'  ^  "^  '''*'  ^^'^oo*®  ««■«  handsome  flowering 

PropeHie«.-QonorMy  abounding  in  mucilage,  and  destitute  of  any  deleterious  qualities. 

OENEEA. 
S  Calyx  naked,  1.  e.,  having  no  Involucel.  (h) 
S  Calyx  involucelate.— Carpels  (and  styles)  more  than  5.  (a) 
—Carpels  8  to  6  only,— <ine-seede(l.  (c) 
-       ,  —3—  GO-seeded.  (d) 

a  Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets.    Carpels  1-soeded... .  AiTn«A         i 

a  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded...   .     MaTv.  I 

-  a         1.  i,r,!t,..-i  u,nx:UKis.    Carpels  i-soe<ie.l Lavatkra      « 

•  Involucel  of  8  distinct  bractleU.    Ca-. pels  2-seeded !.MoIro^.       4 


*^^  ORoeR  24.— MALVACR^. 

b  Flowers  dioBcloiis.    Stiutrms  10,  linenv.  „ 

b  t  lowers  perfect.    Carj.cl.  5  „r  mon;  l-soo.!:;.: .' .' ." .' sZ'^'  ' 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Carpels  5  or  nmny.  3  to  9-seo.lod    a  „  ^ 

O  Stomas  10.    Carpels  5,  baccate,  unite.l. .            M^""'*"''  ' 

O  Stigmas  10.    Carpel85,  ,i.y,  .iisilnct.              p   "-'  ^'''^'""^  « 

O  8tign,„s  r,.    Carpels  5,  .Iry,  unite,!  iato  a  po.i K^IZ\^'  ^ 

d  Involucre  of  mny  bractlets.    Calyx  regular        Wf.lktzkta.  IJ 

d  Involucre  of  many  bnictloU.    Calyx  split  on  one  ,iVlo .I"""''''  " 

d  Involucre  of  3  incisely  toothed  bractlets                        Au«t.Masc.,u8.  U 

wo88vi>ii;m.  ];j 

1-  ALTH.^A,  L.    Marsh  Mallow.    CGr  dXOo)  in  ^n,.^  •  +1 

from  the  axis.  ^       circularly,  and   at  maturity  separating 

^  ^ha^M^fpeLuoh^Zl^^^^  ''^%'  ^^^^^-ovate,  derUate,  some. 

woolly  do,vn,  with  alternate  vvet-liko  L  f '  VlXt^^  'T''^  f  *''  t"iok 
pale  purple.  The  root  as  well  a.s  throtl  ernart.  of  t  5^'  ''f'^'T^  ^"'^  *^''™'"a'. 
lage,  and  in  medicine  is  often  used  as  an  elufen?.  tep^'  §  Su?"^"'"^  '"  "'"^'■- 

and  .en  a  purplish  .ae,  ^^;^:^X^^:t'^^^-^ 
the  above.     Pla  orange-colored."    ^lnt'}^^:^:t^-^  ^'  ^"  "'^ 

obcord^te  or  117^^ .1?^^:^''^:^}^^^^^^  '-^'^^'^^'^  Petals 

1-celIed,  1-seeded,  inde  n'sc  nt  armi  Jd  ei  cSv  ^^'^V    '^''P^'^    '^' 
arating  from  the  axis.  '  ^''^"^ed  circularly,  and  at  maturity  sep- 

I  paves  orbicular,  with  ,5  to  7  angular  lobps     r-»..,w.t     k. 

%  Common  in  cultivated  grounds     St^  Z'  ^^'^'  '"T  ""  ^"^  "*  '^'«  ^"^J/^-- 
somewhat  reniform,  crenate  wi  h  '5  to  wSTk'  ^  ^""^  "'"  «^°''«  ^«»?-    I'V.s. 
Ped.  axillary  ag„.gate.      Pet'^palfp  utt^'ii^,^^^^^^^^^  %'Z''  """''' r^'' 
ous,  composed  of  the  numerous  camels  nrUmS^^  notched.     Fr.  depressed-gloh- 
child  sportively  calls  them  cheeses    T-!JS^g  Eu?    ^^''  "'''  ''™^''^-     '^'"^ 

^'fpo?&"?h1r^4efrp^e^i^^^^^^^  IvH.  VoMobed,  lobes  of  tl.o 

A  popular  garden  flower  o?"thoTaSo,;u^  ^P^''^'^^  ^  ^""^  h^iger  than  sep.- 
in  fields  and  road-Sid^  M  d  and  W  ?t  t^  "S"^  TP^T"^  "P  spontaneously 
with  veins  of  a  darker  hue  I?,e  whole  n^fV  ^^«'«''.^5  Fls.  reddish-purple, 
mucilage.     Jn.-Oct     §  Eur.  ^  ^''*'  *^«P^"«"y  the  root,  abounds  iu 

^(whit°)1S^ar>^sess[kl^'^U^^^  dentate,  cnW.  smooth;   fls. 

dens,  almost  naturalized.     St  5  to  fif  S  f '  T^  ",'  ^''^''  P'""*  ^'"'^"^  ^^ria.     Gar- 

dantly  crisped  and  curled.     Fls  white  no  'onnsn-  '''"^<'-  '"""^''^f^'  "^°'^i"«  «b""- 

4  ii/r     4.  ._        ,,  -^ '"•"""■<?>  not  conspicuous.     ,Tn 'Vno-  i     ft 

4  M.    trianguldta   Leav.    St.   erect    hirsntft-    w=     \-  •    "  '     ^ 

lower  ones,  cordate,  all  undivided    coa3v  /.J;       '"''■";  'r'angular-deltoid, 
manv-flowered  •  nptnJa  -,  '  ,  '   ''""'^ely  crciiato ;  paniclo  tormina!    dim)=n 

,       we:ed.  petals  purplc ;  carp.  10  to  15,   .lightly  beaked.-Prainefand 


Ordkb  24— MALVACEiE. 


267 


TMA..  8 

A.  e 

;Titow.  7 

-VAvraon*.      8 

fOMA.  9 

TKLKTZKYA.     ll) 

190  irs.  ]1 

XMasciius.     12 

iVPlUM.  Vi 

;  the  niucil- 
nded  at  base 
;  carpels  oo, 
y  separating 

dentate,  some- 
ired.—  ll  Me. 
3d  with  tliick 

and  terminal, 
«nd3  in  muoi- 

5  to  1-angkd, 
ivated  in  gar- 
l  semi-doubJe- 
red,  darl<  red, 
ina?    (Alcej 

Ivs.  palmate, 
^  St.  tall  ns 


of  the  soft 
'ed  ;  petals 
arpels  c», 
iturity  sep- 

.  .Nos.  1—8 

No.  4 

...Nos. 6,  6 

isli,  cordate, 

the  calyx 

long.  Lv.s. 
hairy  stalks, 
ressed-gloh- 
ikled.     The 

bbea  of  tiro 
•thansep.- 
jntaneously 
dish-purple, 
abounds  iti 

nooth ;  fls. 
yria.  Gar- 
•gins  abun- 

§ 
ilar-deltoid, 
la!,  difTiiso, 
rairies  mid 


bottoms,  "Wis.,  111.  to  Ark.  A  handsome  but  rather  rouuli  species,  2  to  3f  high. 
Root  fusiform.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  thick.  Fls.  nearly 
as  large  (If  diam.)  as  tho-io  of  M.  sylvestris  Beak  of  the  carpels  horizontal  a 
mere  angle.     Jl ,  Aug.     (Callirrhoe  Gray.     M.  Houghtonii,  Ist  ed.)  ' 

5  M.  papiver  Cav.     Popj-y  Mallow.     Lvs.  palmately  3  to  5-parted,  on  long 

petioles,  segments  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  toothed ;  fis.  on  very  long  peduncles. 

4  (}a.,  FliL  to  La.  A  curious  species,  strongly  reminding  one  of  the  I-oppy 
(Papaver  Rheas)  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  bright  red  or  purplo  fls.,  and  the  very 
long  (5  to  8'),  upright  poduncles.  Sts.  branched  from  the  base,  scabrous,  ascend- 
ing 12  to  18'.  Lvs.  variable,  the  lobes  usually  quite  narrow  and  open,  2  to  3' 
long.  Petals  eroso-crenulato.  Involucel  (rarely  wanting)  shorter  than  the  calyx 
May — Aug.     (Nuttallia,  Graham.) 

6  M.  moschdta  L.  Musk  Malix)w.  St.  erect;  radical  lvs.  reniform,  incised, 
oauline  ones  5-partod-,  the  segments  linear-cuneiforia  incisely  lobed;  pednnclai 
shorter  than  Vie  leaves. — Xativo  of  Britain.  St.  2f  high,  branched.  Fls.  largo 
and  handsome,  rose-colored.  The  whole  herb  gives  out  a  muak-liko  odor  in 
favorable  weather.    Jl.  | 

3.  LAVATERA,  L,  (Named  in  honor  of  the  two  Lavaters,  physicians 
of  Zurich.)  Caly-x  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  3  miited  bracteoles  ; 
stigmas  oo,  filiform ;  carpels  oo,  1-ccllcd,  1-seeded,  indehiaccnt,  arranged 
circularly  as  in  Malva. 

1  L.  arbdrea  L.  Tree  Mallow.  Lvs.  7-angled,  downy,  plicate  ;  ped. 
1 -flowered,  dnstered  in  he  axiU,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole. — (g)  A  splendid 
plant  for  borders  or  shrubberies,  from  Europe.  Hight  about  6f.  Fls  purnle 
Sept.,  Oct.  f  ■   f    t   ■ 

2  L.  Thuringiaca  L.  Lvs.  somewhat  downy;  lower  ones  angular,  upper 
3-lohed,  the  middle  lobe  largest;  ped.  solitary  in  each  axil. — 21  From  Germanv 
Hight  41:     Fls.  light-blue.     Sept.  ^' 

3  L.  triloba  Willd.     St.  and  lvs  downy;    lvs.  subcordate,  roundish,   obscurely 
3-lobed  above,  crenate;   ped.  solitary,  aggregated  at  top  of  stem;    eeps.  acu- 
minate, slightly  larger  than  invol. — Gardens.     Hight  2— 3f.     Fls.  light  purple 
Jn.,  JL     f  Spain. 

4.  MODIOLA,  Mocnch.  (Lat.  modiolus.,  a  certain  measure  ;  from  the 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  a  basket.)  Calyx  6-cleft,  with  an 
involucel  of  3  bractlets  at  base;  stigmas  15 — 20,  capitate;  carpels 
same  number,  2-seeded,  transversely  2-celled,  2-valved. — (D©  Prostrate, 
with  cleft  lvs.  and  small  flowers. 

M.  multffida  Moench.  St.  rooting  at  the  joints;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate 
3—5  cleft,  segm.  cut-toothed :  ped.  soon  longer  than  the  petioles.— Car.,  Ga.,  and 
Fla.  Diffusely  spreading  1— 2f,  thinly  hirsute.  Lvs.  about  1'  bread,  on  petioles 
of  simUar  length.  Fls.  5— 6  "  diam.,  purplish  red,  opening  only  in  sunshine  at 
midday.  Carp,  each  opening  by  2  valves,  the  valves  each  tipped  with  a  slender 
beak.     May — JL 

5.  NAP^A,  Clayt.  (Gr.  vditr],  a  wooded  valley  between  mountains, 
whore  Clayton  discovered  the  plant.)  Involucel  none  ;  calyx  6-toothed ; 
fls.  dioecious;  styles  6—8,  with  filiform  stigmas;  carpels  as  many, 
1-seeded,  indehiscent,  beakless,  circularly  arranged. —  If  Tall,  with 
large,  palmately  divided  lvs.  and  small  white  fls.  in  leafy  panicles. 

N.  dioica  L.  A  rare  plant,  in  rocky  valleys  and  deep  shades,  Perm.,  Va.,  to  111 
fets.  slender,  nearly  smooth,  4— 6f  high,  supported  by  other  plants.  Lvs.  rather 
rough,  7— 11 -parted,  the  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  3—6'  long 
acummate,  upper  lvs.  6-parted,  much  smaller.  Fls.  4—5"  diam.  Petals  twiw 
longer  than  the  calyx.     Aug.    (Sida  dioica  Cav.) 


268  Order  24.— MALVACEiE. 

6.  SiDA,  L.  Calyx  6-cleft,  without  an  involucel ;  fls.  perfect ;  stylos 
6  or  more,  with  capitate  stigmas ;  ovary  5  to  many-celled ;  capsule  of 
6  or  more  l-secded  carpels ;  radicle  superior. 

Leaves  pnlmately  parted.     Fls.  roso-white.     Carneh,  beaked No«  i  t 

Leaves  undivided.    Flu.  yellow  —Carpels  5 .'. . .' Not 

—Carpels  8—12 '  '.\['.'.'^.'. '.' V.  "..'..' '.  .'.■  Ni'.s.  +1-6 

1  S.  Napaea  Cav.  Nearly  glabrous;  Iva  palmately  6-lobed,  bbes  oblong,  acu- 
minata, coarsely-toothed ;  ped.  many-Howered ;  cixrpels  10,  acuminate-beaked  — 
U  In  rocky  woods,  Penn.  and  Va.  (rare,  more  common  in  gardens).  Sta.  2— 4f 
high.  Lobes  of  the  Ivs.  2—3'  long.  Fls.  white,  twice  larger  (7— y"  broad)  than 
in  Napasa  dioica.  Petals  obovato,  twice  longer  tlian  the  calyx.  Jl.  +  (Napjjea 
Isevis  and  hermaphrodita  L.) 

2  S.  aloaBoldes  Mx.  Strigous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  palmately  5 — 7 -parted,  the  sen- 
ments laciniate ;  fls.  corymbed,  terminal;  carp.  10,  aeaite.—l\.  In  barren  Oakland^ 
Tenn.,  Ky.  Sts.  1— 2f  high.  Corymbs  .3— 6-floworod.  Fls.  nearly  as  large  a,s 
those  of  the  musk  mallow,  to  whicii  plant  this  bears  a  general  resemblance 
(Callirrhoe  alcteoides  Gray.) 

3  S.  spindsa  L.  St.  rigid,  branched,  minutely  pubescent,  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolato 
serrate,  with  a  spinous  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  petiole;  stlp.  setaceous,  sliortor 
than  iho  petioles  or  axillary  peduncles ;  carp,  biroatrate.-^'  Sandy  fields  and 

roadsides,  Mid.,  S.  and  W.  States.     Plant  bushy,  8— IG'  liigh.     Lvs.  9 15"  Ion? 

i  as  wide,  mostly  obtuse  at  each  end     Petals  yellow,  obovate,  of  short  duration! 
Carp.  6.     JL,  Aug. 

4  S.  hfspida  Ph.  ^  ffispid-puhesceni ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  and  rhombic-lanceolate 
dentate-serrate;  stlp.  subulate,  hispid,  longer  than  the  petioles  or  axiUarv' 
solitary  or  clustered  peduncles;  carpels  2-horned,  lO— 12.— ii  Sandy  soils 
S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Feay).  Sts.  much  branched,  12—18'  high.  Petioles  2— .V'  long' 
the  peduncles  rather  longer,  jointless.  Petals  yellow,  a  little  exceeding  tlio 
calyx.    On  the  young  steins  the  lvs.  are  rhomboidal.    JL,  Aug. 

5  S.  Elli6ttii  Torr  &  Gr.  Lvs.  linear-oblong  and  Unear,  denticulate,  obtuse  at 
base;  ped.  l-flowered,  a  little  longer  than  the  Tery  short  (2—5")  petioles.— 
%  Sandy  plains,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  slender  and  widely  branched,  2— 5f  high 
Lvs.  1—3'  long,  varying  from  narrowly  linear  to  oblong  (1—5"  wide).  Fla  1' 
broad,  orange-yellow,  nearly  solitary  in  the  axils.  Petals  emarginate.  Carp 
about  10.     May — Aug.  ^' 

6  S.  rhombifdlia  L.  Lvs.  rhomhie-obUmg,  serrate,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base  ■ 
ped.  much  longer  thau  the  petioles,  jointed  just  below  the  flower  •  caps  2-beaked' 
—Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  minutely  downy.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  rather  obtuse  at  apex.  Fls.  yellow,  7  to  9"  broad,  the  stalks  1  to  2'  long 
Cal.  angular,  with  broad,  cuspidate  sepals.    May — JL 

7.  ABUTILON,  Dill.  Indian  Mallow.  Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an 
involucel,  often  angular ;  styles  5  to  20,  with  capitate  stisimas;  carpels 
as  many,  arranged  circularly,  each  l^jelled,  »  to  6-seeded';  and  openin.r 
by  2  valves.  '^ 

1  A.  AvicSnnae.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  acominate,  dentate,  velvety-tomentous- 
ped  shorter  than  the  petiole,  solitary;  carp,  abo^it  15,  3-seeded,  inflated,  truncate' 
2-beaked.— (D  Native  in  both  Indias  and  naturalized  in  most  of  the  States,  in! 
habiting  waste  places,  &c.  St.  branched,  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  diam., 
deeply  cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  very  soft  aad  velvety  at  sur- 
face.   Fls.  yellow,  near  1'  broad.    JL  § 

2  A.  atriitum  Dick.   Shrab,  with  b-kbed,  long^alked  hs.,  the  lobes  acuminate, 

dentate ;  peduncles  long,  nodding,  with  a  liandsome  bell-shaped  flower,  the  column 
exsorted.— Aft  elegant  green-houiw  shrub,  flowering  at  all  seasons.  Petals 
orange-color,  with  conspicuous  purple  striae,     f  Brazil. 

8.  MALVAViSCUS,  Dill.    Glue  Mallow.    (Lat.  malva,  mallows,  vis- 
euSf  glue.)    Calyx  6-cleft,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  many  bractlets  ■ 


Obdbk  24.— MALVACE^  209 

petals  erect,  convolute ;  styles  10,  with  capitate  stigmas,  the  inner 
longer;  carpels  5,  baccate,  1-seeded,  forming  a  fleshy  fruit. — Half 
shrubby  plants,  with  showy,  red  flowors. 

1  M.  Drunundndii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Tall,  minutely  tomentous ;  Iva.  roundish,  cor- 
date, uugularly-3-lobed,  crenate ;  pod.  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than  the  petioles  • 
Hs.  erect ,  bracteolea  8,  linear-spatulalo.— Texas.  Naturalized  about  N.  Orleans 
(Hale).  St.  round,  branched,  3  to  4f  higli.  Lva.  3  to  4'  diam.,  the  petioles 
half  as  long.  Fls.  bell-shaped,  scarlet.  Column  slender,  twice  longer  than  the 
corolla,  f 

2  M.  Floriddna,  with  loaves  ovate-cordate,  and  fls.  pendulous,  scarlet,  grows 
in  S.  Fla.  and  sometimes  in  the  green-houso 

3  M.  arbdrea,  with  Ivs.  3  to  5-lobed,  acuminate,  serrate,  and  scarlet  fls. 
from  Jamaica,  is  cultivated  often  in  the  green- house;  and  also,  M.  mollis! 
velvety,  3-lobed,  sub-entire  lva 

9.  PAVONIA,  Cav.  (The  Latin  name  of  the  peacock,  suggested  by 
the  colors.)  Calyx  5-sepaled,  surrounded  at  the  base  with  an  involucel 
of  5 — 16  bractleta;  petals  roundish,  obtuse;  stigmas  10,  linear;  car- 
pels 5,  capsular,  2-valved,  1-seeded. 

P.  Lecontii  T,  &  G.  Stem  shrubby,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  many,  small,  sagittate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  with  coarse,  obtuse  teeth,  the  lower  surface  hoary-tomentous, 
veins  prominent;  upper  surface  scabrous ;  sepals  ovate,  S-veined,  downy,  acumi- 
minate,  as  long  as  the  5  oval,  acute  bractlets ;  carpels  blunt,  rugous,  scarcely 

dehiscent.— Liberty  Co.,  Ga.  (Mr.  "W.  Jones).     Stem  4— 5f  high.      Lvs.  IJ 2' 

long,  the  floral  much  smaller.      Fls.   1^'  diam.,  rose- while,  with  a  deep  purple 
center.    (Malva  Lecontii  Buckley  ?)  r  tr    e 

10.  KOSTELJ^TZKYA,  Presl.  (In  honor  of  Kosteletzky,  a  German 
botanist.)  Caly.x,  involucel,  styles,  etc.,  as  in  Hibiscus.  Fruit  a  5-celled, 
depressed  capsule,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell. 

E.  Virgfnica  PresL  Lvs.  acuminate,  cordate,  ovate,  serrate,  dentate,  upper  and 
lower  ones  undivided,  middle  ones  3-lobed;  ped.  axillary,  and  in  terminal  racemes  • 
fls.  nodding,  pistils  declinate.— 91  Marshes  near  the  sea,  L.  IsL  to  Ga.  and  La! 
(Hale).  The  whole  plant  scabrous,  tomentous,  about  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  2\'  by 
\\\  long-pointed,  some  of  them  somewhat  3-lobed.  Fig  2 J'  diam.,  red  or  rose- 
color.  Column  slender,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Caps,  hu^pid,  acute-angled.  Aue. 
(Hibiscus  Virg.  L.  and  Ed.  2d.)  * 

11.  HIBISCUS,  L,  Calyx  5-clcft,  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  many 
bractlets,  column  long  with  the  stamens  lateral  and  the  5  stigmas  capi- 
tate ;  fr.  a  5-celled  capsule,  loculicidal,  the  valves  bearing  the  partitions 
in  the  middle ;  seeds  3  or  many  in  each  cell. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Fls. 
large  and  showy. 

*  Calyx,  4e„  htspid.    Leaves  pal  mjitoly  dividod Nos  1  2 

*  Cuiyx,  Ac ,  tomentous.    Lvs.  undivided,  nnsuUrly  lobed '.'...   .' '"Nos'3'4 

*  Cnlyx,  &c.,  glabrous.— Leaves  deoply  lobed dr  parted ." .  i  [Nos!  s!  6 

— Leaves  undivided,  slightly  lobed Nos.  7,  S 

1  H.  acnle^txiB  "Walt.  Retrorsely  scabrous ;  lvs.  palmately  3  to  5-lobed,  repand- 
tootlied,  bractlets  of  the  involucel  linear,  forked  at  the  end;  sep.  red-veined,  acumi- 
nate, very  hispid.— Damp  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Tall  (3— 5f )  and  very 
rough.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  broad,  as  long  as  their  stalks.  Ped.  very  short  (3  to  4"X 
jointed  at  base.  Cor.  4 J'  broad,  pale  sulphur-yellow,  purple  in  the  center. 
Styles  J  longer  than  the  stamens.    Jn. — Sept.     (H.  scabra  Mx.) 

2  H.  Tridnum  L.  Floweb  of  an  Hour.  Bladder  Ketmia.  Hispid,  with 
scattered  hairs;  lvs.  deeply  3-partcd,  sogm  lanceolate,  middle  one  very  long,  all 
sinuate-lobed,  lower  lvs.  angular-Iobed ;  cal.  inflated,  membranous,  veined;  bract- 
lets subulate,  entire. — (J)  A  beautiful  flower,  escaped  from  gardens  and  barely 
naturalized,  branching,  1  to  2f  high.  Fls.  large,  numerous,  but  soon  withermg. 
Petals  of  a  rich,  chlorine  yellow,  the  base  of  a  deep  brown,  f    §  Italy. 


270 


Order  24.--MALVACE^ 


«;""}■.,»'■  »"«U«Qt  will,    tl,0  So      cZ   ,mZ    r        °""',   "^'O'    P«'-   io-K 

A  Ull,  Showy  plan^  i„  braoktah  mSi'osT'urr' 'L''*'  "''™'"'i'  J"*""*-! 
wet  pra,„08,  V.  B.  »nd  C«„.     St  r.unj  downl  4  t^rrT".'"","^""*^  »»J  »" 

by  a  divaricate  lob»  cooli  »i,lo  ot  S     I'ol^u  E,     2^"""' .  r"'"''"'  !"»■««» 

■  acjm'iMe,  ™»tolytr™K?bo'"'°°,ir  c"  j£f '  ^*°""*  '*•  '"""alate. 
splendid  (lower,  nalivoof  damp  !oi  .?„  G?^'    °,?',  ?""■.  """?"'.  »void,_'/|.  a 

^-^5.  ^„,.    Cola,„„  .ill  Cir^tir  3  Ste/'lttr^t'  InXtS: 
7  H.  Carolinldnus  Muhl.     Herbaceous   .,Iah«^„o     / 
nate,  some  of  them  obscurely  3-lobeaTa'diitS^^^^^  «"-rfafe,  ovate,  acumi- 
cent  maido ;  capa  hairy  in^do  •  sds   Kk?     wm    •  "  "'^  P^"**'^ '  P^^^als  pubes- 

rare  species.  ap^r^ntl/iortomSerrS^^^  I^l-  Ga,  (Elliotf.)    1 

globular.  ''"^  uotam^ts.     I  etals  purple,  4'  long.     Caps. 

4flouS^rma'-,  Xdr^c'a'iWw^^^^^  'll  ^''"^'  --^^-^  - 
about  8.1euved._A  be.iutiS,  hardy  SLeS„iK  "'^  P^"°'^'5  »°^-olueel 
high.  Fls.  purple,  lu,^.  There  a^vadeS^w^fi  ?^  '''"  '.'"'^  ^"^^  «  *«  ISi" 
both  single  and  dciiblefSyrir         ^'^"^'^ties  wai»  wluto.  rod,  aad  striped  Os., 

^  J.^  splitti.,  to  the  base  on  one  si.e;t^o^::^^:J::^^X^-^ 

^  ^^nT£lr^fL£i^^^^^^^^  ij^o  5  to  ,  .^., 

«i  5  to  7,  ovate  or  lanceolate  TcutiTrr^vlf    ^  •*"'*^'^'  bracts  ^/ the  involu- 
capa  densely  hirsute,  acuminir-Tw^ST^t?'''^  k  ^-  'P"'  ""  °»«  '^^<^; 
high.     Lvs.  conlate,  lobes  6  to  1 0'  lou^TS^U^T^  «  "^  *^f  !i*""'  ^'•»''  ^  ^«  ^' 
about  aa  long  as  the  petioles.    Teeth  larLst  Ij^^t'  st*P«rated  to  near  the  base, 
exceedingly  rid,  sulfur  yeUow^TOleT*^^^^^  The  fls.  are  ol"  aa 

Aug.     (Hibiscus,  I.)        -^         '  ^^^ '°  ^^^  '^^^^'    I*etals  3  to  4'  long.    Ji.. 

longetlZ"S^^S^!r''t^,^^^  dentate ;  petiole 

Plant  herbaceous,  2  to's  hiSTneSySm^^^  "^1^^-.^*^ •  ^^'^  ^-  '"'^'^'^ 
upper  side,  nearly  if  in  len|th      Laminrs^ri r.' ^     ?  "^'^  *  ^'^"^  ^'"^  «»  »he 
Bhort  peduncle.     Petals  Sish  veUov     Ti?Ji      '°'"^-  .i^^-  ^  ^^  2' long,  on  a 
•  fcrpicEe^  or  served  up  S  but£    ^HibSu^^^'  mucdaginoua  poda  are  u^d 


Ohdbb  26.— TILIACE^. 


271 


3  A.  Collinsi^na.  Lva.  pedalely  5-parted,  segm.  I' near-oblaneeolate,  coarsely 
tootlioii,  acuminate,  tho  lowest  obtusely  6-lobod;  pjil.  short,  involucd  10  to  12- 
leaved. — Fla.,  rare.  Plant  (hinly  liiraute  or  hispid.  Lvs.  6  to  8'  broad.  FU. 
much  as  in  No.  2.     (llibiscuH,  Nutt.) 

13.  GOSSVPIUM,  L.  Cotton  Plant,  Fig.  252.  (Name  said  to 
be  from  tho  Arabic,  ffoz,  a  silky  substance.)  Calyx  obtusely  5-toothod, 
surrounded  by  an  involucel  cf  3  cordate  leaves,  deeply  and  incisely 
toothed  ;  staincna  very  numerous,  lateral ;  stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  clavate ; 
seeds  Qo,  involved  in  cotton. — FIs.  yellow. 

G.  herbdceum  L.     Cotton  Plant.     Lvs.  3  to  51obe(L  with  a  singlo  gland 
below,  lobes  mucronute ;  seeds  brownish,  cotton  white. — QTi  Tlia  species  com- 
monly cultivated  in  tho  Southern  States,  an4  often  growing  spontaneously.     It  ig 
an  herbaceous  plant,   about  5f  liigli,  sown  in    early  spring  and  harvested  in 
autumn.     Sts.  liirsuto  above.     Upper  lvs.  often  but  2  or  3-lobed,  lobes  commonly 
acuminate,  tipped  with  a  macro.     Petioleg  nixjut  as  long  as  tiio  Iva,  peduncles 
shorter.     FIs.  handsome,  3'  broad,  light  yellow,  with  a  purplo  eye,  changing  to 
reddish  brown.     §  E.  India. 
j3  '{  Babbadense.     Sea  Island  Cotton.     Glands  on  tho  back  of  the  leaf  (mid- 
voin)  3  ;  sda.  black,  cotton  white. — ®  Sown  in  Sept.  and  Oct     Cotton  long, 
with  a  silk-like  texture,     f  W.  India.    Cliiofly  cultivated  near  tho  southern 
coasts.     (G.  Barbadonso  L.) 
G.  arbdrenm  is  tho  Tree  Cotton  of  E.  India,  with  rod  flowers,  and  G.  Pem- 
vianum,  the  Brazil  Cotton.     Tho  Nankin  Cotton  is  another  variety  of  G.  herba- 
ceum.     Plants  so  extensively  cultivated  as  tlie  cotton  aro  liable  to  much  varia- 
tion.    Of  tlie  thirteen  species  described  by  De  Candollo,  only  the  throo  above 
named  are  now  regarded  as  genuine — the  others  considered  as  varieties. 
Tlie  microscope  shows  the  fiber  of  cotton  to  consist  of  a  lengthened  and  generally 
flattened  cell,  tlius  readily  distinguished  from  tlu  fiber  of  silk,  which  is  terete  and 
solid,  or  wool,  which  is  imbricato-sealj. 

Okdee  XXV.    STERCULIACE.E.     Silk  Cottons. 

Largo  trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  with  flowers  similar  to 
those  of  the  Mallow,  except  tliat  the  antliers  aro  2-c2lled  and  turned  outwards, 
Frait  capsular,  of  3,  rarely  5  carpels. 

Genera  24,  opecien  130,  iiU  native,  of  tropicul  reglona.  IIctc  belong  tlioliuge  Adonsuiiia  (Bau- 
\):\\))  i)t  Africa,  and  tliu  Boinhax  (silk-cottuu  trL'i'e)  ot&,  America,  etc. 

STERCULIA,  L.  (Sterculiua  was  the  name  of  a  detestable  Roman 
god  ;  alluding  to  the  bail  odor  of  some  species.)  Caly.x  5-lobed,  sub- 
coriaceous  ;  stamens  monadelphous,  united  into  a  short,  sessile  cup ; 
anth.  adnate,  10,  15,  or  20;  carpels  5,  distinct,  follicular,  l-celled, 
1 —  co-feeedcd. — Trees  with  axillary  panicles  or  racemes. 

a,  platanifdiia  L.  Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  palmately  3 — 5-lobed,  smooth ;  calyx 
rotate,  reflexed. — Tree  from  China  and  Japan,  cultivated  at  Savannah  (Feay).  A 
beautiful  tree,  with  branching,  axillary  clusters  of  green  fl3.and  leaves  resembling 
those  of  tho  Sycamore.  J 1.     (Finniana,  Mars.) 


Order  XXVI.    TILIACE^.    Lindenblooms. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (rarely  herbs)  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate,  dentate  lvs.,  with 
fls.  axillary,  hypogynous,  usually  perfect  and  polyadelphous;  with  the  sepals  4  or  5, 
deciduous,  valvate  in  aestivation,  the  petals  4  or  5,  imbricated;  siamens  <X>,  with  2- 
£611  ed,  veraalile  aiithers.      (kary  of  2  to  10  united  carpels,  a  compound  style,  and 


279. 


Oedeb  26.— TILIACE^. 


stigmas  03  many  as  caropls.    M.  ^ 
"^,Lv  „!'™°S.^,,.,f  H»  -f  petals  4  or  6  ;  stamens  c,  rarelv 

cXedf^,„iJt;Tir/„zir.;,  ''"'•'■^ "'«'  '>™-'«i  -?«!». 

vein  of  a  largJl^e^l-lifc-^rfj;;  "^""''"''  ^"'"'  "'"  P^^-'e'e  adl^-ilr'tt 

""""■    »•■"»«"»  i«,„„i,.„!,,„„^,;;--- j,„,  ,_^ 

catrs^T:  ~i^:  r  TT^'  ^"S^-i.  r/;rt  ZT:ir  t^.t- 

tru.   woody  greenish,  of  tlu  si/J  rf  S-as      ?"   *^"  «^'«»»«dia  opposite  thZ 
and  18  mauuflicturea  into  miKs      Ti  «  «-?wi  if  T-T'''*  '""^'"  ^^^k  ia  very  strS" 

wS  diS  r  r  ""^  "i*  "'  "'«  voina  beneath      i  ?  ■T'"''"'  «'""■»"»  """-pt  a 


-■'^-^ 


Obdeb  27.— CAMKLLIACE^. 


273 


Order  XXVII.    CAMELLIACE^     Camellias  oe  Teawort8. 

Trees  or  slmhs  with  alternate,  simple,  feather-veined,  exstipulate  kaves  Fibers 
regular,  poly/mdrous,  hypogynous,  cyanic,  with  sepals  and  petals  imbricated  the 
former  often  unequal  in  size.  Stamens  more  or  less  coherent  at  base  into  one  thrPB 
or  five  sets.     Anthers  2-ceUed.    Seeds  few,  with  little  or  no  albumen,  cotyUdoZ 


o%;;„til{i  oirwhich  toco  "ernS^^^^^^ 

iw.,  species  which  yieW  ulftKrietlis  oTchin^L  ^-.^  ?*    ^  •''*  ^."''?  "'">  '^'-  ^■'^'d**  «re  the 
preparing  the  leuvel  Mirieties  of  Chinese  teas,  according  to  the  vaiious  methods  of 

GKNEBA. 

§  Calyx  of  many  i.nbrlcated  sepals.    Stamens  laonadelphous Camellia  1 

§  Calyx  simple-Stamens  united  at  base  into  one  set. ....  87™  *  9 

\|       -Stamens  in  5  sets,  adhering  to  the  base  of  tli;  pVtal.;.' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !  Gobdon^I.  8 

i.  CAMELLIA,  L.    Tea  Rose.     (I„  honor  of  G.  J.  Kamd,  a  Jesuit, 
author  of  some  botanical  works.)     Sepals  many,  imbricated,  Ihe  inne 
ones  arger;  petals  sometimes  adhering  at  base;  filaments  oo,  shorter 
^lan  the  coro  la  united  at  b«se  ;  styles  united  ;  stigmas  3  to  5,  acute— 
Ornamental  shrubs,  native  of  China  and  Japan. 

^■„,W°'°*  \  '['"''•'^^  ^"^''-  ^^^-  "^«t«.  acuminate,  acutely  serrate  riabrouB 
and  sinning  on  boti,  sides,  coriaceous  and  firm,  on  short  petioles :  fls  terminal  S 
mostly  solitary ;  petals  obovate,  of  a  firm  texture;  sta.  about  50,  1  Sy  cW 
to  petals  m  cu  tivat.on  ;  stig.  unequally  S-cleft.-A  lofty  tree  in  Japan  its  nat!ve 
Zp  7'  '  Sri'^  ^^''^'"'"^  ^''™b  ^'f'  "«.  ''arJy  a  the  Sou  Kut  equir^K 
wTnhW?tff  *  '  ^^^''^''•^F'«-  ^^'•yi'^f?  fio-n  white  to  red,  resembling  the  ro5^  but 
wanting  its  fragrance.     Over  300  varieties  are  enumerated.  ' 

nf  ^T^„?^?^^"^r  ?*f  ^^.\   ^^"  ^'°"^'  ^^'  -^^^^  '^^""^^   tl^«  Marquf« 
of  Bute.)     Segals  5  (or  6),  ovate  or  lanceolate ;  petals  6  (or  6),  ob- 
ovate, crenulate  ;  stamens  monadelphous  at  base  ;  capsule  5-celled  5  or 
10-sceded,  seeds  ascendmg. -Shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves  and  large 
sbowy,  fragrant,  axillary,  nearly  sessile  flowers. 

^6®to6"S'^£r  wL/'^hT"'  '*■''•  ^^^  P"'"P^°!  '^y-  «"'''<"^  »■"<«  «««  «;»7A  a 
b-mea  Mgma.—\\  ooAs,  middle  country.  Fa.  to  Va.     A  beautilul  shn.h  f<  m  19* 

nigh.  Lvs.  ellipticovate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sitkv-puEe  t  uS'  slLh  ] v 
mucronate-serrulate,  2'  long,  ^  as  wide.  Petals  white,  i^arirs'  in  kr  K  h  S  v 
EwSSn  lI)''""^'^'  ""^"^'^'  "'"^  ''''  '"^'^'^  dar/etam"ens:'''jia^'";§: 

^ifun.??ou?^lf^n  J^'?"";  ?^-  '«"'^^''^«'«/  stam.  colored  like  the  petals,  voiy 
Ss  Kv'  /ttni'p  r'^'  ^.'rf.'''  ''^^  *<«"i«««— Woods  along  streams  in  high- 
'?f  Lh  <|.^"^'^^9'l«^^^^"'i  Madison  counties)  to  Ga.  A  handsome  shrub,  10  to 
na  0  spr  'nfn  r;  I  ,'  g'^brous,  ovate,  acuminate,  acute  atba.se,  ok^curtly  mucro- 
bo^w?  '  .1  '°T,*  •"*'  ''■'^°-  ^^^"''^  "«  ^"••K"  ««  '«  No.  1,  quite  silky  pu- 
Slored)     cr^s'^anrll^^        "^"^"^^  "''"'^  the  smallest  white  (scarcely  cream- 

3.  GORDONIA,  Ellis.     LonLOLLv  Bay.     (In  honor  of  James  Gordon 
n  distinguished  nurseryman  of  London.)     Sepals  6,  roundish,  strondv 
mibncated  ;  petals,  5 ;  eramens  5-adeIphous,  one  set  adhering  to  each 
petal  at  base ;  styles  united  into  one ;  capsule  woody,  6-celled  •  seeds 
2  or  more  in  each  cell,  pendulous.     Trees  with  large,  white,  axillarv 
pedunculate  flowers.  V' 

18 


274 


Order  28.— AURANTIACEiE. 


L'S  -"7^=  M^f "^ ""'"  "•'■ '"""  ^'■™'"™-  ""Aug' "  (C: 

Order  XXVIII.     AURANTIACEJi).     Orangeworts 
Trees  or  shrubs,  glabrous,  «bounding  in  littlo  transparent  receptacles  of  volatile 

Ms.  regular  3-5.mer«us,  petals  and  stamens  i.userted  on  a  hypo<.y^us  dli 
pounded  of  several  united  carpels.  Sly.  1.  Fr.  a  berry  (orange)  many-celled 
^S;:rXr::Lr^i^r^-  --  i«  Jangl^if  eac^carp^: 

the  li,«e  yield,  ti.o  oil  of  li.ri.uXl^^tl!:^2::^i:r'l^!l  orlnllLX'otirSi.  ^'"  ''""  '"" 

CITRUS,  L     (Gr.  Kirpiov,  the  citron  ;  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  species ) 
Sepals  and  petals  hi  5s  ;  anthers  20,  or  some  other  and  hi^l,er  ufuS 
o    5    versatile,  the  conneetile  articulated  to  the  fihunent;    filaiu  n 
dilated  at  base,  polyadelphous;  berry  9-18-celIed.-A  noble  JZ 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  all  tropical,  combining  in  its  speci.-s  beauty  of  ibr. 

tVuit  'XZV-'"?r'  J«'^^«' -Poriferous  As.,  fkgnmt  aud^deliciou ' 
!'  1  ^^»«.^^'^'«"^.^tmu  of  the  petiole  with  the  lainina  is  regarded  by 
some  botanists  as  indicating  a  reduced  compoiind  leaf.  ^ 

1  C.  Limdnum  L.  Lemov  Tree.  Petioles  somewhat  winaed-  sta  q-i-  fr 
oblong-splieroid,  with  a  thin  rind  and  very  acid  imlp—lZoolxZl  Afin  i  '  t 
which,  when  laden  ^vith  its  golden  fruit  LpeniTan,  hJ/S  trk  i'e.^^^^^^ 
makes  a  most  beautiful  appearance  It  is  u  r,ntk-l.f +.  •  f^r'^c"  ^^^^^«. 
easily  cultivated  in  the  tem^Ll'drmatS  1?  pU^rdlnuHvLST"'  "'  ^^ 
«K^       Aiir^ntium  L.    Svvekt  Orange  Tree.    Petiole  wintrcd-  leaf  sliohtw 

A  Sdbsiz-^dTvf ''''  ""'?•  '''  ^';-  ^''"^°"^'  '''"^  ^  t>-  rind  a^d  '.S  S^ 
L  T.rl  ,       ^  evergreen  tree,  with  a  greenish  brown  bark.     When  filled  with 

one  o??h       "^\^*'^"!■^7''  ^«"">°''mes  to  the  number  of  20,000,  L  .dK  VI 
ml  aid  S  rTl^r'"^"^  °^J:?''^''^  ""*"'-^-     ^l-o  cultivatic;n  o    the  o  4e    t 
tut'  .     *•  ^*^  '^^'^  recently  cliecked  by  severe  frosts      It  is  eisilv  raised  r 

the  green  house  at  tiie  North,     f  §  W.  Indies.  ^ 

emar^naf^-''l'°fj!^,'^-     ^".^^^^^^   Tree.     Petioles  broadly  winged;  obtuse 
tl7e  p?  oles'a    broa^  „f£  T'^  ^  '^S"^  ""''— ^  ''''  '''' '"  '''^J'*      Wingfo 

serfaS".  ^.S*3*o  -^r  ^^.7^'"^;.  ^*'^'"  "''  ""*  '^^  '^''«^^^'  l^"  ovate-orbicular, 
Thk   liL        ;    *;       S'obous,  with  a  sweet  pulp,  and  a  protuberance  at  ton 


Obdeb  30.— -linages.  275 

5  C.  MSdica  L.  Citron  Tree.  Petioles  not  at  aU  winged;  If.  oblong,  acute; 
stam.  40 ;  fr.  oblong-spheroid,  rugoua,  with  an  ucid  pulp. — Commonly  about  8f 
high.    Fr.  6'  in  length,  fragrant,  f 

Ohs.  In  a  splendid  work  entitled  "The  Natural  History  of  OranRes,"  written  in  French  by 
Itisso,  of  Nice,  in  ISIS,  there  are  described  109  varieties,  .and  105  of  them  figured.  They  are 
arranged  as  sweet  oranj(os.  of  which  there  are  described  42  varieties  ;  bitter  and  sour  oranges, 
iJ2  ;  IJergamots,  5  ;  Limes,  8  ;  Sli8dd<tcks,  6  ;  Lumes,  12  ;  Lemons,  46  ;  Citrous,  17.  The  most 
successful  methods  of  cultivation  are  by  cuttings. 

Order  XXIX.     MELIACE.*]. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  exstipulate,  often  pinnate  leaves.  Fls.  3 — 5-merous,  stamens 
0 — 10,  coherent  into  a  long  tube  with  sessile  anthers.  Disk  liypogynous,  sometimes 
cup-like ;  style  1.  Ovary  compound,  several-celled,  cells  1 — 2,  4-ovuled.  Fruii 
fleshy  or  dry,  often  1-eelled  by  abortion.     Seeds  neither  winged  mot  axillate. 

Genera  33,  species  150,  natives  of  the  hotter  [larts  of  the  globe. 

MELIA,  L.  Pride  of  India.  (Gr.  fitiXi,  honoy ;  the  name  was 
first  applied  to  the  Manna  Ash.)  Sepals  small,  5,  united  ;  petals 
spreading;  stamen  tube  10-cIeft  at  summit  with  10  anthers  in  the 
throat ;  ovary  5-celIed,  10-ovuled  ;  style  deciduous ;  drupe  with  a 
o-celled,  bony  nut,  cells  1-seeded. — Trees  with  bipinnate  Ivs.  and 
panicles  of  delicate  flowers. 

M.  Az6darach  L.  Lvs.  deciduous,  glabrous,  Ifts.  obliquely  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate. — Southern  States,  common.  A  large  tree  30 — 40f  high,  with  light 
foliage  and  a  profusion  of  lilac-colored  fls.  Drupes  as  large  as  cherries,  with  n 
poisonous  pulp,  lumging  in  clusters  through  the  winter.  The  bark  is  esteemed  as 
a  vermifuge,  but  narcotic.  Dwarfed  specimens  are  frequent  in  green  houses  at  th» 
North. 

OiiiJEu  XXX.     LINAGES,     Flaxworts. 

ITerbs  with  entire,  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  with  flowers  regular,  symme- 
trical, and  perfect,  5-(rarely  3  or  4;-)tnerou3.  Calyx  strongly  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
corolla  convolute,  liypogynous ;  stamens  definite,  liypogynous,  alternate  with  the 
petals ;  styles  distinct  witli  capitate  stigmas,  and  each  cell  of  the  capsule  more  or 
less  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment  into  two  1-seeded  compartments.  Seeds  with 
little  or  no  albumen,  attached  to  axllo  placenta?. 

Genera  S,Hpecien  90.  A  very  important  order  in  the  arts.  The  Linum  h.ts  a  very  tenaciou» 
fiber  in  its  bark,  which  is  wrought  into  thread  and  cloth,  forming  the  linen  of  comniorcc.  Sonio 
species  are  cathartic,  and  yield  from  their  seeds  a  fine  nmcilage.  Only  ono  yeniis  neatl  bo  mon- 
lionud  here,  viz : — 

LINUM,  L.  Flax.  (Celtic  llin,  a  thread  ;  hence  Gr.  Xi'vov,  Eng.  linen, 
flax.)  Sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  styles  6,  the  latter  rarely  3  ;  cap- 
sules 5-cclled  ;  cells  nearly  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment ;  seeds  10, 
suspended,  mucilaginous. — Uerbs  with  a  bark  of  strong  fibers,  and  sim- 
ple, sessile  lvs. 

*  I'l'nvei's  blue (—red,  No.  7.).  Nos.  1,  2 

*  Kloweis  yellow.— Sepals  ciliatc.     Lvs.  linear Nos.  S  4 

— Sejials  entir  .    Lvs.  lanceolate [ .  jjos.  5*  o'  8 

1  L.  usitatfsBimum  L.  Common  Flax.  St.  branching  above ;  lvs.  alternate, 
liiiear-laucoolate,  acute ;  panicle  corymbous ;  sep.  ovate,  acute,  3-veiiied  at  the 
iiaso,  membranous  on  the  margin;  petals  crenate. — (1)  Introduced  and  some- 
what naturalized  in  fields.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  with  3-veined  leaves,  and  many 
large,  handsome,  blue  flowers.  Jn.,  Jl. — This  important  plant  has  been  cultivated 
from  remote  antiquity  (see  Gen.  xli  42),  for  tlie  strong  fibers  of  the  bark,  whicl> 
are  manufactured  Into  linen.  Tlio  seeds  yield  linseed  oil,  so  extensively  used  ia 
mixing  paint,  printers'  ink,  etc.     Thej-  ..rs  also  medicinal.  §  f 


2^<5  Ordbu  31.— GERANIACB^. 

bracts  glandularirfrng;Safe7S  "'"'"r^"  «"^'  ""thtSo 

not  common      Sts  1 0  ^  \(i'S'       T^  (Cousens),  southward  and  northward  • 

on  the  margins,'  3-veiLd   "/irL  £«  JaV  S;,!     '  ''f  'anceobte,  acute,  scabroS 

La.  (Hale)'  St.  slender^    toT^^Xh      ^11'^''?^'^^'''^  *'^'f  *'^^'«^'- 
as  Coriander.  °        ^^^-  ^  ^°  ^    ^°^S-     Capsules  as  largo 

^t^^^^  Hneaf  acS  S'showr  ^rd**-  ^^Tt""^  ^^^"'^"^  «'^-e; 
side  of  the  branches-  sen  ova.  l-nw!;.?  .  ^  ^  '^'*"-^'  ^'^  ^'^'""'^'^  to  the  upper 
pressed  capsule  j's'J.'diScr-Wo'l^^^^^^^^  ^^T  ^%^""*^'  ''  "^  d- 

Sef  ^--  '-■ « - «"  ^^?  ^V^'Ki:'!^^-^  ^^Sa":;^^^^: 
%^;1S":-  fi-aftS,  vif;:iir(:st::;v-2nrS^^^^    ^■"■^^' '--'«'« 

m«cr««<^.,  as  long  as  the  depressed  "apsurTt/cHstin^^^^^  '•"'''  f ''"^'^S' 

Verj  different  in  aspect  from  No  5  13.,  tL    f       i~^^  ^' P'"^'™^' I"^.,  0. 

and  radical  lanio-abovato  SLd°r»SirblH     T''  ?<•.,">«="«.  ««  low. 

Order  XXXI.    GEUANIACE^    Gerania. 

nato  o„«  often  abortivo;  „..J°f  st pi"  1','  '  ",  ,  "."'"»'''"'""""■  "'°  °"«'- 
on  tho  poraistent  stylo.  ^  separate,  curvuig  upwards 

GENKBA. 

Stamens  10,--aH  perfect.    Corolla  regular 

--5  i.orfoct,  5  alternate  iinperfo'ct." '  Cor'  reff" «RRanium.        1 

-7  perfect.    Corolla  irregular, .  '       tuoDiirM.  2 

/  •••i'KI.AKOONIUll.  3 

1.  GERANIUM,    L.      Crane's  Km       tr. 
beaked  fruit  rescn.Wes  a  cranc^s  billS     iuJ'^T^  ^ ''"'"•"''   ^^' 
stamens  10,  all  perfect  the  5  XrS         ^  ,'  ^""^  P'*^''  ^'  '"^g^'^''. 
nectariferous  g,aK*Ustse;tr^^^^^^^        fe,.'"^   ^^^i -^^- 
.  lon,-st,led,  l-seeded  carpels';  stales  rotirsid^aUoTgrS^^^^^^ 


3 ;  Ivs.  linear, 
na  membran- 
lea  tlie  length 
tlie  limits  of 
i  Asia. 

.  racemed  on 
and,  with  tho 
■yles  more  or 
i  northward ; 
Lvs.  4  to  8'' 
Jn.,  Jl.  (L. 
in  specimena 

ohcs  at  top; 
Jte,  scabrous 
es  distinct. — 
les  as  largo 

dies  above ; 
;o  the  upper 
?  as  the  dc- 
tear2fhigh, 
onlj.     Sep. 

y,  lanceolate 
lie,  abruptly 
ies,  Ind.,  0. 
arger(l'  by 

set,  smooth, 
,  the  lower 
crimson. — 
tem  8—10' 

'es  3 ;  caps. 
•  E.  Indies. 


palmate- 
imbricated 

tho  alter- 
ed, coher- 
f  upwards 


!rnte  zones. 
Itivatiun  is 


<IUM.  1 

IfM.  2 

OOMIUlf.  3 

ig;  the 
regular, 
1  with  a 
ng  into 
.'curved 


Ordkr  31.— OERANIACEiE.  277 

from  tho  base  upwards  and  adhering  by  the  point  to  the  summit  of  the 
axis. — Herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby  at  the  base.  Peduncles  1,  2  or 
3-flowered. 

Petals  entire,  twieo  ns  long  (is  tho  awned  sepals Nog.  1,  2 

Petals  notched  or  2-lubed,  nut  longer  than  sepals No».  8,4 

1  O.  maculitum  L.  Spotted  Geranium.  St.  erect,  angular,  dichotomous,  re- 
trorsely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  falinately  3 — 5-lobed,  lobes  cuneiform  and  entiro  at  base, 
incisely  serrate  above,  radical  one3  on  long  petioles,  upper  ones  op|)osite,  on  short 
petioles;  petals  entiro;  sep.  mucronato-awned. — 2(  Woods,  etc.,  U.  S.  and  Can., 
but  raro  in  N.  Eng.  A  lino  ap"o<>a  worthy  a  place  among  tho  parloi  "gerani- 
ums." St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lv.  2  to  3'  diam.,  cleft  |  way  down,  2  at  each  fork. 
Fls.  mostly  in  pairs,  on  unequal  pedicels,  often  somewhat  umbeled  on  the  ends 
of  the  long  peduncles.     Root  powerfully  astringent     Apr. — Jn. 

2  G.  Robertidnum  L.  Herh  Robert.  St.  diffuse,  hairy ;  Ivs.  pinnately  3-parted 
to  tho  base,  tho  segm.  pintiatifid,  and  the  pinuaj  incisely  toothed ;  sep.  mucronato- 
awned,  half  tho  length  of  tho  entiro  petals. — ®  Smaller  than  the  preceding,  iu 
dry,  rocky  places.  Can  to  Va.  and  Ky.  It  has  a  reddish  stem,  with  long,  diflfuse, 
weak  branches.  Lvf.  on  long  petioles,  somewhat  hairy,  outline  IJ  to  3'  diam., 
with  pinnatilid  sogments.  Fls.  small,  palopurple.  Capsules  small,  rugous,  keeled. 
Sds.  smooth.     The  plant  has  a  strong  d.sa;,'roeable  smell.     May — Sept. 

3  G.  pusillum  L.  St.  ]:!rocumbent ;  Ivs.  r  niform  or  roundish,  deeply  5  to  1-parted, 
lobes  3-cleft,  linear ;  srp.  hairy,  awnkss,  about  as  long  as  tho  emarginato  petals. — 
(I)  A  delicate,  spreadin,'  species,  growin;^  in  waste  grounds,  pastures,  etc.,  L.  Isl. 

.  and  Western  N.Y.  (Torr).  St.  weak.  If  long,  branching,  covered  with  short,  de- 
flected hairs.  Lvs.  opposite,  divided  almost  to  tho  base  into  5  or  1  lobes,  these 
again  variously  cut  Ped.  axillary,  forked,  bearing  2  purplish-red  flowers  in  Jn. 
and  Jl.     §  Eur. 

4  G.  Carolini^num  L.  St.  diffusely  branched ;  lvs.  deeply  5-parted,  lobes  in- 
cisely toothed ;  ped.  rather  short  and  clu.storod  on  tho  ond.s  of  the  branches ;  sep. 
mucronate-awned,  as  long  as  the  emarginato  petals. — (T  Fields  and  hills,  through- 
out Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  pubescent,  diffuse,  8  to  15'  long,  swelling  at  the  joints. 
Lvs.  9  to  18''  diam.,  hairy.  Fls.  small,  rose-colored,  in  pairs,  and  somewhat  fas- 
ciculate. Sds.  minutely  roticulatcd,  reddish-brown,  1  in  each  hairy,  beaked  car- 
pel.   Jl.     (G.  dissectum  L?). 

2.  ERODIUM,  L'Hcr.  IIeron's-bill.  (Gr.  Ipojdiog,  a  heron  ;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  beaked  fruit  to  the  lieron's  bill.)  Calyx  5-leaved ; 
petals  5  ;  filaments  10,  the  5  alternate  ones  abortive ;  fruit  rostrate,  of 
5,  aggregated  capsules,  tipped  with  the  long,  spiral  style,  bearded  in- 
sid(!. — Bis.  umbellate. 

E.  cicutarium  Sm.  Diffuse,  hairy ;  lvs.  pinnatcly  divided,  segm.  sessile,  pinnatifld. 
incised,  acute ;  ped.  several-flowered  ;  petals  unequal. — Shores  of  Oneida  Lake, 
N.  Y.  Sts.  mostly  prostrate.  Lvs.  oblong  in  outline,  with  n\anv  segments.  Fls. 
2  to  3"  diam.     May — Jn.     §  Eur.     Widely  diffused  in  Califoriiia. 

3.  PELARGONIUM,  L'ller.  (Gr.  -neXapybg,  a  stork;  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  beaked  fruit  to  a  stork's  bill.)  Sepals  5,  the  upper 
one  ending  in  a  nectariferous  tube  extending  down  the  peduncle  with 
which  it  is  connected ;  petals  5,  irregular,  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  fila- 
ments 10,  3  of  them  sterile, — A  lurgo  genus  of  shrubby  or  lierbaceous 
plants,  embracing  more  thai^  00  species,  and  innumerable  varieties, 
nearly  all  nativjs  of  tho  Capo  ^).  Good  Hope.  Lower  lvs.  (in  pl.ant.'*. 
raised  from  the  seed)  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate. 

•  AcRulescont  (nearly).    Kt.  tuberous.    Lvs.  decompnund.    Pi't.  yellowish  brown... Nos.  1,  9 

•  Caulescent. — Stems  licrbiiceous,  or  soniewliat  slivuliby  at  base  Nos.  8 — S 

— Stems  shrubby. — Lvs.  neither  divided  lior  aneular Nos.  7—9 

— Lvs.  antrular  or  wlili  sliaUow  lobes Nos.  10—14 

—Lvs.  divided  beyoml  tho  middle ; Noa.  16— 13 


278 


Ordbr  31.— GBRANIACE^. 


1  P.  flayum  Ait    Carrot-lkaved  GER\\rr»r     <?f - 
pound,  laciniate,  hairv,  seirm.  linear  •mnhpil        «      '  ^''P'  ^'"P^«;  ^^s.  decotn- 

divisions  linear,  acuto;  A  ^rA-.re^Jn  sn„j;,rumS  ""°'*'"'  ''^-  '^P''^'^'^^'«^. 

.««Ay;-/„..rofntTc3ato    JrS'-T''?  ^'f'^?'^^'-     ^^- velvety,  short 
Valued  chiefly  for  the  povvo;furaVm{tio   1^^  ^^^^--- 

small,  whitish.  ^  "'oinaut.  smell  of  the  leaves,  the  flowers  bein- 

cordate;  *t/2«st*SS^®p*almate^1I^H"f^^  '^f-   ^^^^ ;    lv-< 

di^us^.  very  hair,  wiU.<lCt-a^^ 

«pper  pet.  glandular  ttZf^'lTiut^r'  S^^'^'  .^^^'  eut-dentate,  trifid ; 
beautifully  variegated  fls.  Petals'round  I  :.nH  '"  f '''''^'r  '^  d'«^'"g"ished  for  its 
different  in  color;  the  three  lover  ones  a?e  wS  ^«r '11^^  '"  ^'^^P'''  •^"^  ^^^y 
of  a  rich  purple,  almost  blac-k  at  base  '  '^'^^"^  ^^'"^'^  «'«  2  upper 

fct>to°°SMoS^ar^'ubr,t^^^  Wenni4  somewhat  downy ;  Ivs. 

-  by  the  finely  divided  leaves  anKSo    s      'I^o  9    '^"''°'  ^^  '"S*^"     ^istingui^^hed 

obovate,  veined  with  purpk>  the  3  lotor   .r  ?  "P^^.P^^^^^  "^"^^^  «'« largest, 

wanting,  are  narrow  and  of  pure  white       ^        ""^  *^®  "•'^<='^«  0"°  is  often 

miLS;%^T-3S::i,ZaTj|«"^  Wolate,  .„.V,  acu. 

remarkably  distinguished  by  its  leaves  ^p/rf^S^r^  ^IT^^'     The  plant  i., 
Petols^obovate,  of  a  delicate  blush  eoL  S  rJ^Ss  """  ^  '^'^""*  '^"^^^''^ 

lanceolate, '*;^i'"2^.^;,,,^^^^^^^^^  stip.  ovato- 

for^its^Ieaves.     Fls.  pale-pink,  with  deep  red'vdns.^  ^^^°*  ^'  ^""  °«"«^ 

fow-flower°edf  Slinefrl^l^r^sSbv'  ^It"'.'  "'T^'  so'^ewhat  fleshy ;  ped. 
of  the  leaves.     Fls.  pink.    •^''- «'''^"*^'^y.  Sfliigh.     Named  for  the  acid  flirw 

lobe?^X?^^S^^^^^^^  ^--  cordate-orbicular,  obsoletely 

One  of  the  most  popular  of  all  the  snecLsTI-  '     i.'"^^^'  2-3f  high 

shades.    The  Aare  ofa  ^.n^A/.^arrTmbele.!  n^^^^^ 

vanetie.s,  of  whicii  the  most  remSableTs         '        ^°^'  Peduncles.    It  Im  many 

umbels  man^-flowed;   petars'obrt?  T£To    TuTtf 'i" '^^'i %^"^^*^'  ---^^ 
^carfo^  of  Its   numerous  fimers.     Tho   namo  .'i^f^  '"^.  ^u™""*^*^   ^"''  t^«  vivid 

bandsomG  purplish  Jlowei-s.  ocautitul  species,  with  umbels  of  very 

lob". L*owlfaf tSd^-'S' 4lKtot"T"""S'^^-^^ '  ^^'^^  ---dat^.  bluntly 
the  2  lower  small,  white.-Lvs  smaS  rolZiT'  ftT'^:  ^''^^  '^"'"^on  ve2 

14  P.  Watsdnii  Link     rrl;;l  ;       '    .      '^'  ""'"^  '^^"^''^d  l'^^"^ 
dent^xte,  undulate  at  the  Irgfn    si    "cuS  T^/?'  '"'r^''*^'  ^«^^«'^.  ^^renate- 
Fl^  large,  purple,  variegated,  fevml^ogeSSk  "      '''''''^"*  '^°''^"^--- 

bas\^  t^« /«F«^SrtLrSl^^^^^  P«I™«ted.  cordate  at 

Distinguished  for  tho  size  and  beautv  of  f L^/7  *'T^  "^^  ^°"&  ««  ^he  calyx.- 

onoH  oloo-anfiv  vln-.^   -    ,  "•    "^.^"'y  Of  tUo  flowers.  which  are  j^-Aj/^  fb«  o  f,. 

16  P  ^^La«,I  '  "\     T^  '""^  '■^'^'  ^^'•fe''"-  than  tlie  rSt        '        '  "^P""^ 

lobes  obioilj,   br.mt^"UWd'^r;S™n?.'r"*'-    .^^^^  ^"'-^^^'^  ^-^*^^. 

^  many-flowered,  capitate.-Nectary  aboui  half  as  10,.^^*  "/  '''^  ^^^^'    "'"^'^'^ 

grant.    Fls,  purple.  ^  ^'^"  '^^  ^^"S  «a  calyx.     Lvs.  very  fra- 


Ordeb   33.--ZTG0PHTLLACE^. 


219 


17  P.  rddula  A.  Lvs.  palmate,  rough,  hbea  narrow,  pinnatiQd,  revolute  at  edge, 
with  linear  segments ;  umbels  few-flowered ;  nectary  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 
Distinguialieci  for  its  large  rough  leaves  deeply  divided  into  linear  segments,  and 
and  with  a  mint-lii<e  fragrance.     Fls.  purple. 

18  P.  querclfdlium  A.  Oak-leaved  Geranium.  Lvs.  cordate,  pimatifid 
with  rounded  recesses,  lobes  obtusely  creuate;  branches  and  petioles  hispid. — 
Lvs.  rough,  often  spotted.     Fls,  purplish. 

Obi>.  The  ftbnvo  nre  amnn<»  tho  moro  distinjtiitslu'il  and  popular  rpecies  of  this  vast  and 
fiivorite  genus.  liinumeraMe  vuildtlos  produced  from  seeds  and  propagated  by  cnttingsi  are 
equally  common  and  often  of  superior  beauty.  No  peniis  seems  to  bo  regarded  wltli  so  universal 
favor  for  greenhouse  plants  as  this.  Tlie  s|)ecles  and  their  multitudes  of  hybrid  creations,  pro- 
duced by  modern  ingenuity,  aro  cultivated  with  assiduous  attention  by  Dearly  every  family 
which  makes  the  least  pretensions  to  tusto  throughout  tho  civilized  world. 


Order  XXXII.     OXALIDACE^.     Wood  Sorrbls. 

Stems  low,  herbaceous,  witli  an  acid  juico  and  alternate  compound  leaves.  MoW' 
era  regular,  symmetrical,  hypogynous,  5-merous.  Sepals  persistent,  imbricated; 
petals  convolute  in  aestivation.  Stamens  10,  somewhat  monadelphous,  those  oppo- 
site the  petals  longest.  Styles  5,  separate ;  cnjpsule  5-celled,  several-seeded ;  seeds 
albuminous.     (Illust.  in  Figs.  50.  G4,  585.) 

Genera  7,  Rperiea  328,  inhabitins  tlio  hot  and  tho  temperate  regions.  The  most  noticeable 
l)roperty  of  tlio  Order  is  tiie  sour  julee,  containini;  oxalic  acid.  Several  species  aro  cultivated 
for  tlie  beauty  of  their  flowers. 

OXALIS,  L.  Wood  Sorrel.  (Gr.  6^vg,  sonr.)  Sepals  6,  distinct 
or  united  at  base ;  petals  nmch  longer  than  the  calyx ;  styles  5,  capi- 
tate ;  capsule  oblong  or  sub-globous :  carpels  5,  1  to  several-seeded. — 
Mostly  U,  with  trifoliate  lvs.  and  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets. 

1  O.  Acetosilla  L.  AcauUscent ;  scope  longer  than  tho  leaves,  ]-Jtowered;  Ifts. 
broad-obcordate  with  rounded  lobes;  sty.  as  long  as  the  itmcr  staaens;  rt.  den- 
tate, scaly. — Woods  and  shady  places,  Can.  and  Northern  States.  I<vs.  palmately 
3 -foliate,  on  long,  weak  stalks,  purplish  beneath.  Ped.  longer  Mian  the  leaves, 
each  with  a  nodding,  scentless  flower  w  hose  petals  aro  white,  yellowish  at  the  base, 
delicately  veined  with  purple.     Tho  whole  plant  has  an  agreeable  acid  taste.    Jn. 

2  O.  viol^cea  L.  Acaiiiescoit,  smooth ;  scape  umbeliferous  ;  pedicels,  subpubes- 
cent ;  fls.  nodding ;  tips  of  tlio  calyx  fleshy ;  sty.  shorter  than  the  outer  sta- 
mens.— An  elegant  species  in  rocky  woods,  etc.,  throughout  the  TJ.  S.  Bulb, 
scaly.  Scape  nearly  twice  longer  than  tho  leaves,  5  to  8'  high.  Lvs.  palmately 
3-foliato,  sometimes  none ;  Ifts.  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  long,  with  a  very  shallow 
sinus  at  the  very  broad  apex.  Umbels  of  3  to  9  drooping  flowers.  Petals  large, 
violet-colored,  striate.     May. 

3  O.  strfcta  L.  Caulescent;  st.  branching;  pod.  umbeliferous,  longer  than  the 
petioles ;  sty.  as  long  as  tho  inner  stamens. — <l)  Fields,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  common. 
It  varies  in  size  from  3  to  12',  according  to  tho  soil.  St.  leafy,  round,  smooth, 
succulent.  Lvs.  palmately  3-foiiato,  numerous,  scattered,  on  long  stalks.  Um- 
bels on  long,  axillary  stalks,  mostly  much  longer  than  the  petioles.  Fls.  small, 
yellow,  appearing  all  summer.  Capsules  sparingly  hirsute,  witii  spreading  hairs. — 
When  tlie  plant  is  unsupported,  it  is  more  or  less  decumbent,  and  is  the  variety 

3.  COUNIOCLATA  (0.  comiculata  L). — Obs.  The  species  (nearly  300  in  number) 
are  all  pretty,  and  many  from  Europe  and  Africa  are  becoming  rather  common 
in  cultivation. 


Order  XXXIII.    ZYGOPIIYLLACE^.     Bsan  Capkbs. 

Serbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  leaves  opposite,  mostly  pinnate  (not  dotted)  and 
stipulate ;  flowers  4  or  5-meroua,  calyx  imbricated  and  corolla  convolute  in  sestiva- 
tion.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals,  hypogynous,  distinct,  each  often  with  a 
scale.     Ovary  compound ;  fruit  and  seeds  as  in  Linaceae- 


280 


Obdkb  36.— .TROF^OLACE^. 


lO^'iu'ioS/tt'nppos^^^^^^^^        I-if"t,;    petals  5;  stan.e„. 

%ogyno«s  glands  ^tvKSdtiS^^  '^tT"7'  ?>^.^'  '"f'^«  '^^ 
separating   into    10   1-seeded    coc'i     S   P  ^^/'^^^'^    i».t  at  length 

^^7^£-;tipulesand£^^^^^  '"     "   ^^"' 

Savannah.     Sts.  pubescent  1  to  2flonli^^  ^  ^^^'''  '"^^''c'ed.     Waste  place.s 

Order  XXXIV.     BALSAMINAOE^.     Jewel  Wkeds 
atip^et  'rtrjfrr^^^^^^^^^^^^  T-'  ^ ^^  J"-     ^-  -^Ple.  without 

connate,  the  lowe^;  ^^  d  or  gilT'S  4  f^^'  ''  '"''"""^  *^'^  ^  "^^^^ 
rarely  5,  distinct.     sLens  5.  hyZZuf^^'^^^^^^  ""''^'^  '^  P^'"*'  «"• 

Slig.  5.Iobed,  sessile.     />.  capsu  ar  5  00^  h.    ^^'"'f  '"^"''^'•^-     ^"'^-  2-celled. 
several  in  ea..h  cell.    i^.^C'sl^.^hr  ^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^• 

irr?t!blfcipfuto  S^eXcdoreT  ^^Tf'^  "^^^  ^^^P^*  ^^  ^he 
ing  united),  t!.e  West  S  LnJ/  . '  ^PP^''?*'^^  but  4  (the  2  upper  be- 
ef the  lowi^^beirrnilfdoThe^  l^rf'  P^'^'^  '-^PP-ently^C  each 
thers  cohering  at"  T^  caVs?e  ofton  ?  ^.^t  V'^T^'^^ '' ^^^^'t' ^"- 
the  dissepiments,  5-Xed  btfrsL  Iw/"li  ''^^^  ^^'  obliteration  of 
tender,  sibpelluc'id,  ^mftuZjol^^^^^^^^^  ^"««"'^»^ 

^  nate^;^pif *2  tf iJ^owttd'^^rrXf:  T ''''^,f '  "^^^^^^^  ^^^^^t^-  teeth  mucro- 
than  long,«;.-^A  a  vlryll'^^TcutJZur^T  broaden- 

a^  Wet  shady  places,  U.  S.  and  Can      sf  2  'to^ir^"^',  ^'f "''  f^«^%'2/ ^««rf— 
.     long,  i  as  wide,  witlx  large  obtuse  teotl,  I.  ?  r     "f'''  .''[^"^''•ed-     Lvs.  2  to  5' 
Fls.  large.  mosUy  in  paS    Two  o£^«-fI    ^^^^^^  with  a  very  short  mucro. 
rest  pale  yellow,  the  lo£crDrodnZ?n.f      ^^^^  ^^^^  ^'■^^"'  callous  pointed,  the 

Cap-sToblong-cyiindric  rLn^burstin^^^^^  '"  «  ^P'^'"  i'  C' 

scattering  the  seed.     Aug.    ^'  ^   *  *^'®  ^^'^''t^^t  touch  when  mature,  and 

^mucSef  ped.  fTolTot^d^Sr't'  ''''"S^"^  obtusely  serrate,  teeth 
longer  than  broad,,. Si  a«Xi/rit^^^^  ^Z**"""  '."P"''  ^^"*^'>^  ^°°J«4 
late  with  many  brown  spots  -Tin  tjA  f^^"^  *-^f ''  •^'-  *«-^  ''^«"^«.  macu^ 
mon  than  theL<,  someThat  glaucous  St  ll'^  feT''^''  ^f '  '^  ^'''•'  '"''^^  ^°"- 
wide,  having  like  the  last  a  mS;,  fPo/b  I.Tk   .  '^^^    J^'^''  '  *°  ^'  J«»^.  ^  as 

ped.  clustered;  spur^Lter'^li^T'^^^^^^^  'T"**^'  "PP^^  ones  alternate; 

the  most  beautiful  of^a^en  antu^rr;;^^  ^T  "'"  ^'^-  ^'''^'''-  ^'  ''  ^^^  « 
gated,  carnation-like  flJwers  i  n;etmn/ ^  f^'^'^^r^f''"^'^  °^  ^^^'^^  ^«"e- 
white,  but  the  former  vISl  in  everyTsll!  2X  f  *'•'  ^''^^'  "''«  ""^^  *°d 
pink  and  flesh  colon    Fla  often  doubfe.  ''''""^^'^  ^^^^^^^  P^n^Io, 

OroerXXXV.    TROP^OLACE^.    TroPHvwoHTs. 


Obdhr  37.— RUTACEiE. 


281 


united,  tho  nppor  oiio  spurred.     Petals  1 — 5,  the  throo  lower  ones  Btalked,  the  2 

upper   inserted  on  tin   oalyx.      Stamens  6  to   10,  distinct,  unequal,   pcrigynoiia. 

Oranj  3-c'arpeled;  style  1 ;  stigmas  3.     Fruit  separating  into  3  indeliisceut,  l-seeded 

nuts.     Sds.  largo.     Albumen  0. 

Ganerti  4,  speciei  4{\  natives  of  S.  Amerloa.  Thoy  possess  tho  same  nntlscorbtitlc  properties 
as  the  Crucllero'.  Tho  fruit  of  the  following  spcoies  Is  picklod  and  usuil  as  ii  substitute  for 
ca|>er3. 

TROP.£OLUM,  L.  Indian  Cress.  (Ljit.  fropcpuin,  a  trophy ;  tho 
leaf  resembles  a  sliield,  the  flower  an  empty  helmet.)  Character  essen- 
tially the  same  as  of  the  order. 

1  T.  mijus  L.  Nasturtion.  Lvs.  peltate,  roundish,  repandon  the  margin,  with 
the  long  petiole  inserted  a  little  one  side  of  the  center ;  pet.  obtuse,  the  2  upper 
distant  from  tho  3  lower,  whicli  are  fimbriate  at  base,  and  contracted  into  long 
claws. — ®  Native  of  Peru.  St.  at  length  climbing  by  means  of  its  long  petioles 
several  foet.  Lvs.  a  fine  example  of  tiie  peltate  form,  about  2'  diam.  Fla.  largo 
and  showy,  orange-colored,  with  blotches  of  deeper  shade.  They  are  eaten  for 
salad.     Jn. — Oct. 

2  T.  addncum  Smith.  Canary  Crkeper.  CAPUcmNE.  St.  trailing  or  climb- 
ing ;  lvs.  peltate;  palmately  5-lobed,  lobes  dentate ;  petals  laciniate,  the  two  upper 
much  larger ;  sep.  entire,  acute. — Admired  for  its  grotesque,  orange-colored  flow- 
ers. Climbing  by  its  prehensive  petioles  like  T.  majus.  When  full  grown  it  will 
thrive  upon  air  alone,  f    From  Peru. 


Order  XXXVI.     LIMNANTHACE^.     Limnanths. 

Eerbs  annual,  with  an  acrid,  watery  juice,  alternate,  pinnatifld,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Flowers  regular,  3  to  5-merous,  perfect.  Supals  united  at  base,  persistent,  valvate 
in  aestivation.  Fetals  marescent,  hypogynous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals 
and  inserted  with  them.  Fil.  opposite  to  tho  sep.  with  a  small  process  outside  the 
base.  Ova.  of  2  to  5  carpels.  Sty.  united.  Stig.  simple.  J'V.  2  to  5  achenia, 
rather  fleshy.     Sds.  solitary. 

Genera  2,  species  3,  mostly  natives  of  the  temperate  parts  of  N.  America. 

FLOERKEA,  Wilkl.  False  Mermaid.  (Named  in  honor  o^  Floerke, 
a  German  botanist.)  Sepals  3,  longer  than  the  3  petals ;  stamens  6 ; 
ovaries  3,  tuberculate,  style  2-cleft. — (f)  Small  aquatics,  with  pinnately 
divided  leaves. 

P.  proserpinacoides  Lindl.  Grows  in  marshes 
on  rivers  and  lake  shores,  Vt.  to  Penn.,  W.  to 
Mo.  Sts.  decumbent,  less  than  a  foot  in  length, 
weak,  .slender.  Lvs.  alternate,  upper  ones  or 
those  above  the  water,  p'nnately  5-parted,  lower 
or  submersed  ones  mostly  I'.-partcd,  all  on  slen- 
der petioles  1  to  3'  in  length.  Fla.  axillary, 
pedunculate ;  petals,  white,  small,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  sepals.  Achenia  large,  2  or  1, 
roundish. 

Ord.  XXXVII.   RUTACEiE.   Rueworts. 

Herbs  or  generally  shrubs  or  trees,  with  tho  ox- 
stipulate  leaves  dotted  with  transparent  glands 
containing  aromatic  or  acrid  oil.  Mowers  regular, 
3  to  5-merou9,  hypogynous,  perfect  or  polygamous. 
Stamen        many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 


CliS,  Ruta  ftraveolens,  leaves,  Hover, 
fiuit.  9,  Xanthoxylum,  stauiinato 
flower;  630,  pistillate  flower. 


888 


Ordbb  37.— RUTACE^. 


Pistib  2  to  5,  floparato  or  combined  into  a  cornpoimd  ovary,  with  as  many  colls,  eesaile 
or  raised  on  a  st.po  (gynophore) ;  styles  mostly  cohering.  Fruit  capsular,  or  separat- 
ing into  Its  component  1  or  2-8eoded  carpols. 

0fSr'lam!;%::!:;'rn7Am.'Hr'  "T'^^^y  "Htlvc.of  8.  America  an.l  tho  tc.nporato  climes 

SUBORDEIIS  AND   QENEUA. 
BUTE.*.    Flowers  perfect.    (JfiMbs.    Stainons  10). 

Pctiils  eqiml,  ooiioavo     Cnpsiilo  6-Iobo(! Riita  1 

Petal*  uiiomml,  clawed.    Capsules  8euarablo....Di<)TAMNiT8         2 
XANTIIOXVLE^    Flower,  »«  i  .    (Tree^  shn.b.s.) 

l'l»tila  S-a,  separate  below.    Stairions  1—8.  Xantiioxylum  8 

Pistils  2,  united,    Suuiaia '2-seeded Ptklka  4 

PlstllsS  to  5,  separate.    Samara  I -seeded....  Ailantuus         S 

1.  RilTA,  U  Rue.  Culy.K  of  4  to  5  sepals,  uiiitod  at  l)a8o :  petals 
4—5,  coiicavo,  obovatc,  distinct,  torus  sinroiuulud  by  10  noctariferons 
Erocatr''"'  ^^'  '^''l'""'"'"^'^^^--^  llcibacooua  or  shrubby,  mostly 

R.  gravSolens  L.  Common  Rub.  Suffruiiccus,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  2  to 
on?  !wrlf '''1'  ^T'r"'^^'""'^'  "'^'"''^'  terrninilones^fbovato-cuneatefal^ 
F    1       ^T'"'Y  ft\\rK^T''^'  c-oryrnbous;  pet.  ontiro.-Native  of  S 

2  DICTAMNUS,  L.  Fraxinella.  Caly.x  of  5,  deciduous  sepals; 
peals6,ui.!ru,culate  unequal;  filaments  10,  dcclinate,  with  glandulai- 
dots;  capsules  5,  slightly  united.— 4  Herbs  native  of  Germany. 

D.  filbuB  Willd.     St.  simple ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  tho  rachis  more  or  less  winjred  •  fla. 
ma  largo,  tennmal,  erect  panicle—In  gardens.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high.     Fls  showv^ 

aromatl'Sih  S^rT^T  ''"'  T""^'"     ^'"^  ^^'''"'^  P"^"^  «'"''«'•  iom^.-'scenS; 
aronmt.o,  volatdo  ml,  which  is,  ot  course,  inflammable,  but  probably  does  not  aJ 

an^!ul    'T"^""  *^  '^'  <f^""^  ''^  inflammable.    '(D.  Fmxinelli  Link.      ' 
fi  UUBiiA.     FIs.  purple ;  racliis  of  tlio  leaves  winged. 

tvi'l  ^^IJ^"^' V'-UM,  L.  Prickly  Ash.  (Gr.  ^avObg,  yellow,  ^vXov, 
wood.)  Sepals  4  or  6  ;  petals  4  or  5,  or  wanting;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  in  <?,  rudimentary  in  2  ;  pistils  3  to  5,  distinct  below,  with 
coherent  styles,  HI  frmt  crustaceous;  2-valved,  1  or  2-seeded.-Shrubs 
flowlT^  ""^   prickles,    pinnate    leaves,    and   small,    greenish 

^  ,m:i,^"®*l!°^"^™  ^'"*""-     ^''•''^''•^ '  '^'^-  «^'^l«.  subentire,  sessile,  equal  at  base  ■ 
umbels  axillary ;  sepals  5,  petaloid,  petals  wantin-  (more  properly  petals  5  culv-x 

The  branches  are  armed  with  strong,  conical,  brown  prickles,  with  a  broad  base 
UW  about  5  pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  smooth  above,  downy  beneath  •  common 
petioles,  with  or  without  pricklea  FIs.  in  small,  dens'e  umbefs,  SuCy,  g'een  ^  ' 
appearing  before  the  leaves;  seeds  large,  black.  Tho  bark  is  bitter,  aro  m  tic,  and 
stimulant,  used  for  rheumatism  and  to  alleviate  the  toothache,     iipr.  May 

^;i„?T?"°,*^?"™  ¥'1-  ^^'"^^^y ;  V^^-  fakate-Umceolate,  very  inequilateral 
petiolulate;  fls.  in  terminal,  umbel-like  panicles;  sep.  minute.-Southern  StSes 
Tree  attaining  con.9iderable  size.  «nm«  in  ^.„o,^g  ||  of  Montc(;mcnr  Ala  .Vfi 
nearly  40f  high,  with  trunk  10  or  12'  diam.     Eark  light  g^rSS^;  nrickes 

Kits' 'S^V^Trt'^'T"     ^"-  '''  ^^''onrfmo^ou';  Ind  SSg 
F^  nnio;o„«  S  I  ^  ^3  Obscurely  crenato-serrate,  only  the  odd  one  equilateral 
m  numerous,  globular,  linaUy  expanded,  and  the  5  atamena  exserted.     Bark 


Order  38.— ANACARDIACK.*:. 


J83 


oxceaBivoly  pungent  in  tasto. 
larger  trees  uro  very  ciirioiiH. 


Mu,v.— The  eono-liko  wartg  on  the  bark  of  the 


4.  PTELEA,  I..  Shuuh  Tkefofu  (rir.  TrrftA^a,  tlic  elm  tiw,  from 
the  rescniblancn  oftlx;  fViiits.)  ^  i}  S .  Sepals  3  to  (J,  mostly  4,  much 
shorter  than  the  .spniadiiig  petals  ;  $  stamens  lotii,'er  than  the  petals 
and  alternate  with  them,  \ery  short  and  imperfeet  in  V;  ovary  of  2 
united  carpels;  styles  united,  short  or  0 ;  stifjfmas  2;  fruit  'i-eelled,  2- 
seeded  samane,  with  a  hroad,  orbicular  u»arji;in. — Shrubs  v,i;h  8  to  5- 
foliatc  Ivs.     FIs.  ('Vinous. 

P.  trifolidta  L.  Lva.  S-folinto,  Ifts.  sessile,  ovnto,  short-acuminate,  lateral  ones 
iiioquilaternl,  terminal  ones  euneato  at  base  ;  cymes  corymboua;  stani.  mostly  4; 
sty.  short.— An  ornamontal  slirub,  G  to  Sfliigh,  West.  States,  rare  in  \V.  N.  York. 
Lrts.  3  to  44'  by  li  to  19',  the  ped.  rather  longer,  FIs.  white,  odorous,  nearly  I 
diam.     Bamara  nearly  1  diara. 

5.  AILANTHUS,Desf.  Cminesk  "  Tree-of-IIeaven."  (From  tlie 
Chinese  name,  Ailanto.)  ?  ^  ^  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base; 
petals  5  ;  <J  stamens  2  to  3 ;  ovaries  3  to  5  ;  styles  lateral ;  fruit  1- 
cellotl,  l-sjcded  samara,  with  oblong  margins  ;  t  stamens  10  ;  ?  ova- 
ries, styles  and  samaric'  as  in  ^  .—Oriental  trees  and  shrubs  with  pin- 
nate Ivs.     FIs.  in  panicles.     Keceiitly  stationed  in  Order  Smtarubacci^. 

A.  glandulosa  Desf.  Lvs.  glabroup,  uneqnuliy  pinnate,  Irts.  ovate  or  oblo;i„- 
lanceolato,  acuminate,  shortly  petiolate,  with  one  or  two  obtuse,  glandular  teetli 
each  side  at  base,  terminal  ono  long-petiolate.— A  tree  of  largo  dimensions,  and 
with  luxuriant  foliage.  Trunk  straight,  witli  a  smootii,  brown  bark.  Lv.-.  3  to 
5f  m  lengtii,  with  10  to  20  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  an  odd  one.  M.s.  in  terminal 
panicles,  green,  very  ill-seenteil,  rendering  the  tree  a  nuisniieo  wlieTi  in  blooni 
(May  and  Juno).  The  rapid  growtli  of  this  tree  is  its  only  roeommendation  as  a 
tenant  of  our  parks. 

Order  XXXVIII.     ANAOARDIACE.*:.     Sumachs. 

Trteti  wihruhK,  with  a  resinous,  gummy,  caustic, 
or  even  milky  juioo.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or 
ternato,  or  unequally  pinnate,  without  pellucid 
dots.  FIs.  terminal  or  axillary',  with  bracts,  com- 
monly diojcious,  small.  Sepals  3  (o  5,  united  at 
base,  persistent.  Petals  of  the  same  number, 
(sometimes  0),  imbricated.  Stamens  as  many  as 
petals,  alternate  with  them,  distinct  or  coherent, 
and  perigynous.  Ovary  1-eelled,  free.  Ovule  ono. 
Styles  3  or  0.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe, 
usually  the  latter,  and  1 -seeded.    Albumen  0. 

Genera   4^,    ^pecieft  100,    chiefly   nutives  of  tropical 
rcgiuns,  iei>ioscntc(l   in   tlio   U.  S.  by   tlio  giMius   Uhiw 

PropertieK.—T\w?,o  j.lnnts  nl.onnd  in  a  resinous  juice, 
wliicli  is  iM>iM)n(ms,  Imr  is  uhotl  as  iin  in(lflil)Iu  inlc  in 
iiiaikin!;  liiit'n,  and  us  an  inirieiliint  in  vurnlsli.    Even 
->..!-.„.        Ti     "    u  ^.     ,  * "^  ea-/i(Uiiiio>in  fnnn  some  of  tlio   ninTi.'s  «,.,.  ^loemnd 

,«  =,)n,,t,3.    Tiic  vvLshcv;  nut  is  the  i-i.^luct  of  a  M.mii  tree  of  ^otl.  I  ndioa.     Wl.on  fre.i;  ti  e  ker- 

uc\!u*:;^lil^;^l^^ii;!!iki:;l,!:rii^;rtf '^'^'""^  "^'-^  ^"'  ^'-  — ■"  «'f^" -{til'iTc^:;;. 

RHUS,  L.  Sumac.  (The  ancient  name,  from  Celtic,  rhudd,  red  ?) 
^.alyx  ot  5  sepals  united  at  base  ;  petals  and  stamens  5 ;  styles  3,  sti./- 
mas  capitate ;   fruit  a  small,  1-seedcd,  eubglobous,  dry  drupe.— Small 


.  t'l'U,  IMius,  leaf  and  panicle.  ".  A  Mi  ni- 
1  laic  flower.  3.  Saclfouof  aferlih!  flowc:-. 


284  Ohder  38.— ANACARDIACEJE. 

trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  alternate,   mostly  compounfl.      Fis.  often    ])v 
abortion,  imperfect.  '     ^ 

i  Leaves  simple,     Flowors  perfect  (or  nil  abortive  in  cultivation) v„,  o  ,a 

Loaves  coiiiminiKl.     Flower  polyguiiious.  (a)  «o».  w,  ig 

a  K  s.  in  clustered  spikes  proce.llni^  tir«  trifoliate  leaves tj.,  s 

a  JU    n  axillary  panlele.s,  «•/</(  tlio  3-l«fo|lato  leaves.      IV.lsonous.' N,i    6-7 

a  Us.  lu  terinliial  lhyr»l•^  with  the  9-3I-follato  leaves    (b)  

b  Common  |K-tUilo  winced  between  the  leaflets v.i  d 

b  Common  |)etlolo,  not  winged '.".'.!.'."."."'.'."!  Nos.  1— 3 

^  n?; ,^]^^^  ^  ^'^t'^x't  ^'■^^''h'^iSloirous ;  IHa.  ]  1  to  31 ,  lanceolate,  acuminate 
acutely  serra  o,  wh.t.sh  beneat!.;  fr.  red  with  crimson  I.airs.-Thlcketia  and  waste 
ground,  U.  S.   and  Can.     Shrub,  G  to  15f  11!^!.,  consisting  of  many  Htraggling 

o5d"ono"'  Tr  '  f-^''P'  ,"'.  ^'^''■\  ?-^-  '''''^'^  ^^^'-^P'  .sometimes  fhe  terminal 
odd  one.  Fs.  m  terminal,  tl.yrsoid,  den.so  panicles,  greenisl.-red,  $  i.  Fertile 
ovanes,  clotbed  w.th  grayish  down,  which  ir.  fruit^  becomes  crimson,  and  cot 
Jrr'\r  Th/hi-^fH  •'*'", '^^1"""'  ^''^  Rogers),  e.xtemeIyfiour  to 'the  t.usto, 
do  rod  '^^'"'^"'^  "'^^'  ^°  "^'^  '°  tanning.    Tiio  drupes 

2  R.  typhina  K  Branches  and  petioles  densdi/  villous;  m.s.  ]l  to  31  oblonLT. 
aticeolato,  acmnmate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath;  Ir.  red   witli 'crimson 

hair^_A  larger  shrub  than  the  former,  a.  taining  the  heigh   072011  rXo 

at  length  1  to  .U  long;  Ifts.  sessile,  except  tho  terminal,  odd  one.  Fls.  in  ter- 
mmal,  thyrsoid,  douso  panicles,  yellowish-green,  olten  ?  X  or  s  »  t  Dnino«. 
compressed,  compact,  tho  crimson  down  very  acid.  Jn.  The  wood  taroSe! 
of  a  sulphur-yellow,  and  used  in  dyeing.  ""luui,, 

^' i^.'l^T^'^\  •  y^^'  ,^'*^7, '■'•••'•gularly  coherent  and  incised;  panicles  partly 
transformed  mto  gashed  leaves.     Hanover,  N.  II.  (Rickard). 

3  R.  pumila  M.v.  Procumbent,  villous-pubescerd ;  Ift^.  9  to  13,  oval  or  oblon^r 
coarsely  toothed;  drupes  red,  silky-pubescent.-In  upper  Carolina  Shrub 
creeping  extensively,  with  branches  1  to  2f  high,  bearing  a  subsSe  ternii^al 

hyrso.d  panicle.     Lfts.  all  sessile,  clothed  with  .;  velvety  pnbe S  i'  beZth' 
the  three  upper  often  confluent     This  species  is  very  i^isohous.  "enearii, 

*  .^  °°P*"^"*  ^-  Mountain  Sumac.  Branches  and  petioles  pubescent:  Ifts  i> 
to  21    oval-lanceolato,  mostly  entire,   unequd  at  h'^^G,  common  pet iok  winqed- 

Vn   IT-"  ^^'''''''-'','  ^?^'*  '■^^'  ^""''y-     ^  »"a»«r  «'"-ub,  not  half  the  VSot 
^  umb.  2,  m  dry,  rocky  places,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Compound  petiole  about  G' Ion? 
cxpandmg  mto  a  lealy  margin,  between  each  pair  of  leaflet..     Lfts  1  to  3'  on?' 
near  ^  as  wide,  dark-green,  and  shining  on  tho  upper  surface.     Tanicles  of   b 
termma,sessde,  thyrsoid,   $  ^.greenish.     Drupes  acid.     .11         ^ ''"'^'^^  ^^  »  • 
ji.  Ltta.  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate.     N.  Y.  (Barratt.) 
S  R.  venenata  DC.    Poison  Su.mac.     Doa  Wood.     Very  gUhrous  •  \hs  1  io  l^ 
oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  very  entlro;   panicles  loose,  axiliar  p'Snculate' 
ch-npes  greemsh-yellow  moo^A.     A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  finelJVea mnee  10  to 
15f  h,gh,  m  swamps,  U  S.  and  Can.     Trunk  several  inches  dian  .   n^"  Vrea  1^ 
mg  branches  above.     Petioles  wingless,  red,  G  to  10'  long.      Lfts.  abou.  o   bS 
J  as  wide,  sessde,  except  tho  odd  one.     Pankues  axilSiy,   ?  ^,  tim,  o     ?e 
barren  ones  morodiffuse.     Fls.  very  small,  green.     Drupes  a^  largo  "       -      Jn 
The  whole  plant  is  very  poisonous  to  tho  taste  or  touch,  and  even  taints  the  ai^ 
to  some  distance  around  with  its  pernicious  effluvium. 

^  ^bes°cSt°ftt°^!''T  \  ^°''?''  ^'''-    ^''''"^  ^^^-    ^^^'•^^'*>  "r  decumbent;  lv.s. 
pubescent;  Is.  J,  broadly  ox  al,  a^-uminate,  angular  or  sinuate-dentate-  fk  in 

uSdTof^G  "^a'"'T'«  "'ft^'l  ^™P-/-«ti,  roundLh^S'tdV.0 

bSh  dow^v     f  f ?■    '  T^^  "''"^''  '  -^  '^  '"■^'^'  y«""S  branches,  and  lvs. 
beneaU.  downy.     Lt...     to  «  W,  tf  as  w.de,  petiolate,  tho  common  petiole  4  to 

the  last  ~'"^''       '^-     i^nipea  i.-ule-bruwn.     Poisonoutv   but  less  so  than 

^  r?dii1^rter?drn.-  ^'YT^  ^^''-     ^'''"',  ^""^''^^  ^^  "'^^"^  «f  innumerable 
ramcating  tendrils;    leaflets  ovate,   smooth,   entire;    fls.    racemed   in   axiUarv 

panicles.     A  vigorous,  woody  climber,  ascending  tre4  and  other  objecs  10  to  lo 

or  60f,  common  m  damp  woods,  Can.  and  U,  I     The  stem  becomes  1'  to  2  In 


Ordrh  40.— ACKRACEiK. 


285 


tiiickneas  ooverod  with  a  gmyiHli,  scaly  bark,  and  tlirowa  out  all  nlonR  its  Icncth 
,nynad8  of  t hroa-l-liko  rootlets,  whiel.  biud  it  firmly  to  its  support.     ultilTs 
o  a  dark  and  slnnu.g  grec,,  ti.e  lowest  mrely  angular.     BerrioVduU  whi  c     Fli 
,rreon Ksh.    ^^I''y-/"--Tl.o  juice,  like  that  of  the  last,  is  poisonous,  and  lorms  aS 
indclildo  ink.     (R.  tox.  /i.  Mx.  and  Kd.  2d.) 
8  R.  aromdtlca  Ait.     8wket  Sumac    L/L-,.  sessile,  incisely  crenate,  pubc«-ent 
b,...eath   lateral  ones  ovate  terminal  one  ri.on.boid ;  ks.  in  close  aments  p  e  ed^ 
.r.g  the  leaves  ;dn.i,o  g  obous,  villous.-A  smaU,  atxjrnatic  ehrub,  2  toiffhilh 
.u  hedges  and  tincket.  Can.  and  U.  S.     Lfts.  1  to  2'  long,  i  as  w  de  hcks  le  the 
common  po Uolo  an  inch  or  two  iu  bngth.     Fls.  yellowish 'with  a  Sdibed  tdandu! 
li.r  disk.     Drupes  red,  acid.     May.     Not  poisonous.  ^ 

^V^?*l""n  ''•,  ^^''^^r^""  ^^'^''^-  ^''"-  obovate.  entire;  «...  mostly  abortive 
pudmels  Unall.y  elongated  and  clothed  with  hairs.-A  smaU  shrub  KghtS 
lu  Ark.  according  to  Nuttall  (?),  remarkable  chiefly  for  the  very  singv  lai  and  S 
mental  appear  ,uce  of  its  long,  diffuse,  feathery  fruit-stalk.s  sowing  "the  S 
lance  .,  ,  the  plant  were  enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  smoke.  Fls.  smalL  in  terminal 
compound  p,-,nic!es.  Lvs.  smooth,  entire,  much  rounded  at  the  end  InK 
tlie  pliat  IS  u.sed  for  tanning.  •' 

^?u.?;  m??S°K*f',^ni''^;,  \  '""I^"  *'?"•  ^^  *°  ^^^  '"  J^^'K^^t,  in  woods  on  the 
lugli  mts.  ot  N.  Car.  (Buckley).  Also  in  Ark.  (Nuttall?).  We  have  seen  no 
specimens  and  are  unab  e  to  give  the  specific  difTercncos  between  this  new 
species  and  it.  Ootinus,  if,  itideed,  it  bo  distinct,  as  is  probable. 

Order  XXXIX.     PITTOSPORACEJ?. 

Tree^  or  Shrubs,  witli  alternate,  oxstipulate  loaves  and  regular  flowers      Calyx 
nml  cm-ollaA.  or  5-merous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous;  stamens b,  hypogynou. 
alternate  with  the  petals.     Ovary  free,  style  single,  stigmas  2  or  more,  cJfa  or  «tal 
anliB  as  many.     Seeds  numerous ;  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

aenera  12,  apecien  7*,  chiufly  from  Australia. 

PITTdSPORUM,  Solanclcr.  (Gr  u/rra,  pitch,  arropog,  seed  ;  the  cap- 
m.le^is  .■osn.ous.)  Sepals  5,  deciduous;  petals  6,  comiiving  ii  a  tube  ; 
.:aps,.lc  2  to  5-cclIed,  2  to  5-vaIved  ;  seeds  pulpy.-Uandsome  everl 
green  shrubs.  ^ "' 

-  '^1  *°P^''^u^''^'^I'''-  ■^'^'^-  coriaceous,  smooth  and  polished,  obovato,  obtuse  •  cans 
..-valved.-Th.s  plant  is  hardy  in  the  gardens,  south,  and  'common'  ?nThe  gree^n: 
house,  north  Lvs.  entire,  beautifully  dark-green  and  shining.  Fls  in  terminal 
clusters,  white,  very  fragrant.  •'  =>  s-     -cia.  m  lermmai 

ACERACEJi:.     Maples. 

Trees  or  shrvhs,  with  opposite,  usually  simple  and 
palmate-veined  leaves.  Stipuks  0.  Flowers  often 
polygamous,  in  axillary  corymbs  or  racemes,  hypo- 
gynous.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4  to  9.  more  or  less  united, 
colored,  imbricate  in  aestivation.  Fet^jUs  5,  rarely 
4  to  9,  hypogynous;  sometimes  0.  Sta.  usually  8, 
on  a  fleshy  disk.  Ovary  2-lobed,  compounded  of  2 
uiiited  carpels.  Fr.  a  double  samara  with  opposite 
wings,  thickened  at  the  lower  edges.  Albumen  0. 
(Illust.  in  Figs.  22,  2fi,  107,  475,  480.) 

General  nperUs  60.  The  sap  of  several  species  of  tha 
maplo  yields  sugar  by  evaporation. 

1.  ACER,  Moench.   Maplk.    (The  ancient 

name,  meaning  sharp,  vigorous.)     Flowers 

^  J?  ?;    calyx  5  (4— 9)-cleft;    corolla    6 


CSl,  Samara  of  Maple. 


28C  Ordeu  40.— ACERACE^. 

(4-  9)-petalecl  or  0 ;  stamens  8  (4—12);  styles  2  ;  samanc  2-winge('l, 
united  at  base,  by  abortion  1-seeded. — Lvs.  simple,  palmately  5  'obed. 

Flo'vrs  in  fiiscicles,  prooeding  tiio  leaves «„„  i  o 

Ilowersln  i.endiilous  corymbs  oppeaiinff  with  the  livves Vim* '1  i 

h  lowers  in  racemes,  appe'iring  with  the  leaves ',',[[ '/.''[ '/'[  J,^,,^'  j^'  ^ 

1  A.  riibrum  L.     Red  Maple.     Swamp  Maple,     Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  acutely 
and  mcisely  toothed,  the  sinuses  acute,  glaucous  beneat'i ;  pedicels  elongated  in 
fruit;  pdai-'i-liicear  oblong;  ovaries  and  fruit  smooth  — C.Mnmou  in  low  woods  and 
swamps  throughout  the  country.     It  is  commonlv  of  smaller  dimensions  than  tlio 
sugar  mapio,  but  sometimes  far  exceeds  it.     Specimens  at  Monte.-.uma.  Ind    oi, 
tho  Wabash,  river,  measure  about  80f  in  height  with  a  trunk  17f  in  circumference 
Bark  rather  smooth,  becoming  dark  gray  and  broken  with  age.     Tn  early  sprinir 
jt  puts  forth  its  deep  crimson  flowers  in  dense  fascicles  (about  5  from  each  bud) 
Stamen;-,  4  times  as  1  )ng  as  the  petals.     The  fruit  has  its  wings  1'  lone,  r.t  first 
incurved,  finally  divergent,  mostly  red.     The  leaves  vary  greatly  in  form  and 
pubescence,  sometimes  quite  woolly  beneath.     Curled  maple  is  a  variety  of  the 
wood  of  this  specie?,  much  prized  in  cabinet-work. 
/?.  Tiui>E.\s.      Lvs.  smaller,   3-lobed,  rounded   at  the  base,   ratlier  obscurely 
toothel,  fls.  and  fr.  greenish  yellow.— N.  J.  to  La.     Probablv  a  distin/t 
specie.'?      Lvs.  whitish  and  rather  smooth  beneath,  2  to  3'  broad.     Fr.  with 
wings  nearly  straight,  diverging  at  90°.     (A.  rubrum  /J?  T.  &  Gr.) 

2  A.  dasycarpum.  Ehrh.  White  Maple.  Lvs.  truncated  ai  hose,  unequiillv 
and  incisely  toothed,  with  rather  obtuse  sinuses,  white  and  smooth  beneath ;  fl.s.  in 
crowded,  simple  umbels,  with  short  pedicels  and  downy  ovaries;  petals  o!— This 
species  mucli  resembles  the  last,  but  its  leave."  aro  larger,  more  pointed  and 
whiter  beneath,  and  the  winged  fruit  is  also  larger  than  that  of  tlie  red  maple  or 
of  any  of  the  following  species.  It  is  a  tall  tree,  50f  in  height,  not  uncommon  in 
th3  N.  Eng.  forests.  The  flowers  aro  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  as  also  tlie  fruit 
The  wood  is  white,  softer  and  less  esteemed  than  that  of  other  species.  The  sap 
yields  sugar  in  smaller  proportions  than  the  sugar  maple. 

3  A.  saccharinum  L.  Sugar  MAPi,E.  Rock  Maple.  Lvs.  subcordate  at  base  ■ 
acuminate,  remotely  toothed,  with  rounded  and  shallov;-  sinu^ics,  glaucous  beneath  '• 
fls.  pedunculate,  pendulous.— This  fine  tree  is  found  throughout  U.  S.,  but  most 
abundant  in  the  primitive  soils  of  N.  Eng..  constituting  the  greater  part  of  .«omo 
of  its  forests.  It  is  a  tree  of  lofty  proportions,  70f  in  height,  with  a  trunk  .-SfdiRm 
The  bark  is  of  a  lig' it-gray  color,  rough  and  scaly.  The  branches  become  nunier- 
rous  and  finely  ramified  in  open  situations,  and  in  summer  are  clothed  with  a  foli- 
age of  uncommon  lu.Yurianco  and  beauty,  on  which  account  :i  is  more  extensivelv 
cultivated  as  a  shade  treo  than  any  other,  not  even  excepting  the  majestic  anil 
favorite  Elm.  Maple  sugar,  perhaps  the  most  delicious  of  all  sweets,  is  mostly  the 
product  of  thi.s  species.  An  ordinary  treo  will  yield  5  to  10  pounds  in  a  f-euf-cn 
The  wood  is  very  strong  and  compact,  and  makes  the  best  of  fuel.  It  is  some- 
times curled  like  the  red  maple,  but  oftcncr  pr>  soiits  that  beaut  ful  arrarigein<'nt 
of  fibre,  called  bird  s-eye  maple,  whicii  is  high'y  esteemed  in  c.ibinet-work.  Tho 
flowers  aro  exceedingly  abundant  and  suspended  on  long,  throad-hko  pedicels 
and  deiii'ately  Ijeautiful     Apr.  ' 

4  A.  nigrum.  AI.y.  Bl  \ck  Maple.  Sucar  Tree,  Lv.'.  '-ordate,  with  the  sinus 
dosed,  lobes  divaricate,  sinuate-dentate,  paler  bmeath,  w.tli  \\n3  veins  beneath,  and 
the  petioles  pubeacent ;  flj.  on  long,  .siender  pedicels;  fr.  glal  rous,  turgid  at  base, 
the  wings  diverging.— A  largo  tree,  in  mountainous  .situations,  Vt.  to  Iml.  Re- 
sembles tho  last,  but  U  probably  distinct.  Trunk  30  to  70f  high,  with  a  slia','gy 
bark.  I,vs.  3  to  .')'  diam..  dark  green  above,  the  two  interior  lobes  much  .^maiier. 
Fls.  pendulous,  on  long  peduncles,  yellowish.  Fr.  with  Willis  1'  in  length,  jialc- 
yellow,  and  more  diverging  than  A,  isac'.'ha.riaum.  The  sap.  like  this  last  nicn- 
tioned  treo,  yields  sugar  al)undantl3\     Apr. 

5  A.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.  Striped  Maple.  Whistle-wood.  Lvs.  ivith  3 
acuminate  lobes,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  denticulate,  smooth ;  rac.  simple,  pendu- 
lous.—A  small  treo  or  shrub  10  to  l,5f  high.  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  but  most  abun- 
dant in  our  northern  woods.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  beautix'ully  striped  lengtli- 
wiso  with  green  and  black.     Fla.  large,  yellowish-green,  succeeded  by  long  clu*- 


Okdeu  41.— SAPINDACE.E. 


287 


2-wiiigec!, 
5  'obed. 


. ..Nos.  I,  2 
...Nos.  ,'),  4 
. . .  Nos.  S,  6 


'>ase,  acutely 
elongated  in 
'  woods  and 
ma  than  tlio 
ma.  Ind.,  on 
curiiferenco. 
early  spring 
1  each  bud), 
onor,  r.t  first 
1  form  and 
riety  of  the 

r  obscurely 

a:  distinct 

.     Fr.  with 

unequiilly 
■alh ;  fl.s.  in 
!fe  0.— Tills 
ointed,  and 
d  maple  or 
corn  men  in 

0  tiio  fruit 
.     The  sap 

lie  at  lose; 
s  beneath ; 
,,  but  most 
rt  of  sonio 
ik  iSf  diiim. 
mo  nunier- 
iVitli  a  foli- 
xtensively 
r.jestie  and 
mostly  the 

1  a  f-euscn. 
it  is  sonii  - 
"angoun'iit 
ork.  Tiio 
)  pedicels, 


neath,  ami 
1  at  base, 
[lid.     Ro- 

a  sliMirpry 
h  smaller, 
igtii,  jmlc- 

l.'ist  ni(Mi- 

>s.  ivith  3 
lie,  pendu' 
lost  abuii- 
'd  len^jth- 
long  clus- 


ters of  fmit,  with  pale-green  wiugs.  The  smalier  branches  are  straight  and 
Braooth,  easily  repai-ated  from  the  bark  in  spring,  and  are  often  manufactured  by 
the  boys  into  certain  wind  instruments.  Henco  it  is  called  whistle-wood.  In  Eu- 
rope it  is  prized  in  ornamental  gardening.  May.  (A.  striatum  Lara.) 
6  A.  spicitum  Lam.  Mou.n'tain  Maple  Bush.  .Lvs.  acute,  dentate,  pubescent 
beneath;  roc.  erect,  compound. — A  shrub  of  smaller  stature  than  the  last,  found  in 
mountain  or  hilly  .voods  throughout  tho  country.  The  bark  is  a  light  gray.  Lvs. 
small,  rough,  divided  into  3  or  5  lobe«,  which  are  .somewhat  pointed,  with  large, 
sharp  teeth,  and  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Fls.  greenish,  numerous  and  min- 
ute, in  cylindr.e,  oblong,  close  clusters,  becoming  pendulous  with  the  winged 
fruit.     Jn. 

7  A..Pseudo-Pldtanus  L.  Sycamoue.  Lvs.  cordate,  glabrous  and  glaucous 
beneath,  segm.  or  lobes  acute,  unequally  dentate ;  fls.  in  long,  pendulous  racemes ; 
samara  glabrous.— Native  of  northern  Europe.  An  ornamental  tree,  40  to  50f 
high,  with  very  large,  dark  green  leaves.  A  beautiful  variety  with  striped  leaves 
is  also  cultivated.     Apr.,  May.  f 

8  A.  macrophyllum  Ph.,  with  large,  very  deeply  5-lobed  lvs.,  nodding  ra- 
cemes, and  hispid  fruit,  from  Oregon,  is  occasionally  soon  in  shubberies  and  parks. 
It  becomes  a  largo  tree,  also 

9  A.  circinitum  Ph.,  with  cordate,  7  to  9-lobed  lvs.,  and  pedunculate  co- 
rymbs of  flowers,  from  Oregon.     A  beautiful  tree. 

2.  NEGUNDO,  Moench.     Box  Elder.     Ash  Maple.     Flowers  ?  $  ; 
corolla  0 ;   ?  Howers  raccmcd,  $  fascicled  ;  calyx,  stamens  and  fniit  as 
in  the  last  genus.— Lvs.  compound,  pinnately  3  to  5-foliate. 
N.  aceroides  Moench.     Lvs.  ternate  and  5-pinnate;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  re- 
motely and   unequally  dentate;    ?   racemes  long  and   pendulous;    barren  fls. 
corymbous ;  fr.  oblong,  with  large  wings  dilated  upwarda— A  handsome  tree,  20 
to  30f  high,  with  irregular,  spreading  branches,  in  low  grounds.  Can.  to  N.  Car. 
and  Tenn.     The  trunk   i.s  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  and  when  young  covered 
witii  a  smooth,  yellowish  green  bark.     Lfts.  serrated  above  the  middle,  petiolate, 
the  terminal  one  largest,  all  slightly  pubescent.     Wings  of  the  samara  approxi- 
mate, broadest  towards  the  end.     Apr.     (Acer  Negundo  L.) 

Order  XLT.     SAPINDACE^.     Indian  Soapworts. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound,  alternate  or  opposite 
leaves.  Fiowers  mostly  unsymmetrical  and  irregular,  4  or  5-merou8,  with  the  sepals 
and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  t!ie  stamens  5  to  10,  inserted  on  a  hy- 
pogynousorporigynous  disk;  Ovary  2  or  3-cclIed  and  lobed  with  2  (rarely  more) 
ovules  in  each  oell.  Embryo  mostly  curved  or  convoluted,  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men.    (Figures  209,  358.) 

Oenerii  7.%  unecUs  41.5,  ."patlorod  over  nil  countries,  an.l  of  various  qunlilieb  nn(\  uses.  Tho 
Orck  r  i.s  iiiinK'd  fioiii  tlio  »,H|M'na'-i'ous  piliici|>Ui  coiUiiinud  in  tlie  seed  of  Sapindii  8ai)onaria  and 
tilhcr  ,si)cc'ics,  which  tnukcs  a  lather  with  wator  usrful  in  washing.  Tho  fruits  of  tlio  I'aullinia 
uix'  iioisonous,  tliose  of  Nephelium  dulicious  and  wholcsoino. 

TRICES   AND   GENERA. 
mPrOC.'ASTANE.<E.    Lvs.  opposite.    Carpels  2-ovulcd.    Ktiibryo  curved. 

Petals  unequal.    Stamens  7.    Leaves  difiltate .^sculub.    1 

i^APINDEJE.     Leaves  alternate.    Carpels  1-ovuI  id.    Embryo  curved. 

Trees.   Fruit  1  to  3  fleshy,  connate,  globular  carpels 3 aimndus.    2 

Ilerb.s  climbing.     Fruit  an  inflated,  membranous  capsule CAKDT«8i'RBMir.M.    3 

ST.\P!!VT,!',F„    Lvs.  opposite,  pinnate.    Fruit  an  ltiQati-1  citpaulc Stapuvlka.    4 

1.  .^SCULUS,  L.  IIoRSE  Chestnut.  Buckeye.  Calyx  5-toothed  ; 
corolla  iiTogular,  4  or  fl-petalod  ;  stamens  7  (6  to  8),  distinct,  unequal, 
inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk ;  style  filiform,  ovary  3-celled,  with  2 
ovules  ill  each  cell ;  fruit  coriaceous,  2  to  3-valved,  containing  but  one 


268 


Obder  41.— SAPINDACE^. 


or  very  few  large,  smooth  seeds;  cotyledons  thick,  bulky,  inseparable.- 
Irees  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  digitate,  5  to  Y-foliate  Ivs.  Fls.  pani- 
culate,  terminal.  ^ 

iJEBcvumBC     Fruit  covered  with  prtcklcs.    Petals  4  or  5  SDreadins  v„.  i  o 

$  I'A v.A  DC.    Fruit  smooth.    Petals  4,  erect,  the  2  upper  clkS  ^1 ! .' ! : !  i ! !  l ! ; !  fc^ 

1  m.  HippocdBtanum  L.     Horse   Chestnut.     Lvs.  of  7  obovate  Ifh 
pe    5,  spreadrng;  fr.  prickly.-A  noble  tree,  justly  admired  for  its  ruSic  p?o 
portions,  and  for  the  beauty  of  its  foliage  and  flowers.     It  is  a  native  of  the  no.lh 
of  Asia,  but  .8  now  known  throughout  Europe  and  in  this  country,  and  is  a  fre 

Si    ft  I'  -^i"  "^T  t  P"'"  ^"'■*''   n"™erou3   pyramidal  racemes  or 

tSn  T^''^''^^'''^  ^"^^J^'te-  finely  contrasting  with   the  dark  green  ^f 

Its  fohago.     The  seed  is  large,  mahogany-colored,  and  eaten  only  by  deer  f 

^  ^'j}^Ui^  y"-'^-  ,  ^"Ju  ^'"'l^'^^-  ^A  5,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate 
Ivlt  1  '  '■.!"  '''f  thyrsoid.  panicles;  cor.  4-petaled,  npreading,  ^ith  the 
daws  as  long  as  the  calyx;  stam.  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  corolla;  fr.  echi- 
r  ft!T;  TM  '  '•  ■"^^'^tpf  ^••ee,  along  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries. 
iMs.  S  to  6  long  ^  as  wide,  subsessile.  or  often  contracted  at  base  to  short  stalko 

m    y''^}^^'^    y'\'}\  ^"''"'   ^"^'^"^  irregular.     Fr.  hardly  1'  diam.     May.  Sa 
(Pavia  OhioensisMx.)  •" 

3  ^-^^y^  'V^-  ^^'^.  ■^■^^'^EYE.  Sweet  Buckeye.  Lf\s.  5  to  T,  oblong-ovate 
or  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  pubescent  beneath;  fls.  in  thyrsr.id  pubes- 

StKn'^A     r''?  ^  ''",.^'"'  :^'r''°"  ^^  '^''  P^'i"'^^'^ ;  ^'^'-  campanulafe,  not 
halt  the  length  of  the  corolla;  petals  very  unequal,  connivent,  longer  than  the  stam- 

Western  States.     (In  Columbia  co.,  Ga,  only  4  to  6f  high,  Elliott.)     Lfts.  4  to  T 
^r  Ji     o'  V  pale  yellow.      Fr.  globous,  uneven  on  the  surflice,  but  not 

prickly,  2  diam.,  with  1  or  2  large  (I'  diam.),  mahogany-colored  seeds.     Apr, 

4  m.  Pdvia  L.  Buckeye.  Lftg.  5  to  7.  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneato  at  base,  shortly 
acuminate,  finely  serrate;  fs.  red,  very  irregular  in  a  lax,  thyrsoid  raceme  •  pet 
4,  erect  o^foK^  as  stamens;  cal.  tubular,  half  as  long  as  the  2  shorter  peta'ls- 
A  beautiful  shrub,  3  to  lOf  high,  common  in  the  Southern  States.  Ia-s.  of  a  rich 
shining  green,  the  veins,  petioles  and  twigs  purple.  Fls.  largo  (I'  long)  red 
glabrous.     Mar. — May.  f  011  e     \      ^  e;i  '^u, 

5  JE.  parvifldra  Walt.  Lfts  5  to  7,  obovato  acuminate,  serrate,  velvety  canes- 
cent  beneath ;  petals  4  (white),  somewhat  similar  and  spreading,  thrice  .shorter  than 
the  capillary  stamens.— A  beautiful  shrub,  2  to  5f  high,  in  upper  Ga.  and  S  Car 
Fls  very  numerous,  in  a  long,  slender,  racemous  thyrse.  The  upper  petals  are 
rather  longer,  all  on  slender,  exserted  claws.    Apr.,  May.    (M.  macTostaehya  Mx.) 

2.  SAPINDUS,L     SoAP-BERRy.    (That  is,  bv  syncope,  *S'«;.o /«rf/cMs, 
Indian  soap.)     Sepals  4  or  5;  petals  as  many,  or  one  less  by  abortion, 
appendagcd  mside  with  a  gland,  scale  or  board  ;  stamens  8  to  10-  in- 
serted on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fleshy  disk  ;  stigmas  3  ;  fruit  3 
connate,  globular,  fleshy  cai-pels,  often  by  abortion  2  or  1  ;  seed   large' 
solitary.— Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate  leaves. 
S.  margindtua  Willd.      Common  petioles  wingless;    lfts.  9  to  18,  ovate-lancc- 
olato,  long-point(Mi,   very  inequilateral,    short-stalked,    entire,    glabrous,  shining 
above;  fls  in  dense  compound  prinicles.  J  S  or  <J  $f  9  .— Ga.  io  A.k.     Tree  20 
to  40f  high,  with  bright-green  foliage  and  small  lis.  in  largo  terminal  panicles. 
Ihe  barren  panicles  mueii  more  dense  and  compound  than  the  fertile.     Filaments 
hairy.     Berry  usually  single,  rarely  triple,  reddish-brown,  ;ih  large,  as  an  ounce 
bullet,  its  pulp  soapy.     Seeds  loose,  rattling. 

3.  CARDIOSPERMUM,  L.  Heart-seed.  Balloon-vine.  (Gr.  Kap6ia, 
heart,  orri-pua,  seeds ;  the  globous  seeds  marked  with  a  large  cordate 
hilum.)     Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  smallest ;  petals  4,  each  with  an  emar- 


Order  42.— CELASTRACE^. 


280 


..Nos.  1,2 
•  Nos.  3—5 


ginatc  scale  above  the  base  ;  the  2  lower  remote  from  the  stamenss 
their  scales  crested ;  stamens  8,  unequal ;  style  tri.id ;  capsule  mem- 
branous, inflated.— Climbing  herbs  with  biternate  Ivs.  Lower  pair  of 
pedicels  changed  to  tendrils. 

C.  HaUAcabum  L.  Plant  nearly  glabrous ;  ia&  ovate-lanceolate,  incisely  lobod  and 
deatato;  tr.  pynform-globous,  large,  bladder-like.— Native  on  the  Missouri  and 
Its  branches,  lorr.  &  Gr.  Naturahzed  in  the  Western  States,  Mead.  A  curious 
sui<S.    J?/     ""  ^^''^^'   ^'^^  remarkably,  large,  inflated,    membranous   cap- 

4.  STAPHYLEA,  L.  Bladder-nut.  (A  Greek  word,  meanintj  a 
cluster  of  grapes ;  from  the  form  of  the  fructification.)  FIs.  ^  ;  calyx 
of  5,  colored,  peraistent  sepals ;  petals  and  stamens  5  ;  styles  3  ;  cap- 
sules  2  to  3-celled,  thin,  and  inflated  ;  speeds  not  ariled.  Shrubs  with 
opposite,  3  to  V-foliate  Ivs.  and  caducous  stipules. 

S.  trifdlia  L.  LvR.  ternate;  rac.  pendulous ;  pet.  ciliate  below;  fr.  ovate.— A  hand. 
some  shrub,  6  to  8f  high,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Tsm 
Llla.  oval-acummate,  sprrate,  pale  beneath,  with  scattered  liairs.  FIs  white  verv 
elegant,  ui  a  sliort,  drooping  raceme.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  tlie  plant 
rs  Its  large  mflated  capsules,  which  are  3-sided,  3-parted  at  top,  3-celled,  contain- 
ing several  hard,  small  nuts  or  seeds,  witli  a  bony,  smooth  Imd  polished  testa. 

Order  XLII.     CELASTRACEJi:.     Staff  Trees. 

S}irubs  with  simple  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  with  flowers  small,  regular  4  or 
o-nierous,  perigynous,  sepal,  and  i>et(ds  botii  imbricated  in  aestivation,  sianiena' alter-  • 
Hate  with  the  petals  and  inserted  on  a  disk  which  fills  up  the  bottom  of  the  calyx- 
rarpels  2  to  5,  styles  united.     (Fig.  460.)     Fruit  free  from  the  calyx  with  2  to  5  oeUs 
Seeds  ariled,  few,  albuminous. 

All  order  closely  related  to  tho  last,  embracing  about  80  {/(^r^era  and  200  uneeieit  rhipflv  ini.„i 

ilSn.r^l^i^^llial^''^'"  '''''''''''''•  ^"^^•"'-'^  '-^'^ """  b^^KoSnlS,'^;;:!;: 

1.  CELASTRUS,  L.     Staff-trek.     Flowers  often  imperfect ;    calyx 
Hat,  of  5  united  sepals;  corolla  sprcadins;,  of  5  sessile  petals;  capsule 
subglobons,  or  S-ai.gled,  3-celled;  seeds  with  an  arillus,  1  to  2  in  each 
cell.— Climbing  shrubs,  with  alternate,  deciduous  Ivs.  and  minute  de 
cidiious  stipules.  ' 

C   sc^ndensL      Unarmed;  st  woody,  twining;  Iva.  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate • 
acternnnal;  fls  dioaeious.-A  oHmbing  shrub  in  woods  and  thickets,    heSems 
twilling  about  other  trees  or  each  otlier,  ascending  to  a  great  heio-ht      Lvs    ilteJ 
nate,  stipulate,  petiolate,  smootli.     Fls.  in  small  racemes,  greenish' white"    Sd. 
covered  with  a  scarlet  aril,  and  contained  in  a  3-valved  capsule  continu  r'r.  nnon 
tho  stem  througli  tho  winter.     Jn.  ^       '  ^^"^'""'f^ff  »Po» 

3.  EUbNYMUS,  Tourn.  Sp.xdlh  Trek.  (Gr.  rf,  good,  livo^a, 
name.)  Flovvers  perfect;  calyx  flat,  of  5  (sometimes  4  or  6)  united 
sepals;  corolla  flat,  inserted  on  the  outer  marj^in  of  a  glandiihir  disk  • 
.staniens  5,  with  short  filaments  ;  capsule  colored.  5-anglcMl,  5-celled' 
ovalvcd;  seeds  ariled.— Shrubs  erect  or  trailing,  witironnosite  ^or' 
rate  Ivs.  i  t  >  •-<-» 

^  u<;  *  »''°^"'P'?'^®"^  •^"'^'l-  ^Pl^""!'^  Tree,  HnixiNo  Bcsu.  Branches  smooth  • 
lvs.  elltpnc-ovate,  petiolate,  acuminato,  finely  serrate,  puberulent  hono^h  7ecL 
compressed,  many/lowered;  fls.  usually  4-merous;  'ea'psule  smooth  obed -A 
mnooth  .hrub,  4  to  lOf  high,  in  shady  woods,  U.  S..'  E.  if  the  Miss      1.172  to  ^ 

10 


2H0 


OilMliilt  4:1.  -ItllAMNACK^!, 


I.Hitr.  jl  (IN  wl(f.,  n.'tilo  nr  ,.(!,>(,  ruiiiMl,.,!  nl  I.mho,  .in  pntl..l.«  X  |„  j'  |,„ii,  i.,,,. 
oppoMll..  Ml.MHln,  1  to  '2i  luHK.  O.U.I.  will,  a  ..v,no  of  ,1  lu  .1  iI«,„m.  <N,r  .hh' 
P'||l'l-V|   >-   5    .llm.i.     ('M|.H.  ,.ninM..n,   hmi.m.iI,.      H,I..  i^uvh..,!   i„   a  ImIkiIi,  m!| 

2  B    AmoilnAiiuii   L.     IIiiknino   Hhhii.     Ilrun.'li.vi  Mf.hM.lh,    I  anw|,„|.    1,.,    „,,„/ 
,v„/ rll,f,l,rl„u.r„/nt,',  MiilMMilin.  In.l.nv,  nr.nninMl..,  .i,..,!..  ..r  ol.in...  mI  nn./x   „„..m.1|, 
^ss.l.o,  u,:„ly.so,   ),r,l.  rou,n{,  a<.„<t  Wjhwrrvd;   (k   ,n„.tlv    \>.uUu^U.m-    nn,.' 
v..mi,.n:H    ^.s|,n,l,  „|  Miimll.-r  h1/o  Muit.   Iho  pin.. >,,  will.   mmhiII  Ivh   Ii„„  IhI 

J    ,     .  luw.n.l.      Mm  a  li„,|,.  |,n„.,.  | ,  „,  N...  I,  y.llmv   ,....!   pink,  Iho  p,,. 

imyly  in  ,1m.     (  „|,m„Io  .ImK  n-.l,  umK.v.     .M(Ih.  will,  a  ImIkIiI  lmI  nril.     jn. 


W.    OMllV  M'l'H    T.  .V    (1 

nr  iiJiinHi 


•I'M    I    .V  0        TiaiiliiK' nn.l  I linR;   Ivh.  ..iM.val.-ovnl,  ii.l|i,.r  p,,inh.,| 

"'.  i"'nt.'  mi.l  Ml.nr|.p.4l..lal..  m  ImH.v     (H.l.i,  .to.     (K,  .iIm.vmIi.m  Nnll  ) 

M.u    M.,l,lal..a  ..,  .„../,.  a(,  ..aol,   m,!.  v|y  Honal,-   nlnwK  h.-hhII..     pM      t 

; U  nn!l?,',  ;   "I,/* "V""^'  l'"'-  '"^'i"""v  -'l-HV-Ml,      \V..n,|H  n.Mir  Havannal,,  (la.    Ml 

:;"''.'    .''^■"'  ■'  '"  •'    '"""■'  '■'  '-'  ^'    "i''".  ^"""I'lv (.•;  IIH.  as  l..,K..  a.  In  N,,. 

4  B.  Buiopnnm  I,,    /.r.'.  -  W..h,/ /,»»  r.7,.^-,  N.Tn.l...  ,r|„|.n,uM:  I  .|,r..HH,M| 


OiiDKii   .\LIII.     I{|I.\MN,\('K.K     II 


rCKTII.mNH. 


ShruUs  ov  m\M  tr^.Kf,  olL-n  ,>.piny,  will.  Hi.nplo.  ;,|(..niali.  /».,.  will,  fl 


mmu'tini.'M  Hp,.t,il,.nM  ov  otli.'iwiM..  impoilivl ;    will.  ili..  ,vr 


('I  111"  f))  a^  (iii>  valv.ilo  Hi'palu,  mIIitmhI 


iwrr.t  ri'^nlur, 
iinriis  pcrinyii'iiiM,  mm  nianv 


iht'v  aro  pii'stMii.     />,,v;,  il.>,sl 
Ml 


will,  (hcni,  and  opp.mjln  I.)  ||in  pi>|iiU  wl 


,v  ;  i\i(>sul>  i>r  hrni/  will,  niic  nil 


ii'n 


ininjn.iii;^  k.'iiI  ji.  rii,.|, 


tff»,;;i  *),  .vv>,'.V.'..|  W \  ,IMillu,l,.,l   il 


Mftliv  rtCii  tiriK 


/' 


iipi-ii 


V^'^  or  r.  S.      1 

'III..  1 


'I'.nioijiii-.  i. 


nniiiilioiil    111!    I'Miiiili'l, 
|ii'i'lllliii'  to  N.    Alllc'll 


H    ('\l'(|ll,    lllOMO   III   III,,  rilltlll 


.'iOlll>i>vU'M(.  Ili,>  vvoll.l, 
nhoil  i\»  a  Milisiiiiilo  iiM'  I 


ii'llli"!  of  iiiaiiy  ^|l.'l•l,'»  ,,|'  UlmMiiiiH  iil,<  \  loli^nl  i 

)  I  .1.    I\.k«l    II     I  >i  1..  I.    .     .  .    .  .    .  i>      .  I  <  ....  I 


ni\>  II  jiijiih,'  |.;ivi,.  ,,(■  n,,.  p1 


'I'll. 


llllCTllVi'M.        'I'll..    /,I/,V||||||M 


111'    »• 


Mlllllllllls    IlitM 


I'l. 


•  IKNKIfA, 


«.>f,s,>lll>l.'i','.I.  n\llliii\,      I<,,t,|l 


I'MkW.M'K  ^"lu^l^•l•.><|,  (.■nnlii;il.      1<,.| 


Kl 


t  lit  liiiii;  ii't  NiipuN  nv  no 

iiN  on  \i 


"xvoiK  imnlol.'.l.  I.miiiIii.iI.     |',.|:iN  „,  jonsr  ii.'<  tlu-  M'jml 


noiK^ f,',, 

ll«  t'VMl'lh'll  i'\,\\\n ,. 


;^^o1lll!,M    \f 


loNVOC,-.  S|ll<>il(,>,  loillllllal.       Prliil,   v.'IV  lllilllll 


.ItKlll'I.KMIA      !t 
.^A.M'IIIM'IA      4 


1.  RHAMNUS. 


Ial(\  •♦  ov 


I..      iMi-KiuouN.     (Tli<>(iiv.'k  iiaiii..  )     Cjilw  tin 


l''lt  ;   l).'t;i!s  I  .>!•  ;5,  iioIoIi.mI,  |,>|>,.,| 


w.niiiro';  ov;iiv  1'ivo.  not    iimn.'rs...|    in    |||,>  tliiii   t 


M\ 


nu(*<.—  I, vs.  .mIiimi 


OS  2  I..  1.  uioiv  or  1,'ss  unit. '.I;  .Ini|).>  o.tiil 


or  (Milirc,  Of  s.inii'liiii.'s 
onis,  '2  t.)  .|-.'(>||(.<I  ; 


'imiiijv  'J  |.>  I  .•;irlila'''iii.ni.^ 


ial.>,  rari'ly  op|i..si(,..      |-'|s.  in  a\ill;irv  .•hisl.-n 


S  Kl 


iwrrs  t<-ti';init<iini,s.     t.  nvos  w  III.  ntviuit,.  m'Ihh 
Iow,.|.H  |,.  niMm.M-oii.s.     l.,,.v.>,s  «  ill.  Mialfjlillsli  v.  ii'ilVb 


1  R.  cntluitictm    1, 


.  No'*.  I,  •} 
.  N  lis,  X  1 


jiol\ 


Tliorntj;     Iv,^.    <v:i(<>,    dcnliiMil 


y,n;un.>-.li(r,.i,ins,  ni.\sily  fcHiinilrmis;  ,v/}/.  .|,  „/ 


:ili~-s.'!Ta((' 


f: 


-■I'li'li'i 


Hlolailar,   I •.•<(><..i,Hl  — I'lillivai.-.l 


apt  x  distill,  t  (III, I  rirnrvrii:  \\ 


an.i  N.  \       It 


!.><  a  sliruli  o\-  ti\'i>  Id  t.i  l.'ii'  I 


ill  In.ljiv.s  and  o.v.isi.nially  toini.l  wild  in  i\.  I 


,nu\ 


li.itnifi'  liir  .short  i'l-.'inoh.'s.      |,v: 


iuIk  spi\;..lintr.  with  flioni".  i.^niiii 


ally 


with  an  abruiii 


lonjj      Kl,><.  )iT.'.>Hisli.     l'(-ial 


p(  .•u>nn,inalion,  and  with  ft  1 


^niiunvhal  opposii...  1  to  '1'  l.in^y,  ij  a,s  wid 


o  I  ar.'nat.>  vi'iiH.     p.>d 


lli.^  1 


nnvolai..  ,Mp,iIs.     I'.Tn.s  M;uk,  wiili  a 


.s  in<Mn,spu'u<)us,  cnliiv  (s,aiu.|inu.,s  0?\  nan 


Ic,  nun- 


i('(>ls  :t  1.1  1 


wU!i  iiluiu  il 


n^  p'guunl  oallod  ssiip  gnvn. 


givi-n  jiiio',  outlianio,  and  I' 


•itwiT  thin 


l.innni^ 


Ohdkh  4.1.     llllAMNACKyK. 


201 


2  n.  liinoeolAtuH   I'll. 


,  ,     .,  'f'i»r>,Ufi/t ;    IvH.    \au(^vnhlli^   or    Ittriro-ohlf.nir,    (iri;t»t    ut 

...Hm_..<J  Momilarn  t,lM,>o,inunrJ../.v-.«oU.iHo;  (k  |  t.,  ;M.,K..U,.,r ,  w.uIh  2  <I., 
,,,//..  2   a<  »;.-^«  Hu,Unrt  and  div.ry.rm;  .lr..,.0H  ii.H<.Hj,.d.-Hhrul.  iln"  l.il        u 
I      llin  ro.-l.y  huiikMol  riviTH,  Im.J.  I,.,  Tniin.  uikJ   |'„nii   ran.      Lvh   i.I.ei.i  ■>'      . 

«lM.r.    I>u.,  ,liH.,i,.,.t  ,,n,,i,,|.,H,o(.,.,„  „,..rly  KlH,,ronM  w.i.n  old.     ^^   Li"  ShI' 

.1  R.  «Iiilfdlln»  j;il..r.     HInut,  <.,-.«.(,,  will.  .,n«rm..,|  |,nu,..|...H.   Iv«  ovnl   ncMn 

i;;:;;"''-:r:j:;;;vn'';r,'r-  "7"'^  ^^^  ^'^  -'•■•^  v;..;'l;Xi.:l:uC 

»i.M  K.      A  H  rill.  J  u,  'U  lii^h,  in  H|.lm><noiiH  hw«i;i;.h,  /'f.iui.  Ir,  C,,,,       i,vH    I  i,,  r 

'm"J;  !i:  7irc:.i;*i;r«,'',"'''' '  - '-«-  ■ -"^  "'"•i^^-i.i 

4  n    Oarolliiiiiiu.  W„H.     KI„„F,  „„,.,,  „„„„,„„, ,  ,,„.  „|,|„„„.„v„,    „,,„,„„.,, 

,..n;.hl"r"°i'^n"^'  •'•  .•'■  "-^^  '^'•"-  Jf--'OOT.  Calyx  f..).,.!,.,-.,.,,,. 
:- ;-;;.yl.o.l.  w.,,l.  lon^  daws;  HUun.,.^  ,n<.K.Iy  <.XH...t;;i  ; 'n.y  .  ^Zy 
Ian..  I.y  Mm,  ,M.rH,Hl..,.U„lM,  <,C(Ih-,  <.;.|yx. .Slin,l.l,y  a.MHI,or,i),.sH       Fl" 

''■Mus"'''o,r'i;i:i,y;^^^     ""^  .u'a.lyKlal,M.WH;  ,„.ni<.|.„  |..a,I.HH.      W,  h„m 

H.ml.H  will,   v-'llmviHl     si         I       ;r     •      ',       '"•  '"  "'"  '''""  '"""«•     ''""" 

Nutt)        '         '^'""''  «<Tnilalc..-.Sava„,u.l.  (iToi:  l',.,,,!.).     (C: .npyUiUAim 

lioiu  it,  j-collod  ;  stylo  bihd  ;  drupe  oblung,  wiih  a  bony,  2-celled 


202  Order  44.—VITACE^ 

nut— Unarmed  shrubs,  erect  or  climbing.     Lvs.  pinnatc-vcined    witK 
many  veinlots.     Panicles  terminal.  i-^ic  \ cined,  ^vitiv 

\T°^^fl?l*%^^q.,S"'""f;  f^^""""''  lv«.  ovate,  8traigl>t-veinecl,  ropandly  aer- 
raio ,   ns  ?  J  .—Southern  States,  common  in  damn  rich  nn\U      4t    J^Tr/     . 

and  ZV    S^^  S  ^'°  "*"'''^*^-     ''"P^  '^^^•^  P"^P'^'  ^"  '-^'  ^''"  -*^-i' 

4.  SAGERItIA,  Brongn.     (Named  for  M.  Sageret,  a  French  florist 
and   veg    phvs.ologist.)      Calyx  5-cleft ;    petals^  6,  Cnvo  ute      s  a 

thick  w  tira?]orf^.-'"""l^'  ^"  ^^«  ^"*'-  ^i^^'  «^>-^«  «j'-t  Id 
thick  with  a  3-lobed  stigma;  berry  3-ceI led.— Shrubs  with  the  slendnr 
h-aiiches  often  spiny,  and  the  lvs.  opposite.     Fls.  in  rigid,  InteitS 

^e'^!S;'sl""ngrdT;beS^^^^^ 
entire    berry  3-seedT—P.^r  \n%Tn^  ,'m°  P^"'''"^®'^ ''P''^'^^" !  P«*a's  minute, 
Lvs.  r  or  ie  K^Jte  ^  -nlS^  ^  ^d^^^Sin^ -^^.:;r :^^' 

Order  XLIV.     VITACE^.     Vines. 

^/*rM65  vvith  a  watery  juice,  tumid  nodes,  and  usually  climbing  bv  to,.^r:i= 
flower,  arna,,  regular,  raoemous,  often  polygkmous  or  L^^  lalVuf^^ 
truncated,  the  limb  obsolete  or  5-toothed;  A  hypogynous,  vaTva^eTnLrvr:' 

f  as  many  as  and  opposite  to  the  stamens ;  slamen!} 

^t^X'-^     *°^®'"*^*^  °"  ^^^^  <^'sk  which  surrounds  the  2-celled 
<^y^^^     1-styled  ovary.     PruU  a  berry,  usually  4-seeded' 
ifr'^Y^       *««'fe,  bony,  albumen  hard.     (Fig.  449.)  ' 

^.     '.^-^^SS^^      hnMfT""-^',"^''*'*^'  26'^  "»"^'^«  "f  ">o  warmer  parts  of 
(-'^(^\>>  '  i^t«lS.?F  ','  *";''"sr)lier(.s.     The  {.'rape  fruit  is  tlie  only  im,  o,  t  ,nf 

^^i^^  mV^\  production  of  tliis  order.    *t'l/e  aci.l  of  tl  e  gra,  o    "t^^^r  nl-  i 

r^r?\/  ^  i"r'="|l  "'"'"S  ?  »"'«"*"•  qnantity  of  carbon.  '*' 

A    l/      y^"*"r^  I''""erof  V.  Labrusca. 

^^L^d^-'-i^i:,       ^"  ^*'rJS,L.  Grapevines.  (Celtic  «m,W 
f^^^^MT^^^  ?  *'■''"  *'''  ^'''■"^•)     I'ctals  deciduous,  coher' 
fe'^cfflw^i/frfc)     '"=  ^^  *''^  ^'^P'  ^^  tlistinct  and  spreadino-- 
f^  iwff  ^^^  .^.^     ^^''^""^  P*'"^'^  enclosed  within  the  toru'*  1- 
^  Y^X.  ^^'^'^     ^''"'"^'  '''^"^  2-ovuled ;  stigma  sessile,  capi- 

^■^      If  *''^.^*^'  ^^^^y  1 -celled,   1  to  4-seeded.     Ped 

often  changed  into  tendrils. 

S  1  etals  cohering  at  top  and  falling  without  oxpandine 

Leaves  hoary  ..r  rusty  arachnoid-to.nentous  beneath  Kr„„  i   c. 

s  Petals  .Jf:-  ^:,:s^^l^t^:^'  ^^-^  ^>^A^^::::::::::::i^l  I;  ? 

Leaves  siiriple,  anariilar  or  not " 

Leaves  bipinnatc  or  ternato.  N"- •'"' 

V>"  ■  „; •. No.  (} 

1    V     1    V*    '  T  L.xotic  species jjo   7 

St  wn•;rW^..     .1     ,    ^  ^*^  *''®  ^-   ^'n   ^V^GioB,  the  flowers  are  polygamous 

tL  Is^belTa  Id  r«TrhI  '''^rY''^  fo^'■t«  fruit,  which  is  pleasar.t  in  taste. 
2  V.  aestivalis  L.    Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  3  to  6-lobed  or  palmate-sinuate,  coarsply 


Obdbk  45.— POLYGALACE^.  j^^^ 

jvltl.  very  larg,  fave.,  w.Uch  aiToSSefwI  Al^ifi'^-j'^fe 

raa  composed  of  mau.v  capitate  umtek-S' bSv"  to  C  -"S"""^' 
feet  m  length,  straggll,,!,  or  fliinbinir  Iv  ..„,.",?;..  "^  ^"^  "'""Y 
surCiee,  having  the  linne  at  S  a™.,-  ,,:;!, ?  ",      ""''I  "'""','«  "'™'  °"  '""s' 


6 


braihe.  „„;r„f'  Cr-ilanSr  .™LrSy  eSl^r'^ST 

5T;,e™rt S,;t:s?„'c.3\,i;*  itSrfJ*^-  "»-'>•;-»'«.  eta'='-o"3, 11,. 

if'^  iinri<rl,f    «..or .        ♦    ■  •         '^  '^^    "^  species  remarkably  d  stinffuished  bv 

m.icK.     Jn.,  JJ.     (Cissug  bipiruiata.  Ell )  i"=«»,  puipiisii 

glalrlV^'ifSr?  ^.^^'^'-'f^-^^WiNE  Grape,    Lvs.  cordate,  sinuately  6-lobed 
Ktt  L  e\t  cu^^^^^^  H  '">/"  *^'  ^«.?^^tablekingdo.n  possesses  more  interS 

,  2.  AMPELOPSIS.  Mx.     Vihoinia  Crkkpeu.     (Gr.  durreXoc  a  vino 

•'^'s^  ci         '  t«\f"J;.«^yl«  very  .hurt;  bony  2-collod,  cols    1    Z 

X  ?   rh-l"^'^^  '"^'-      ^'"^  *^"^"'«  ^"a«l^  themselves  by  an 
udlicsivo  loot-like  expansion  at  the  end.  "^ 

^rtri't:„^,%hXr^^ 

•  ,v,„,       •'^  '"♦"»"3  <Ji  Its  loot-like,  adhesive  tendrils,  it  supports  itself  firmlv  innn 

Si,  ."f i^rntiiir oVifk'  °f  ""^  ^°"'-  f  '"'^  ?-"«Se're: 

■lutnrnn      ,;.  '".-^""'"^^  "'"'>go  "I  dark,  glossy  green,  chang  ng  to  crimson  in 
'Zm^^i^Z^S  T""'^''  "^  ^-'-^--  clus£i^    Berri^TrE 

OrdkrXLV.     POLYGALACE^E.     Milkworts. 

Ilerhs  or  ,v/.r^.,  witli  the  leaves  mostly  simple  and  without  stipules,     lowers 

txter^r,   2  (wings)   interior  larger,   petaloid.     PeMs  3,  the  anterior  (keel)  larger 
tUa..  the  2  posterior      Sta^  4  to  8,  distinct,  or  cohering  in  a  tube  wl.ch^  :^S 


294 


Order    45.— P0LYGALACE-(E. 


oil  I'm  upper  sUl'.     Ovary  superior,  compound,  with  suspended  ovules,  united  styles 
.-iiul  stigina;>.     FfuU  a  2-celled,  2-seodod  pod.     Seeds  pendulous,  furnished  with  n 


carunol 


Genera  20,  .«pe««/(  ."SOO.  Tlic  (.'eniis  Polvgaln 
is  very  gcnfnilly  (li.stribiitod.  The  (illii'ifjtiiciii 
are  iiii>.stlv  liiDiteii  oiicli  to  ii  luirlicu.iir  <|iiaitcr 
of  the  ({li)l)i'.  I'ropurtii's  pfiunill}  Miter,  iicrid 
mill  usliiiiiioiit,  witli  H  iiiilky  .jiiicf  in  tlit-  root. 
l!liatniiy-ii)ot.  tliu  root  of  KVnincila,  iit,f<l  iii 
iiii'ilicine,  yielils  fi  (loop  red  foloi-  iind  is  used 
to  lululti'inte  port  wine  Tlic  more  Hdivo 
spetii'.s  of  I'olyKulu,  as  1'.  Semii;a,  tniiguiiiea, 
j)iir|piiica,  ftc,  are  eini'tic,  imigutivu  and  din- 
rc'tic. 


POLVGALA,  Tourn.  Milkwort. 
(Gr.  ■noXv(;,  much,  ydXa,  milk  ;  said 
to  favor  the  lactual  secretions  of 
animals.)  Flowers  very  irregular. 
Sepals  5,  2  of  them  wiiig-sliaped 
and  petaloid ;  petals  3,  cohering 
by  their  claws  to  the  filaments, 
lower  one  carinato  and  often  crested 
on  the  back ;  stamens  G  or  8,  fila- 
ments united  into  a  split  tube;  an- 
tliers  1  celled  ;  capsule  obcordate, 
2-celled,  2-seeded,  loculicidal ;  seed 
appendaged  with  a  various  caruncle 
at  the  hilum. — Bitter  herbs  in  the 
IT.  S.  and  Can.  (elsewhere  often 
shrubby),  with  simple  Ivs.  Fls. 
often  of  two  forms,  the  subterra- 
nean apetalous. 

I'oronnial •  j^n.  1 

Hionninl Nos.  'i,  ii 

Pori'iuiial \',,.  4 

— I'.irimcic  d()iit)li' Xo.'s.  5.  7 

— ♦'i'l'iioclo  a|>in'ai-.i6iiii|)U!    Annual. Nos.  h— 10 

— I' Is.xnntliic.—Spilics  solitary,  larfjo.    Hiiniiial Nos.  11,12 

—Spikes  niiniorous,  corvnibc'd,  small.     IJiennial Nos.  18,14 

Leaves  verticillate  on  tlio  stem  —Spikes  aeute,  sleiidiT No^.  15  ]6 

— Spikes  obtuse,  tliiek Nos.  17'  18 

L  P.  paticifolia  L.  St.  simple,  ei-oct,  nal^-od  bulovv;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  smooth; 
terminal  fls.  large,  crested,  radical  ones  upotalous.— A  small,  handsome  jilant, 
Willi  a  few  largo  (10"  long)  purple  flowers.  Woods  and  swamps,  Brit.  Am.  to 
Ga.  St.  3  to  4'  high,  with  its  acuto  Ivs.  mostly  near  tlio  top,  2  to  4  flowers  aliove 
them.  Cal.  of  5  leaves,  the  upper  one  gibbous  at  base.  Corolla  mostly  purple, 
■with  a  purple  crest  on  its  middle  lobe.  Tlio  radical  fls.  arc  cither  elo^e  to  ilio 
ground  or  subterraneous,  smaller,  greenish,  wanting  the  vdngs  of  ihc  calyx. 
May. 

1  P.  grandifldra  Walt.  Ascending,  pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  to  lance- 
linear,  acute;  fla.  distant,  pendulous  aflier  blooming,  wings  large,  roundish,  cover- 
ing the  corolla  and  fruit,  keel  as  long  as  the  wings  (.■?"),  crestlesn. — (2.?  Comrr.on  in 
dry  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.  A  pretty  plant,  9  to  12'  high,  remark-able  for 
its  changeable  flowers,  rose-colored  at  first,  soon  becoming  green  and  drooping, 
iuid  alone  dcstitufo  of  a  crest,  h:iving  a  yellow  callosity  instead.  Lv.-;.  9  lu  Ii" 
long,  2  to  4"  wide,  often  nearly  glabrous.     May — Aug. 

'  P-  pol^gama  Walt  Sts.  simple,  numerous,  (jlabrous;  Ivs.  linear  oblong,  mu- 
cronate,  obtuse;  fls,  racemed,  short-pedicci  ,  those  of  the  stetn  winged,  those 
of  the  root  wingless ;  keel  cristate. — Fields  and  pastures,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
Sta.   crowded,  many  from  the  same  root,  angular,  smooth.     Lvs.  smooth,  lower 


polygu 
ituiic 
s,  |mu 
west 

Pc:--    .,  --- — 

mens  in  2  sutsand  (he  style  seen  benefllh  the  hooded 
lower  pelnl.  (wO.  Tlie  ovhiv  and  the  style.  1  Seed 
of  P.  siiiigninea  wiih  iis  : -lobed  raiuiicle  2  Seed 
of  P.  Xuitallii. 

Loaves  altertiate.— Fls.  pnrpl(>,  solitary,  2  to  4. 
— KIs.  purple,  raeenied.  many 
— Kl.s.  wliiie.  Spike  sK^iider. 
— Fls.  purpU-.    Spike  capitate 


Order  45.— POLYOALACE^E. 


295 


obovate,  npper  aessilo     Fls.  purple,  2"  long,  finally  drooping.     Wings  obtuse. 
Anth  8.     Bracts  small,  subulate,  caducoug.     Terminal  racemes  witii  perfect  fls 
radical  racemes  prostrate  or  subterraneous,  wingless  and  nearlv  apetulous      Jn*' 
.n.     Bitter  and  tonic.     (P.  rubella  Willd.)  ~     f        ^  ■     "»■, 

4,  P.  SSnega  L.  Senfx-a  Sxake-uoot.  St.  erect,  smooth,  simple,  leafy;  Ivs  alter- 
iiate  lanceolate,  tapering  at  eacli  end  ;  fls.  .lightly  crested,  in  a  terminal  spike-form 
slender  racome.-W„(xls,  Western  States,  rare  in  Ea.<.tern.  Root  ligneous,  branched! 
contorted,  about  thick,  ash-colored.  Sts.  8  to  U'  high,  several  from  the  sanlS 
loot.  Lvs.  I  to  2  long,  ^  as  wide,  numerous,  scattered.  Fls.  white,  in  a  fili- 
form spike,  1  to  2  long.  Sep.  obtuse,  larger  than  tlio  petals.  The  root  has  a 
sweetish,  nauseous  taete,  soon  becoming  pungent  and  hot.  Jl.  A  valuable 
.stimulating  expectorant 

/i.  LATiKOLiA  T.  A  G.  Lvs.  ovato,  acumintito  at  each  end.— St.  leaf^-  more 
tlian  It  higlu  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1'  .or  more  broad.  Ind.  (Dr.  Plummcr.) 
5  P.  seticea  Mx.  St.  filiform,  simple,  apparently  leajless  (lvs.  minute,  del'toid- 
acumiaate);  spike  (.small)  oblang,  aeut.';  w.ng.s  .hort-pointai,  shorter  ihan  the 
petals;  caruncle  enclesmg  the  short  stipe  of  the  hairy  seed— 21  N  Car  to  Ga. 
and  Fla  Sts.  about  If  high.  Lvs.  1"  or  less  long.  Fls.  pale  rose'ate,  in  a  spike 
about  ha  f  an  inch  long.  J,..,  Jl.— Each  stem  produces  several  heads  during  the 
season,  the  next  m  succession  arising  from  an  inferior  node  after  the  former  has 
(Metalfeio'''''*"  '''"'  "'''""'  footstalk  often  accompanying  the  single  head 

6  P.  incarnata  L.  Glaucous;  st.  erect,  slender,  mostly  simple;  lvs.  few,  scaU 
tered  huear-subulate,;  H|Jiko  oblong-  wings  lanceolate,  cuspidate  <!laws  of  the 
petals  united  into  a  long,  clet^  tubj;  caruncle  double,  cuvering  the  short  stipe  of 
the  very  fmnj  ^eed.^l)  Dry  soils,  N.  J.,  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Arlc  St  1  to  2f  l.iHi 
Lvs.  4  to  6  long,  remote.  Spikes  1  to  U' Jong.  FK  p.le  rose-color  or  flelh: 
col  )r.  Ihe  sl.,..nder  corolla  tube  erect,  nearly  tvvicj  as  long  (4' )  as  the  wings,  the 
keel  v.'itii  a  cousimcuous  erest     Jn.,  JJ.  *'  ' 

7  P  Chapmanii  Turn  &  Gr.  Very  .slender,  siiuplo,  or  nearly  so;  lvs.  Unear- 
subulate;  spike  loose;  roundish  oblong,  rather  acute;;  wings  obovato,  sli-htlv 
clawed  jcarunclo  2-lobLTl,  covering  one  .side  -of  the  thick  stipe  of  the  thin-hnred 
,.g«;  X)  W.  J' 1,1.  to  La  <ilale).  Sts.  12  to  3 8'  high.  Lvs.  acute,  6  to  8"  long. 
not  ,]     wide.     Fls.  bright  rose-color.     Heads  5"  thick.  * 

8  P.  Nutt^llii  Torr.&  Gr.  St.  erect,  sornrwhat  f  stigiate:;  Iv.s.  linear;  ,spikes 
acute,  rouudish-oblong,  dtn^e-  wings  elliptical,  attenuate  at  base;  erest  inimite • 
mrunde  notclied,  lateral  on  the  ihkk  6eetl  .s(ipe.~^\ass,  11.  L,  to  Lti  St  6  to  10' 
high,  the  l.>ranclie.s  overtopping  the  stem.  Lv.s.  C  to  8"  by  1",  acute.  Spikes  5 
to  7  long^  A  to  4  diam.  \V mgsof  Iho calyx  i;ose-fed.  6e*ds  black,  pear-shaped. 
Aug.     (P.  sanguinea  iSiutt)  ^ 

9  P.  fastigiata  Nutt     HIender  and  niudi  branched  above;  lvs.  linear;  spikes 
ruuiM    loo.sejiowered;  wings  ovnte-obl..ng,  distinctly  clawed;  caruncle  hmua 
nearly  emhracinj  the  s})iaU  seed-stipe  (immature).— N.  J.  to  Fla.  in  dry  soils      St! 
8  to  12^ high.     Lvs.  8  to   12"  long,  1"  wide,  acute.     Spikes.about  5"  dia;m.,  the 
lis.  (listiTictly  pedieeled,   and  of  a  brighter  rose-color  than  the  fbrotroinff      iP 
s;\nguinea  T.  &  G.)  °      °'      ^ 

10  P.  sanguinea  K  St.  branching  at  top;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  5«tA-ea 
oblong,  o(>>u.se,  dense;  wmgs  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  subsessile ;  carwide  mostly 
siinpie,  nearly  as  loiuj  as  the  Miry  seed.— An  erect  plant,  6  to  12'  high  found  in 
mendows  and  wet  groinuls,  Mass.  to  La.  St.  angular,  with  fastigiatebi;anches 
ea-Vi  ending  in  a  s.nallpr  .^pike  than  that  of  the  main  stem,  but  olten  overtopping 
It.  Lvs  1  long,  1  to  2  wide.  Heads  about «"  thick.  The  caruncle  is  double 
m  a  tew  ol  the  seeds,  with  .divergent  segments.  Fls.  parple,  caducous,  Jl.— 
GjU     ( r.  purpurea  Nutt.) 

H  P.  lutea  L.  St  mostly  simple ;  root  lvs.  spatulate,  obtuse,  attenuat  at  base  • 
cauhn,?  ones  lanceolate,  acute;  r«c.  om<e-,jfo6of«,  obtuse,  dense;  fls.  pedicillate  • 
wmgs  ovate,  mucronate,  keel  with  a  minute  crest.— Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  Fla! 
bt.  8  tu  i:{  high  generally  many  from  the  .same  root,  seldom  with  a  few  spread- 
ing  branc.ies.  fls.  orange-yellow,  longer  than  tiie  bracts,  aggregated  in  one  tei- 
miual  roundish  head  which  is  a  or  9"  thick,     A  showy  plant 


296 


Order  46.— LBGUMINOS^. 


12  P  ndna  DC.  Low,  ascending;  Iva.  obovate  and  spatulatc,  mogtlv  radical. 
head!^  ovate,  becoming  oblong,  denao;  wings  lauoe-ovate,  cnspidato-aomninat,'. 
twicv  oMgcr  i.an  tbo  shghtly  crested  koel.-S.  States,  in  pine  woodn,  eoni.no , 
St,^  .,  to  5  high.  Lvs  1  to  2'  long,  rosulate.  Head  often  near  1'  thick,  disnro: 
portioiiately  largo,  thofLs.  citron-yellow,  changing  to  green.     Apr.,  Ma\-.  ' 

13  P.  ramdsa  Ell.  Erect,  corymbously  branclio  1  above ;  spikes  loose,  obloni? 
numtTous,  lorming  one  or  more  dense,  level-topiied  cynies;  raiiiral  Ivs  fm 
(small)  spatulatc,  cmlina  oblony-Uriear;  ^e-id  oval,  mnincled.— Swamps  l)el  to 
B  la.  and  La.  This  and  tlio  next  aro  species  of  singular  aspect.  St.  1  f  high  Lvq 
about  G  long  few  at  the  root.  Spikes  about  4"  diam.,  tlio  fly.  greenish  yellow" 
becoming  imally  dark  green.     Fls.  psdicolled.    Ji..— Aug.     ([>.  corymbosa  Nutt.j 

^^  -f  •  cypdsa  Walt.  St.s.  tall,  simple,  corymbously  branched  at  top :  Iva.  mmtlu 
radical^  linear,  pointed,  crowded;  stem  Ivs.  very  low,  linear-subulate;  racemes 
spike-like,  numerous^  forming  a  dense,  fostigiato  cyme ;  seed  globnlar,  naked— 
Swamps,  in  the  pmo  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  often  many  from  the  same  root 
2  to  4  or  5f  high.  Lvs  grass-like,  2  to  3'  long,  forming  a  dense  tuft  at  base 
Fls.  pedic-elled  greenish  yellow,  becoming  finally  greenish-brown.  Jn.— lusr' 
(P.  altenuata  Wl.  graminifi)lia  Poir.  aeutifolia  T.  A  G.) 

15  P  verticiliata  L.  St.  branched  above,  erect;  Iv,^.  linear.  Tcrticillato  both 
on  tlie  stem  and  opposite  branches ;  soikes  slender,  stalked  ;  fls.  alternate  crested  ■ 
ealycino  wings  roundish;  seed  oWong,  smwtl,,  caruncle,  hardly  half  as  hna-. 
tound  on  dry  hills,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  very  slender,  square,  6  to  S'^hi^h  Lv<. 
in  whorls  of  5  or  6,  4  to  10"  long,  J"  wide.  Fls.  small,  greenish-white,  in 
racemes  3  to  KX  long^  which  are  higher  upon  tlio  branches  than  upon  the  main 
stem.     Jl. — Oct.       ' 

/^.  AJimouA.  Branches  filiform,  alternate;  lower  lvs.  verticillate,  upper  alter- 
nate; spikes  elongated,  with  the  lis.  scattered;  seed  exactlv  as  in  a  — Drv 
fields  and  woods,  Mass.  to  Tenn.  '  ^ 

16  P.  Boykinii  Torr.  k  Or.  Sts.  erect  from  an  asronding  ba.se,  simple-  lvs 
obovate  and  lanceolate  ;  whorled,  a  few  of  the  upper  linear  and  alternate;  spike 
slender,  pointed,  dense;  wing.s,  roundish,  concave;  cammle  §  the  length  of  the  veru 
hairy  seed.— Ut\.  and  Flu.  Sts.  .slender,  several  from  the  same  root,  12  to  18' 
high.  Lvs.  ft  to  12"  long,  in  3s,  4s,  and  5s.  Fls.  whitish,  the  wings  green,  with 
white  borders,     in.,  Aug.  &  e        r         > 

^^  ^:  C"icidtaL.      St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate,  wingetl  at  the  anHes-  lvs 

verticillate  in  4s,  linear-oblong,  punctate,  spikes  ovate,  dense,  obtuse,  8e.s,«ile  or 

nearly  so;  se-td  ovate,  smooth,  carunrle  fully  as  Imj ;  xuings  deltoid-cvate,  cuspidate 

—In  sphagnous  swamps  and  other  low  grounds,  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  La    St  3  to  12' 

high,  very  slender,  smooth,  sliglitly  winged  at  the  4  aijffle*     Lvs  2  to  10''  or 

more  long,  1  to  2"  wide  (upper  ones  largest),  obtuse,  tapering  to  tiie  b;»so  witli 

small,  resinous  dots.     Spikes  capitate,  5'  thick.     Wmgs  greenish-purple  muciv 

dilated  at  base.     Jl.,  Aug.  r    i-   » 

/3.  cuspiDATA.    Lvs.  linear;  heads  larger,  oblong,  squarrons  with  the  elongated 

cusps  of  the  wings.     This  i.s  the  more  common  southern  form.     ( P.  cusnidat'i 

Hook.)  ^    .      ^ 

18  P.  brevifolia  Nutt.  Slender,  brandied  above,-  Ivs.  linear,  short,  remote  in 
4a,  or  on  the  branches  scattered ;  spike  oblong,  dense,  obtuse,  on  louo-  peduncles  • 
wmgs  ovate-lanceolate,  acuie;  seed  just  as  in  No.  17.— N.  Y.  to  Fla!  About  If 
high.  Heads  4"  thick,  1  to  2'  long  (as  appears  from  the  squarrous  rachi.«)  Lvs 
6  to  9  '  long.  Fls.  roseate.  Aug.,  Sept. 
P.  Baldwinii  Nutt.  of  S.  E.  Georgia  is  unknown  to  the  author,  unless  it  bo  a 

Tanety  of  P.  ramosa,  differing  in  its  more  dense  heads  of  greenish-white  flowers. 

Order  XLVI.     LEGUMINOS.^.     Leguminous  Plants. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  margins  entira 
Stipules  2,  at  the  tumid  base  of  the  petiole.  Stipels  commonly  2,  Sepaiji  5,  more 
or  less  united,  often  unequal,  the  odd  one  always  anterior.  Petals  5,  cither  papilio- 
naceoua  or  regular,  perigynoua>  the  odd  one  (when  present)  posterior.     Stanuns 


Orueu  4G.— LEGUMIXOS^.  oot 

diaclolphou..  rnonadelphoua  or  distinct.    Antlurs  versatile.    Om  superior,  sinj^le  and 
«.mple.    ^lyl.  aad  .^.,,«a  si.nplo.     Fr.  a  legume,  either  continuous  (  -celfed)  o 
(.  oment),  jomod  into  1-seoded  cells.     SUs.  solitary  or  several,  destitute  of  albumen 
Iu8t.  in  flK..  99   158,  10 .,  Ifll,  „u.  105,  177,  IS  >.  HI.  HI,  3J.5,  810,  317,  803  44,5   440   4fifl  ' 

J^;^il'nera  and  «p.c7.  of  this  v.t  ,..Mor  w.o  o.tlu.a..:.   1.;  m;.   l^lTiaZi,,  . 

Siibonlcr  1    Papilionacc-ii-,  :V,{)  j;,.|i(.ni,  48110  si.ocics 
a.  CiL'siiliilrii-H',      ss        ■•         7{M»        " 
4.  MiiiHtsea',  ii'J        ••       looo        •> 


Total, 


SUnORDERS,   TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 
S  Corolla  valvato  in  a-stivation,  regular.     Flowers  l.i  dense  Iieads  or  spikes 
l-.caves  twice  pinnate „ 

§  Corolla  imbricate  in  jestivation,  tl.'o  'upper  oVodd  pe.aV  Interior  or  "the" " " '    '"**"'"''''       '*^ 

ilowersnbrcgular,.   .. 

8  Corolla  imbricate  in  a.stivationV  thV 'uppeV  V.ctar(;exilhVn;;";;Ve;i,;r'"         *'''°''''  "'  ^^^ 
1' lowers  pivpilionaceous a  »,,    ^. 

♦  Stamens  10,  all  distinct.    TRn.B  1.  (c) Suboedee  III.  (♦) 

♦  Stamens  10,  all  or  9  united    (2) 

2  Leaves  cirrhous,  the  rachis  ending  with  a  tendril.    Tbibe  2.  (d) 
2  Leaves  not  cirrhous.  (3) 
3  Pod  a  Icmient  (§573),  of  transverse,  1-seeded  joints.    Tkibb  8.  (e) 
3  Pod  a  leifume  1— 2— OO-seeded,  not  in  joints.  (4) 
4  Krect  (or,  if  prostrate,  with  pahnately  8-foliate  leaves).    Cotyledons  thin 
becoming  leafy  in  germination.    Tkuik  4.  (f )  ' 

4  Trailing  or  twining  vines  with   pinnately  compound    leaves. 
Cotyledons  thick,  not  becoming  leaves  in  germination.    Tribe  6.  (g) 

Suborder  I.     MIMOSE^. 

a  Pods  flat,  composed  of  one  or  more  I-seeded  joints Mimosa    1 

a  Pods  continuous,-prickly,  4-8idcd  and  4-valved ............'......"." .'.'schrankia'  I 

—smooth,— turgid,  filled  with  pulp .'  * '  Vachellia   8 

-conipiesised,  dry,-Fls.  all  perfect '.".".".'.  Des.manthu.s  4 

—ris.  polygamous Acacia.  5 

Suborder  II.    C^SALPINE^, 

b  FIs.  diaceous,  greenish,  stamens  10.     A  tree  unarmed QTMNOOLAnus.  6 

b  i*  Is.  polygamous,  green,  stamens  5.     Trees  thorny Gi-isui-racarA   7 

b  FIs,  perfect,— yellow.— Leaves  equally  pinn.-vte Cassia.*  S 

—purple,  papilionaceous.    Leaves  simple .Cebois!  9 

Suborder  III.    PAPILTONACE.'E. 

0  1   PoDALTRiE.f:.-Legumo  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped.    Lvs.  pinnate Cf-adastris.  10 

-Legume  inflated,  stipitate.     Lvs.  palmatcly  l_5.follato Baptisia.  U 


298 


Ordkk  46.— LE'JUMINOSiB. 


d  9.  ViciEA— Kroct.    Tendrils obsoli'tP.    Si-o.U  witli  tlio  linear  Jiiliiin  at  end Fab*.  12 

— CllmbiU({.— LeutU'U  sBrrntp.     I'dds  J -si-oilod C'lciu.  la 

—Leallfts  futlro.— Style  (froovod  imtsldtt,  Imliy  liiside Pisirji.  14 

— Style  riivltuiiod,  li:dry  most  lii.sldo..  ..LATiivRfs.  l.'i 

.    ..  —Style  flllform,  hairy  mt«t  outside Vilia.  IC. 

e  3.  IIkkvsiakb^ 

— F1.S.  yellow.— Loaves  indniatcly  ^-rolluto.   Staiii.  iiu>niidi'l|di Zoknia.  17 

— Lc'ttvi'S  iiiiiiiul(%  7  tci  4!)-I'i)liute.     titniit.  tliiidelphoiis.,  ..Kwciiynomknk.  I  < 

— Leaves  jiintmlely  !)-ri)liiile.  Pod  slender  ut  biwu Stvuik\ntiii:s.  I'J 

— Leaves  [ilnnately  4-fi>llate.     I'od  ^'iMmhis  at  bnso AKAiniis.  •_' » 

— Fls.  cyanic— Lv.s,  pinnate,  5  to'.' I -lullate.— Umbels  iMidiiiveulate ('(hionili.a.  '.'I 

— Racemes  pod iin«ii late. ....  .^IlKovsAiaM.  2i 

— Lvs.  ptnnately  n-follate.—stlpellate-.    Pod  !!  t(>7-j()lnted. . ..  DK.sMODiirM,  !i;j 

.    ,  '  — exstliMjliate.   PihI  1  Jointed LtMi'EUK/.A.  21 

;4.  LoTKAi 

— Loaves  simple,  ^vitli  yellow  flowers.— Keel  oblonar,  stnUtiht. Oknista.  2.1 

— Keel  falcate,  aciindnato Cuotalaria.  20 

— Leaves  palmatoly  5  to  irj-foliati*  (rarely  simple).    (rteiuw3ii,or)  Lui'lNus.  27 

—Leaves  palmately  .3-follate.— Tree  witli  yellow  Howe  s .Lauukncm.  23 

— Herbs- with  straight,  sntall  pods Tiui'ot.ium.  23 

—  Herbs  with  eurvod  or  spiral  pods MEi)iCA(io.  .1,» 

—Lvs.  pinnately  8-fol.— Pod  few-setNled     Fls..(setu-let.  ( ten.  4!)>  w  h.  or  yel .  Mi:Lir.(.Ti:».  31 

— Pod  l-ueedeiL— Fls.  yellow.— Lvs.  reslno.is-dotted ((Sen.  47) 

— I'Is.  eyanlc. — Lvs.  dark-dotted. ... .  Psokai.ka.  Hi 

—Lvs.  not  dotted (In  (len.  84) 

—Lvs.  pinnate,,  with  no  odd  leaftot,  15  to^  2r>  pairs. — ^I'o  I  I  — 2-see  led (Ji.(»rii>iir.\i.  )!;| 

— Pod  QQrseede.l Si^uania.  !>t 

— Lvs^odd-pinnate,— <Jotted  with.dark.glands.— vShrub.    Fls.  sidcate Amori-iia.  35 

*"  — Herb  lOHindroiis Dalka.  ,311 

*'■  — Horb  5-androiis Pf.talostemox.  .17 

— dotlo.ss. — Le^'iimo  2-collpd  leni.'thwis<>,  turdd Astracj all's.  S< 

— Le|»tiino  half  2-eeIlo<l  lenn^hwise Pmaca.  80 

— Ldk.  l-celled. — lIorb.s..  Stylo  liairy  oiitshle.TiaiMiiuwiA.  4l) 

— Herbs.    Style  fflabroos iNUKioKKUA.  41 

— Shrubs  or  trees.     Cy.inic Kokinia.  4i 

— ^Treoswith  IK  yellow Coi.utea.  4-" 

g.   S.    PHA8B0LE.B. 

-Lvs.  pinnate,  5  to  15-foIiute.— V"m>  shrubby.  Keel  falcate Wistaria.  44 

— Herbs.    Keel  (»tBalght,.G«)i(.  49)  spiral A  imos.  45 

—Lvs.  pinnately  8  (rarely  l)-foliato. — Fls.  yellow.    Legumes.  5-scoded Vio.va.  4(i 

— Fltt.  yellow.     Legumes  1  to  2-seeded.i:iiY.M;osiA.  47 
— Fls.  cyanic.  (♦) 

♦  Keel  with,  stamens  and  style- si>irally  twisted PiiASBOi.irs.  4^ 

•  Keel  straightish. — Kl.s.  scarlet.    Erect  herbs  or  trees Kkvtiirina.  i'i 

— Fls.  purplish.— Calyx  ebracteolatc Ami-iucaki'.e,v.  50 

— Calystbibiiicteidate,— 4-cleft Oalacti a.  51 

— i-toothed DoLK'uos.  5i 

— o-cleft,  long. .  ..(JUTOKIA.  n.'! 
— 5-cleft,  short. Ckntrosfma.  .M 

1.  MIMO''SA,    L.      Sensitive  Plant.      (Gr.  i^ii^og,  a  Imft'oon ;   tlit- 

leaves  seem  sporting  with  the  hand  that  touches  them.)     Flowers  ?  ^   t . 

<^Cal}!X  valvate,  S-toothed  ;  corolla  0,  or  5-toothed,  stamens  4  to  15; 

legmne  separated  into  1-seeded  joints;  5  like  the  perfect,  but  without 

ovaries  or  fruit. —  2|  Herbs  and  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  America,  &c. 

1  M  Btrigillosa  Torr  &  Gi-.  Nearly  unarmed,  prostrate,  diffuse,  strigous;  stip. 
ovale;  petioles  and  j)edimclt'.'^  very  long;  lvs.  bipiunate,  pinnre  4  to  G  pairs;  IfLs. 
10  to  15  pairs,  oblong- 11  near;  li  ads  oblong;  leg.  Inroad,  1  to  .l-jointed. — Banks  of 
liie  .Miri.-5.  (Hale)  to  M  Fia.  Si  .  t^o\eral  f.'el  in  lenytli,  reddish  and  in  appearaiieo 
sniootli.  Lrts.  3  to  4  '  hv  \".  e-owd  d.  I'eil.  and  lvs.  *?  to  8'  long.  Hds.  raso- 
color,  with  ininnMerahlo  spr.>adiiu- .-la.nens  Pod.^  crrnvded,  very  hispid.  Jl.,  Aug. 
2  M.  ptldica  L.  aSY  prickJij,  more  or  le.ss  li,s[)id:  lvs.  digitate-{)innate,  pinna> 
4,  of  many  (20  or  more)  2)airs  of  lineur  l/ts. — Native  of  Brazil     St.  shrubby,  about 


Order  46.— LEOUMINOSJi 


200 


ft  foot  high.  Lfls.  about  3  '  long,  very  numerous.  Fls.  Bmall,  capitate.  Tt  in  oc 
oasionally  cultivated  for  th*  curiosity  ofits  spontaneous  motions ;— the  leaves  bend- 
mg,  folding,  and  apparently  siirinking  away  from  the  touch  of  the  hand. 

2.  SCHRAN'KIA,  WilKl.  SKNsiTiVE  JiRiER.  (In  lumor  o(  Francin 
lie  Paula  SchmnA;  i\  Gorman  botanist.)  Flowers^  S;  calyx  minute, 
r)-tootli('(I;  petals  united  into  a  funnel-shaped,  5-cluft  corolla;  stamens 
8  to  10,  distinct  or  iiionadelphous;  legumo  long  and  narrow,  ccliinatc, 
dry,  1-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.— '4  Prickly  herbs.  St.  proeum- 
i)ent.     Lvs.  sensitive,  bipiniiate.     Fls.  in  spherical  heads,  purplish. 

S.  uncln^ta  Wiild.  St.  angled,  grooved ;  piniKo  G  to  8  pairs;  Ifta.  numerous, 
nimute,  olhptic-o Wong  or  linear;  hds.  a.xillary,  1  to  2  together,  on  peduncles 
shorter  than  tho  Iv.s  ;  log.  long  and  slender,  very  prickly.— Dry  soils,  Clark  Co.. 
Mo.  (Mead),  and  Southern  States.  St.  2  to  If  l.jiig,  and  with  the  petioles  and  pe- 
duncles armed  witli  sliort,  sharp  prickles  turned  downwards.  Lfta.  about  2"  by 
*  \  F'v  ^i  ^,  ^   '""^''  '"*'^-  ^  '"  •^'  '^''*'"-     ^''^''^  2  to  4'  long.     May— Jl.     (S.  an- 

3.  VACHEL'LIA,  W.  and  Arn.  Spo.vuk  Tree.  Stamens  very  nii- 
inerous,  distinct ;  legume  cylindrical,  turgid,  scarcely  dehiscent;  seeds 
III  a  double  row,  imbedded  in  pulp.  Otherwise  as  in  Acacia.— Tree 
armed  with  straight,  sti{)iil:ir  spines.  Lvs.  bipinnate,  with  a  gland.  Fls. 
in  globular  heads,  yellow. 

V.  rarneaidna  \V.  &  Arn.  rinmc  4  to  8  pairs;  Ifts.  15  to  20  pairs,  veiny  ob- 
ong,  crowded;  ped.  2  or  3  together.— Grow.s  about  N.  Orleans  (Hale)  and  along 
the  Gulf  to  St.  Marks,  Fla.  Lfts.  about  ii'  long.  Pods  2  to  3"  long,  blackish 
when  ripe.     Said  to  yield  gum. 

4.  DESMAN'THUS,  Willd.  (Gr.  dsap),  a  bundle,  dvOog,  flower.) 
flowers  ^  or  ^  S  ;  calyx  valvatc,  campanulate,  5.toothed  ;  petals  5, 
distinct;  stamens  5  or  10,  distinct;  legume  dry,  flat,  2-valvcd,  4  to 
6-seeded,  smooth.— Herbs  with  bipinnate  lvs.  and  white  fls.  in  axillary 
pedunculate  heads.  Stip.  setaceous.  Petioles  with  one  or  more  glands! 
D.  brach^lobua  Benth      Erect,  smoothish;  piniuc  6  to  13  pairs,  Ifts.  minute,  20 

to  ,^0  pairs;  fls.  all  perfect,  pcntandrous;  pods  short  (1'  long),  oblong,  somewhat 
curved,  2  to  4-seedcd,  and  crowded.— 11- Along  the  Miss,  from  111.  to  La  St«< 
striate,  ]  to  3f  high.     Jn.— Aug.     (Darlingtonia  brachyloba  and  glandulosa  DC.) 

5.  ACAXIA,  Necker.  (Gr.  aKd^co,  to  sharpen  ;  alluding  to  the  spines  ) 
Howers  polygamous ;  calyx  valvate,  4  to  5-toothed  ;  petals  4  or  5,  united 
below,  rarely  distinct;  stamens  8  to  200;  legumo  continuous,  not 
jointed,  dry,  2-valved,  many-seeded.— Trees,  shrubs  or  lierbs,  spineless, 
or  with  stipular  spines.  Lvs.  (iu  the  N.  Am.  species)  bipinnate.  Fls. 
in  heads  or  spiked.  (This  is  a  large  and  ornamental  genus  of  chiefly 
tropical  plants,  much  cultivated  in  the  greenhouse.  In  many  of  them 
the  leaflets  disappear  and  phyllodia  (§  307)  take  their  places.) 

1  A.  liitea  Leav.  Prostrate,  herbaceous,  minutely  atrigous ;  stip.  lance-subulate  • 
pm  3  to  5  pairs,  Ifts.  12  to  20  pairs,  very  small  (2"  long);  lids,  oblong-cylindria 
the  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  fls.  yellow,  decandrous;  pods  broad  and 
Hat,  obtuse,  about  6-seeded,  and  raised  on  a  slender  stipe.— Prairies  Fla.,  La  and 
Ala.     Its  herbage  inucli  resembles  Mimosa  strigillosji,  except  the  stipules.     Pods 

o  A^°  T  ^Z^'/  '  ^^"^°'  ^^"^  ^*'P®  '''^°"*  ^"-  ^^■'''  ^'^'^*^'  sensitive,  with  no  glands. 
y  on  1  1  T^"°  ^'^'''*  ^**  glabrous,  unarmed;  pinnoi  S  to  \2  pairs,  Ifts.  20 
•«  -w,  ha.vcd,  acute,  inequilalurai :  gland  depressed  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  •  hds 
pedunculate,  forming  a  terminal  panicle ;  stam.  numerous,  long,  exscrted  —A  very 
ornamental  tree  cultivated  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  the  Gulf  States.  Corollas 
white,  with  purplish  stamens.  Pods  large,  pointed  at  both  ends,  contracted  bo- 
tweeu  the  seeds. 


300 


Order  46— LEGUMIXOS^. 


6    uYMNOC  LADUS.  Lam.     Con.KE   IW      {Gr,  yvf.v6,   n^^ed 
kXcM,  a  shoot;  font,  coarse,  naked  shoots  in  winter^    Flowers  ?? 

tie  tlo-    ^'^"■'  ^ff>^^."^'';  P^t«I«  5,  inserted  into  the  suiLt  of 
I  e  tube ;  stan.ens  10,  distnict,      ?  Calyx  and  corolla  as  above    Lk 
1  ,  legumes  1-celled,  oblong,  very  large,  pulpy  within._A  riend;r  un 
a^^rned  tree  w,th  unequaliy  bipinnatelvs.^  &.  ovate,  acun.inate   ' 

un,t  1  at  base;  petals  3  to  5 ;  stamens  a  to  5,  distinct,  opposite  the 
Zt'  '°'"^,*""^«  ^>'  ^^«^t.on  fewer  or  0  ;  stylo  short,  ofteii  abortive  • 
i  nnLnrr"*;""''"''  ^<^">P''^^^«'^<1>  ^f^"  intercepted  between  the  see  b,' 
a  quantity  of  sweet  pulp.-Trees,  with  supra-axillary,  branched  spLs 
Lvs  abruptly  pinnate  and  bipinnate,  often  in  tho  same  spec  men.^  F  ' 
flmall,  green,  racemous.  ^  ^- 

ils.  greenish,  m  ament-like  racemes  like  tho  other.     Jn  ^  ' 

?■  i'^^I^'^'  ^-     ^'^''''^'     (ricbrew,  Katzioth.)     Sepals  5    scarcelv 

Tnllfn:  ltti^t"T^  "r"^i  P^^^'%''  ""^^i"'^''^"^  notSliona^ut 

pores,  the  three  upper  often  sterile;  legume  many-seeded   1 -celled  or 

many-celled  transversely. -Trees,  shrubs^or  herbs.  Lvs.  simply, Itipt?; 

\^^S^^;:^^jr'^^:^j^-^C.^^,-^ N.,,,. 

a  Oland  «i,  the  p.-tiolo  at  or  nour  the  bnse Nor  <<  4 

1  c.  ohan»cri.ta  1*  "s.:,;  r.^r:  "■'!;;"  rrvr-'  "tr-r '■  ^ 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


301 


equal. — In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Masa  to  La.  St.  about  If  long,  slender,  branching. 
Lfts.  crowded,  4  to  6"  by  1  to  2'',  The  petiolar  gland,  as  in  No.  1,  placed  2  or  3" 
below  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets.  Fls.  very  small  (5'  broad),  pale  yellow,  on 
short  pedicels.  JL — The  leaves  are  quite  sensitive,  closing  by  night  and  when 
touched. 

3  C.  Marlldndica  L.  American  Senna.  Perennial,  smooth ;  lfts.  6  io  9  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  an  obovoid  gland  near  the  base  of  the  common  petiole  • 
fls.  in  axillary  racemes  and  terminal  panicles;  leg.  curved,  12  to  20-seeded. — This 
handsome  plant  is  frequently  met  with  in  alluvial  soils  (U.  S.)  growing  in  close 
masses,  3  to  5f  high.  St,  round,  striate,  often  with  scattered  hairs.  Petioles 
channeled  above,  and  distinguished  by  the  pedicelled  gland  near  the  base.  Lfts. 
1  to  2'  by  4  to  9".  Racemes  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  a  leafy  panicle.  Petals 
brlglit  yellow,  3  erect  and  2  declined.     In  medicine  it  is  a  mild  cathartic.     Aug. 

4  C.  occidentSlis  L.  Annual,  smooth ;  lfts.  3  to  G  pairs,  ovate  or  lance-ovate, 
sharply  acuminate ;  an  obtuse,  sessile  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  fls.  in  axil- 
lary, short  racemes,  and  panicled  above;  leg.  nearly  straight,  2d  to  AQ-seeded. — 
Waste  grounds,  Va.  to  Ga.  (Feay),  and  La,  Stem  stout,  sulcate,  4  to  6f  high. 
Lvs.  1  to  8'  long,  lfts.  2  to  3'.  Stip.  deciduous.  Fls.  large,  yellow.  Pods  strongly 
margined,  rigid,  torulous,     July.     §  Cuba. 

5  C.  obtusifdlia  L.  Annual,  smoolhish;  lfts.  about  6,  obovatc,  obtuse;  stip. 
linear-subulate ;  leg.  very  long  and  narrow,  recurved,  20  to  40-seeded ;  seeds 
longitudinal— Dry  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Plant  1  to  3  to  4f  high.  SL 
round,  striate.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  half  as  wide.  Pods  about  6'  long,  hardly  2" 
wide,  the  seeds  longest,  the  ^ame  way  with  the  pod,  not  transversely  as  in  No.  4. 
Fls.  large,  on  slender  pedicels.     Jl.— Oct. 

6  C.  melanocdrpa  Vegel.  Shrubby;  lfts.  2  or  3  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
rather  aciUi  at  each  end,  coriaceous;  gland  pedicellate;  rac.  pedunculate,  in  the 
upper  axils,  as  long  as  the  leaves. — Ga.  Escaped  from  gardens  (Feay).  Lfts. 
12  to  18"  by  4  to  5".     Fla.  as  largo  as  in  C  Marilandica.    § 

9.  CER'CIS,  L.  JuDA3  Teke.  Red-bud.  (Gr.  KEQKlg,  a  weaver's 
shuttle  ;  sc.  the  legumes.)  Calyx  broadly  canipanulatc,  5-toothed ; 
petals  scarcely  papilionaceous,  all  distinct;  wings  longer  than  the  vex- 
illum  and  smaller  than  the  keel  petals ;  stamens  10,  distinct;  legum« 
compressed,  with  the  seed-bearing  suture  winged  ;  seeds  obovate. — 
Trees  with  simple,  cordate  lvs.  and  rose-colored  tls. 

C.  Canadensis  L,  Lvs.  broadly  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  on  the  veins 
beneath.— A  handsome  tree,  20  to  30f  high.  Mid.  and  W.  States.  The  wood  is 
finely  veined  with  black  and  green,  and  receives  a  line  polish.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  4 
to  5',  entire,  smooth,  7-veined,  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  The  flowers  appear  in 
advance  of  the  leaves,  in  small,  lateral  clusters,  clothing  the  whole  tree  in  pur- 
ple, in  early  Spring.  The  young  twigs  will  dye  wool  a  nankeen  color.  Tiie  old 
author  Gerardo  iu  compliance  with  the  popular  notion  of  his  time,  says  "This  is 
the  tree  whereon  Judas  did  hang  himself,  and  not  on  the  elder  tree,  as  it  is  said." 

10.  CLADASTRIS,  Raf.  Yellow-wood.  Calyx  5-toothed,  teeth 
short,  obtuse ;  petals  of  nearly  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  distinct 
and  straight  like  the  wings;  vex.  large,  roundish,  reflexcd ;  stam.  10, 
distinct ;  filaments  glabrous,  incurved,  fegumo  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped, 
5  or  6-seeded. — A  tree  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  lvs.,  and  pendulous 
clusters  of  white  fls. 

C.  tinctdria  Raf.  Hills,  in  rich  soils,  "W,  Ky.  and  W.  Tcnn.  Tree  20  to  40f 
high,  wiLh  a  smootli  greenish  bark.  Ltts,  t  to  11,  stalked,  oval,  acuminate,  3  to 
4'  long.  Rac.  6  to  10'  long,  compound,  thyrsc-like,  showy,  resembling  tboso  of 
the  common  locust     Leg.  as  long  as  the  leaflets,  very  narrow.     Apr,,  May. 

11.  BAPTIS'IA,  Vent.  Wild  Indigo.  (Gr.  /3o7Trw,  to  dye  ;  a  use 
to  which  souie  species  arc  applied.)     Calyx  4  to  5-cleft  half  way,  per- 


302  Order  40.— LEGUMINOS^. 

sistont ;  petals  of  ubont  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  nearly  distinct 
and   straight;    vexillum   orbicular,   c  margin  ate  ;    stamens   10,   distinct 
deculuous;     lognmc    inflated,    stipitate,    many     (or  by  abortion   few)- 
seeded.—  4    L\  s.  palinately  3-foliate,  or  simple.  '  ^ 

{Leaves  simple.     Floxvei's  yellow 
Lcavi.s8-f,.liute.-Fls.  blue,  in  few  <:\on^Mv^'ra<!emes.'.".'.'. ^os  ]_•! 

— Hs.  whito  in  lew  i.l()ngiiti'<l  rncenifs.  (a)      ' '^ 

—Us.  yellow,  solitary  or  in  short  rnceines.  (b) 
a  Mipiics  leaf-lik.',  longer  than  the  petioles.........  vt.,„  e   . 

a  Stipules  niiidi  shorter,  or  not  lontrer  than  the  petioles v  !  7'  [' 

b  Pe.lic.-ls  not  h.nwr  than  the  ealy.x.    Uryii.K'.Jai'k;:  ■..■"iVos  9  lo 
b  I  edicels  nmch  loncrcr  than  the  calyx.     Dryinjfbright.Nos.  Vl-l'} 

^  ^"  Pf,'^^"'^*^,  ^-  ^^i  fi'abrons  and  glaucou.,  Ivs.  oval,  orbicular,  ,;er^tofe  ■ 
.^■.  ..Wany  ax,««ry._S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Savann.-.l,,  Foay)  in  tho  pino  ^v^oods  St' 
brauclung,  1  to  2t  high.  Lvs.  largo  (2.]  by  2),  ail  t.m.od  one  ,vav,  and  com: 
p le  ojy  dosed  at  base  around  the  stem  or  branch.  C.rolla  6"  long,  o^  a  peSl 
half  as  long.     Pod  large,  inflated.     A  remarkable  Bpeeies.     May-J] 

^  S'rr.'^i°\°^^^-^^   ?^"^^     "^^'''-  '""P'*^'  '*^^*'  -roundish,  cuneiform.;  the  upper 

W.  .lla.  to  Ala.     fet.  nmch  branched.     Lva  small  (7  to  10"  in  l.Agtl,)!  the  upper 
partially  coalescnig  with  the  stipules.     Describe.!  by  Mr.  Nuttall  froin  1  te   m it 
ing  specimens.     Not  .since  found  ?  "•«"  »>om  jaie  irmt- 

^f;."°'^""^^^''*-^7''T'  ^'•''^'•""SJ  J^'S-  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  . sessile :  .tin 
Zi^nl  n'-  ''^'''"'r'' ^i^^f  t-1.  many.Jiatvered;  bracts  ovate,  as  long  as  Z- 
pedices.-Quincy.Fla      Si,  furro«'ed,  bn.nching,  2  to  .^f  high.     Lvs.  large  f  to 

Le^oli^;;l;t'Lr'^J5v^^--  '"•  '''-^''-^^^-^^^^^-'^ 

nialong  erect;  leg.  oblong-oval,  stipo  long  as  the  calyx.-A  luvial  soU     Ohb 

S?J-?,^  'l'''^^^'•     ^'■■'  '"^  ''■  '''*'''^'  ^^'•'^"^•l'^^^-     l'^-*'«'^'«  1  to  G"  long.  '  L 
1|  to  3  by  f  to  1  ,  sometimes  acute.     Stip.  ^o  1'  long.    Fls.  indi-o  blue  larJc" 
very  showy.     Pod  about  2' long.     Jii.-Aug:  Ji«'o"  uiue,  largc, 

SB.  leucophcea  Nutt.     Villous:  petioles  almost  0;    Ids.  oblanceolate,  varvinsr 
it^H      '     ?■  "Ji  \T'''  ^'"'^''  ^'■i<'^J'^i'^r.,vate,  persistent;  rac.  noddiZ^vte 
many  flowers  turned  to  ilw.  upper  side  on  their  long  pedicels ;  kg  ovoid  or  roZdish 
mflated.-Co.umon  iu  wild  prairies,  W.  States  uud  soutlwani.     St.  2  to  3f  iS 

ilac.  20  to  aO-flower.'d,  inclined  horizo:v tally.     Pedicels  1   to  2'  loH<r     CorolL 
very  largo,  ochroleiieous.     Apr.  °      v^ojxwtas 

^oWinceflH'^.^'J';     y'"<"fP»''^««^nV    1-etiofos  ahnost  0;    Ifts.  Ian  co-oblong,  or 
oblanceohuo;  .'^tip.  lan'r-hnear,  persistent;  rac.  long  (erect?)-  Ira^ts  minute  dr 
aduous;  p.d.  notsecund;  l.j.  ol>long.-N.  Car.  to  Ga.,\-are      I^h  n^  of  crie'  t 
pect,  as  well  as  No  5.  2  ,0  3f  high.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  lo.lg,  obtuse,  tai>ering  a    ba^e 
bcconung  smoothisii  wlieu  old.     Fls,  dirty  white,  nearly  1'  long.     Jn    Jl 

7  B.  leucantlia  Torr  .t  Clr.  Glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  petiolato;'  Iftg.  cnnei- 
form-obova  e,  obtus,;  ,(,p.  lancAinear  about  a.v  hn,j  'as  petioles,  often  caduTu'- 
rac  elongated,  erect;  bracts  caducous;  leg.  inflated,  stipitate.l-Conspieuor  u 
rich  soiH  praines,  etc.  W.  States  to  Ga.  and  Fla.  St.  thick.  2  to  <irhigl 
branche,  a.j-.ve.  Rac.  0  to  24'  long,  with  large  whito  fls.  Ms.  1  to  2'  long 
Tho  whole  plant  turns  bluish-black  in  drying.     May— Jl. 

^n^lnfiL^n'^'  '^i\  f''"brous,  fiistigiate-branched  above;  petioles  slender;  Ills, 
clliptic-oblanceolate.  acute  at  base;  slip,  and  brads  minute,  caducous ,•  rac.  erect 
or  nodding,  ou  a  long  peduncle;  pedicels  r.uhcr  longer  than  calyx.    In  rich  soils 

-about  half  as  long.    Fk  pure  white,   riuut  does  not  blacken  in  drying.    Mar  Apr 

Si^°v^?v^n?fn"-K/""'',^'"''^"'^'.^^"'*^'  ^^•^''-  ™l'ses8ile;  l/ts.  nar.-mcl,j 
nonr'^IZr  "?'*".r'''^t<r'  tapering  to  a  potiolule,  obtuse;  stip.  almosi 
fi.  r^A  ^'1  Vf'°^'^.T  «J'0'-t-P'^dicelled;  leg.  ovate-globous.  Pine  woo.l,s 
B.  car.  to  ila.  and  La.    About  2f  high.    FoUage  ycUowiah-grc^n ;  Ivh.  2  to  a^ 


Ohder  46.—  BGUMINOS-<E. 


303 


.Nos.  1_'; 
No.  i 


long,  coriaceous.     Fls.  large,  dull  yellow.     Apr.,  Jb. — Each  plant  forms  a  globu- 
lar mass  which  when  dry,  breaka  away  aud  rolls  about  with  the  wind  frightening 
horses ;  lienee  called  horse-devils. 
j3.  Taller,  branches  less  llcxuous;  Ifts.  obovate,  very  obtuse  ;  fls.  solitary  and 
somowliut  rawemed  at  tho  ends  of  the  branches. — Fla,  La. 

10  B.  tinctdriaR.  Br.  Glabrous,  branching;  Iva.  subsessile;  l/is.  small,  roundish- 
obovate,  acute  at  base,  very  obtuse  at  apex ;  stip.  setaceous,  caducous ;  7ac.  loose, 
terminal;  leg.  subglobous. — A  plant  with  bluisii-green  foliage,  fi-eqiicnt  in  dry 
soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  very  busliy,  about  2f  liigh.  Lfts.  about  7  '  by  4  to  6", 
cmarginate;  petiole  1  to  2"  long.  Fls.  G  to  12  or  more  in  each  raceme.  Petals 
G"  long,  yellow.  Log.  about  as  largo  as  a  pea,  on  a  long  stipe,  mostly  1 -seeded. 
Jl.— Sept. 

11  B.  Lecontii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Somewhat  pubescent;  Ivs.  short- petioled;  Ifts. 
obovate-obloiig ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  fls.,  with  two  bractlets ;  bracts  per- 
sistent; leg.  short-stiped ;  branches,  stipules  and  racemes  as  in  No.  10. — Fla.  and 
S.  (la.     Does  not  turn  blacic  in  drying.     May. 

12  B.  megacdrpa  Chapman.  Glahrnus,  slender;  Ivs.  petioled;  l/ls.  oval;  rae. 
short  and  short-stalked;  stip.  and  bracts  minute,  caducous;  fls.  nodding,  on  pedicels 
shorter  titan  the  corolla;  leg.  large,  (jlnbular,  and  much  inflated. — Near  Quincy, 
Pla.  Fls.  and  Ivs.  nearly  as  large  as  in  No.  0.  Mature  pods  1^'  diam.  Does  not 
blacken  in  drying.     May. 

13  B.  mollis  Mx.  Minntely-hoary-pubescont,  sparingly  branched ;  petioles  half 
as  long  as  the  cuneiform-oblanceolate  lfts. ;  stip.  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles; 
j)edicels  as  long  as  the  fls.,  in  terminal  racemes. — In  mountain  woods,  N.  Car. 
and  Tenn.  (Lookout  Mt.,  Chattanooga.)  A  fine,  bright-flowered  species,  IJf 
high.     Dries  bright.     May,     (Therraopsis  mollis  Curt.) 

12.  FA'BA,  Ma;nch.   Horse  Bean.     Coffee  Bean.     Flowers  as  in 

Vicia,  but  the  seed.s  oblong,  with  a  long  scar  (hilum)  on  the  narrower  end, 
and  leathery,  tumid  legumes. — Lvs.  equally  pinnate,  with  the  tendril 
obsolete  (in  the  following  species).     Peduncle  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

F.  vulgaris  Mcencli.  St.  rigidly  erect,  with  veiy  sliort  axillary  racemes;  lfts. 
2  to  4,  oval,  entire,  niucronate  or  acute;  (tendrils  obsolete  by  cultivation;)  stip. 
seniisagittate,  dentate  at  base. — Native  of  Egypt.  Frequently  found  in  gdrdene, 
but  not  so  much  admired  for  the  table  as  formerly.  Fls.  white,  with  a  largo  black 
spot  on  each  of  the  abe.  Leg.  torulous.  Sds.  very  large,  with  a  largo  hilum  at 
one  end.     (Vicia  Faba  L.) 

13.  CrCER  arietrnum,  the  Chick  Pea,  rarely  cultivated  may  he 
readily  known  by  its  serrated  leaflets,  a  character  quite  strange  in  this 
Order. 

14.  PI 'SUM,  L.  Pea.  (Celtic  pis,  Lat.  pkum,  Eng.  pea,  Fr.  pois.) 
Caly.v  segments  leafy,  the  upper  two  shortest ;  vexillum  large,  reflexed  ; 
stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1);  style  grooved  on  the  back,  villous 
ami  stigniatic  on  the  inner  side  ;  leguuio  oblong,  tumid,  many-seeded  ; 
seeds  globoiis,  with  an  orbicular  hilum. — Herbaceous,  climbing.  Lvs. 
abruptly  pinnate,  ending  with  branching  tendrils. 

P.  sativum  L.  Lfts.  ovate,  entire,  usually  1 ;  stip.  ovate,  scnii-oordate  at  )>ase, 
crenato ;  ped.  sevcnil-flowered. — 'J)  One  of  the  most  valuable  of  leguminous  plants, 
smooth  and  glaucous.  St.  2  to  5f  long,  nearly  simple,  climbing  by  tendrils.  Lfts. 
2  to  ;!'  long,  3  as  wide,  obtuse,  niucronate,  stip.  rather  larger  than  the  leaflets. 
Fls.  two  or  more,  on  :i>;il!iiry  piMhinelou,  l.ar^e,  wliito.  This  plant  !uis  been  cul- 
tivated from  time  immemorial,  so  that  its  native  country  is  unknown.  Tiiere 
are  many  varieties. 

15.  LATH'YRUS,  L.  Calyx  campanulate,thetwo  upper  sepals  shortest; 
stAmens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1);  style  flat,  dilated  above,  ascending, 


304 


Obdeb  46.— LEGUMINOSl<E. 


sYd°e\?cxt  thff*  '"?''  '''*\*^°  ""'^'y^  P"^«««^"t  ^'  villous  along  the  in 

♦  Leaflets  ft  single  pair Sonfhoin   v     i 

*  p'lfl-U  coi.u.K.nly  tli.-,.o  imh-s." '  Kn.]\nM        '  ^"-  ' Kxotic,  Nos.  C_s 

i-cufluta  coiiiiiionly  5  jiairs.    rereiiniul        •'^"s.  2,  H 

La.  A  weak,  8crambl?ng  vino  ff  1  i  To  2  Ion ^  \?  3-flowerod.-^.  c'ar.  I 
tlu-rd  as  long.  Tendrils  branchini  VL*  uurL  ^r «  r  "^'^^ '  '*'P-  "^^"^  « 
seeded.     Apr.,  May.  **"^'"»t.-     ^  is.  purple.     Leg.  Imear-oblong,  15  to  20- 

epeeies,  rare   iu^sl  aCplacos  f^'f ;.^^^^^^^^^^^    thanihekaves.-A  small,  delioao 

^  3'^pa^Sgi;ate''„::;Z'a;o^'£/Trfl'*^'  TT'  "^^^'^-*<^'-  ^«-  2  cr 
A  slender  climber     bund  in  weV  ^r^.o  i         &-^>«'fe'^,  longer  than  the  leaves.- 

slender,  square,  broaSrwingerat  T^^^^^^^  """''^l^^J  ^-  ^"^^  *^  C)r.    St. 

piunat^ci?rhous;  ias.Ua2''S  narrow  ovafo^FT.^'r'''^- ^  *''"  *°"*^'-"^-    ^"• 
gated  with  blue  an  1  purple    ^    Ji  ''^-"^''to.   Fls.  drooping,  rather  large,  varic- 

.4-  MYUTIFOUUS  Gray.     St.  square,  often  slightly  winched   weal-  -  m.      r , 

L^yS^l  a;?)  ''''''-'■^-  '^  '''■  -'^^n^l^irptle^tplf  T 

the  veins  conspicuous.     I'ls    rather  iL,!^  l  V^,'     ^^^-  *'^''*^'  ^^  *<>  2'  by  1', 
narrow.     Jn,  Jl.  -^^^^  '"t^e''  largo  and  showy,  purple.     Leg.  Hat   and 

5  Ik  marftimus  Bw.      Beach  Ppa      <3f    ^  «    t  ^ 
Bhove;  siip.  cordate- hastate.  «ea"va/w.;ct  ^    '^Jo'"'"?"^'"'''^'    P°*«°I^«  ^'^^ 

floweredilA  pale  green  UoS'irre'fbHn'the'T''^''^"^^      P^?'  '"^"^- 
Bandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to  Lab    W   to  (W  "^^^/"^^'"/^^he  common  pe^  foand  on 

nate.    Lvs.  ending  iu  a  bi.^?,i^  tSdrit^  ^tip.  con- 

Fls.  la.^e,  blue.     Say-Jl.  '("S  maSu m  x^"""  ^"™       '""'''  '"^"*- 

arbors,  native  of  England,     ^t^  Cnoi    climMn^     ^^^  ^'f  !^   ^"'^   ^^'^^'^'^^^  «"<! 
Fls^  large,  pink,  clustered  on  a  pelncg'c tlS  Cir'  ^fX"  ""  ^""^" 
7  Ik  odordtua  L.     Swpet  Pp.       t>  ^  »  a  .  »"■, -aug. 

m  J^o,  .re  lurge,  v»rlcg,ted  wUU  rod  aad  ^h!,o     VerS™,''""''-''"'''""'' 
limbs  rigid,  but  wi,i,j;rpa",.'^  "Umately  ontiro  belplesaness,  by  leidcrlug  tlio 


Oedkr  46,— LEGUMINOSiE. 


305 


pinnate,  with  several  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  a  branching  tendril.  Peduncles 
axillary. 

•  Lenflets  about  4  (3  to  7).     Aniuiftl Nos  1    8 

•  Leaflets  about  10  (S  to  24).-l'o(Ium;k.  ,imny  (5— 20)-aowcii(i  i'Jrwiiih'il' '.'.'.".'.'. Nos.'s-S 

— IV(liincli)  fuw 0— 6)-floweio(l Nos.  6,  7 

1  V.  tetrasp^rma  Loisel.     Ped.  1  to  2-Jlowered,  in  ft.  shorter  {in/r.  longer)  than 
the  Ivs. ;  leg.  smooth,  4-seeded ;  Ifts.  4  to  6,  small,  linear,  obtuse ;  stip.  lanceolate 
somi-sagittatc.— Slunder  and   delicate   plants,    banks   of  streams,  &c.,  Can    to 
Penn.     Sta.  almost  filiform,  1  to  2f  long.     Lfts.  6  to  10  '  by  1",  acute  or  obtuse 
Fls.  very  small,  bluish-white,  on  filiform  peduncles.    Leg,  4  to  G"  long,  4-  some- 
times 5-seeded.     Jl.     (V.  pusilla  Muhl.     Ervum,  L.) 

2  y.  acutifdlia  Ell.  Z/fo.'S  to  6,  linear,  acute ;  stip.  lance-linear;  tendrils  mostly 
simple ;  roc.  3  to  d-Jlowered,  longer  than  the  kaves. — Ga.  and  Fla.  Very  slender 
glabrous.  St.  3  to  Gf  long,  climbing.  Lfts.  6  to  12"  long,  1"  wide.  Fls.  small 
(3"  long),  bluish  white.  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  tube.  Pods  1'  lous  about 
8-seeded  (4  to  10).  *" 

3  V.  Americana  Muhl.  Ped.  4  to  8-flowered,  sJiorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  stip.  semi- 
sagittate,  deeply  dentate;  lfts.  10  to  14,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  muoronate,  veined 
somewhat  alternate ;  leg.  oblong-linear,  comprcased,  reticulated. — X.  Y.  W,  to  tlio 
II.  Mts.  Sts.  slender,  1  to  3f  long.  Lfts.  1'  by  5' ,  subsessilo.  Fl-s.  b!u3  or  pur- 
ple. Lower  calyx  teeth  broad-lanceolate,  much  longer  thu:i  tlie  2  upper.  Stylo 
very  hairy  at  the  summit.     May. 

4  V.  Carolini^na  Walt.  Ped.  6  io  10  or  12-flowered,  rather  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  fls.  loose;  teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  tlian  the  tube,  tlio  two  upper  very 
short;  sty.  hairy  at  tin  summit;  stip.  lance-linear,  entire;  lfts.  8  to  12,  hnear-ob- 
long  or  linear,  smooihish ;  leg.  not  reticulated,  oblong.— Woods  and  river  banks 
A  slender  climber,  4  to  6f  long.  Lfts.  6  to  ]  2"  by  1  to  3",  mostly  alternate.  Fls'. 
3"  long,  pale  blue,  the  banner  tipped  with  deep  purple.     May. 

5  V.  Crdcca  L.  Tufted  Yetcii.  Fls.  imbricated,  12  to  20  or  more  in  the  ra- 
ceme; lfts.  12  to  24,  oblong,  puberulent ;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  linear-suhulate,  entire.— 
A  slender  climber,  2  to  3f  long,  about  fences,  hedges,  thickets,  &c.,  lat.  39"  to 
Can.  St.  square,  downy.  Lvs.  of  many  pairs  of  downy,  nmcronate  lfts.,  with  a 
branched  tendril  at  the  end  of  the  principal  stalk.  Lfts.  6  to  8"  by  2  to  3"  peti- 
olulate,     Fls.  bluo  and  purple,  in  a  long,  dense,  one-sided  raceme.     Jl.        ' 

€  V.  satlva  L.  Vhtch.  T.\res.  Fls.  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  subsessile;  lfts.  10 
to  12,  oblong-obovate,  often  linear,  retuse,  rmicronate;  stip.  semisagittate,  subden- 
tate,  dotted ;  kg.  erect,  roundisii,  reticulated,  smoolh.--(l)A  slender  climbing  plant 
found  in  cultivated  fields,  introduced  from  Europe.  St.  decumbent  or  climbing' 
2  to  3f  long.  Lies.  8  to  12"  by  1  to  4'',  lower  ones  near  the  base  of  the  petiole. 
Fls.  palo  purple,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves.     Leg.  1  to  2'  long.     Jn.  § 

7  V.  hirsMa  Koch.  Lfts.  linear,  truncate,  mucronate ;  stip.  semisagittate,  nar- 
row; jjed.  3  to  e.flowered,  shorter  than  leaves;  kg.  hirsute,  2-seeded. — A  creeping 
weed  in  cultivated  fields,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  St.  very  slender,  1  to  3f  long.  Lft;^ 
8  to  20,  4  to  8"  long,  hardly  I"  wide,  broadest  above.  Ped.  axillary,  3  to  6  flow- 
ered. CaL  segm.,  rather  shorter  than  the  bluish  white  corolla.  Leg.  short  witlt 
roundisii,  compressed  brown  seeds.     Jn.     §  f     (Ervum,  L.)  ' 

V.  micrantha  Nutt ,  with  the  fls.  minute  and  solitary  on  the  peduncle  and 
V.  Ludoviciana  Nutt.  (V.  Leavenwortliii  T.  &  G.,  is  the  same  plant  witli  a 
more  slender  habit)  sent  from  W.  La.  (Hale)  have  not  yet,  to  my  knowledge  been 
found  East  ofthe  Miss.  River.  •         «'       " 

17.  ZOR'NIA,  Grael.  (For  John  Zomc,  M.D.,  of  Bavaria.)  Calyx 
bilabiate,  upper  lip  obtuse,  emarginate,  lower  3-cleft ;  corolla  perigy- 
nous,  vexillum  orbicular,  Avith  the  sides  revolute;  stamens  monadel- 
plious,  the  alternate  authors  dilTerent;  legiune  compressed,  of  2  to  5 
roundish  joints.— Herbs  with  palmately  2  to  4-foliate  Ivs.  and  sagittate 
stip.,  which  are  enlarged  above  and  supply  the  place  of  bracts.  (Fig.  1 84.) 
Z.  tetraph^lla  Mx.     Lfts.   4;    siip.  or  bracts  oval,  acute;  leg.  aculeate,  about 

3-jomted.— A  plant  of  many  singular  marks,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tox.    Sis.  proa. 


aoo 


()ui.i.;i{  .i(;.-i,k(h;min()s^.j. 


•  r«l(«,  nIimiiIi  r,  1  to  ■>('  |,,i,,,'      i  i 

^t;.t:;- 1;:.,  r'l- --^ 

r'-va,.;  ;??^ ".  'h..^'  ::;i^';:'7';;;';r''''  viH..i.i,,  ,.,,...,.0,.,;  /,v..  7 ..  ,1 

""^' '"•- --v Ion. ...   :.i:r;; •; "i;. ^''^''^i'-' .'"'>-'^'oia,/a,, v;:, 

S.  olAUor  Swail/..    J'kncil  V, ,>«•.>.,     c.       . 
lV...>r.HJ  will,  vollow  l.risthvs.     llM  yolio;;      •,,     A,'    ••'■"'^"'^^   m  K.ngtl,.     !),,..(« 

,  20  ARACHIS,  AVilM.     ]•..,  N,t    )lii  '' 

ot  'o^>.„KMLs  ovaries,  ».tor  (liwcViuga^tu's;        .  i"  '''''"■'  '"  '  "^  n.ricm«  l,al,it 

^wfi'^**''^".'--   ^^^«'''0N  Senna.    .<?/,  „v>n,/.,  „,,„.,,..-._  .    .     ._, 

m  ^hT»h  ,H>„\  KraiuH.      St,  2  ^  Ki,r  .  r'"'"  ^-^^  ^'^^»"*"""'  ^^'^^  "^'^-^r: 
uKn,t  T.  Imvuily  olnv^niato     1'      .xt l  ? b^^         '''f\  "^V'^'''  '"-""''''^a     I-»la 


OllDi«R  ifl.— LEOUMINOSv*}.  307 

2  C.  vArla  T/,  ffl.  heriiarmua,  croot,  kitiooiIi,  brnncliinp;  Iva.  posflilo,  flmooth ; 
in,H.  11  to  1!),  nil  KUlmc'HHili',  (iblo!i(^,  oIiUisd  ;  urnhiii  loii^-podmiouliito,  10  to  15- 
fb)wcred;  iU.  jiiili"  |(iir|ilr.  -An  I'lr^rnni  Kiiropc-iii  HpodoH,  2  to  4f  high,  crowned 
willi  iiiaiiy  iKiiniHpJiDrii'nl  umbi-lH  1'  iliiiin.     .11. — H('[ir,.  f 

22.  HEDYS'ARUM,  I..  ((Jr.  //'%,  nwoca,  (i\n.)ita,  h.ikjII.)  Calyx 
cleft  into  f)  liiuwir-!siil)iiliiti',  Hiil)(!(|iial  HitLfiiidiits;  kool  (>l)li(|ii()ly  truncate, 
loiiufiT  tlmti  tlid  wiii<i,s;  nt.'fiimiiH  <Iia(l(!lj>li<)ii8  (9  utid  1),  and  with  tho 
stylo  altniptly  limit  ntiur  tliii  Hiiiniiiit ;  hfi^iiiiK!  (loinent)  of  sovoral 
|-'s(!('(l('(l  joints  <!oiiii(!(;to(l  by  tluiir  jniddlo. —  >(  Mostly  liorbaceous. 
Lvs,  uiH'(|imlly  pinnate.     * 

H.  boietUe  Null.  Sis.  erect.;  Ivh.  siil)BeH»ilo,  i)i  G  to  10  jmirs  of  oblonpf,  Rmooth- 
IhIi  HIh.  ;  Htip.  iinilod,  HliealliiiiK',  with  Kulmlate  points;  rae.  spiciU.e,  on  loiij^  ped- 
iineleH;  lis.  nuinoroiiH,  dolli-xeil ;  cal.  teetli  wliorl,  llio  lower  ioii^'est ;  keel  longer 
llinn  the  li.inner  or  winj.i;M;  joinln  of  (he  lo^uino  1  fo  -1,  liiil,  HiihoihiiMdar,  riij^osp- 
relieiilate.-- On  the  precipitous  sides  of  Willoujj^hby  Ml.,  Westnioro,  Vt.  5l)0f 
iihove  the  livko  b.dow,  N.  to  Hudson's  liay.  St.  riKid,  I  to  2f  hi(:h,  very  leafy. 
hllH.  5  to  8'  by  2  to  -t",  obluse-mueronulat  •.  Hue.  2  to  \  1  n\\^,  on  ri^'id  pcdun- 
eiea  :i  to  f)'.      h'Is.  lar^fo  and  hanilsoine,  violet-purple.     .In. — II. 

23.  DESMO'DIUW,  IHI.  (Iledysarnni  L.)  IlrHii  Tukkoii..  ((ir. 
(5k7//(h;,  a  liond  ;  in  refercnco  to  tliii  Klij^litiy  VAmxwvXM  joints  of  the 
lomcnt.)  Calyx  .")-eleft,  bilabiate,  .sotnctime.s  bibractcjolate  at  base; 
vexilluni  roundish;  l^cl  obtuse  ;  stanu'iis  dia<leI|»hons  (1)  and  1),  pome- 
linies  inonadelplious  ;  le;4unH!  (loinent)  coinprossod,  jointed,  constricted 
most  on  the  lowr  (dorsal)  HUture,  the  joints  1-seoded,  separable, 
mostly  aeuleate  and  adhesive. —  4  Herbaceous  or  sulfruticous.  Lvs. 
pinnately  trifoliate.     KIs.  in  racemes  or  paindes,  j)urplish. 

J  liCgutiioN  (listlnclly  stipe  ',  tlio  «tl|ii's  iiliniit  ns  Vwvi  ns  tlio  Joints  (a). 

n  i^li'iiis  |iriislriil,i>,  cri'cpliii.'.     Lfts.  imimikI  or  oviil Nos.  1,  2 

U  Hloni.s  cj'i'ot.     LftH.  ovule,  lirii:t<lly  or  (in  No.  0)  narrowly,  (b). 

b  <'alyx  li'olli  sliorlcr  llinn  tlio  tiitio Nos.  8 — Tt 

b  tiftlyx  ti'otli  loiigor  than  the  tiitje, — nppRrunv  notclicil Nos.  fi— 8 

— upper  ono  entire No.  9 

%  LcgimioH  snlisosNlN",  tlii>  Htlpe.s,  If  iiny,  not  exeoedlnir  the  culyx  (o). 
0  Uriiel.s  hiri;e,  eovorlnji  the  ilower  bails,  cinlueoas  (d). 
0  liritcts  Ineonspienoiis,  .sniallor  tlnti)  the  (lower  liadH  (e\ 

d  Stlpnle.i  larife  ((1  to  !l"  lon^').  oviite-liincoohito Nos.  10,  11 

d  Stl|)illi)»  (pit to  sniiill,  snbnhito Nos.  tli,  13 

e  I.ieiillots  \wito  (2  to  !('  l»y  I  to  2').  ot)loMg-oviite.  .Non.  14,  15 

e  1-eiiltet.s  Hnnill,  orblcnlur  or  oviil No.s.  16 — IS 

e  l.eiillotu  lonjr,  linuiir No.  19 

1  D.  rotruudifdlium  PC.  St.  prostrate,  hairy ;  lfts.  suborhirular,  hairy  on  both 
sides;  liraels  and  stipules  broadly  ovate,  aeuniinato;  me.  Ibw-llowurod ;  lotnent 
comhiiirtl  on  both  ')Uiirijins  nearlij  alike. — A  hairy,  prostrate  i)lant,  2  to  3f  in 
len:j;tii,  Unuid  in  roeky  woods  throughout  tho  U.  S.  Lvs.  of  3  roundish  lfts.,  palo 
beneath,  I  to  2'  tliain.,  on  hairy  stalks.  Slip.  (?ordate,  roflexed,  hairy.  I'ls. 
purple,  in  axillary  and  torniinal  raeoiues.     I'ods  about  G-jointed.     Au"'. 

2  D.  huniifilijum  Jk'ck.  St.  procumbent,  striate,  nearly  smooth ;  Ifus.  oral,  snb- 
pubeseeut;  stip.  lance-ovato ;  rac,  axillary  and  torniinal;  lommt  slightly  con- 
slrirtfii  on  the  uppi'r  margin,  of  2  to  4,  obtusely  4-anglod  joints. — Woods,  Waltham, 
Mass.  (Hijjolow),  IVnn.  (Muhl).  A  spt.'cies  nnich  resoinblinf?  tho  last,  but  tho 
whole  plant  is  much  smoother,  with  smaller  and  narrower  bracts.  St.  2  to  3f 
long.     J/I'(s.  oval  or  ovato,  subacute.     Aug. 

3  D.  uudiflorum  DC.  Lfts.  roundish  orate,  hlwnthj  acuminate,  8lifj;litly  glaucous 
beneath;  .vc(i;)e  radical,  panieled,  smooth;  joints  of  (he  lonient  obtu.sely  triangu- 
lar.— L'onnuou  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Jt  is  remarkably  di.stinguislied  by  hav- 
ing its  leaves  and  (Is.  on  separate  stalks  often  distant  from  each  other.  St.  8  to 
10'  liijj;h,  with  several  tornate,  long-stalked,  smoothish,  terminal  lvs.  Scape  2 
to  3f  long,  slouder,  smooth,  leafless,  panicled,  with  nmuy  small,  purple  flowers. 
Aug, 


808 


Order  46.-LEGUMIN0S^. 


4  D.  acu^in^tum  DC     Pinnt  r.i.,.„f     •     , 

long  peduncle—Common  in  wo  ^  U  S  ^  H^P  °"^"Lv  ^'""-  ^'•""""^  «"  «  vS 
a  slender  pauiclo  I  or  2Clon.r  Tv'^  .T;;,  '  '  ""^  ^""-  St.  8  to  12'  J.i^ri?  endim.  i^ 
terminal  111.  roundmh,  y  d  Sn  Menl  m^' "'^  n"  "'":?  and  below  tho  pa  .id  '' 
scattered,  approsHod  hains  a  \^  n.n  .  i  "™'''"'-''''  ""  °''  tii«m  covered  witi; 
^  Pods  of  abo'Jt  3  triangSlS  ji:""ji:;7„^.'^  ^'"^'•^'-     '^''^-  ^'»«"'  "osh-coIoTol': 

meu.bra„,,us°I^lTben;atlf8cXSnubts1?fnr!^       T"''  'l^forsely  hairy ;  ]ft, 
lateral  o.ie.s  inequilatoral-ome  af  IK '    ^  I     '""'''''  """  rhomboidul' 

5  D.  panicuiatum  DC.     Erect    sln,„ln.  ,      . 

obtuse;  stip.  suWlate,  deciduou; ;  «"  ^  ,'  lo.'w^  ?frT'  f ^  ''«««!7-/an...to, 
paniced  racemes;  lomont  of  about  3  tH™/        -^  ^  """^  slender  pedicels  i, 

7  D.  viridifldrum  Bock     St   Proof  ^ 
omfe  mostly  obluso,  scabrous ' -^^yo  soSulP^T''^  *''"''  ^'"'•'^t^™»«  above ;  //& 
acummate,  ca.lucous;  panicles  ve^-'loTleafc  «tip.  ovate-lanceolato 

tlinco  longer  than  the  upper;  \Z^ TA!^a,T'  'r'"  •''""'"''*'>« ''^iry  calyv 
Y.  to  Fla.  and  La  .St.  3  iS  4f  ifc  1,  ridd  br  '*'T'''V.'''"'"-~---^""^ial  soils,  N 
violet,  turning  green  in  withering.''   Leg  i  to  2'  Jonl;         ''  '  ^°  ''  ^°"S-     C«™"a 

^^^^SL  £:r^^>S,  ^^f7P'^-t;  ivs.  on  longpo- 
elongated  pedicels;  bracts  ovate  verv sm^^h  '^f  "'"'P'^''  ^^'-  '^  P^lrs,  on 
the  upper.-Woods,  N.  J.,  Ilurner^s  K  '  '  ,'°^^'«'',f'aly-^  tooth  twice  longer  than 
Besmodia,  2  to  3f  hid,  '  L<t?rL,  ''  ■''"'^  southward.  The  smoothest  of  on? 
eels  5  to  8"  long.  S'purJ^l'.'-  jITs  'oSrr  \^°  ''  '°"^'  §  ^  ^  I'eT 
A  MoxoPiiYLLUM.     Dwarf;  smaller  in  Jm    r'"'.^  '°  *'  l-alf  rhombic.     Sept, 

^unzlohate;  rac.  simplo.-Uxb'ridge  lK,ss.     jRloarr)     '  "'^'■>' «'"°«"^;  ^^wer  Iv's. 

b'^tlSf^ji^^^^^^^  .brous-pubescont 

entire  one;  loment  nearly'straTgl  t  o^tho  I  IV'^'^i^  ^'T'''^  ^'^'  '"   I'e  uppe 

-lu  shades,  Car.  (Ell.  Curtis)?  ^ii^"  ge^^"'''^'  ^'"^  "^^^^^^  4  h..         .„i,ic  join^S 

acumiS"  o^?t?p*"ScIol'ie*subulato  • 't'J^^^        ^{^-  '^^(foval,  or  en         harply 
tered  fis. ;  bracts  deciduous  ov.^i  1 .'     •  °-  ?«"'«"'"'«.  terminal,  large   n,        .^t 

Bubovah     A  larger  s;trtha"titrrT^^^^^^^  ^ 

Can.     St.  branching,  erect,  4  to  5f  hi^l       t  r?    ?/ ,  ^^'  '"'^"^  "'  «'oods,  U. .-       1 
^'?-     ^:!'P-  and  bracts  8  or  9-  iZ     sf;i'L^  J.^"^'  .^'''^it.  "^  base,  smoc 


Fls.  large  (8"  long), 
-A-ug.     (D.  bracteo- 


entire.  fetip.  and  bracts  8  or  9"  lonf  Sf  "i  "  '7'^'  "' 
purple.  Pods  in  about  G  inLa  ^"  ^*'P^'^  subulate, 
sum  DC.)  ''  J'""*^'  ^««S.  pendulous,  rough. 

"£"?P"  r^"'  -/i-ilS?;r*:r'£  ''S  -^^«-^^«..  scabrous  on 
minal,  very  long,  densely  canesoent  niS'  •    ^f'  ^^T'''  acuminate;  pan.  tor- 
upper  hp  of  the  calyx  nearirentire~V&-'^^^^^^^  lon.ent  obliquely  oval  • 
r.glit    branching  plant,  with  verv  W  n      'l  ^^  f'^'  ^"^  ^^'^^  '^"^  La.     An  np. 
purple  within.  ^S?  ^f 'hig'   p^uZcent  Todf  f  fT'^'?'  ^'•^^'^'■«'»  ^^t-na%, 
on  the  lower  side.     Jl.,  /ug.^  (D.Tkinianum  Bee"    '■^""*'^'^'  "°^^  ^^^^^^^^^ 
12  D.  Canad^use  DC.     St.   r^nbe'-crnt-    ;-       -;       , 
^oorA;  fp.jtli/orm;  bracts  ovate" lon^' J,    •  "f'"'^:^"'"''^^''    o^^t»«e.  «««^^y 
loment  obtusely  triangular,  hiS-Sfhpro  '"^'''"  ■'■  '''''"'''^'  J«i"'s  of  ti,o 
h\d.     A  handsome  plant  3f  hXight      St  .fnTT^.'?'  '^'^'^'^  ^'•^"•'  !'«""•  and 
wide,  with  G  paira  of  straightish  v^£    vt  "W^  '^H''^-     L^^-  2  to  3'  long,  1' 

fa  iisn  veins.     Fla.  purple,  about  as  large  as  in  No.  10 


OnuER  4G.— LEGUMINOS^.  sqjj 

in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Bracts  conspicuoua  before  /lowerinir.     Pods 
about  5-jointed. 

13  D.  sesoi  ifdHnm  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  oroct,  tomentous-pubescont ;  lv3.  sessile, 
Ifls.  huear  o.  hnear-oMong,  obtuse  nf  each  end,  scabrous  above,  softly  tomentous  be- 
neath; stip.  subulate :  pan.  of  spicate  racemes,  very  long;  bracts,  minute-  lei? 
small,  hispid,  of  2  to  3  senil-orbicular  joints.— Woods,  the  W.  States  and  Tex  St 
2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  about  2'  hy  •'.     Fls.  small,  numerous  and  crowded.     Aug,  * 

14  D.  Dill^nli  Darl.  riant  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  Ifts.  oblong,  villous  beneath : 
stip.  sulmlUe;  rac.  panicled;  joints  of  tho  loinent  '{,  rhomboidal,  rcfic\ilato  a  little 
hairy,  connected  by  n  narrow  noi.'k.— Moist  soils,  N.  and  W.  Statr-s.  Ft  sulcate 
scabrous,  2  to  3f  high.  U\h.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  smooth  above.  Panicle  laree' 
terminal,  naked.     Fls.  purplS.     Jl.     (D.  Marilandicum  DC.) 

15  D.  n'gidum  DC.  Erect,  branching,  scabrous,  pubescent;  Ifts.  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  terminal  ono  tlio  longest;  petioles  short,  hairy;  stip.  ovate-acuminate,  dil- 
ate, caducous,  rac.  paniculate,  v(>ry  long;  kg.  with  2  to  3  oUquely  oval  or  semi- 
ohovate  joints.— \U\\^  and  woods,  Mtuss.  to  La.  St.  2  to  3f  high;  often  with  numer- 
ous long,  erect,  rigid  branches.  Lfts.  1  to  3'  long,  J  as  wide,  rather  coriaceous, 
reticulate-veined.     Fls.  violot-purplo.     Aug. 

16  D.  cili^re  DC.  Erect,  slender,  scabrous-pubescent;  Ivs.  crowded,  on  short 
hairy jietioles ;  lfts.  small,  ovate,  short-stalked,  pubescent  beneath,  dilate  on  tho 
margin;  stip.  Jili/orm,  caducous;  pan.  terminal,  lower  branches  much  longer- 
joints  of  the  short  siiped  lament  2  or  ?,,  obliqutly  roundish,  hispid,  reticulate  — 
Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  La.     Hight  2f     Fls.  purple.     Aug. 

17  D.  Marildndicum  Boott.  Erect,  branching,  hairy;  lfts.  ovate,  obtuse,  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  the  lateral  onus  as  long  as  tho  petioles  ;  stip.  subulate  ;  pan  ter- 
miiial;  loment  sHpe  as  long  o.s  calyx,  joints  1  or  2,  obluiuely  obovate.—W  ooda  N 
States  to  Fla.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lfts.  6  to  12"  by  4  to  8".  Fla.  violet-purple." 
small.     Aug.     (D.  obtusum  DC.)  i"    V   > 

18  D.  linedtum  DC.     Slender,  assurgent;  st.  finely  striate  with  colored  lines: 
Itts.  small,  roundish  oval,  smoothish,  green  both  sides;  rac.  terminal  and  lateral 
very  long  and  loose ;  hment  quite  sessile  in  the  calyx,  joints  about  2   roundish 
oval.— Dry  woods,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  2  or  3f  long.     Lvs.  ou  short  stalks- 
lfts.  6  to  12    diam.,  quite  obtuse.     Fls.  and  leg.  small.  ' 

19  D.  strictum  DC.  Erect,  slender,  nearly  glabrous ;  lvs.  petiolate  ;  lfts.  linear. 
elongated,  coriaceous  and  reticulately  veined,  mucronate;  stip.  subulate-  pan 
slender,  few-flowered;  leg.  hispid,  incurved,  of  1  to  3  Innately  triangular  joints* 
with  a  filiform  isthmus,  the  stipe  shorter  than,  or  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  -^ 
Fme  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  about  3f  high.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3" 
longer  than  the  petioles.  Fls.  small,  purple,  on  slender  pedicels.  Auc  (D 
tenuifolium  T.  &  G.)  »•     v  • 

24.  LESPEDE^ZA,  Mx.  (In  honor  of  Lespedez^  Governor  of  Flori- 
(In,  wlio  protected  Michaux  in  liis  travels  there.)  Calyx  6-parted,  bi- 
bracteolate,  segments  nearly  equal ;  keel  of  tho  corolla  very  obtuse,  on 
slender  claws ;  legume  (loment)  lenticular,  compressed,  small,  unarmed, 
indehiscent,  1 -seeded.— Genus  taken  from  Hedysarum.  2^  Lvs.  pin- 
nately  trifoliate,  reticulately  veined. 

I  Flowers  nil  comnlote.    Calyx  villous.  Ions.    Cor.  whitish  with  a  purplo  spot Nos  1  9 

S  I'ls.  partly  apotalous.    Calyx  sbort.    Ooiolla  violet.— Stems  uprislit!... ......:  ....N,)s.  8,4 

— Stems  prostrate No.'  6 

1  L.  capitita  Mx.  Bush  Clover.  Lfts.  elliptical,  silky  beneath;  stip.  subulate- 
fascicles  of  fls.  ovate,  subcapitate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillarv;  loments  hairy' 
shorter  tlian  tho  villons  calyx.— An  erect,  hairy,  half  shrubby  plant,  in  dry  soils! 
Can.  to  Car.  St.  nearly  simple,  villous,  2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  numerous,  on  short 
petioles,  consisting  of  H  coriaroons  Ifts.  Lfts.  1  to  1  J'  by  3  to  6",  nearly  smooth 
above,  covered  w/th  silky  pubescence  beneat-h.     Aug.,  Sept.     (L.  frutescens  Ell ) 

I'i.  ANGUSTiFOLfA  Ph.     Lfts.  linear,  smooth  above.     (L.  angustifolia  Ell.) 

2  L.  hirta  Ell.  St.  vUlous;  lfts.  roundish  oval,  pubescent  beneath;  rac.  capitate, 
axillary,  oblong,  lorig&r  than  the  leaves;  uor.  and  loment  about  as  long  as  tUa 


310 


Order  4G.— LEGUMIN'OS^. 


iK^ijef "^"^^  -  "^-^-  ^^-^  ^'>  ^^■^^-^"'-  via.  ^^^?JJ 

*Si„^  W°r  ^^''l*   ^''■^"'^  '''■  '^^"'""«'  m>-i",jl,j  pubescent;  l/t,.  oval,  varyino  to 
rdc.  axillary  knv-Howered,  tho  apotalous  ones  Kooerally  below  nnd  finh«Rs,ii,> 
log.  round,sh.ov^,e,  being  nm.h  lon.^r  tl.aa  Ihotalyx.-^lSy  ^Ld",  G  n  3  U 
S.     bts.   1  to  2f  high.     Cor.  3   to  4"  long.     Pods  about  2"  loiwr      T      An^ 
Vanes  gradually  into  tho  followin<r  diverHo  extremes  ^'         '  ^^■~~ 

complete,  and  near  tho  upjier  part  cftho  brancho.s;  rt.  strong  creepinrst. 
clustered,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect  ai'o'ife,  creepmg,  sts. 

A  SESSlUFLon.i  T.  &  G.  Utn.  Hmn]\'(:i  to  G  to  8"  by  1  to  2")  oblon-  to  linp.r 
longer  than  tho  pctiole.s;  11,.  n.oHlly  apetalous,^immtTouri  axillary  2' 
merules;  st.  erect  branched.     (L.  ae.^iliHora  Th  ^  ^ 

y.  RETICULATA.     Lfts.  all  linear  no  fn  l«"  h,r  o  "t    •>"\      •   -i 

^ra;r,z^urrT^;»s:uTr  *" ''"'"°""' '"'  "■'  "•■• 

y.FEAYANA.     Smoothish ;  sts.  decumbent  and  assurgent;  Ifts  obovatc    twiro 

&ar  X'fr' a''  "PP"  r'-  t"^'^*^^  -d\earing\apetlu's  fl  .- 
JsavannaH.     (J?eay.)    Appears  intermediate  between  Nos.  3  and  5. 

25.  GENISTA,  L     Dyer's  Broom.     Woad-waxen.     (Celtic,  ^o, 

Fr.,  ffcnct ;  a  small  shrub.)     Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  2-parted  an  iS 

ower  3-too  lied  ;  vcxillum  oblori;  keel  01,10.^  sca/cel/h     udtn.  the 

stamens  and  stylo;  stigma  involute;  stamens  nlinadelphous.-Shrubbv 

plants,  with  simple  Ivs.  and  yellow  fls.  ^^nuuuy 

The  wh„,3  pun.dye,  yollot,  a'itl'it^Vv'oa^tX    14"  ^ 
26.  CROTALA'RIA,     L.      Rattlk  1>od.     (Or    ,n6raXov    ■,  r^M^- 
from  the  rattling  of  the  loose  .ee,fc  i„  the  l.oVn/ pffi     fllvx  6™    ft 

10  TOOTadelpho  .s;  KLamcntous  shonth  cleft  on  the  upper  side-  legume 
■aoa,  ueia^  a.  H.  to  Ark.     St-  herbaceous,  rigid.     Lva.  oltcraatc,  cniia-,  nesrlj' 


OUDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^ 


311 


eessilo,  rounded  nt  the  base.  Its  most  romarkublo  foaturo  is  the  opposite,  united, 
decurreiit  stipules,  so  situated  tiiat  each  pair  appears  inversely  sagittate.  Sep. 
long,  liairy.     Cor.  small,  yellow.     Sd«.  fbw,  rattling  in  the  turgid  pod.     Jl. 

2  C.  ov^lis  I'h.  Perennial,  hairy,  diffu-w ;  lu.i.  simple,  (-vol  and  elliptic,  on  very 
short  pt'tioles ;  fiiip.  ftw,  small  or  minuk,  partly  docarrent ;  pedicels  long,  3  to  6- 
flowered;  ci>r.  longer  tlian  the  cat. — In  sandy  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Rt. 
strong,  fusiform.  Sts.  annual.  4  to  10  to  12'  long,  prostrate  or  iiHSurgeut ;  Ivs. 
about  r  long.  Fls.  rather  showy  and  remote,  with  minute,  lanceolate  bracts. 
Pods  1'  long,  rattling.     Ap. — Jn. 

3  C.  Piirahil  DC.  Perennial;  .slender,  n-ssurgent,  nearly  smooth;  Ivs.  simple, 
obbny-linear  or  linear,  subaessilo  ;  slip,  narrowly  dectarent  through  tlie  whole  inter' 
node;  podieels  long,  5  to  7-llowered;  cor.  as  long  as  the  cal. — In  damp  shades,  S. 
Car.  to  Fla.  ami  L:i.  Sts.  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Poda  much  inflated, 
black,  horny,  and  rattling  like  tho  other  species  whun  fully  ripe.     Apr.  Jl 

27.  LUPI'NUS,  Touni.  Lupine.  (Lat.  lujms^  a  wolf;  because  it 
overruns  the  field  mid  devours  its  fertility?)  Calyx  deeply  bilabiate; 
upper  lip  2-cIeft,  lower  entire  or  3-tootlied  ;  wings  united  at  the  sutu- 
mit;  keel  faleate,  acuininute ;  stanieiis  luonadelphous,  the  filamentous 
sheath  entire ;  anthers  alternately  oblonfr  and  globous ;  legume  coria- 
ceous, conii)ressed. — Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Lvs,  palmately  5  to  15 
foliate,  rarely  unifoliate. 

1  L.  villosuB  Willd.  Unifoliate,  densely  silky-tomentotis ;  sts.  decumbent-assur- 
gcnt ;  lvs.  large,  elliptic-oblong,  long-petioled  ;  rac.  terminal,  long,  dense-fiowered. 
— A  very  showy  plant  in  the  i)in'J  barrens,  etc.,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  Plant  1  to  2f  high, 
remarkably  clothed  in  silky  wool,  the  lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  mostly  at  tho  base,  and 
the  numerous  (50  to  100),  large,  violet,  and  roseate  {lowers  above  them.  Pods 
covered  with  shaggy  wool,  oblong,  4  or  5-seeded.     Apr.,  Jn. 

13  DiFFbsus  T.  &  G.  Somewhat  branched  at  base,  and  diffuse ;  lvs.  shorter 
(2  to  3'),  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  sotl-silky,  but  hardly  tomenlous;  pods  very 
silky.—Near  Savannah,  etc.  (Feay  and  Pond.)    (L.  diffusug  Nutt.) 

2  L.  perennia  L.  Minutely  pubescent,  5  to  1 -foliate;  lft.s.  oblaneeolate,  mucron- 
atc;  11-!.  alternate;  calyx  without  appendages,  upper  lip  emarginate,  tower  en- 
tiro. —  If  In  sandy  woods  and  hills,  Can.  to  Fla.  It  is  a  beautiful  plant,  cultivated 
in  gardens.  It  is  often  called  suti-dial,  fronv  the  circumstance  of  its  lvs.  turning 
to  lace  tho  sun  from  morniug  till  night.  St.  erect,  soft,  smoothish,  a  foot  high. 
Lvs.  soft-downy,  on  long  stalks;  Ifts.  IJ  to  2'  by  4  to  6",  lanceolate,  broadest 
above  the  middle.  Fls.  blue,  varying  tO'  white  in  a  terminal  spike  or  raceme. 
Hay,  Jn. 

3  L.  polyph;^lIu8  Lindl.  Tall,  11  to  lH-foliafe;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  sericeous 
beneath  ;  Hs.  alternate,  in  a  very  long  raceme ;  pedwels  longei  than  the  lanceo- 
late, deciduous  bracts ;  cal.  obracteolate,  both  lips  subentire ;  leg.  densely  hairj'. — 
71  A  splendid  ornament  of  the  garden  from  Oreg.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Rac.  a  foot 
or  more  long.  Fls.  scattered  (subvertieillate  in  /3.  grandifolius,  Lindl.),  white, 
purple,  or  yellow,  in  different  varieties.  \ 

4  L.  Nootkat^nais  Donn.  Nootka  Sound  Lupine.  t?L  villous,  with 
long,  spreading  hairs,  5  to  9-foliate ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  attenuate 
at  base,  sericeous  beneath ;  cal.  very  hairy,  both  lips  nearly  entire  ;  bracts  linear, 
hairy,  longer  than  tho  calyx. — A  handsome  species  from  tho  N.  ■We3t  Coast,  2 
to  3f  high,  in  gardens.     Fls.  purple,  f 

5  L.  arbdreus  L.  Tree  Lupine.  Shrvbby ;  fls.  j'ollow,  in  whorls;  cal. 
appendaged,  lip  acute,  entire — A  handsome  exotic  shrub,  6f  high,  with  large, 
yellow  fis.  f 

Wm.— SeviTiil  (innnal  species  nro  ocensioniilly  sown  in  pnrdens,  fW  L.  aliiub,  with  white  fls. ; 
L.  I'li.usu.-^,  with  robo-ootorod  Ss. ;  L.  urTEis,  with  yciiow  lla. ;  aiitl  L.  iiiRSUTUS,  with  blue  Ss. 
unci  an  ujipendftfred  cnlyx. 

28.  LABUR'NUM,  Beuth.  Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
2,  lower  3-toothed  ;  vexilhun  ovate,  erect,  as  long  as  the  straight  wings; 
filaments  diadelplious  (9  il-  1)  ;  legucue  continuous,  tapering  to  tho 


I»«wt',  •tovoial  H(«o(h'«|.— ()ii,.iih.l    «i.  .    1         •      . 

•.»t.'i,v  ..if„ii„i„.  Ki,.  „;,':;',';';,„',i;',:;''™  -'-"^  ->■•  i™..  l...  p.,. 

Z""^,  ,uum,mt.;  m...  Hi.,„.l.,  .,|..,  1  L    „  n  i!  I"""'";  '";*•  "'''""K-ovato,  ,„«„„, 
f  (('.vliH.iH  h-.l.un.uia  I,.)        '''""^■♦"""J'     Mm.  num..r.MH,  larK-,  in  rue.  n'  u";U; 
a  L.  •Ipiiuim  I..      Arli«irtH.>.iii-  //>.     n 

v..n..u.  .\l,.ino,.OKi.,nMu    Kuron  Tko.h    'i'"'''''    '''':•    •'"''  '''>^''''    ""<i  -     1 

'"  *■'  ''•^"•"I'-'l.  |U"rsist.:nt ;  ,u.|,:is ?,  f  '  i  i    '''-^  \/"  '"'»V'>-  nunpann- 

;•-...    .I.o,.t....    ,|.„.    rlM.^d    ;    .       :^^^^^^^  ""^    vc.x.lh,,,.; 

'•..".n.o^h..,,.  nu.,n!>..an..us.  n  os.l        ,     J     /''^^^^^^^  ('»,  »"•!    '): 

»^>"«vr  (I,,,.,   tlu.  <.alvv,  -J  t  ,  4-s.h.|  i     '    ''T\^  ''.''  '""'  "''"'•••^ly 

f'"'"'"^'  '>'  "•i'olint.-r  It  s.  >   ,h  ^  n    .   ;      '"''  /""""-  '-ll<'-hH.      Lvs^ 
'"  <l<''.s.-  lM.a.Ls  or  spiktV  -^    '  "'■""■'■'•''  '••"••"l'"«''l  v.'i.m.     K|, 

lte;:>^i4x^ip^^^^^^^  ^„^,_^ 

-  «ul*...v>l  o.  „„»„,•  .l..||,.xo.l,  lb 

1  T  proortmben.  L     Vkm.uw   (YovKr^''V""''''" '■''''"''"• -^''^'^'^ 

low  tlu.  ttTM.inal  ,.ao.      Il.k  2   ».,'«•        ^^"*'"- '">wnl  on.s  j,Im-od  I  to  2  '  be. 
«U.nK'tl.  n-tloxoU.     J„..  Ji  -^  ^^  ,.!:;,.;    *'"""-  ^"'  ^'^"'^l^''-  IHHluudes  1   Jc.g.     i^^ 

lary  p.vhuu-lo.;  lo,..  aln  ut  V-vo  i^     "  i     ^m  •'"^'"""•^: '"'^N  i>n  ven^  lon^.  axil. 

than  ,1,0  Ivs.     Fl=.  ihita     Mav^.s.nu     lL^^"'^    ^Y}  ""^'"'"^'  '""^'^  1«"*^* 

Ik^aiKvniaio;  hds.  umlH-l-lLke'  cat  Zl'ih  Z^^^ '''  '",""  ™">»V'Mato ;  stip.  loatv, 
4-^HUHi-3>  Prairit>«  a.ui  mlaauw^.  ;?„  M?^:'*;  ^^''^o*^^'  '^*  "''■ '  '*^»^'-  «»>«"» 
•uW^lo,  7  to  8'  by  4  to  5    .  p^.ul.  i  to  -Mon  '  t,  1  ^ \-  '  '"  ''   '"^'•'-     ^^ 


OlHiKii  4(}.-Li;(; UMINOSiK. 


:tin 


6  T.  Btoloiilfdrum  Mulil.  <J!alirou.i,  <  ri-i  piti^' ;  l)l■f^n^■llc•.^  nxillnry,  nwiiullic^ 
iliiiil;  III-'.  Iiiduillij  I'liriiiilat,;  diutinilatf. ;  wtip.  Inily,  ovulo-liiiutcoliiUi,  uuntiiinaUt; 
lit.  lixfHO,  uiiilM'lliito-cupiliiti" ;  i-al.  Uelh  not  Ualf  the.  knyth  of  lite.  evr. ;  lc(^.  about 
•jhoiiiIkiJ. — Kiolilrt  itttil  wooili,  \V.  Sliit<'H.  Sis.  (I  to  12'  loiiK,  Hi-vtiiil  to^otlior. 
Umimln'rt  '.\  ti»  1  IiikIi,  (<i'ii»!nilly  willi  oiu'  liiact  wliicli  Ih  l'  diairi.  l.llx.  0  to  10  ' 
hy  5  to'J  '.     FN.  \vliiti>,  tTi'i-t.  I)iit  ill  triiif,  nil  rdloxnil.     Miiy,  Jii. 

7  T.  arveiiBB  I..  II'U.  cyhiMiiiial,  miv  Imir;,  ;  <m!.  tcctli  wtaocoUM,  loiiffor  llmti 
tluui  III !  I'or. ,  illH.  narrow -uliovi. In. —  I.  A  lnw  plant  in  dry,  Huiidy  lIcUU,  Mo.  to 
Fla.  HtH.  inii.'!i  lifiinclaiil,  jouml,  liaiiy ;  <'i  Id  12  liigli.  Jam.  liairy,  on  Hliort 
|H-l,ii>li's,  ul' ;i  narro.v  ItU,  ^  to  I  U»n;.<.  IIiIm.  ct*  wlilto  or  pah  ro<l  tl^.,  1' lon^, 
very  Molt  ami  downy,  tlm  hl<'nd(r,  ciiual  calyx  Ici  t''  'l('in^(dl•n^«•ly  rrinj,'t'd  with 
lino  Hilky,  rod  lis! I  liairs,  ami  projcclinj^  liu"  boyond  llio  corolla.    Jl. — Anj,'.  J^  Kur. 

8  T.  pratfinae  L.  IIkk  Ci.ovku.  Ahcendinf?,  thinly  hiisntc;  {f'/n.  utittted,  ova], 
cntin';  nip.  onalf,  cuHpidali'-acinninali);  fifinii  urssUf;  lower  toolli  of  llio  cal. 
longer  llain  tlio  four  otliors  wliioli  urn  (xpial. —  ll  This  is  llio  coiinnoii  rod  clovor 
HO  oxtnnsivi'ly  (-idtivatud  in  j^nms  lamls,  with  InTds'  ^rass  (I'hlouni  prateii8t>)  and 
othor  >^rimi'.s,  and  ollon  aloiio.  Sts.  mivoral  from  tlio  Banio  loot,  liairy.  liV.s.  tor- 
iiatc,  tlio  Ills,  ovatit,  lightor  colored  in  tlu>  ccntor,  ontiro  and  nearly  Binooth,  Fls. 
rod,  rikroly  whito,  swout-Huoiitod.     All  yiiiniiiur.     §  Kur. 

9  T.  mddium  U  'Aut^'/.\^^  (jWVKH.  fit.  suboroft,  brnnchinp,  floxiious,  nearbj 
(jlahwus;  Ifts.  )ii>l  spolM,  oblonjf  or  olliptieal,  Hubentiro;  Ktip.  InnreulUe,  »i-\m\»\- 
iito;  hds.  ovoid-ijluhom,  peditnculiitf,  eal.  tooth  Hotaceous,  liairy. —  2|  la  meadow,'*, 
Danvcr.s,  Mass.  (Oakes).  lids,  of  fls.  larger  than  in  T.  pratenso.  Cor.  doop  piir- 
plo.     IjVS.  of  a  imiforin  k''^"'"-     §  i'''"". 

10  T.  inoaru^tum  li.  St.  oroct,  (loxuous ;  ^l.i.  ovate-orfnailar,  obtuso  or 
obrordalo,  hohsiIo,  eronato  ,villi>w ;  npikc.  douse,  ohhnij,  oblnso,  pedunculate;  Cttl. 
lootli  ,s(>tai;ooiis,  villous. — (\i  A  lino  Bpocies  from  Italy,  oeeanionally  onltivatod  ns 
a  bordor  tlowor,  ami  has  betJii  projiosud  (Dr.  Dowoy  Uop.  Herb.  PI.  Mass.)  for  cul- 
tivation as  a  valuable  plant  for  liay. 

30.  MEDICA'GO,  L  Mkdh^k.  ((Jr.  ^itcVtK?/,  lucorno;  from  Moilia,  its 
niitivo  country  i)  (-iilyx  5-clel't;  corolla  deciduous,  voxillum  froo  and 
reiuoto  from  the  keel ;  Icojmiio  varioii.sly  (tiirvcd,  or  spirally  coiled  or 
twisted. — Herbs  or  sliridis  with  piiiiiiitely  3foliato  Ivs. 

♦  r(«lssin(X)lli...     N..S.  I, 'A«.  ♦♦  rodftiiplny Niw.  4,  6,  C. 

1  M.  liipulfna  li.  Ni)Ni'-sU(ni.  Procmnhent,  puhesceni ;  Ifts.  ohovaie,  ohtnao,  c\i- 
in'nto  ut  base;  p,-(.  inuch  louj?orthau  tlio  leaves,  toith  an  ohimij  spike  of  amall  yel- 
low Jtowers ;  pods  ri'nilbriii,  1 -seeded. — i,l)  i-'ield.s  and  waato  grounds,  Can.  to  Fla. 
Sus,  G  to  20' lo-.ig.  Pods  black  when  ripe,  ua  largo  usi  a  pin-head.  May — Oct. 
i^  Kur. 

2  M.  sativa  \..  I.iieKUNK.  En-d,  glahrorts ;  IfL-i.  ohlong-ohlanceolate,  looihod  nbovo, 
niueronato;  slip,  lauco-liiiear;  pt;d.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  with  an  ohtongrac.  of  large 
violet  flu.;  po«ls  spinilly  twisteil,  retieulatod. —  U  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  from  a  strong, 
doop  root.  Highly  valued  in  Kuropo  as  a  forage  plant,  with  ua  sparingly 
cultivated.     §  Jn.,  .11, 

3  M.  scutell^ta  1..  S\.\ii,S.  Lfta.  elliptical,  denticulate,  the  lower  obovato; 
st:p.  omi:',  dontato;  pni.  I  U>  'A-fUrwrred,  shortijr  than  the  leaf;  poibi,  gnailrshaped, 
convex  below,  Hat  above,  Avith  about  G  iroiicentric-spiral  turms. — (J)  Garden.s, 
anionic   llowers,    cultivated    for   its   ci;rious   pods  rcscnibliug  Biiail  sjliolls.     JL 

4  M.  denticulata  Willd.  rrocuinbent,  glabrous ;  Ifts.  obovatc,  denticulate,  and 
ot\en  oinurginate  uliove ;  .«tip.  lacinia'c,  setose ;  pod.  1  to  3-tlowereil,  phorler  tliau 
tho  leaves;  jxhIs  loosely  ppiral,  with  2  or  ^^  turns,  flattened,  strongly  reticulated, 
the  bardfr  erhiimte  with  a  liimhLi  row  iif  hooked  spines. — (t>  AVaste  groumls,  hero 
and  there.     8ts.  1  to  2f  long.     Fls.  small  (yellow  in  h.  s.),  purplish,     .In.     g  Kur. 

5  M.  intertezta  L.  llEnr.KiiOd  Lfts.  rhomlioidal,  tootlied;  stip.  laciniate; 
\\ei\.  aU>ut  2-tlowered ;  U-g.  oval,  .')  or  6-fold,  spirally  coiled,  echinate,  the  inargins 
Umlered  with  setaceous,  retfe.ted,  apj^ressed  pr/c^Tts. — Gardens,  and  occasionally 
sponlaneois.     l^uUivated  like  No.  3,  for  its  curioi»3  pods. 


314 


OftPER  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


31.  MELIL07US,  Tourn.  Meolot.  (Lat.  mcl,  honey,  and  lotus  - 
m  drying  n  exhales  n  sweet  odor.)  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed  peS 
ent;  corolla  deciduous,  keel  petals  completely  united,  shorU^£  it 
a  a>  or  vex,  lum  ;  stamens  diadelphous  (.9  &  1)  ;  legume  rugous  longer 
than    he  calyx   1  to  few-seeded.-Genus  taken  from    Trifo^ium      Lvs 

^  I?!'  ^^^.^  ^^?"'-    Sweet-scented  Clover.  AViiite  Melilot.'  St.  eroct  branehorl 
ma.  ovate-oblong,  truncate  and  mucronato  at  tho  apox,  remotolfserra  c    stin 
^taceous;  cal  Jess  than  half  as  long  as  tl.o  wiuto  'cor.    lep.  2-seeded  oVoi  i^ 
m  Alluvial  soils.     St.  robust,  very  branching,  suleate,  4  to  6f  ^igh      1^.1  to" 
oag  more  obtuse  at  tho  apex  than  at  l.a.e.nnicronately  serrate^  Flsumerous 
the  racemes  n.ore  lo.so  and  longer  t:,au  i,,  tho  last.     Petab  unequab-mnc; 
longer  tlKUi  wings  or  keel.     Very  11-agruut  when  dried.     JL,  Au^^  ^|  f 'Eur 
32    PSORA^LEA.     (Gr  V^paAt'o?,  leprous  or  scaly ;  aihidincr  to  tho 
glandular  dots.)    Calyx  6-cl eft,  can.panulate  ;  segments  Luminate,  loNver 
one  longest;  stamens  diadelphous,  rarely  somewhat  inonadclphous-  leg- 
umes  as   long  as  the  caly.v,  1-seeded,  indchisccnt.— :f  or  V        6fte°n 
giandnlar-dottcd  ;  stip.  cohering   with  the   base   of  tho  petiole      Fls 
cyanic.  i   ^yj-^.    l  is. 

*  Leavos  imlm.-iti-ly  1  and  .3  (rarely  5)-f()liato x-      ^  . 

*  I-eav<-s  palmately  5,  or  5  and  7-toIiiite ^"S'  ^  2 

*  Li-avcs  itiiinately  3  or  1 -foliate -"^"S'  <^<  ' 

*  Llmvcs  i)iiinat<?,'l9  to  21-foliate.". ".!..'."."."."." '.'.' '^'"S-  ?— "* 

1  P.  caii^scens  Mx.     Very  branching,  canescGntlypubesc-'iiV'zoim'/irf^^^^^^ 
vj>p.r  l./okate,  Ifis.  roundM-obovate,  obtuse,  taperi^^at  base  into      .eiolufS 
ted.— Sandy  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     I'lant  2f  hi-di   evces^iiveW  br.,,..  ,  i  <• 
ing  a  globular  bush.     Fls.  in  small  clusters  at  t^^r^^:'lr^S^' ^^ 

at  base     M^-^j;.""""^  '"         '"'''''"  ^'''"'"^"^-    ""''■  ^'■"^""^'  ^^  '^^^^ 

2  P.  floribiinda  Nutt.  Cancsccnt,  niucli  branched;  l/ts.  3,  rar,Iy  n  dotted  oh- 
tong-oJ^vate  varying  to  linear;  stip.  setaceous;  rac.  slender,  inanyl  veS  wieo 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  pedicels  a.s  long  as  the  flowers,  and'  long/r  it  .  e  ^n  a M 
ovate-aeumuiate  bracts;  vex.  roun.iisli;  l.^.  Hiiooth— AUuvi^ilsoil^  1  ^\r  .  ' 
Ark.  W.  to  tho  R.  Mta  St.  2  to  4f  lugh, 'branches -spfeadini'  Lft's  ' t^o's'  S 
Sri;i;:;=,Sm:^r  ^-'^-     '^^-''^^^  Purple,3"long,  .3to.0iJ 

3  P.  subacaiilia  Torr.  &  Gray.     Kearly  acauhsc^nt,  hirsute;  lvs.  7-foliate  on  vcrv 
long  petioles;    Ifts.  obovato-oblong;  lis.  in  denno,  egg-shaped  racen^"    m?  nm,  h 
shorter  than   (he  cor.-Tenn.,  near  Nashviile  (Dr!  iSarn  in  N.  A,  KFlora       Lv 
and  (iower-stalks  almost  radical,  G  to  10'  long;  Ifts.  about  1'  long  ^' 

fortn;  r,,c.  longer  than  tho  lvs.,  many-liowercd ;  pnd  incurved  nt  hnse  n-.ur  "II 

2X  high.     Lfts^^2  to  3  long.     Fls.  as  largo  as  in  P.  lloribunda.     Mav,  Jn. 
5  P.  virg^ta  ISutt.     Vngate,  .smoc  :,ish  ;    lvs.   l-lbliaie,  lonioie;  ifts.  linear  (the 
,    Ijnver  lurely  ;Mohate  and  oblong) ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  spikes  rather  deiis^ 
flowered.— Near  St.  Mary's,  Ga     St.  about  2f  high.     Lfts.  2  to  4'  bv  2  to  4 
Fls.  palo  violet.  •' 


Order  10.— LEGUMINOS^. 


315 


6?.  btipulata  ToiT  &  Gr.  Nearly  glabrous  and  ylaiidloss,  ajceuding ;  !vs.  pin- 
nutL'Jy  3-lbliate.  Ifts.  elliptic-ovati.',  obtiwe,  niucronato;  atip.  (large)  ovate;  ped. 
as  loiitf  a8  the  Ivs. ;  spikes  capitate. — Falls  of  the  Ohio  (Jones  in  N.  Am.  Flora). 
Sts.  branched  from  the  base.  Tho  large  stipules  are  remarkable,  resembling  those 
of  the  red  clover. 

7  P.  Melilotoides  Mx.  Virgatc,  minutely  pubescent ;  Iva.  3  foliate,  Ifts.  oblong- 
lanceolato,  rather  obtuse,  on  very  short  petioles,  more  or  less  glandular;  stip. 
lanceoluto  ;  spike  oblong,  at  length  elongated,  on  virgate  peduncles ;  pods  orbicu- 
lar, transversely  wrii>kled. — Dry  .soils,  S.  and  W.  Sts.  Slender,  branched,  erect, 
2f  high.  Lfts.  2  to  2]' long,  -J  as  wide.  Pod.  G  to  10' long.  May— Jl.  (P. 
eglandulosa  Ell.) 

6  P.  Onobrychis  Nutt.  Pubescent ;  lfts.  ovatc-acumniato ;  rac.  elongated  ;  cal. 
much  shorter  than  cor.,  teeth  small,  obtusa,  eci'.i  d ;  leg.  ovate,  transversely 
wrinkled.  —Low  grounds  and  thicket^,  W.  States.  St.  rigidly  erect,  nearly  simple, 
3  to  5f  high.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  nearly  i  as  wide.  Fls.  s:nall,  pedicellate,  blue. 
Pods  exceeding  tho  calyx,  rostrate.     Jn.,  Jl. 

9  P.  multijuga  Ell.  Lfts.  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse ;  spikes  oblong ; 
cal.  villous,  teeth  very  long ;  bracts  small. — In  tho  upper  country,  Ga.  (Elliott), 
S.  Car.  (Darby),  St.  stout,  furrowed  1  to  2f  high,  nearly  smooth.  Fls.  violet. 
Lfts.  9  or  10  pairs.     May,  Jn. 

33.  G.LOTTID'IUM,  Desv.  (Gr.  yXoJrra,  tongue  ;  alluding  to  the 
t^ingular  structure  of  the  pods.)  Calyx  campanulate,  truncated,  minutely 
5-toothcd ;  vexillum  reniform,  broader  than  long ;  legume  elliptic-ob- 
long, compressed,  pointed  at  each  end  ;  valves  double,  the  inner  mem- 
branous, inclosing  the  seeds  after  the  outer  have  fallen  away  ;  seeds  1 
ur  2. — (J)  Glabrous.     Lvs,  abruptly  pinnate.     Fls.  small,  yellow. 

Gr.  Floridinv,in  DC.  In  waste  and  damp  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  St. 
tall  and  rank  (4  to  lOf).  Lfts.  30  to  50,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  6  to  18" 
long.  Fls.  about  a  third  as  large  as  in  Sesbania,  in  .slender  rac.  Pods  18"  by  6", 
appearing  after  the  opening  of  tho  outer  valve,  as  tongue  and  lips.  Seeds  beau- 
shaped.    (Sesbania  platycarpa  Pers.) 

34.  SESBA'NIA,  Pers.  Ciilyx  campanulate,  subequally  5-toothed ; 
vuxillum  longer  than  the  obtuse  keel,  the  claw  appended  ;  legume  very 
long  and  slender,  lineur,  closed  between  the  seeds. — Shrubs  or  herbs, 
with  abruptly  pinnate  lvs,,  caducous  stip^  and  bracteoles,  and  yellowish 
liowers. 

S.  macrocSrpa  Muhl.  Herb  annual,  glabrous ;  lfts.  30  to  50,  oblong-linear, 
obtuse,  nmcronate ;  rac.  about  2-flowered,  shorter,  but  the  legumes  twice  longer 
than  tho  lvs. — Damp  grounds,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  tall  (2  to  8f).  Lva. 
G  to  10'  long,  tho  lfts.  (J  to  9",  glaucous  beneath.  The  extremely  slender  leg.  nearly 
a  foot  long,  with  a  bordered  margin  are  very  singular.     Aug. — Oct. 

35.  AMOR'PHA,  L,  Lead  Plant.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  i^iop(j)}j,  form ; 
alluding  to  the  deti(!icncies  of  the  corolla,)  Calyx  subcamj)ann!ate,  5- 
cleft ;  vexillum  concave,  unguiculate,  erect ;  wings  and  keel  none ; 
stamens  exserted ;  legume  oblong,  somewhat  curved  at  the  point, 
scabrous  ■with  glandular  points,  1  to  2-seeded. — Shrubs  or  half  shrubby 
American  plants.  Lvs.  unequally  piunate,  punctate.  Fls.  bluish  white, 
in  virgate  racemes. 

*  Leaves  stalked  {i.  e.,  tlio  lowest  lfts.  rcinoto  from  stem) No.  1 

♦  Leaves  sessile,— lfts.  obtuse,  not  iniieioimte Nos.  2,  3 

--Lfts.  acute,  miieronato No.  4 

1  A.  fruticoBa  L.  Nearly  glabrona  or  somewhat  pubescent,  shrubby  or  arbores- 
cent; llts.  I)  to  19,  oval,  petioluiate,  very  obtuse,  tho  lower  pair  remote  from  tho 
stem;  cal.  teeth  obtuse,  short,  lower  one  acuminate  and  rather  the  longest;  leg. 
2-seeded. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  6  to  IGf  high,  "Wis.  to  La.  and  Fla.,  W.  to  li. 


310 


Oai)KR  46.-LEOUMrNOS^. 


,aso.-M..ar  WiLnin^ton  an.l  N^-wbc.n    N     '      '  '"]  f  ^^'p , '!".'-y  towards  the 

r;.i;?^S:r:.;2^,o^^^^^  (..  20  to .. 

t^l/'  o,  thr.  rai  nan-ly  e,,uk  sl.nr,.    ^  '  X/ v  "  *''"  ''*^."''  "«•  «"»'«os,sil,.; 

1     lon.u      Sju^.M  .nany,  duHtor.-d  at  t-     v. '  ;^;n^;-    j   "  ?•  /'^'  "'  "  ,  ^'^''''''^''-'h 
4A.  cmidscens  Null     fJ„f};„f;^„..      V      '-^  """">^'  '• '"  «  Jong.    Jii.,  J], 
crowded,  ovato- J,i  ||:..a;:   f'  m;!  ^ir":^!):  ""'•"'  "^"-  '^""^"'  "— , 

«p.v...,s,  2  t.,4n.iKh,  iMdrv^H  dvsois  /  ^fr.;  ,  l''^' l^M  ^"'"'-^'^  ^""-'^'■'""1 
to  pr..|>.r  looalitios  on,.,,!  ,ro.  Ly,  2  j,,  V  i.,  .  ■,  '  '^'  ^'^•'■'  •'""'  ''^  •''"I'r»^<''i 
ol^tUHu  at  ha«o.  4  toG  •  i>y  ,  to  2  "^  ^X  ^'^^-rZrTZ^'  '"  '' '""^^• 

mnoronato,   jrland.dar   b.M.eatl.;'  spik U    "n'  L  ,^  ^J  f  '7'^''".  '"'far-lanceolato, 
'HJk.ns,^  plant  i„  drv  prai  •!,...    S   ZlV%fl    '     V'^^^^^^ 

«^utc^..wdodiud.n«espikJth!;^l;;f^Tlo;;K  t  '•^^"'-  ^'''-^"^'^^ 

vox.  cordato,  tl.o  otlu>r  n..f.I.  I'lS'-lJ'"^"'^'  '!""-'''■  '/'««  the  violet  petals^ 

I'autifiil 


'  last.     St.  slnul 


plfi 


bn-Rl.t  viok.t.{HiriJe.     JI."  Auy!  '  "^""'-^  "^^  ■'''•  '  ''^  '•^'  '"""      ^""'-    " 


}  to  If  long.     Pctalaof 


Okjku   40.— LKGUMINOS.E.  gji* 

3  P.  cdrneum  Mx  fJIabmu.,  creel;  Ids.  r,  to  7,  lanco-linoar ;  spikes  ohloufr,  pe- 
dunculato;  l.mct.s  obovato,  somowhat  oxoeodmjr  tl.o  short  toothof  tho  dubrmn 
v.>i]yx ;  pet.  ohhng   narrowed  at  baso  in  tlui  loi.jr  daws.-Ga.  and  F)a      Slcndor 

.S|)ii<os  I' lonj^.     P  1h.  roHoato  or  whito.     Auj?.  '^' 

4P.grdcileNuU.     Glabrous    dec«m&.n<  at  baso;    Ift.s.   7,    lunce-linoar ;    spikes 
oblongo   oyl.n.  ru-al,  s<mewhat  sessU, ;  braots  acute,  about  equalin-..  tho  sbo  ? 
blunt  (!aly,x:  tcfll,  ;   petals  ovato;   vo.v.  broadly  cordate— n  W    Fla    and  AH 
nearly  sunplo    1  to  aflong,  leafy  to  near  tho  top.     Lfts.  3  to  G"  long.'    Spikes  6 
to  \1'  long.     Ply.  wmto.  °         ' 

5  P.  corymlDdaum  My.      St.   corymbou,sly  branched;  spikes  capitate,  .e.ssilo- 
hraeis  broad,  coL.rcd,  tl.o  outer  leaf-bearing  and  flovverleas;  Ift.s.  linear  5  to  7-1 
A  .'.i.igularly  elegant  i-Iant  of  tho  pino  barrens.  N.  Oar.  to  Fla      Sts    1  u,  2f  h  H, 
many  Iron,  oiv,  root,  each  with  a  eoryn.b  at  summit.     Heads  resemble  the  Com' 
I.osita^,  with  hmI  .scales  and  winti)  lanco-oblong  petals.     Sept.,  Oct. 

38.  ASTRAG'ALUS,  L.  Mn,K  Vetch.  Calyx  5-tootI.c.] ;  keel  of 
the  (•on.ija  ol.tiiso  ;  stamens  dia.lelphous  (9  a-i<l  i\ ;  I,Mr,„„c3  2.ceile.J  bv 
the  iiitroHcxK.n  <.t  the  l<.w(,r  H.it.ire.— irerl.a<;(...u,s  or  sufFriiticous,  with 
uMcqiially  pimiatt;  Ivs.,  ami  Iho  fl.s.  in  spikes  or  raocinos. 

S  birnincs  Rtmiirlit,  cvlindric.     Flowi-rs  ooIiroliMiooiis 

S  I.i7;iimc,s.'iii-vc(|,  prisiiuitlc.      KIs.  whltlsli  or  Miiish v"       ''  . 

§  I,cf,'uiii(i»  K'ol'iiliir,  Ih'.sljy.     Flo.  whitish  or  bluf ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'..'." '.' Wo.s  2— 4 

1  A.  Canad^naia  L.     Canoscont,  erect,  diHuso;    Rtip.'iiroad-ianeeolato  "acumi"' 
nate;  Ills    about  10  pair..,  elliptical,  obtuso  at   both  clr.ds ;  tl.o  1«^L^^^^^ 

n<e;  ped  about  as  long  as  the  Ivs.,  when  in  fruit  .sho.-tcV;  bracts  subulate  as 
lo,.g  as  tho  cal.;  lis.   somewhat  reHe.Ke<l ;   leg.  ovate-oblong,    terete,   suerect 
smooth,  many-seeded,  abrupt  at  the  end  and  tipped  with  tho  pormaner.t  style - 
li  Kiver  bank.s   etc.,   Can.  and   U.   S.     St.  b.ishy,   about  ?}  high    verv  luafv 
i'ls.  greemsh-yellow,  in  donso  npikes.     Pods  i'  in  length,  leathery    'jl  Aug 

2  A   giaber  Mv.     Nearly  glabrous,  erect;  stip.  minute  or  0  ;  lfts.  8  to  11  pairs 
obLmgda^neeoluto  or  .near,  obt.iso  or  emarginato ;  ,spikes  loose,  much  Imn.ri^n 

l^elvs.;  IM  s,.b..lute,  snrrejy  longer  than  the  pe.dich ;  leg.  flattened  Jetiel 
M.-n  Pmo  bar..ens,  N.  Car.  to  Fl:..  St.  1  to  2f  high.'  Fl  .  g " en i  h  w ii to 
i'ods  <l.,stant,  \\'  long,  spreading,  incurved,  acuto  at  ead.  end.     Apr 

^  .f ;  °^';>°''?!^T  ^'"-     N;-''^'-":^  f?l"-'^'™'«.  'ifcumbent  or  a.ssurgcnt;  stip.  lance- 
olate ;  its  7  to    J  pairs,  obcordat,.  or  obovate,  ped.  about  as  long  as  tl.o  Fvs    few- 
flowered,  fs.  pe.i,eollato;  r,U.  teeth  mhnlai,,  abouta.lon,,asthetuhe;  LcnrZ 
pomted,  .Irom/ty  ret, aula ted.-lUvcr  banks,  N.  Car.  to  Fa,     Plant  1  nv  and  Sv 
ascendnig  4  to  8'.     Fhs.  blue  and  white.     Pod  1' in  length.     lV:l  to  ^101,:.  ' 

*  ^:.  f^f^PJ*"?,'^'"'"'';  ^  ^"•-     ^^-  ""<•  P^'J-  as  in  No.  3;  stip.  ovato;  Ivs    lon'c- 
.e  K.led,  /A  obhn<j.obovate,  mostly  er,.arginate,  7  to  12  pains;  spikes  sho^     "<S 

1  -  'ncs,  \V  .  J 11.  (Mead)  to  Ark.     H.-anches  ascer.dh.g  4  to  G'.     Lfts.  3  to  5"  bv  1 

l:\' 'iety'S  Jlletr    '•  ''"'' '' ''"^'  '"''^'  "'^"  ^''°  ^"^'^'^^^  ^'y'^-  ^-^^y 

■^  m^'fi'^if'^-'^  ^V  ^^^-  ^''''''  '™"^'''^«  <locumbc..t,  glabrou.;  Ivs.  pedunculate 
1  Its.  7  o  10  pa.rs,  o'n.vate,  emarginale;  ped.  rather  longer  thai  the  Ivs  s  kS 
s- hort  10  1,,  i:.-llowered;  leg.  globular,  obtuse,  s.iceulent,  svveet-tas  ed  -li'rai  k-s 
II.,  Mo.  to  Ark.  Plant  3  to  6'  high.  Lftsl  2  to  3"  b>  1  to  2"  Fh  abo  o'' 
lo.ig  (yellowish  white  in  h.  s.),  bluish?  Fr.  aa  largo  aa  tho  plu.n  and  '  Wnn 
uiinpe  by  travelers,  raw  or  cooked."  *        '  ''^^^ 

39  PHAXA,  L.  ((ir.  ,,,dHr],  lentil,  from  0a>,  to  oat.)  Calyx 
MooUie^,  ked  ol.tn.o ;  stamens  diadolphons  (9  ainl  1)  ;  lo.^ie  cL 
tniu.  us,  turtrid,  l-colled  ;  placcnt,-«  tumid,  sovcral-secdcd.  2^  Lvs  un- 
uiually  pm,.af>-.  FIs  in  axillary,  pedunculate  raceme.  (Differs  from 
Astr.iyaltis  only  in  its  fruit.)  ^ 

♦  rinnt.l.iiMly  villoiif..     Fh>wfts  prpnijfh  yellow v     , 

'  limit  iiiMly  tlabious.     i"'"**'!*  wlilte  or  purj.lt;. .  ...,...■.■.'■.■■,'.,■.■.■.'.■.'. .■""Nt"   2-4 


318 


Obder  4G.— LEGUMINOS^. 


2  p.  negl^cta  Torr.  »fc  Gr.     Erect-    Iftg    ellinHonl    7   f«  tj  «  • 

4  P.  astragalina  DC.     Low,  ascending  or  nonrlv  stemlpq^-  //V«  irw^  oi         , 

40.  TEPHRO;SIA,  L.     Goat's   Ruk.     Cat-out.     (Gr.  r.0p.V    ,sh 
colored;  from  the  color  of  the  foliac^e^     Galw  wif .  n    '  ^V^'       ," 
subulate  tooth;  braoteolos   0;  ^o^ ij^:^:^^^^ :^ 
coher>ng.v,th  thew>ng-s;  stamens  diadelphou's  (iu  the  foHo    in.  3: 
c.es    or  monadeiphous;    ogume  linear,  much  coi„Vressed,  many  s^eS 
—Herbs  and  shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate  Ivs 

§  Flowors  laiw  (9  to  10"  loni:),  in  u  lealV,  fenninal  cluster 

»ta^  crowd.,,  c.u,.or.    Cal.  v„.y  vUlou.    Ba„„Lf;,l,"S  rLo"»l''"oS;  Vi";: 

unsig  It  V  plant      St-^   a^pon<lm,r  i  +,.  •«pi    '^""""""  "'  ury  .soils,  K  btatcs.     An 

Lv/f.u:  j'i.it;  liuTT'?  Pu1't;fi2to"T?V"""''^P.'''"""''^;'.' !«"'''•• 
Jn.,  Au<r.  "  "^  *^  ^^  ^""o-      *ls.  purplish  red. 


Order  4G.-LEGUMIN0S.f:. 


310 


low.     Lfts.  about  9"  by  7',  beautifully  striate,  and  wavy  at  edge.     Poda  straifclif 
(always?)     May,  Jl. 
/3,  GRAClLioil.     Nearly  gliibrous,  slender;  lfts.  "few,  oblong  (9"  by  3'' )     Plant 

3  10  9'  long.     Pod  small  (15"  long.)    Fls.  reddish  purplo  as  above.— Covin <r. 

ton.  La.  (Halo )  '  r  j, 

41.  INDIGOTERA,  L.  Indioo-plant.  (Lat.  Indi(/o,  fcro,  to  bear.) 
(ulyx  with  5  aciito  segments;  vexillmn  roiirulisli,  ernarginate  ;  keel 
Bl)iirred  cacli  side,  at  length  reflexed  ;  legume  2-valved,  1  to  oo-seeded. 
—Herbs  or  .'^hrubs.  Stip.  small,  distinct  from  the  petiole.  Fls! 
cyanic. 

1  I.  Caroliniana  Walt.  Herb  erect,  branched;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate •  lfts  11 
fo  15,  oblong-ovate,  petiolulato;  rac.  slender,  longer  than  tlie  Ivs.;  lerj  pendu- 
]ou.«,  oblong,  rugose,  veiny,  i-seed^n/.  —  il  Sandy  woods,  N.  Car.  (Dr.  Porcher)  to 
Flu.  St.  H  to  71' high.  J.fts.  9  to  12"  long,  obtuse  or  retuse.  llac.  3  to  G'  long- 
fls.. pedicellate,  yellovvisli-brown.  Calyx  pubescent,  small,  with  5  short,  subulate 
teeth.     Jl.,  Sept. 

2  I.  leptoaepala  Nutt.  Herbs  decumbent,  strigohs,  with  ashy  hairs ;  Ivs.  un- 
equally  pinnate,  IfLs.  7  to  9,  obovate-oblong,  subsessile,  nearly  glabrous  above- 
rac.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  fls.  nearly  sessile ;  %.  linear,  retlexed,  G  to  0-seeded  — 
Ga.  to  Ark.     St.  2  to  iJflong.     Pis.  pale  scarlet.     Pods  1^'  long,  pointed. 

42.  ROBIN'IA,  L.  Locust.  (In  memory  of  John  Robin,  herbalist 
to  Louis  XIV^)  Calyx  short,  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  seg- 
ments more  or  loss  coherent;  vexilluin  large;  ate  obtuse;  stamens 
diatlelphous  (9  &  1);  style  bearded  inside;  legume  compressed,  elon- 
gated, many-seeded. — Trees  and  shrubs  witlr  stipular  spines.  Lvs. 
unequally  pinnate.     Fls.  showy,  in  axillary  rac. 

1  R.  Pseudac^cia  L.  Common  Locust.  Branches  armed  with  stipular 
prickles;  lfts.  ovate  and  oblong-ovato ;  rac.  jiendulous,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  le- 
gumes.—Native  in  Penn.  and  the  more  Southern  and  Western  Stales  and  abun- 
dantly naturalized  in  N.  Eng.  Hight  30  to  80t;  with  a  diam.  of  1  to  3  or  4f. 
Tlio  pinnate  lvs.  have  a  beautiful  synitnclry  of  form,  cacli  co.nposed  of  8  to  12 
pairs  of  Ifis.,  with  one  at  the  end.  These  arc  oval,  thin,  nearly  sessile  and  very 
smooth,  closing  as  if  in  sleep  by  night.  Fls.  in  numerous,  pendulous  cluster^ 
diHusmg  an  agrceal)le  fragrance.  Pod  narrow,  flat,  with  5  or  6  small  browtl 
seeds.  When  young  the  tree  is  armed  witli  thorns,  whicli  disappear  in  its  matur- 
ity.    Apr.,  May.— The  wood  is  very  hard  and  durable. 

2  R  -o-iscdsa  Vent.  Clammy  Locust.  Stipular  spines  very  short ;  branchkts, 
ivittotes,  and  leg.  ijlandular-vimd;  lfts.  ovate;  rac.  crowded,  erect.— This,  beautiful 
tree  is  native  of  the  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  where  it  attains  the  hight  of  40f  The 
fls  numerous,  rose-colored,  in  erect,  axillary  clusters,  with  the  thick,  dark  green 
foliage,  render  this  tree  one  of  the  most  brilliant  ornaments  of  the  park  or  tho 
garden.     Apr.,  Jn. 

3  R.  hispida  L.     Rose  Acacia.     Stipular  spines  almost  wanting,  .^hrnh  mostly 
luyii.d:  rac.  loose,  suberect.— A  beautilul  i^lirul),  native  of  the  Southern  States 
mucli  cullivated  i'.i  gardens  for  tho  .'^ake  of  its  numerous,  large,  deep  rose-colored 
and  very  bliouy  lis.       Hight  3  to  5  or  8f.     Tits.  5  or  G  pairs,  broadly  oval.     Fls 
modorou.-^,  twice  larger  than  those  of  tlio  common  locust. 

43.  COLUTEA,  L.  Bladder  Sknna.  Calyx  r)-toothed;  vexilluni 
with  2  caHosities,  expanded,  larger  than  the  obtuse  carina;  stigma 
lateral,  under  the  hooked  summit  of  the  style,  which  is  longitudnuiliy 
bearded  on  tho  back  side  ;  legume  inflatedj'soarious.  Shrubs  with  un- 
cquully  ijinnato  lvs. 

^  C.  arborescens  L.  Lfts.  elliptical,  retuse-  vex.  shortly  gibbous  behind  — \ 
iiardy,  iiee-llowering  shrub,  native  of  Italy,  &c.,  growing  almost  alone  on  the 
summit  5  of  Ml.  ^  esuvius.     Sta.  8  to  12f  high.     Lfts.  aoout  0.     Fls.  large,  yellow 


nao 


Ohdeu  40.— LKGUMINOS^. 


Ill  mcdieino  llm  kavoa  uro  used  instead  of 


witli  11  broiidly  t'xp.'iiKU'd  bfiunor. 
wMina.     .111.     Aiif,'.  f 

44.    WISTA'RIA,    Nutt.      (In    motnorv  of    Caspar    Whtar     M T) 

.-."sulontof  Am.  I'hil.  So..)     (Jalvx   bilahiato,  n,^>,...  lip  .^^^^ 

.0  )ow..r  one  .-J  s,.l.o,,„Hl   teeth;  vexiliun.  witli  2V..IIositios   ^JL 

i.eeluwniHl  s.-inn.t.nf.  aliove  ;  ^^i,,i^s  and  keel  CaleHtc,  thofonner  a.|: 

iH-nng   at    top;     rjr.iine    ton.lons;    .see.Is    inaiiv,   renilorm.—Twiain.r 

s|ru  ,  ,y  plants,  jv.th  p.nnatc  Ivs.     Jiae.  large,  wiih  larg.,  eolorod  bra, 't:;' 

1  W.  frut^acens  DO.     Sla  puhoseont  vvlion  yo.,,,^,  nt  lonRtU  dal.rous  •  lf>s  0  fn 
.    ov.to  ..r  e  liptic-luncoolHlu.   an.to,  .sul.,,„i,oscc.Mt ;  wings  w   hTu'uSs 
bKSo;  ova    Klal.r....s.-An  orna.nontai,  vlKon.us  vino,   in  rlciLi  alluvion   St  U 
SKUos.     h,s.  sovend  yards  long,  elin.hingov.r  bushes  ot...     J.lls.  1  to  2'  Vy  1.'. 
I .     >lH.  noarly  as  larg.,  as  tl.oso  of  tlie  sweet  pea,  numerous,  in  rae  \\  to  (,fr  8' 
ouK,  shoatiied  in  very  eonspicM.ous  braets.    Sds  spotted     Apr    M  v  +     A* W  i. 
rrutes.vns  !..     Thyosantlms  KU.)  ^  Api.,  fliaj.  f     (Olyoiuo 

r..  ^  7!'-  °°""«!l"^na  »''''tl'-     Lfts.  n  to  i:!,  ovate-lancoolato,  silkv-pt.bc-se,-nt  • 
'hhia      sl    '  ,•"''*  "i*^'  l'>"'7%,""."'y-ll.>wored.-A  spler.did  flo  vering' vino  IK,  ,1 

45  ATIOS,  L.  (JuouNi)  Nut.  ('ATr/of,  the  poar;  from  the  form  of 
Its  tubers.)  (.alvx  earnpamilate,  obscMirely  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  of  2 
very  short,  r,>un<  e.l  teeth,  the  2  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolet,^  the  lower 
one  aeut..  and  elongate.! ;  keel  fah-ate,  pushing  back  the  broa.l,  plicat « 

beanng  edibles  tuber-s.     I.vs.  pmnately  5  to  7-foIiate.    ' 

'^;im;K.Mh^^lMh-;''^pr''L'^''    Ivs    pinnate,    of  7  ovate-lanceolato  Ifts.;    rao. 
shorter  than  tliu  Ivs.— liiu,i<i.ts  and  shady  woods,  Can.  and  U.  H.,  twiniuir  -ibo  i 
o  H.   phvn.s.     S    round,  2  to -If  iniength.     Lvs. 'rather  nunierou     S  ^^^J^    ' 
u.g  ol  .J  (rarely  2)  pairs  of  leaflets  and  an  odd   terminal  one.     These    re  o-t, 
narrow  more  or  loss  pointed,  smooth,  on  short  pedieels.     Jla  •.  ax  1 W  soH  iv 
to^   long  cTowde,!.     Fls.  dark  purple.     To  the  root  arc  app^SS^^v^S 
tubers,  which  are  very  nutritious,  and  would  perhaps  bo  cultivated  Lad  woTui 
the  potato.     .11.,  Aug.     (CJlyoiuo  Apios  L.)  i  v.iim  n.iu  wc  not 

46    VIG'NA,  Savi.     (In  memory  of  Donunk  Vi,,na,  Commentator 
on   Ihcophrastus.)     (^dvx   of  4    lobes,  the   upper  twie^  broac         t 
owcr  longer;  voxdlnm   bma.i  with  2  callosities  near  the  base  of  the 
.mb  ;  keel  n,.t  twisted  ;  stignnv  lateral ;  legu.ne  terete  ;  seeds  not  com- 
pn.ssed.— Iwimng  herbs.      Lvs.  pmnately  trifoliate. 

V  hirsiita  Feay.  Plant  hirsute,  tiu-  stem  retrorsoly  so;  eal.  with  1  braetlof  nt 
base,  segm.  ail  aeute,  the  lower  aeuminate  ;  Ifts.  ovatVla,  000^!^  c,  nu  d -lli^o 
.eld  dan.s,  Sav.tiniah  (Foay),  swamps,  N.  Orleans  (Hal.).  St  sc  a  i  „g  over 
bushe.s  many  Icct  long,  slender.  LHs.  2  to  3' by  it.  I'  with  s"  t  or?d  .n 
pre,«.sed  hairs  both  side,.,  and  minute  stipols.  IVd.  8  to  12'  loi^g  i  o  "  lowU  [ 
at  the  top      Fls.    pale  yellow,  the  banner  C"  1  ,ng  and  y  '  S.     Pods  2  T.  I 

47  RHYNCHO^SIA  DC.  (Or.  /„'.y^,o,,  a  beak  ;  in  reference  to  the 
projeotmg  keel)  Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate,  or  4-parted,  with  the  up- 
per  segm.   2   cleft;    yexillum   without  callosities;    keel   fiileato ;    styh. 


abrous 


lesj 


o-ume   oblique 


carunculate.—  -■)    Erec*. 


short, 


compressed,    1    to   2-seeded  ;    seeds 


or  twining.     Lvs,  resinous-dotted  bencati 


nately  3-foliate,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.     Fls.  yellow 


pui.. 


Ohdbu  46.— LEQUMINOS.E.  -ot 

axillary,  about  0"  long.     P^J'  Lt  ISS  "^  "*  ''""'  '    ""*     «»«• 
U  (llalc. .     Sli  2  to  4f  tog,  ,,uaro  cpedal  /doZJ  on  S'o  i»L    Ti'  *" 

tomentosa,  a.  T.  &  G.)  ^"'is  ovate  oblong,  7    m  length.     .\pr.,  May.     (R. 

4  R.  er6cta  DC.     Tall,  eroct,  vclvety-puboscent;  Ivs.  .^-foliate    Ifts    olllnfi. 
oval,  aeuto,  terminal  ono  sotnetin.oH  roundiah-  tin  faadc-  .,      r  r'  i^  ^*,'^  '^^ 

and  tormiual;  cal.  seRm  parted  almost /nl.n'j.L;  i  ""^  raccmed,  axillary 

Dry  soils,  Md.  to  Fla.*^  sT^o:^Z^tt2-Tr' uT^^^ 
.sometimes  morjophyllous.     Uls.  about  as  largo  ^     firo   '       rT\  ^^f;?',  ^^^ 
(.J  to  7  Ell.  m  0  yc  no  mollis.sima  \_Th,.  inaii^fc  '.        "'^^  ^  ^^  3'  long. 

iated  with  linos  cff  blacrdo 7170^^0  vonsat^^^^^  "mT''  strikingly  vari^ 
Gr.    G.  tomontosa,  var.  Mx.  "'O^cins  above.     (R.  tomontosa,  var.  Tor.  A 

faeo  with  numerous riuair'  Sols  nbr»u' n™*'''?'""  T"^^*^'^'  ""'^^''  «"r- 
those  of  tho  virgato  branches  much  smtlL'  '  f£  ylw.^^^  '  ^"  '"  '^  '  ^  «"' 

iowor  3.toothed;    ^.StL  ^ro^L^nonfat  VKi^ft/^^^^^^^ 
legume  compressed  and  falcate,  or  cylindric  n  anv  sooT  1^  ^     7""^  ' 
pressed,  reniform.- Herbaceous,  tJniTov     aU  nT      tI'  '''      '??' 
trifoliate;  Ifts.  stipclJate.  ^  "^-      ^''-   P'^^^'atelv 

Native  species-Fls.  raccmed.     Pods  falcato 

Kx«tic.-8to,n;;ul;:;bl.:;;;!'r'.":.".!'r'"'-  »'-'^^!"'«'i';":":::::::::::::::;;;"N^^ 

—Stems  erect,  bushy .' " " Nos.  6—7 

1  P.  per^nniB  Walt.    Wild  Be \n  vVvp     t»,;,^;.1 i ^"-  ^ 

mostly  in  pairs,  axillarv  Ifls   nt^J  !^f"     ?^^/"'°^'  Pubescent;  rac.  paniculate, 

S.,  commoti.     St.  4  to  7? lon^    somowhn?  hr     T'  '"  ^'Z'^^^^^'  Can.  and  U. 

to  equal  width;  tormina  VrVen^jtord'r^^^^^^^^  "'•   '^  ♦^f i' W,   i 

at  base  outside,  under  surface  soibmnrnS  T^/'"'  """^^  unequally  enlarged 

loose,  often  unfruitful.     Sr.  purpTarviolot      T      "  1''^^'^'''  «  *«  ^2'  long, 

^  compressed,  reniform,  darkpErpTo  sSd."  jf^Aug''-  '''"'  '^°"^'  ^'  "'^^'  ^^"•' 

lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  lonsrer  fhnn  ^ill'  *  u^''"'",  *^^"  ""^  ^^'^'^  fow-flowered. 
cvihuirlc-Ci)  A  creeping  or^diiVSaif  3 't^Tf  T'^^'^"^  broadly-linear, 
prairies,  Can.  and  U  S  Lfta  to  9'Ti  a^  ^^  '°"^'  °"  «a°<^y  "''or^s  and 
beneath,  often  variously  and  very  obtuselv  Inh:/  ^l  T^^'  ""'^^  'scattered  hairs 


3*J2 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 


3  P.  h61volu8  L.  St.  slender,  twining ;  Ifts.  between  oblong-ovate  and  lance-ovaie 
not  lobed;  ped.  slender,  several  times  lunger  than  the  Ivs.,  few-flowered-  lee' 
straight,  cylindric,  8  to  10-seeded.— If  Sandy  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La'  «t 
3  to  5f  long.  Lfts.  1  to  2'  by  J  to  1 '.  Ped.  4  to  8'  long,  4  to  7-flowered  Cal" 
with  2  bracts  at  base.  Cor.  purplish,  vexillum  large,  i-oundish.  Leg  2  to  3' 
long,  very  narrow,  subfolcate.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Strophostylia  peduncularis  Ell.) 

4  P.  paucifldrus  Benth.  St.  slender,  rotrorsely  hirsute;  i/Js.  linear-oblong,  not 
lobed,  as  long  as  tlie  petiole,  hirsute  and  reticulated  on  both  surfaces  •  stiij 
subulate;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  Ivs.;  hds.  few-flowered;  leg.  hirsute  5  to 
8-seeded.--Prairies,  111.  (Mead).  Also  Ark.  and  La.  St.  2  to  4f  long,  prostrate 
Ma.  1  to  2  by  3  to  5".  Pods  1  to  U'  long,  straight  and  slender.'  Jl  Knu' 
(P.  leioapermus  T.  &  G.)  '       ''■ 

ji^  I*- vulgaris  L.  St.  twining;  lfts.  ovate-acuminate;  rac.  solitary,  shorter 
than  the  Ivs.;  pedicels  in  pairs ;  cal.  as  short  as  its  two  bracts  at  base;  le,-  pen- 
dulous,  long-mucronate;  seed  reniform,  variously,  often  brightly  colored —1) 
Native  of  E.  Indies.  Universally  cultivated  in  gardens,  not  only  for  the  mature 
fruit  but  for  the  young  pods  which  constitute  that  favorite  dish,  string  bean^ 
St  3  to  8f  long,  twining  against  the  sun.     Fls.  mostly  white.     Jl. 

6  P.  multifldnis  L.  Scarlet  Pole  Bean.  St.  twining;  lfts.  ovate-acute- 
rac.  solitary,  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  pedicels  opposite ;  cal.  longer  than  the  2  an' 
pressed  bracts  at  base;  leg.  pendulous;  seeds  reniform.— (Jp  Native  of  S.  America 
bt.  6  to  lOf  long,  twining  against  the  sun.  Fls.  scarlet,  numerous,  and  very  bril^ 
liant.     Fr.  not  so  generally  admired  as  the  last.     Jl. 

7  P.  lunatua  L.  Lima  Bean.  St.  twining;  lfts.  ovate,  deltoid,  acute;  rac 
shorter  than  the  Ivs.;  ped.  in  pairs;  cal.  longer  than  its  2  bracts  at  base-  loo- 
scimetar-sliaped,  or  somewhat  lunate;  sds.  large,  much  compressed,  purplish- 
white.—Native  of  E.  Indies.  St.  6  to  8f  long.  Fis.  small,  whitish.  Much 
valued  and  cultivated.     Jl. 

8  P.  nanus  L.     Bush  Bean.    St.  smooth,  very  branching,  erect ;  lfts.  broad- 
ovate,  acute;  cal.  shorter  than  its  2  bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pendulous,  compressed 
rugous.— ''D  Native  of  India.     St.  If  high.     Fls.  Avhite.     Seeds  white,  Pmall  but 
there  are  many  varieties.    Much  cultivated.     Jn.  ' 

49.  ERYTHRrWA,  L.  (Gr.  eQvdpb(;,  red;  from  the  color  of  the 
flower.)  Calyx  campanulate,  tubular,  truncate  or  lobed;  vexillum 
long,  lanceolate,  with  no  callosities ;  wings  and  keel  much  smaller  • 
stamens  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the  vexillum;  style  glabrous;  le- 
gume torulous.— Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  often  prickly.  Lvs.  pinnatelv 
trifoliate.     Fls.  racemed. 

1  E^  herb^cea  L.  Glabrous;  lfts.  rhombic-hastate,  vith  3  rounded,  shallow 
lobes,  pet.oles,  witii  here  and  there  a  small  hooked  prickle ;  rac.  terminal •  oil 
truncate;  leg;,  dehiscent.— In  rich  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  plant  of  s'dIou- 
did  hues,  arising  from  a  thick  subterranean  rhizome,  3  to  4f  higli.  Sts  simnlo 
purple.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide,  the  petiole  twice  as  long.  Fls.  numerous' 
Blender,  tlie  banner  2  long,  deep  scarlet,  tlie  keel  and  wings  very  smidl.  Sda' 
Bcarlet,  the  size  of  a  small  bean.     Apr.,  Jn. 

,,?  i^-,  Crista-gdlli  L.  CocKS-cOMn.  St.  arboreous,  unarmed ;  Ift.s.  ovato  or 
elliptical,  coriaceous,  the  petiole  and  midvein  armed  with  strong,  hooked  pricklc,>^  • 
cal.  short,  campanulate,  vex.  strongly  curved.— A  handsome  flowering  shrub  or 
tree,  planted  at  the  South.  Sac.  of  many  largo  scarlet  flowers,  terminal  on  tho 
brandies.     Apr.,  Jn.     From  Brazil. 

50.  AMPHICARP^E^A,  Ell.  Tea  Vine.  (Gr.  «>0f,  Lat.  ambo, 
both,  KaQnoc,  fruit ;  /,  e.,  two  kinds  of  fructification.)  Calvx  tubular, 
campanulate,  with  4  or  5  nearly  equal  segments;  petals  oblong;  vex- 
illum with  the  sides  appressed  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  ovary  on  a  sheathed 
6tipe  ;  legume  flat,  2  to  4-scedcd.— OD  Slender,  twining.     Lvs.  pinnatcly 


Obdeb  46,— LEGFMINOS^.  ggj 

1  A.  monoica  Nult.     St.  retrorsely  pubescent-  Iftg    orito    ♦>,!„.  «»„i- 
si-nple,  pendulous ;  cal.  segm.  very  sUrt,  trirgulaltumlnlte ;  twrSte - 
A  very  slender  vine  m  woods  and  thickets,   Can    and  IT  S     St Tw„i^  T 

backwards,  4  to  8f  in  length.     Lfts.   very  thin   1   to  3' W  !„  ^  •h^'w"^'? 
ones  oblique  at  base.      Rac.  axillary.  SflSred      Fls   na^e^nurnr  V'^-'"'^ 


3,  compressed,  purplish-black. 

51    GALAC'TIA,  L.     (Gr.  ydXa,  milk;  some  species  have  a  milkv 

ia,co )     Calyx   bibracteolate,   4-cleft,    the   segments  of  nearly   equa^ 

ength  upper  one  broadest,  entire;  pet.  oblong;  vexillum  broadest  anrl 

,ncum  ent;  keel  petals  slightly  cohering  at  to^;  legurmany  so  ded 

-Herbs  prostrate  or   twming,  sometimes   shrubby.     Lvs.    pinnatelv 

compound.     Rac.  axillary.     FIs.  cyanic.  pmnately 

I  Lenvcs  pinnate  7  to  9-foliato.    Stems  prostrate,  twinin-'  ,«,    . 

§  Loaves  p  nnately  S-lblhite.    Stems  prostrate,  twinlne No.  1 

§  Leaves  pinnately  8-foliate.    Sterns  erect  or  Ascending S^    6^ 

lous,  2  long,  4  to  6-.eeded.     Corolla  white  or  rose  color,  7''  long     Mav-JL 
2  G.  glabella  Mx.     St.  nearly  glabrous  •   lfts.  ^    pMrntin  „w^,, ,  • 

each  end,  sub-coriaceous,  shining  aboTe  a  li  tie  ha-Vv  CI     f;  '''Z^'''^'?  ^' 
elout  th^lengih  of  the  Ivsl,  fls.  pediccllat^-  n  arid  /oi'rr^trFh''     sr^'f' 

feet  long.     Lfta  about  1'  long,  8"  wide      FIs.  al,m,M  fiV  Jo  i     ^    •^*-  f^''*'"^ 
Aug.— Sept.  ^'  *  *^"°"'  '^'*"  ^8  ^arge  as  in  the  last. 

4  O.  pildsa  Nutt.     St.  retrorsely  hirsute  •  Ifla.   ^    oval  nV,i«r,„   ,  ^ 

IS"  hv  ±  i,.  f."    \,T       ^,.  ,•  ^r-     ^^^-  leaning,  2  or  more  f  high.     Lfts  12  to 
18    by  4  to  G  .     Fls.  purplish,  about  half  as  large  as  in  No.  2 

6  G.  aessilifldra  Torr.  &  Gr.     St  fiexuonq   pront.  iao   ^ki       v 

o..on«.«.,  petioles  W^^^^^^^^ 

W  *la.    Sts.  two  or  more  together,  I  to  2f  high.    Ms.  12  to  20'' bv  3  to  7°' 

obU:.oremarg.nate.     Fa^icles  3  to  6-flowered"    FL.  purple.'^  ^^^..treciVto 

tLe"e\°?ot'f^"r  l'  h  1  i^'i-  t^'^''^  ^""^5  from  the  great  length  ot 
tl^ese  vmcs.)     Calyx  4-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  2.toothed  or  entire,  vexi. 


324 


Obdeb  41— rosacea 


lum,  with  2  or  4  callosities  near  the  base  of  the  limb ;  stifrma  terminal 
legume  compressed,  with  few  oval,  compressed  seeds.— Twiuinff  he.l.i 
with  piiinately  trifoliate  Ivs.  ^ 

D.  multifldnis  Torr.  A  Gr.  Lfts.  largo,  round-ovate,  with  n  short  acumination  • 
rac.  about  as  ong  as  the  petioles,  dense,  many-Howered ;  upper  segrn.  of  tl?e  cal' 
entire,  lower  longest,  laneeolate;  leg.  broad,  3  to  S-seoded.-River  banks  G' a  f  i 
La.  and  Ark      fets.  very  long,  rotrorsely  pubescent.     Lfts.  2  to  4'  diam   'smoo 

mud"  Sten^r  jl,^T  '    ^''''  '''''  ^^  "^^"^*'  '-^'^^'  »-^-     «^«'  ^^ "! 

^'J^^\u\^^'  /"Tl""!^^^  pubescent;    Ivs.  glabrous;    petioles  3  times  longer 
than  the  few  (5  to  8)-llowored  rac— Near  N.  Orleans  (Hale.) 

r»^/f®f=?«"i^^^^^l?  f-  "  ^'"'^  ^''''  "^""^y  '°"f^  P°^^'  ""t'^«  of  ^ho  W.  Indies,  and 
D.  Cat-lang  W.,  with  two  erect  pods  at  top  of  the  peduncle,  native  of  E  Indies 
are  occasionally  seen  in  cultivation  at  the  South  (Feay).  ' 

53.  CLITO^RIA,  L.  Calyx  bihracteolate,  tubular,  5-toothed,  scff- 
ments  acummate  ;  vexillnm  large,  spreading,  roundish,  emarginate  not 
spurreu;  keel  smaller  tlian  the  wings,  acute,  on  long  claws;  lecr„mc 
Jmear  oblong,  torulous,  several-seeded.— 2^  Mostly  twining.  Lvs^pin- 
nately  3  to  5-foliato.     FIs.  very  large,  solitary  or  several  together. 

C.  Mariana  L.  Glabrous;  st.  suberect  or  twining,  sulfruticous ;  lfts.  3,  oblonir. 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  lateral  ones  petiolulato ;  ped.  short,  1  to  B-fiowered  • 
bracteoles  and  bracts  very  short ;  leg.  torulous,  3  to  4-seeded.— Dry  soils  N  j" 
^,-„  ^\  ^  *°  ^/  ^""e.  round,  slender,  branched.  Lfts.'  rather  remote,'  about 
1   by  G  .    Cor.  piUe  purple,  2  to  2J'  in  length,  calyx  i',  bracteoles  2".    Jl.,  Aug. 

54.  CENTROSE^MA,  DC.  (Gr.  K^^vrpov,  a  spur,  (7/>a,  a  standard: 
the  vcxillum  spurred.)  Sepals  lance-linear,  slightly  united,  the  lower 
longest,  and  with  2  broad  bracteoles ;  vex.  very  large,  with  a  short 
spur  on  the  back  near  the  base ;  keel  and  stamens  much  shorter,  in- 
curved;  legume  long,  linear,  margined  and  long  pointed.— 2^  Twiiiintr 
Lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate.  FIs.  very  large.  Bracts,  bractlets,  and  calv^x 
Btnated.  '  .?• 

C.  VirginiSna  Benth.     St.  very  slender;  lfts.  oblong-ovato  to  oblong-linear  firm 
very  veiny,   the  veins  incurved ;    ped.    1  to  4-Howered   bracteoles  larger  (not 
longer)   than  the  cal.;    pod.   veined  along  the  margin.-Dry  soils,  S.  States. 
Whole  plant  of  hrrn  texture,  glabrous  and  very  slender,  several  leet  in  length 
Banner  orbicular,  If  broad,  violet  blue.    Pod 4  to  6'  long,  2  to  3"  wide.  Jl.,  Aug.' 

Order  XLVII.     ROSACE.^.     Roseworts. 

fferbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  stipulate  lvs.  and  regular  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
rarely  fewer,  united,  often  reenforced  by  as  many  bractlets.  Petals  5,  rarely  0,  dis- 
Unct,  inserted  on  the  disk  which  lines  the  calyx  tube.  Stajnens  Oo,  rarely'fevv, 
distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  (perigync  as).  Ovaries  1,  2,  5  or  co,  distinct,  or 
often  coherent  with  each  other,  or  immersed  in  an  excavated  receptacle  (§  444). 
Fruit  a  drupe,  or  acheuia,  or  a  dry  or  juicy  eticrio  (§  565\  or  pome.  Seeds  1  or  few 
in  each  carpel,  anatropous,  exalbuminous;  embryo  straight.  (Illustr.  in  figs.  3!,  41, 
65,  G6,  79,  91,  100,  106,  179,  106,  167,  159,  293,  307,  3S5,  289,  380,  381,''414,  439, 
440,  441,  443,  452,  461,  462.) 

This  ordor,  ns  hore  constitiitod,  tnclnrtes  Ave  suborders,  and  tosether  87  (fenfrn  nnd  1000  spe- 
cies.    A  laifro  pi-oportion  of  these  are  natives  of  temperate  climates  north  of  the  equator. 

JroptirUeK—\  hijrhly  importiint  order,  whether  we  recard  its  delicious  fniir.  Its  incdfcinal 
products,  or  t!-  he.i.ify  :,(  Us  i!.-.v.ors.  None  of  its  ?prd,-s  (exccptiii-  tiiose  of  the  almond  trii.e) 
are  unwliolesome  .\n  astrinir<  r't  principle  characterizes  the  family,  residing  chiefly  in  the  Imrk 
and  the  roots.  The  roots  of  the  i  Inckherry  have  lieen  used  in  medicine  an  nn  nsti  iiicent ;  thoso 
or  the  Oillenia,  as  an  emetic;  Asrrlmonia,  as  a  verinifuee.  The  petals  of  Ko.sa  dan  ascena  vi.ld 
Ui«  well  known  fragrnnt  oil  called  attar  of  rose.   Tho  almond,  iieach.&c,  aboiiPd  in  pruosicacid, 


Ordkb  47.— rosacea.  3f>g 

SUBORDERS,   TRIBES  AND   GEXEIIA.. 
§  HitnoRDEii  I.    9ANQUIS0URE.E.    Carnols  Urarolv  2     1>     p  f  i    n     „    , 
a  Stan.ons  1  to  4,  «tylo  lateral.     Flowe^/catt  j  7  "^ '"*'     '•""'*"•     V^^'^'^-     f*> 

a  Hta.ne,,3  4,  «tylo  terminal.    Flower,  In  den«o  M.ikc; A.,o„KMn.,.^  i 

a  Stamens  CO,  «ty.e  terminal.  «tig.a  fringed.     yl^:;^-[:::::: 'w™"^  I 

-roun  .o:i.-CarpeU  l-see(io(i ('uat^ous     "  13 

—Carpels  2-seo(le(l I'viius  18 

,_                 „     „                                               —Carpels  00 -seeded Cydonia.  ia 

d  CarpeLs  many,  I n  the  fleshy  calyx.     Fls.  often  d.mble  ,>„, . 

d  (arpels  2  only,  in  the  dry,  fluted,  cchinate  cal  vx            ,  " 

e  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  achonla.    Petals  8  or  9 Aorimoma.  16 

e  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia.     Petals  6          |,      *^-  " 

e  Styles  deciduous.-^..y.bractlcss.    Fr.  a  heap  of  p.ifpy ■„;,;;•;„::::;  :^::;^  }« 

-Calyx  bractless.     Ach.  dryish.     Sepals  unequal. ...   D^RnA  H 

-Cayxbractlessorminutelybrncteoled.  Sep^qual     Wa,3^^^  ^ 

-Calyx  bractcolate,-Ueceptacle  pulpy,  .lobular,  re.l.FHAoTRrA  H 

— Reccpt  spongy,irlob.Fls.  purple.CoM.viMn,  28 

-Receptacle  dry.-Stamens  00  . .  Potkntii'la.  M 

f  Follicles  2  to  10-socded.    Pot.ls  obovato,  cyanic      -^"""«'"' *- -S'-BAi-mA.  26 

f  Follicles  2  to  4-sce,led.    Petals  lancclin  ar  cyaniV flT^'  2» 

f  Follicles  1-seeded.     I^etals  multiplied, orange^X;//.:;::;;::::;-^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^ 

1.  ALCHEMIL'LA,  L.      Ladiks'  Mantlk.     (The  plant  is"  called  in 


incised  Ivs.  and  small  green  fls, 
1  A.  arvensis 


menus  2  oi 


discovered  th.-ro      Tr  ;■         i        .    V    '^'')-     ^"t  the  plant  has  never  been  ro- 
9    QANr      cnn  «  '  ""     ^^'"'  P^'"*'  '^"°'*™^^  ""^'^^^*^^-    Common  in  Eur. 

'i:ri,  lO  clDSOrl)   blood:    t!)o  r^Tonf  io    ^ofoa^-l ,.!  ^        %       .r-i    i 

•t-sided   2  or  ^  1mh,.+I  i     *  'V   '■''  ''.."^-^^^^^'^^  «  vulnerary.)     Calyx  tube 


*26  Obdih  47.— ROSACByE. 

®",!5i?°°'^®f"'**  ^'-  ^''«'^'«'" ;  1*^8.  oblong,  cordate,  obtuao,  serrate ;  spikes  cvlin 
dnc  very  lor.^;  stam.  much  longer  than  the  cal.-2^  I„  ^^  meadoV.^Brft  Am 
to  Ga.  along  the  mts,  and  cultivated  in  gardens.  St  2  to  3f  high  8mo(^th  a  r^ato' 
spanngly  branched.    Stip.  leafy,  serrate.*'  Lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  J  to  aTs  wid'e  peS 

fct^f  ^n'"??'  '^'-    ^^'^''  ''  *^  •^'  1""^-  t^^i^-^'ing  the  long,  Lkedbmndm 
Uraotooles  3.     Calyx  greeni.sh-white,  resomblmg  a  corolla.     Aug.  •'™"<^"e'»- 

3.  POTE'RIUM,  h.  BuHNET.  (Litemlly  [in  Lat.l  a  drinking  vessel 
^nd  hence  a  l>ovcrag«.)  Flowers  8  .  Calyx  tube  oontracted^at  the' 
nouth,  3-bracteoIate,  limb  4-partc(l,  petals  0  ;  stamens  20  to  30  ;  ovaries 

2  ;  stigina  penicillato;  achenia  dry,  included  in  the  caly.x.     Herbs  with 
unequally  pinnate  Ivs.     Fls.  spicate. 

^■|fS*??^il'^''^"/^"   "*-^'"^"«^'«"9i  «t-  nnarmed,  angular,  and  with  the  Ivs.,  smooth- 

bwor  fls.  8tam.nate.-2/  Occasionally  cultivated  as  a  salad,  but  is  now  less  valued 
in  medicine  than  formerly.     It  is  said  by  Hooker  to  bo  native  about  Lake  Hurin 

4.  CHRYSOBALA^NUS.  L.    Cocoa  Plum.    (Gr.  xpvobg,  .old  3dXa. 
vu^,  acorn  •  m  reference  to  the  yellow  fruit.)     Calyx  5-clcft;  pe'tals  6  • 
Btainens  about  20,  m  a  single  series,  ovary  solitary,  sessile,  the  style  aris' 
ing  from  the  base  ;  ovu  es  2,  collateral ;  drupe  1-seeded,  with  th'in  pulp 
Snides     """"""^"^^  ""'*''  entire,  veiny  Jvs.,  minute  stipules,  and  terminii 

C.  oblongifdlius  Mx.     Lvs.  oblong,  varying  to  oblanceolate,  subsessile  pedicels 

o  Ihe  St  nTr^'^^r'^TJ-^'r^"*^  ""'^  ovaryglabrous;  petals  sessile  iS 
of  the  fruit  not  grooved.— Pme  barrens,  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Fla.     A  shrub  with  aS 
dor  prostrate  stem  or  woody  rhi^me,  sending  up  short  branche    (8  to  12')  S 
Z?ff'  ^°''f  ««>"«' ^"be"*!'-^  lvs.,  very  glossy  above,  and  very  srongly  veined 
acuto^or  obtuse.     Fls.  quite  small,  white.    Fruit  oblong,  as  largo  as  VpS 

5.  CER'ASUS,  .Tuss.  CtiKRRv.  (Prunu.s  L.)  (Name  from  Cerasm 
a  town  in  PontiKs,  whence  originated  the  garden  cherry.)  Calvx  5- 
cloft,  regular  deciduous;  petal*  much  spreading;  stamens  15— 20- 
ovary  2-ovuled ;  drupe  globous,  succulent,  very  smooth,  destitute  of  a 
glaucous  bloom  ;  stone  subglobous,  smooth,  with  no  border.— Trees  or 
wirubs.     Lvs.  conduplicate  (folded)  in  vernation. 

{Leaves  ovcrKreon.    Rncemos  axillary,  brnctless '  „.  i 

Leave*  iieclduoiis.— Uacoinu.*  Icaly  at  base  wo 

-Umbels,  lateral,  lead.  ssi-NaVivoV.V. ■.".".■.■. v°!'  a'  I 

_  — Lxotlc Nos  6  7 

on  SoJ'f^n^Mnl^f  ^^ r    ^"^'^'*''  ^'"""u^-    ^''-  oblong-oblanceolate,'acuminato, 
shorter  ha^ntV!?'   ^"^^"^^^^^   ««'  «»'«".  m  numerous,  dense  raceme 
shorter  than  the  lv.s. ;  drupes  persistent.— Along  river.s,  S.  Car.  to  FJa  and  Lx 

It  I"o\'V"  - '^*'k •  ^  ^"?""'  '^^^"^'f'^'  «^«'-g'-«^»  tre,  30  to  50f  itli  L^^! 
atout  2 J  by  1 ,  glabrous,  shining  above.  Drupes  black,  juicoless,  4"  long  Thev 
are  considered  poisonous  as  well  a.s  the  leaves.  In  gardens  this  tree  i-sfrimmed 
into  the  semblance  of  walls,  domes,  arbors,  and  all  manner  ofVantastic  LS 
.T;  fn^""®*  .^  ^^-  I^'-^P^  ""'  ^'^^  ^"^««Y.  Lvs.  firm,  oval-oblong  or  ellip- 
2^wTnH  ''™'^*'''  shining  above,  unegually  glanduhrlserrate;  peLes  with 
I  TrSSc  50  trsorTo-f '"?'  elongated.-A  lai^e  forest  tree  throughout  the  U. 
3bf  2  to  4f  dim     p    ft  °^^""'?™  «™  a"d  undivided  to  the  height  of  20  to 

lid  June  it  n,l  Wh     '^''''  ^"^  '""".^^    ^^-  ^  *°  ^'  ^°"?-  *  ««  ^^^^e.    In  May 
and  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  cylindric  clusters  of  white  fls.     Fniit  nearly 

^tr^'''\^!^J''^:i^,^  .Pi-f  *?.»»>«  taste  and  is  greedily  devoS 

and^esVl^h^oIi^r-^TS^b^r^^t^^^^^^ 

•     S'  7^*^!!?       .  ?^-.    ^"^^^  Cherry.     Lva  smooth,  oval  or  obovate   short- 
pomted,  thin,  not  shining,  mih  oharp,  subuiaU  serraiures,  veins  bearSed  on  S 


Oedbr  47— rosacea  327 

graj  i8h.     Lva  2  to  3  Ion?,  1  to  2'  wide,  with  a  short,  abrupt  acumination      F\h 

Blender  pedicels  collected  into  a  sort  of  umbel.     Fruit  red  vtrv  acid -SSrti 
TprunStrar^  <iuickl,«ucceeds  a  forest  c^o^ IP^J!'''^ 

beneath    u>nbels  86.8,10,  vvith  rather  long  pedicels;  drupe  ovoid  SrouTsubcor 
date  at  base-Cultivated  in  gardens,  fields,  &c.  common      Trunk  20  ioSOfTn 
height,  with  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  head.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  ?ong  S  wide  on  I  i 
oles  1  to  2'  long  often  with  2  glands.     Fls.  expanding  wUh  tl^leav^k  wS" 

IS^^ZS^^'J^^L^'I  '^'''"''-     ''''-^'^''  ''  varieSr^J^S 

BpL«^t.S^^^^^^ 

be^  subsessile,  with  short  pedicels ;  drupes  globoua- A  smSertree  th^n  ttie  p?e' 

as  lonr^ffh  9  ![■    IT?,      ^,  •^''"^'  *  ^  ^"*°'  unequally  serrate,  on  petiofes  i 
eacftd  on  oS I'J.t  aM  ^"^  ''^'^'  ^'^P^nduig  sooner  than  the  leavU  2  ^3  from 

Apr-\Le  tlEffiO     ^  •  ?"^-     ^'■-  '"'"*^^  ''"'■'°"'  '^'^^^^^  "^  '•«^'  ''"''^l  or  subacid. 
Apr.— More  than  50  varieties  are  enumerated.  J  (Prunus  Cerasus  L.) 

6.  PRU'NUS,  Tourn.  Plum,  Apricot.  Calyx  P-cleft,  vcgular,  dc 
ciduous;  petals  much  spreading;  stamens  15  to  30;  ovarylovnled  • 
drupe  ovate,  fleshy,  generally  clothed  with  a  glaucous  bloom  or  with  a 
soft  pubescence  ;  nucleus  compressed,  smooth.-S.uall  trees  or  shrubs 

bJd'sT^     '  '"  vernation      Fk  white,  in  simple  umbels  from  lateral' 
buds,  mostly  preceding  the  lvs. 

I  nrupo.lowny;  stono  furrowed  ftt  edges.    Lvs.  acnminato  xr      o- 

—umbels  2  to  6-floweretL-Lvs.  rather' acute; '.'.'.'.'..', Nos  zZl 

,   _,     ,  ,    ^  — Lvs.  acutniimto |...   JTl 

1  P.  Americana  Marsh.     Red  Plum.     Yellow  Plum.     Somewhat' thornv 
lvs.  oblong-oval  and  obovate,  abruptly  and  strongly  acuminatrdo^Wv  serrl^^^ 

lovv'woZ"  u  s""''rr'"'  T""'''  ri^'' '  t'-K^VoriaceourSia-&;;;ta 

ovv  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  often  cultivated  for  its  sweet  and  pleiisant  fruit 
which  ,s  abou     ho  size  of  the  Damson.    Shrub  10  to  16f  high.     Lai  to  5'  on? 

des Ututeofyo;^  r  ^ '"  T^  ""^J!'^  numerous  umbels,  white.     Drupes  nearly 
ueautute  ot  bloom,  ripe  m  Auff.     Flowers  in  Ma^  +  (nnroo„c -.t^ t„:„„j\  ' 

^  r.  mantima  Wang.     Beach  Plum.     Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  slightlv  aouminato 
SftTtirr''^  r'\^  '"''^'  '^"'^^'^  few-flowered    peSs  shorrpul 
iXTn  P;,rTrT"'-:r'^^"'*l'  ']>•■«''  ^^^"^^"^  °«t'>«  sea-beach,  particu- 
l  to  S'  li^^n    '^     '  "*  *''^  '"°u"*^  ^^^  ^*^''"'"'*«  ^'^^'•-     Very  brandling^     Lvs. 
I  to  8  long,  downy^aneaoent  beneath  when  young,  becoming  at  length  nearly 


328 


Order  47.— ROSACEA 


smooth  Fla.  wh<%  2  to  5  in  each  of  the  numerous  umbels.  Fr.  globular  eat- 
able,  red  or  purple,  little  inferior  in  size  to  the  common  garden  plum  Rino  i , 
Aug.,  Sept.     FLinMay.     (IMittoralis  Bw.)  ^ 

3  P.  umbeliata  Ell.  Lvs.  lanceolate  or  lance-oval,  acute  or  barely  acuminate 
obscurely  serrulate;  petioles  glandless;  umbels  3  to  b-flowered ;  fr.  oval  small  riau' 

^^\!^^'^-~;^'"^'  ^?'^''  '"  '■*'l''^^''  ^*^-'  Savannah  (Foay,  Pond)  to  Bainbridge  Ga 
and  Fla  A  small,  bushy  tree,  scarcely  thorny.  The  llowera  bloom  and  decay 
before  the  lvs.  appear.  Lv.h.  small  (about  18  '  by  9"),  downy  all  over  or  often 
glabrous  with  1  or  2  glands,  if  any,  on  the  margin  near  the  base.  Drupes  pleas- 
antly acid  and  much  used,  ripe  in  Jl.  and  Aug.     Fl.  in  Mar.  f     v  <^ 

4  P.  Chicasa  Mx.  Chickasaw  Plum.  Branches  spinous;  lvs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  oblanceolate,  glandular  serrulate,  with  the  glands  pellucid,  not  at  all  acumi- 
nate^  nearly  smooth;   umbeb  2    to   S-flowered,    pedicels   short,  smooth;   drune 

?or  tu"'^  ^"?®  {'■"'^  ^'''■"^'  "'''*'^®  "*■  ^'■'^•'  *<^-'  often  cultivated.  Height  8  to 
12f;  with  a  bushy  head.  Lvs.  1  to  2',  petioles  about  L  long.  Fls.  small  white 
expanding  with  the  lvs.,  in  Apr.  Fr.  red  or  yellowish-red,  tender  and  succulent' 
ripe  m  Jl.     There  are  several  varieties.  :j:  (Cerasus,  DC.) 

5  P.  spindaa  L.  Black  Tiioun.  Sloe.  Branches  thorny;  fls.  solitary;  cal.  cam- 
panulate,  lobes  obtuse,  longer  than  the  tube;  lvs.  pubescent  beneath  obovate- 
ellipticiil  varying  to  ovate,  sharply  and  doubly  dentate ;  drupe  globous.— Hedffo 
rows  and  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.  (Pursh.)  A  thorny  shrub  12  to  15f  hiffh 
native  of  Europe.  §— Some  botanists  regard  the  next  two  numbers  as  varieties 
of  this,  altered  by  p^Uiv&tion. 

6  P.  Insititla  L.  ild  Bullace.  Plum.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate 
tapering  to  the  p  Je,  acute,  serrate,  pubescent-viUous  beneath;  branches  some- 
wliat  spiny ;  fls.  generally  in  pairs ;  cal.  segm.  entire,  obtuse;  pet.  obovato-  fr 
globular.-Tree  15  to  20f  high,  sparingly  naturalized.  Lvs.  1  to  U'  long  wi  h 
short  petioles.     Petals  white.     Fr.  black,  covered  with  a  yellowish  bloom.  §. 

7  P.  dom^stica  L.  Common  Garden  Plum.  Damson  Plum.  Branches 
unarmed;  lvs.  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  pedicels  nearly  solitary  ■  druno 
globous  oval  ovoid  and  obovoid.-This  long  cultivated  tree  or  shrub  is  said  to 
be  a  native  of  Italy.  It  rarely  exceeds  15f  in  height.  Lvs.  quite  variable  in  form 
1  to  3  long,  f  as  wide,  sometimes  obtuse,  on  petioles  about  1'  in  length  Fla' 
white,  generally  but  one  from  a  bud,  expanding  while  the  lvs.  are  but  half 
grown  in  Apr.  and  May.  Fr.  black,  varying  through  many  colors  to  whito 
covered  with  n  rich  glaucous  bloom,  ripe  in  Aug.  About  150  varieties  are  pub- 
lisned  in  the  catalogues  ot  American  gardeners.  ±. 

J?A  f  ■  ■f"™®»i^ca  Willd.  Apricot.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  denticulate;  slip. palmate ;  fls.  sessile,  subsolitan-,  preceding  the 
lvs.;  drupe  somewhat  compressed,  subglobou.s.  large.— Occasionallv  cultivated  in 
gardens  &c.  Tree  10-15f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  f  as  wide,  smootli.  petbl  s 
nearly  2  long,  w.tli  several  glands.  Fla  white.  Apr.  Fr.  pu^plish-yollSw  Ac 
1  to  2  diam. ;  ripe  Jl.  Aug.     There  are  about  20  varieties.  X 

..fr-J'  ^^^y^^'P.f,  ^'»*-  „  Black  Apricot.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly 
serrate;  petioles  with   1  or  2  glands;  fls.  pedicellate;  drupe  subglobous -Tl,is 
species  13  from  Siberia.— The  tree  or  shrub  is  about  the  size  of  the  last,  hardy  and 
thritty.     Lvs.  smooth  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  2  to  3'  long  S  n 
wide,  on  petioles  near  ]'  long.     Fls.  white,  ?recedmg  the  lvs.,  distinctly  pedicol- 

e^comraon"      ^  ""  "'''^"'''''  '''  *^"'^"     ^^  ^P''  *     ^*''*''''''  ^P^'''**''*  '** 

7.  PER'SICA,  Tourn.  Peach.  Nectarine.  (Named  from  Pcma 
Its  native  country.)  Calyx  6-cleft,  tubular-campanulate,  deciduous; 
petals  5  ;  drupe  fleshy,  toraentous  or  smooth  ;  nucleus  somewhat  ccui- 
pressed,  ovate,  acute,  rugoscly  furrowed  and  perforated  on  the  surface. 
— Small  trees.     Lvs.  condupHcate  in  vernation. 

P.  vulgaris  Mill.  Peach.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  eerrate,  with  all  the  serratures 
acute;  fls.  solitary,  subsessilo,  preceding  the  lvs.;  drupe  towien^otw.— Tree  or 
Bhrub,  8  to  ISfliigh.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  i  as  wide,  emooth,  petioles  short,  with 


Obdeb  47.— ROSACEtE.  329 

1  or  2  glands.     Fls.  rose-color,  with  the  odor  of  prussio  acid.     Fr.  lar^o  1  to  2i' 

nf^Lfi-'^'^'r*'"^"^  ^'^^  ?"••?'"'  densely  tomentous.-About2?0'vanW3 
ofthisdehcious  fruit  are  named  and  described  in  the  cataJogues  of  AmSn 
nurserymen.     The  double-Hc-vered  peach  is  a  highly  ornameS  varittvbTos 
sommg  m  Apr.  and  May,  but  fruitless.  ^  "mamentai  variety,  blob- 

^'fifJ!'fv   ^^''''t^^''^' r.P''?"  glabrous—Closely  resembles  the   peach  in 
form,  fo  lage,  and  fls     The  fr.  is  1  to  3'  diam.,  smooth,  yellow,  purple  red 
Ac.    Of  Its  numerous  (about  25)  subvarieties  about  a  fourth  are  dSo;^^ 
flesh  adhering  to  tlie  stone,  and  the  remainder  free-stonesZ  cS-'SH 
flesh  free  or  separating  from  the  stone.  ^  ■'  "'  ^*^"-^  i>wne»^- 

8  AMYG'DALUS,  Willd.  Almonh.  Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate, 
deciduous;  petals  5  :  drupes  not  fleshy,  compressed:  nucleus  perforaU; 
and  furrowed,  ovate  compressed,  one  edge  acute,  the  other  broad,  ob- 
tuse.-Irees  or  shrubs.     Lvs,  conduplicate  in  vernation. 

1  "^  i^"  °°"*»^nis  Willd.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  the  lower  serrature. 
glandular;  fla  sessile,  in  pairs,  appearing  beforS  the  Ivs-pTom  Sa^ 
Son?  'a  ZJbt  fl   *'''^T""*7  f-  tl/o  ^nfit,  which  we  receive  Ztly?roml; 

2   A   «fi.    A  V    °n '''■'''^  variety  IS  highly  ornamental  in  shrubberies.  + 

2  A.  nana  Ait.     Dwarf  single-floweking  Almond.     Lvs.  ovate  attenuata 
^ih^^^,  simply  and  finely  serrate;  fls.  su' sessile,  appearing  before  the    v™A 
very  ornamental  shrub  from  Russia.     Height  abour 'i^  braSching     Lvs    3  t7^ 
long,  i  as  wide,  smooth,  acuminate  at  each  end.     .Js.  numerous  ^  Petals  oUo^l 
obtuse,  roseate,  often  double.     May,  Jn.  f  obJong, 

3  A.  ptimila  Ait.  Dwarf  double-flowering  Almond.  Lvs  lanceoUu, 
douby  serrate;  fi,.  pedicellate.-^ ative  of  China,  A  low  sh  ub,  LhirS 
mental,  common  in  cultivation.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  branching.  Lvs.3  to  6'  bTl 
to  1  acute  at  each  end,  smooth.  Fls.  very  numerous,  clotWng  the  whole  shrub 
in  their  roseate  hue,  whUe  the  lvs.  are  yet  small.    May,  Jn.  f 

hnn;«!l"?^''^'\^'  }^f^'  («»••  ^^r,  <P<^rbg,  light;  on  account  of  it, 
brlhan  leaves.)  Calyx  5  toothed  ;  petals  reflexed ;  ovary  villous,  2- 
carpeled,   half-superior  styles  glabrous;  fruit   included   in  the   fleshy 

^si^:'i^::t;;;^'^'  -'-'--  ^-^-^^^^  ->--^ 

greei,  very  rigid,  revolute  at  edge.     Fls.  small,  numerous,  whrte  ^  ^  "'"'^ 

caL-C\Z7  ^^^I'lt       ^^'^  oblong,  a*,.ute,  serrulate;  pedicels  longer  than 

10.  ERIOBOTRYA,  Lindl.     Loquat.     (Gr.  Ipcov,  wool    Oorpvc    a 
c  uster  of  grapes  ;  alluding  to  its  villous  fleers.)     Calyx  ;oony?o';-  6 

str5  fi]  fi  ^'-''1  ^Tt' '  ^'^"""'''  erect,  .v^  long  is  the  Jepl  ; 
stales  5,  fihform,  included,  hairy;  pome  3  to  S-celledrdosed;  chLlaza 

f"  ister"  Ivi!  "'""''^  "''^'"  ""  cotyledons-Shrubs  or  t;ees,  >Sh 

E.  Jap6nlca  Lindl.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  wavy,  and  serrate-  fls    5n  Wmi^oi 

gooseberry,  bright  yellow,  and  agreeable  in  taste,  ripe  earirt  Japan 

.lilV  ^™^4^'^**^^f  •  **''^'"-    ^"^^-l'^o^vKn.    Wild  Service.    (Fr 
Ame.anaer  the  popular  name  of  A.  vulgaris.)      Calyx  5cleft    petals 
6,  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate ;   stamens  short;  styles  5    smiSa 
urnted  at  base;  pome  3  to  6-ceIled,  cells  partially  divided,  S-sc^-l 
^niall  trees  or  sl.rubs.     Lvs.  simple,  serrate.     Fls.  racemous,  white 
A.   Canadensis  Torr.  A  Gr.     Lva  oval  or  oblong-ovato    often  cordato  at  base. 


330  Okdeb  47.— rosacea 

acuminate  or  cuspidate  or  mucronate,  sharply  sen-ate,  smootJi;  rac.  loose  elon- 
gated ;  segm.  ol  the  caL  triangular-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  •  'netala 
Imear-obloiig  or  oblanceolate ;    fr.  purplish,  globou8.-A  small  tree  or  shrub 
found  m  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  rarely  exceeding  35f  in  height      Lvs 
2  to  3    long,  dowuy-tomentous  when  young,   at  length  very  smooth   on  both 
sides,  very  acute  and  finely  serrate.    FLs.  large,  white,  in   terminal   racemes,  ao- 
pearing  in  early  spring,  rendering  the  tree  quite  conspicuous  in  the  yet  naked 
torest.     Fruit  pleasant  to  the  taste,  ripening  in  June.     (Pyrus  Botryapium  L  f) 
fi.  OBLONQiFoLiA  T.  &.  G.     Shrubby;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  mucronate,   and  with 
small,   sharp  serratures;   rac.  and  flowers   smaller:    pet.    oblong-obovate 
thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.    (A.  ovalis  Hook.) 
>'\^°™;i'^.^^"^i-'^  T.  &.  G.    Lvs.  broad-oval;  petals  hnear-oblong.     Shrub  10 
to  2  Of  high.     (Pyrua  ovalis  Willd.)  g  uo  iw 

A  ALNiFoLiA  T.  &  G.    Shrubby  or  arborescent ;  lvs.  orbicular-oval,  rounded  or 
retuse  at  each  end,  serrate  only  near  the  apex;  pet.  linear-oblong;  stam 
very  short.     (Aronia  alnifolia  Nutt.)  r      ,  r  g  ,  ouuu. 

e.  OUGoc.MU'A  T.  &  G.  Shrubby;  lvs.  mostly  glabrous  from  the  first,  ellintic- 
oblong,  cuspidate ;  rac.  2  to  4-flowered,  pet.  obovate-oblong.— Mountain 
swamps,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.  and  northward. 

i2.  CRATiC'GUS,  L.  Thorn.  Hawthorx.  (Gr.  Kparoc,  strength  • 
on  account  of  the  firmness  of  the  wood.)  Calyx  urceolate,  limb  5-cleft  ' 
petals  5;  stamens  oo;  ovaries  1  to  5,  with  as  many  styles;  pome' 
aeshy,  containing  1  to  5  bony,  1-seeded  carpels,  and  crowned  at  the 
summit  by  the  persistent  calyx  and  disk.— Trees  or  shrubs,  armed  with 
thorns.  Lvs.  simple,  often  Jobed.  Bracts  subulate,  deciduous,  mostly 
glandular.     Fls.  corymbous.  ^ 

§  Corymb8  8  to  Sn-fl^wored,  iipi>earingr  with  the  leaves,  (a) 

a  Villoiisor  piibtisccnt.    Lvs.  i)licatc  or  sulcate  alone  the  veins.  Noii  1  9 

a  Pubescent.    Lvs.  plain,  not  at  all  plicate,  cleft  or  hot  .  Nof  «  1 

a  Glabrous  throughout.— Lvs.  abrupt  at  base,  lobed,  petioled .     Nos  ^7 

c  r.         1,    1  .    «  a  ,  ~^'y^-  attenuate  at  base,  seldom  lobed.. . .  Nnj  ft  1 

$Corymbs  1  to 6-flowered,— appearing  before  tlie  downy  leaves  •     Nn  tft 

— apptsaring  with  the  leaves,— pubescent. .'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. No  11 

,«^  ^5        T       ^  „  — ghibroue '. '.!  JSos.  121 18 

1  C.  tomentesa  L.  Black  Thorn.  Lvs.  broad-oiaie  or  oval,  ahvpt  at  lose  the 
margm  doubly  and  sharply  serrate  or  cut  intomany  small  lobes,  villous  or  pubescent 
when  young  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  compound  corymbs  of  large  fls  veins 
<  prominent  beneath,  sulcate  above;  fruit  rather  largo  (8  to  9"  diam  )  oval  or 
globular,  5-carpeled,  2  to  5-seeded,  crimson,  tinged  yellowish.-  Can.  to  Ky.  and 
Car.  Mts.  A  large  slirub  or  tree  15  to  25f  high.  Lvs.  half  grown  with  the  hand- 
some whito  fls.,  Imally  2  to  3' by  1  to  2'.     Fl.  Apr.,  May.     Fr.  Jl.  Aug. 

/?.  plicata.     Lvs.  smaller,  nearly  glabrous  and  strongly  plicate.    Vt  (T  &  G  ) 
N.  H.  and  N.  Y.  *  ^  '       ''' 

y.  PYRiP^LiA  Ait.     Lvs.  ovate-elliptic  or  oval,  acute  at  base,  and  with  the 
sender  petioles  and  corymbs  thinly  pubescent,  plicate,  sharply  toothed  ai.d 
slightly  cut-lobed.     Styles  mostly  3.— Mich,  to  Iowa, 
d.   FLABEI.LATA   Bosc.      Lvs.    roundisli-cuncifbrm    or    Fomcwhat    fanshaped 
glabrous,  dentate  and  cut-lobed  above  ;  corymbs  and  bracts  pubescent  clan- 
dular. — 111.,  Iowa.  '  ° 

f.  MOLLIS  Gray.     Lva  largo,  softly  villous,  subcordale,  with  the  margin  quite 

conspicuously,  many  (9  to   ]3)-lobed;  corymbs  canescently  villous  •   fruit 

downy  wiion  young.— Ohio  to  Iowa. 

2  C.  punctdta  Jacq.     Lvs.   cunei/orm-obovate,  doubly  and  often  ipcisely  serrate, 

entire  at  base,  and  nanvwed  to  a  short,  winged  petiole,  veins  straight  and  prominent, 

pubescent  beneath;  corymbs  nnd   cal.   villous-Dubescent :    stv.  3   (1    nr  2^:  fr 

globous,  pundate.—Bor(ieTfi  of  woods,  U.  S.   and  Can.     Tr^   12  to  25f  high. 

Branches  wide-spreading,  crooked,  covered  with   cinerous  bark.     Thorns  stout, 

sharp,  1  to  2    long,  sometimes  wanting.     Lvs.  U  to  2^'  long,  i  as  wide,  acute  or 

short  acuminate ;  petioles  J  to  1'  long.     Fls.  white,  in  somewhat  leafy,  compound 

corymbs  of  8  to  15.      Fr.  5  to  8  '  dIam.,  red  or  yeUowish,  eatable  in  Sept.    Fl«. 

Apr. — Jd  *^ 


Obder  47.— ^■•OSACE.E. 


3S1 


fruit 


3  C.  arbor^Boens  Ell.  Unarmed;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  deeply 
eerrate,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  in  the  axles  of  the  veins  beneath;  cal.  hairy 
segm.  subulate,  obtuse,  entire;  sty.  5.— Fort  Argyle,  on  the Ogeechee  R.  (Elliott) 
A  tree  20  to  30f  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Petioles  short,  witli  shorter 
hnear-lanceolate  caducous  stipuleA  Segin.  of  the  cal.  reflected.  Fr  small  red' 
.3    diam.     Mar.,  Apr.  ^       ' 

4  C.  apiifdlla  Mx.  Pubescent,  thorny-  Iva.  deltoid,  truncate  at  base,  deeply  5  to  1- 
cui-lobed,  lobes  mcisely  toothed  at  end,  petiole  slender,  often  longer  tlian  the  blade- 
sep.  lanceolate;  sty.  2  or  3  ;  fr.  small,  red.— In .  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A 
handsome  shrub,  8  to  12f  high,  with  rather  short,  stout  thorns,  and  large,  whito 
or  roseate  fls.  Lvs.  small,  broader  (10  to  18'^)  than  long,  fascicled,  numerous. 
Corymbs  10  to  12-flower^_.     Fr.  oval,  about  3"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

^  9\  pxycSntha  L.  HAWTHOR>f.  English  Tuorn.  Lvs.\bnva(e,  obtuse.  3  to 
5-lobed,  serrate,  smoothish,  shining  above,  wedge-shaped  at  base:  corymbs 
glabrous;  sty.  1  to  3;  fr.  ovoid,  small.- Hedges.  Ac,  sparingly  naturalized. 
Shrub  very  branching,  8  to  1 8f  high.  Thorns  slender,  very  sharrf  axillary  Lva 
IJ  to  2  long,  nearly  as  wide,  deeply  lobed;  peUoles  A  to  1'  long.  Fls  white 
yarymg  to  roseate.  Fr.  2  to  3"  diam^  usually  I -seeded,  purple.  Used  for  hedges 
(extensively  m  Europa).     There  are  several  varieties.  §  f 

®  Pl^°/^°/°®f  b  White  Thorn.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acutely  serrate,  1  to  9- 
lobed  {hbes  shallow),  thm  and  smooth,  abrupt  at  base;  petioles  long,  slender,  and 
with  the  cayx)  smooth  and  subglandular ;  sty.  3  to  5.-A  thorny  shrub  or  small 
tree,  10  to  20f  high,  in  thickets  by  streams,  Ac,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Branches 
crooked  and  spreading,  branchlets  and  thorns  whitisli.  Thorns  stout  rieid 
sharp,  a  little  recurved  about  1  J'  long.  Lvs.  1  ^  to  2J'  long.  J  as  wide,  iJbed,  o^ 
(rather)  coarsely,  dou'^ly  acummate-serrate.  Petioles  very  slender,  i  as  lone  as 
the  lamma.  Fls.  white,  in  paniculate,  lateral  corymbs  of  about  12.  Fr  5"  diam 
bright  purple,  eatable  in  Sept.     Fls.  May. 

7  C.  cordita  Ait.  Washington  Thorn.  Thorny,  glabrous  and  glandless:  lva. 
cordate-ovate,  somewhat  deUoid,  incisely  and  often  deeply  3  to  5-lobed,  serrate 
with  long  and  slender  petioles;  sep.  short;  sty.  5;  fr.  small,  globous-depressed,-! 
Banks  and  strea^ms  Va.  to  Ga.,  cultivated  in  the  Middle  States  for  htnigerows 
Shrub  15  to  20f  high,  the  branches  with  very  sharp  and  slender  thorns  2  to  3' 
long.  Lv."..  about  2  by  I J  the  upper  rather  cuaeate  at  base,  the  others  truncate 
or  heart-shaped.     Pomes  J'  diam.,  numerous,  red.    Jn,  §  f 

8  C.  Crus-gdlli  L.  Cock-spuu  Thorn.  Glabrous;  Ivs.^cbovatf^uneiform  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  tapermg  to  a  short  petiole,  serrate,  coriaceous,  shining  above-  svinei 
very  long;    corymbs   glabrous;    sep.  lanceolate,  subserrate:    sty.. I  (2  or  3)-, 

Thill' ^fn  ^'^^^'''  ?''^\  f^'i  ^-  ^-  . ^'"""^  ^«  ^«  20f  high,  much  branched. 
Thorns  2  to  3  long,  straight,  sharp  and  rather  slender.  Lvs.  I  to  2*'  Iohl'  a 
tiiird  as  wide,  tapsring  and  entire  at  base,  mostly  obtuse  at  apex;  petioles  1  to 
5  long.  Us  white  fragrant,  in  corymbs  of  aljout  15,  on  very  short,  lateral 
branchlet.s.  Fr.  pyriform,  dull  red,  2  to  3"  diam,  persistent  during  vvinte?,  uuS 
eaton  by  birds.     Jn.— Varies  with  the  lvs.  somewhat  oblong  or  oval. 

9  C.  spathuldta  Mx.  Glabrous  and  glandless;  ivs.  small,  coriaceous,  shining 
ojlong-spatulate,  attenuated  to  the  subsessik  base,  crenate  above,  sometimes  lobed  •' 
corymbs  numerous  lateral,  20  to  25-(lowered;  sepals  very  short;  fr,  very  small 
8carlet.-Va^  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  A  handsome  shrub  lo'to  ]5f  high,  pTofS 
flowering.  Lvs.  mostly  1'  in  length,  much  inclined  to  vary,  those  on  the  baScn 
shoots  much  larger,  becoming  riiomboidal  and  lobed.  Fr.  2  to  3"  diam  Suine^ 
few  and  small     Fls.  small,  white.     Apr.,  May.  ^ 

short-petioled  lvs.,  which,  when  young,  are  glandular  at  edgo,  and  clothed  witi 
a  ru..ty  tomentur.  ..t  length  glabrous  above;  c-oiymbs  glabroiKs,  2  to  s"  lowered 
cal  sogm.  short,  triangular,  glandless;  fr.  quite  large  (8  to  9'  ,  globular,  red- 
la  the  edge.s  of  ponds  and  rivers,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (nJle).     T?i^  much 

SS3      Fl.  in%r'  i'^'-   Z'-  "f  ^"  ''.^•^'  ^'"''^^'    ^"''^  WvoJed.  and  Zt 
used,     i  Is.  m  Feb.,  Mar.     (Mespihis  restivalis  Walt.^ 

lie    parylfldra  Ait.     Thorns  straight  and  slender,  lvs.  coriaceous  vubescent 

ameate-obovuto,  subsessile,  crenate-serrate ;  tls.  sub.olltary ,  calwi^SiZpTd^T^ 


r 

liU'HP,   imiiiiliHltolitniiltl,  Willi  (\  hoiiy.  I  hooiIimI  iiuIb.     Muiittv  wii«i44,  N..I.   mul 
HonllH'iii  HintoH.      A    wm'U   hii\w\m\  nUrwh,  i  {o  It  h\\(\\.    "  IiVb    I  to  li' liy  ^  Im 
H',  (1(0  tipiipi'  BiirHiiM*  nliitilhir  mill  iii>niiv  kIhIii-oiih  wlit'ii  oVI.     Kr.  ^rrnniilHli-|f(>l 
low,  >it>ur  ^   tllmii ,  i>(ilt«lili>  when  ii|>f.     Aur.,  Mhv. 

/<.  iMi|>tt;N('WNH.  Mlmili«  ROKii'wIml  li»rn»>r.  willi  linger,  iuhiuHmIi,  limn  dnwiiv 
lv». ;  iH'lulw  inllior  loiifji'r  tlimv  tlio  ot»lvx.  Hpimm  very  ulciiilpr.-— Uu  «) 
olIliillM  All)  ■  ■ 

12.  C.  flAvA  Ail.  MuMMKti  II  \w  (IIhIhimih;  llionirt  Htraltflit  or  ni<>iml.n;  Ivh 
JXt'iiiliimiiMiM,  vlionil>io  ohoviili>,  nllt'iiniiloinlo  n|//ti«i/M/«if  jW««i/»',  Iiu'IbimI.  ylumMut 
h^^thf<i  itiiil  hHh^IiiIv  IoIm'iI  uIuivo;  ri)t|/mfw  I  ^nlh-u  'J  or  ;i) /^ticDPi/,  kIhImouh; 
IIb.  InryT;  .ic/v  4  ()♦  ft ;  IV,  liuv.ti.  jtonr oIiiuumI,  .v<'lli>wif<li.-  In  »lrv,  rIiiuIv  iiIhi>('h| 
Vi«  |.»  I'll*  IVno  Ift  lo  '^rif  lii|{h  l,vfl.  wiicn  iitn(,uri>,  'i  li» ;!  Idiih;;  I'V.  K  lunn, 
»i(M  wi'll  lli(voh>il.     Urih'Ut  (UuIho|>i\U  im  woll  «n  llio  iicliolcM  KJumliilar.   Apr.,  Mmv. 

13  C.  v(i(dl»  I,.  Ulrthhwis;  Uhmih  Tow  imkI  Mliorl  ;  \\n.  Ililit,  romiillHlmr  ovtii, 
n<nil'>  III  pui'Umnl.  f>l\iu\>l\  (>i\il  (loiilily  luollioil  almvo;  j  ■7*fP,V.v  j/Jiifft^tv,*  ^uIwuvmT)- 
tYf^iiiht  ;l  ^.1  li  rf,'«(Y*f.^  lla.  vndior  liirnf,  (lie  linu'lM  vorv  jrliimiiilur ;  Hi'p,  huImi' 
lnl.>;  nty  'i  I't  :\  [\n\v\y  (\  ?) ;  />  lnr^:t\  !/I.>M<m-.  iv<I,  IhiKtMl  with  >«'llow,-— loww 
(0(m!»rna)  {o  Klu,  Hliviilw  \'>  U\  \sr  high  I.vm.  »  l.>  y  ItMig.  vnry'iHK  IhMii  i>lllj). 
iio  \Ui>»«>  (<>  ilolloitl-iiviUo  (V.  \h\\\n\[\v\[i\  V,\\.)  or  ovi'U  iMtitluto.  N(in»'llnu-M  nlijthliv 
\oW\\,  lln>  nolioli'rt  Nl(>inli>r,  olli'K  «M  loii^r  (iH  tl\i>  Iriil!  Kv.  4  »iii«u.,  |nir|)liHli,  valii 
l<lo.      A(M'..  M.'iy      («'.  ,>,(i>i>iiu'i>  ;<  Torr.  ^-  Ur.> 

14  C  beibeiiftMtrt  Tvmt  ,^  dr.  wltlt  «>i>riiui>uu«,  iililon^j  ouiu'ilunn  Km.  hikI  (in 
SojM.)  litiw  {^\  k\'\:\\\\X  ,u\')i  Nuf  (lonu'fi  mMit  0-om  l.oiiinliuiij:,  l,u.  Iiy  |)r.  UhIo,  in 
rt  *lin>hU\u  inouihor  of  tlii.«  «lin\<M\ll  himuii*. 

13.  PY'RUS,  1..  \\.\K  \yv\.K  ktc.  (iVltic  /H'»r»  .  AdjxIo-S.'ixoh 
^>.'»v  .•  IV.  jhwfv  ,•  U'U.  f»/ntx ;  K\\^.  />fiir.)  Culyx  mv('olnto,  liiiiN 
A-vlort  ;  |v(;vlf»  .^.  n»in.lisl\  J  .sfyloK  ft  (_'2  or  .S),  olVou  tniiltMl  nt  hum; 
|v>nu»  ol\ijio<K  ii  to  t>  onrpoKHl,  flo^l\y  lU-  bsuM'ato  ;  ohi-ju'Ih  omlil»^ii(oiw, 
*i-i»«>o«lovl  Ttvof*  *>r  shruhs.  l.v.s.  simplo  or  i>iiii»,'U»\  I'ls.  wltito  or 
r\vvo  »s>1oi\mI,  in  oyiuous  oorvtnbs. 

irxKii*.  l.v,».  Mmplis  |tln«<ll«s«»;  xIvIok  illi«ilti«>( ;  n<Mn(>  pyil<ttrn« »,.......,., N«»,  I 
M\M'».  l.xn.  MiM|vlo.  ttl<«i^<ll<'i>'<;  Kl>ltv»<inllo<l  Ih'Iow  ;  ft"  »rl.vln>iin Niw.  tt  •< 
Ak«»ma.  I.vh,  MnniU>.  sIrtii'liiUi- '<"  iIk' ii\i.h«<(n;  otvlon  u«tl(>il,  i'Io..  ...  ,  Nii  .% 
!'.'««»».     \,\s.  >»U>nMo  .  ^l>^ol< '.)  »,>{v,.H»Ui\ot ' i.Ntm.  (,  t 

1  P.  commAiiis  I,  Tkau  Tukk.  1,v!».  ovnlo-liH»oool!\to,  obscuivlyMMvimlo, 
IflilMtMiH  lovil  i>N\lisl\0(l  olvnv.  n«HiU^  or  «»'umi«ttt-.v;  v»oryiuliV(»  nuHMUoun  ;  oul  luui 
lv«Ji>vN  pulHv>;.v«t;  .<«(y.  ^,  (li!«(ino»  !u\tl  villouH  «»  Imxo. -Tivo  usiuUly  Ullor  lliiin 
Iho  Aj>pU\  '20  to  ;5.M'  liid>.     Ur.\uohf.»  n,«vvt\(liug.     l.va  a  l.<  3J|   loiv^.  )|  itn  wiiio; 

f^otioli^s  I  »v>  V?  l«M»ji'.  Vis  wliittv,  N«iivo  in  K«n>»|»o.  wlioiv  iu  its  wilil  .xijUo  tlio 
hut  w  .sinrtll  t\\u\  «nmli>»rtWo.  Tl\o  U.m»!«>s  «MiUivnto<l  H;  viirii'lios  (PiiMy)  lull, 
\\ko  \{\o  rtl^l>l^^  v.-vriolW  without  oiul  «iv  now  mi«iHi  lh>m  ihoBOi'dorthisUolicioim 
Ihiil.  J 

2  P.  MAhi«  I,  t'OMMON  AiTt.K  Tkkk.  Ttvn,  ovalo  or  oMon(f-ovntM«'»r«A', 
«^  ^>NfV>;  rf.>n«,j/.  fix-  ir«y/,t  ,)ll  tNtWJTA/,-  ^H^rylnKs  s<il>vn>ibollat<> ;  ju-diools  timl 
*Mly\  viUons-tvviuontous;  jvt  icUh  Aort  Hmi\i;'»{\.  \  nwUM  uuti  villous  «t  liaso; 
|H\mogloU>\»s,— Xrttuo  \i\  Kuix^jv,  »n\«l  ahtuvst  <i«t(\ri«liR«Hl  hi>iv.  Tiw  '20  to  25*f 
liinh  ^in  tUioWotj*  60  v»i  GOV  Ih-.oiolnvH  ri^ia,  ohH^ko.1,  spiv«.lin!*r.  I  vs.  a  to  X 
'*Mvjj.  K  «s  wia«\  i><»tu\los  i  tx>  \  l.MVj?.  Fk  oxpuiului);  with  tho  Ivs..  ri-jt^rrjint, 
lAtys  »^i^^\itig  tho  titH'  iu  thoir  liH'ht  >\v«oat«>  hiu\  uiakiu^  ;u«nlo  nuu-uds  tor  il.s 
i\N»ijrhm\vs  iuul  «lotormil\  ■— I'ho  Uoumus  h,).!  Ti  v.moti^s  (IMim)  but  llio  uuiuIht 
fe  »H>\v  g»\N»tly  uxomi,*!^!,    lV^lu>My  ncwrly  1000  Tanottos  arxx  oultivftltnl  iu  tho 

v.  }\ ; 

S  p.  coroiiAiia  T»  ^wKK^<*^''K^vKO  Crab-trkk.  T.vs.  ov«to,  nmiuUMl  nt 
b**\  »»j.H.«*>?j,  .«i"-«v*«,  t^fftn  mhk'^lwtf,  .*/?\»J?*^♦W»•(^<,  puK\«i>MU  wlioix  young,  at 
U'Ufrth  suhHMhish.  on  .sloudor  ix'tu^los .  jv?  *^\w>rd;  f^iicth  (ilah>,m,s;  sojv  oubu- 
Jw*-.  »<y  \m{t»>i  Atvt  w.H^Hy  at  tlio  K'^s<>  •  (V  »s  wi^ll  ,»s  (Ki  riMv  rrn)^rmnT^  o-vrvnm 
<m<i. — Ivmiors  ol  w.wis  Mi.i.  West  «nd  S^Milh.  8tntos.  A  sn)«ll  fnH»  10  to  l'(N 
Hi^V  with  sjMxwaing  brAnoiiM.     Lva.  a  io  3  l«\g,  h*U'  hs  wide,  poUolos  {  to  I' 


Oiii.Rrt  47.-- llOHAOK/f!, 


33?5 


Ion)?.     Flu.  vnry  Inrj^o,  n.H.MMiloriMl,  in   ]<,mn  cr.rymlm  ».f  r,  to  10.     Fr.  tw  lAraD 
(I  U>  Id'  (liiun.)  M  H  Hrntill  aj.pl..,  ynlhwiHli,  Imnl  Hti<l  Hour  hiil  oHtoomod  for  inZ- 
HcrvcH.     Mny.  J; 
//.   lcnf,NHiM.     /,w.  (wlion  yniiriK;,  petlireh  awl  aUyx  tknselif  tommlow.     l,vu 
oviiln  mill  «»l»l(iiiK,  «lintini'tly  lolmd ;  (Ir.  »iot  koomK— Hnrit  Iroiri  Iowa  hy  I>r 

4  P.  «iiRti»tJfAH«  Alt.  Lim.  Unrrolatr,  wntc,  or  .,).liiMo  rifc  hum,  illnUrow, ncarcrht 
fv)fi;/,  .■mimlo-Hfrral.o  or  nlnumU'iilin-,  on  HJiort,  |i..t,io|.in;  rorynilw  nicfnioiiH  low 
(i  to  '?)-li»tW('n^i|;  |i(vli<<i<lM  mxl  mlyx  ontgido  Kl'itiro.m;  «;;.  w/w/r,  viil<Hm  wit'liiri  • 
Ply.  illHtihcl,,  villnMH  (it  ImH...— I'onn.  to  (Ja.  iumI  l,(i.  Troo  20  to  'M)\  h\u\i  (in 
woo.Ih  iic/ir  (»n<'"<'lH<M'aiiHowny).  I,vh.  ittioiit  t  tiim-H  loriKur  lliiin  wido.  FIh 
fliiiiilur  to  No.  ;i,  nH(>-|)iir|ii.»,  |ui>r..,  ||iii<  nmi  rnigriiiit.  Mar.—T.  k  (}  cIcwrilH)  it 
viirloty  with  tlio  .tlyira  ytulinin/t, 

0  P.  atbiitlfAlln  I,,  r.  (!noKW  l«r,uiiv.  I,v».  ol.lonj^-ohovnto  or  oval-lmifolnto 
oliniHooriKMit.',  rroniito  H(.lTlllllt(^  Hinootli  al»ovn,  lonionl.o(m  l^on.^dtli  vvh.n  yon/iir' 
Miti'iiiinto  (It  liiiNo  iiii(,  a  Hhort  |M-tioln  ,  jmmI.  an. I  cal.,  wlion  yoiiiiK,  toniciitoiiH-  ft 
pynlorni  or  «iil.>r)oJ»..i)H,  .liuk  r.:!.-  l,ow,  tnoiHt  w(K«|lan(lH,  IJ.  H.  and  (Jan  '  A 
Niinil)  r.  to  HI  hi^h.  |,VH.  I  to  V/  Um^(,  ^  m  wido.  oa..ii  Hiiliiiciiiniiiatc,  Huimoria- 
<'ooiiM,  B.-iratiin'M  miiall.  vvitli  u  Klandiihir,  inrnrvod  iioint;  potioJ.'H  2  to  4"  limit 
I''Ih.  wliilo,  ill  (M.nipoitiid,  lirniiniil  roiynilw  of  12  or  rimro.  V'r.  HHtrinuont  ait 
liiiK'' «^  (K'liriftiit.     Mny,  .In.  f  ' 

fl.  UM.^N,H)^m•^  ||.,„1(.     J,vh.,  ral.  nnd  Iif'l.  Klabroim  or  nearly  no;  fr.  Mm-kinh. 
inirpl...-   Hvviini|iH.     liciKJit  2  to  41'    (I',  iiicldiioiwim  Wiljd.) 
6  P.  AiuetloAim  IK).      Mountain   Ami.     LWh.  ol»ioiiK-l(iiic..olato,   miiiminatP 
iniKToiKitnly  Hrrrato,  HimKitli,  Hiiliwwil..;  cymim  .•oin|toiind,  witli   nimicrouH  IIh  • 
liotiio  Niimll,  kIoIkmih;  i^ty.  ;i  to  n.-^A  Hinall  ttci.  in  inoiinlain  woodH,  N   Knir  uiu'l 
Mid.  Hta(4»H.     Trunk  15  to  '^Ol'  liiKJi,  .'ovmsd  willi  a  ii-ddiHli  lirown  hark      Lvh  8 
(o  I'J'  kniK,  <>.Mn|H,H..d  o/'  :.  to    15  Ira/i.-tH;  KIh.  2  to  :ii'  hy  J  l,.  I',  Hn\><,,,,Hmii,' 
011.-II  aiMito,  on  jK.|iol,.H  I     n,  l.-nRlIi.     KIh.  Hinall,  wl.it..,  in  l..rn.inal  cyinoH  ol'  50 
to  100  or  mor(>.     I''r.  warjot,  li  l.i  ;("  dimn.,  JHwuiliriil.     May  + 
/<.  Mii'imoAiii'A  T.  A,  (1.     I''r.  mniiliiT.     (I'.  iniiTocarim  J)(;.) 
7  P.  Auoiipaiia  ],.     I'iNdMHii  MoiiNTAi.N  Ann.     ],I(h.  im  in  I».  Amiwonn 
rxc-ptihalMmy  unudwayHHinootli  on  IhiUi  HidcH,  aii<l,  with  tlio  HornitiircH  loHii 
iii'iKo  at  a|)('v;  (k  coiyiiilHiim;  IV.  kIoIioiih.— Nalivo  of  Kiiropc,     A   trco  'JO  to 
401  hiKh,  ollcii  <uiltiv(i((.d  as  well  hh  tho  last  H|)iHicH,  for  itH  ornarnrntal  cliiHtcrH 
ol  war  I't  htTiica     It  ih  a  (nv  of  larRcr  ni/.ct  and  roiiRlirr  bark  than  tho  iaat.  but, 
IH  haixily  to  lio  di.slinKiiiNln-d  by  llio  loliagc,  liowcrH  or  liuit.  f 

14.  CYDO'NIA,  'loiiiti.  Qi;in(;k.  (Named  fn»m  Cydoni/;,  n  Umn  in 
(ride,  in>iii  wlictico  it  wm  l.roiiKlit.)  Calyx  iirtu'dlalc,  limi,  5-rMt; 
IKd.'iIsA  ;  stylt-H/i;  pi»ino  C>  vnr\)oUn\,  rarpclH  cartilaj^iiu.iis,  iiiany-Hccdcd' 
HiMMh  rov,Mvd  with  nmcila.i^i.uMiH  i.uli..--TrocH  and  (slunlm.  Lvh.  Him- 
|»U'.     J'lH.  iiioHlIy  solitary. 

1  C.  v\iljgAil«  INth.  Lvs.  obkiriffovato,  ohttm  at  ham,  neuie  at  apex  vnrn 
fuhrr,  Hin.Hilii  abovt>.  UmirntouH  h,:,„'.ilh:  pcd.  Folilj.ry,  and,  with  tho  wil.  woolly  • 
jmni..  lonioiitouH,  oUivoid.-Shn.b  H  to  I 'J/' (rar.^ly  201)  IiikIi,  with  orooked,  HtraV- 
KliMK  InanchoH.  j  vh.  nl«Mit  aH  hirgo  ii.s  thoHo  of  tli«  jioar  troo.  FIh  wJiitw  with 
rt  iiiiKo  ol  imrplc,  .uix«.,  ti-rniinai.  J-r.  larRc,  k-nKth.iiod  at  baHo,  clothed  wiih  a 
Holl  tlown,  yi-llow  wlioii  ripe,  highly  o.MU.cmod  lor  julliua  and  nroHerves  The 
plant  -,n  roarod  (Wiiu  hiyors.  X     J'^ur.  t     -        o     xii« 

2  C.  Jap6nica  IVr^.  .Jai-an  Qxnwv..  Lvb.  Klabroun,  Hhii.in«r,  cori(K<oou,<4 
ovaU-Iam-«,>lutP.  aculeat  twh  erni,  s,rruhih'.;  Htip.  ronili.r.n ;  Hpino  Hhort,  HtraiKht; 
lis.  ftxilliiry,  Hubws,Hil,,._l.Voni  Japan.  A  low  t>lirnl.,  bnnnii/hl  or  ....oA  l.rilL.-i 
wi.c:.  Ml  bl.xH.i      I-hs.  aUmt  an  InrKO  aH  in  No.  i,  varying  in  color  from  tho  richoat 

J.V  )oni<>a'l\      '"'    '  '"^  *  '^  *''  '"""*^'  "'"^  ''""''^  '■'''"■"^-    ^P*"-  <^'^""* 

15.  RO^SA,  Tourn.     IIosk.     (Celtic,  rhos,  riul ;  Gr.  fiddov ;  Lat.  rosa ; 

Tfc?V     *  "  ^''^  *"^*''  "rooolftto,  llcsliy,  (-oatiacted  at  the  orifice,  limb 

6-i•lef^  tJio  soguu-.its  somewhat  imbricated  iu  xustivation,  and  mostly 


'®*  Ohdkr  47.-.R0SACE^. 

rEL=!rIS'€t'-  r%- ?'• '- »■ 

possible,  tor  their  forms  are  us  evaT.esc"  ,    as     e  r  na,  .'w  it''"  'T.'^"'"""  ^voiild  generally  l,o  [  ,' 

roposes  is  to  ai.l  the  botanist  in  traeinrb^cl.  ra^ir?,   m  t^fn"''':''''''^'*'-    ^>"  """"'"  nutl,„r  I, '  . 

«ill  be  easily  done  In  all  cases  except  ultli  tL  bybHiis"  ^  '''^'"''"'  "  *I""""=-    TJiU 

1  Ifvlpi  n*^!!"'!!*  '•"  ""  «"erte<i  oolnmn.    Climbers  (a) 

S  Style,  not  cohenn6.-stip,.le3  nearly  free  and  caKs  (b). 

-Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.-l'rickles  recurved  (o\ 

•a:^5^"«''"ir^«-    Native  and  cultivate^'!""'!':? ''''■'''»''' (^)- 

ft  leaflets  5  to  9._Sti[,ules  and  sepals  mostly  entire ■••..No.  1 

— M  i.iiles  pectinate.    Sepals  entire ■"*"'*•  ' '•  ^^ 

b  Penduncle  elongated,  bractles.    Leaflets  3  to  5::5^[;;,;'„r.nosU;-cVimbi-ng::N,;,«'^2"l^ 

C  Leaflets  not  at  all  glandular.    Shrubs  erec^- w/ld.',''':  .T.'.'." ::::;: ^;,  '^t 

O  Leaflets  glandular  «„d  fr.agrant  beneath.-Fr.wertsfnale:  ::■.••••••  •••^ji'i'f^ 

d  Wild,  native  Uoses,  1-3f  erect     ~''''"'^'^'"«  "l"""" .".No.s.  "i^llT 

d  Cultivated  exotics,  climbing  (No!  20)  or'e^ect.";::. '^otii-U 

i  ^Ah  »;^     "■  '■  ^"'^"^  ^P^'^'^^  '^  ^  °at'^e  of  Midi,  and  other  States  W  1,1 

scarcely  cohering  in  a„  cl„„g„M  piloualoZn„:  icT  white 'v,i{.;„f,'"' 

JJellair).     bhrjb  witli  luxuriant  glioots,  easily  traineil  to  Uio  lieiirlit  cf  1  i  l„  9nf 
-Amons  ila  vanetie,  are  the  Seven  Sisters,  BouKaulfs,  etc.    §  jlpar 

branches.     Lfts.  acute  «  „b.„»,,  edd  SrpeMaS;  i.    I'hen U',  e  "SS 


Order  47.— ROSACEA. 


335 


p.  PARViPLORA.    Lfta.  oval,  mostly  very  obtuse,  paler  beneath ;  petioles  smooth 
or  pubescent.     (R,  parviflora  Ehrh.) 

6  R.  nitida  Willd.  Wild  Rose.  St.  low,  densely  armed  with  straight,  slender, 
reddish  prickles ;  l/ts.  5  to  9,  narrow-lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining,  sharply  ser- 
rate; stip.  narrow,  often  reaching  to  the  lower  Ifts. ;  lis.  solitary;  cal.  hispid;  fr. 
globous.— In  swamps,  N.  Eng.  (Lexington,  Mass.)  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  reddish 
from  its  dense  armor  of  prickles.  Lfts.  1  to  1  f  long,  subsessile,  odd  one  petio- 
lulate.  Stip.  5  to  8"  long,  adnata  to  the  petiole,  each  side.  Fls.  with  red,  obcor- 
dato  petals.     Fr.  scarlet.     Jn. 

7  R.  blinda  Ait.  Bland  Rose.  Taller ;  st.  armed  with  few,  scattered,  straight, 
deciduous  prickles ;  l/ts.  5  to  7,  oblo^ig,  obtuse,  serrate,  smooth,  but  not  shining 
above,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  petiole  unarmed;  stip.  dilated; 
fls.  mostly  in  pairs  (1  to  3);  ped.  short,  and  with  the  cal.  smooth  and  glaucous- 
fr.  globous. — Shrub,  found  on  dry,  sunny  hills,  N.  and  M.  States.  Sts.  2  to  3f 
high,  witli  reddish  bark.  Fls.  rather  large.  Sep.  entire,  shorter  than  the  reddish, 
emarginate  petals.     Bracts  large,  downy.    Jn. 

8  R.  Carolina  L.  Carolina  Rose.  Swamp  Rose.  St.  tall,  glabrous,  with 
strong,  recurved,  stipular  prickles;  l/ts.  5  to  9,  elliptical,  acute,  sharply  and  doubly 
serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  not  shining  above,  petioles  hairy  or  subaculeate ;  Jls. 
corymbous ;  fr.  depressed-globous,  and  witii  the  peduncles  hispid.— Swamps  and 
damp  woods,  forming  thickets.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  4  to  8f  high,  bushy,  witii 
reddish  branches.  Prickles  mosiiy  2  it  the  base  of  the  stipules.  Llts.  1  to  2' 
long,  ^  as  wide,  rather  variable  in  form.  Fls.  in  a  leafy  corymb  of  3  to  7.  Petala 
obcordate,  large,  varying  between  red  and  white.     Fr.  dark  red.  Jn.,  JL 

9  R.  rubiginosa  L.  Eglantine.  Stteet  Brier.  St.  glabrous,  armed  with 
very  strong,  recurved  prickles,  with  many  weaker  ones;  lfts.  5  to  7,  broad-oval, 
with feruginous  glands  beneath;  Jls.  mostly  solitary;  sep.  permanent;  fr.  obovoid, 
and  ped.  glandular-hispid.— A  stout,  prickly  shrub,  4  to  8f  high,  in  fields  and 
roadsides  throughout  the  U.  S.  The  older  stems  are  bushy,  much  branched,  1' 
diam.,  the  younger  shoots  nearly  simple,  declined  at  top.  Lfts.  small,  serrate  (the 
glands  beneath  not  always  present),  when  rubbed  very  ti-agrant.  Fls.  light-red, 
fragrant.  Fr,  orange  red  Jn.  There  are  about  25  cultivated  varieties,  single 
and  double.     §  Eur.     (R.  auaveolens  Ph.) 

10  R.  micrdntha  Smith.  Small-flowered  Sweet  Brieh.  St.  glabrous,  armed 
witli  few,  equal,  strong,  recurved  pi-ickles ;  lfts.  5  to  7,  ovate,  rusty-glandular  be- 
neath, fk.  solitary,  small ;  sop,  deciduous  from  the  ovate  or  oblong  fruit;  ped. 
somewhat  hispid.— Roadsides  and  pastures,  N.  Eng.  A  large  shrub,  6  to  8f  high, 
much  resembling  the  last.  Fls.  usually  white,  much  smaller  (15''  diam.)  than  in 
that  species.    Jn.    §  Eur, 

11  R.  sempervirens  Scr.  Evergreen  Rose.  St.  climhmg;  prickles  sub- 
equal ;  lfts.  persistent,  6  to  7,  coriaceous;  fls.  subsolitary  or  corymbous;  sep,  sub- 
entire,  elongated;  sty,  coherent  into  an  elongated  column ;  fr.  ovoid  or  subglob- 
ous,  yellow,  and  with  the  ped,  glandular-hispid.— Allied  to  the  following,  but  its 
leaves  are  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  persistent  until  January. — Among  the  varie- 
ties of  this  (or  the  next  ?)  species  is  the  Virginia  Lass,  with  blush  white  fls. 

12  R.  arvSnsis  L,  Ayrshire  Rose,  Shoots  very  long  and  flexile ;  prickles 
unequal,  falcate;  lfts.  5  to  7,  smootii,  or  uith  scattered  hairs,  and  glaucous  bc- 
neatii,  deciduous;  fls.  solitary  or  corymbous;  sep.  subentire,  short:  8t\.  cohering 
m  a  long,  glabrous  column;  fr.  ovoid-globous,  smoothisli.— England,  'The  shoots 
grow  15  to  20f  in  a  season,  and  are  very  hardy,  Fls.  white  to  blush,  crim- 
eon  and  purple.— Here  belong  the  varieties  known  as  the  Adam  Tea,  Mrs. 
Piercers,  etc, 

13  R.  cinnamdmea  L.  Cinnamon  Rose.  St.  tall,  with  ascending  branches; 
prickles  of  tiie  younger  stems  numerous,  scattered,  of  the  bran-Jtvs  fra>,  larger 
stipular,  curved;  lfts.  5  to  7,  oval-oblong,  simply  serrate,  grayish-pubescent "bfr- 
neath;  stip.  dilated  and  acuminate  above,  more  or  less  involute,  wavy;  ped,  short 
and  cal,  glabrous;  sep.  entire,  as  long  as  the  petals ;  fr.  smooth,  globous,  crownei 
with  the  connivent  calyx  lobes.— Native  of  Eur,  Sts,  5  to  12f  higa,  with  red- 
dish bark.    Fls,  mostly  double,  pink,  purple,  or  red. 


t86 


Order  4T.— ROSACEA 


with  ample  and  rfossy  folia<?e      1  s  nfhir  ^'i.Vf^  ^-     ^^^^  ^""^  ♦'«%, 

in  DC.  """K'o^/  nonage.     18  other  varieties  are  described  by  Seriiige 

gin,  subpilous  beneath;  rv^r^bufshoto^cjr^i^^  «"  '^^  »^^'- 

flower;  Ir.  ovoid-  cat  an?  Jd    l,«w  ;     ?•     Z'^"  ?i"'«»^»«5'  (»ot  dcflexed)  in 

Europe.     Sl>rub  2  to /flig  v'rv  pS^^^  "uttir'/"^"l*-^'^  «' 

S!r^&i^ri:±'SlS^^^ 

r^i  its  numerous  varies  is^=Z^'^:^^::'SZ£:^2 

a^umbato;    petioles  and  veir:iTnenToS  "I  ant /""."^L^^^^^^^^^ 
spreading;  fr.  ovoid,  nearly  smooth.-From  German v^^^ml^n  /^ZJ'-^^'  P«^- 
large,  coo-mbous,  sweet^cented,  generairpure  wS  iS  1      ■  ^-  •"*^'*-    ^'^■ 
varieties,  tinged  with  the  most  deSe  Wusb  '      '  **"'"  '"  "'  '»'''°^'-«"« 

JPne^'sS^Jecu^ed  •  Si  foTiar^S^  """''"^  ^"^  ^""^^'"^ '  VnoUo. 
Btip.  very  narrow  acute  'fl;;ftni    '  ^"'^^^^''  «cummate,  smoothish,  discolored- 

4nJ^^rnglteran'd\f;L^^^^^^^^ 

I^^^^^p'rTe&lg^'^rofe-Trjs"^^^^^^      ^-^^^     ^^'''  -  '^'-^"'"^^ 
smootii,  serrulate,  disJioZl^^-Jy'l^^^^^^  ''''"'^^  **'»^«^' 

often  thickened, and  with  the  oal  <,mrv.H.  «JT'  i^ ,"  sohtary  or  paniculate;  ped. 
stam.  infloxed  ;  fr    turb  na  e  ?     sS^?^'      f?^.»'^^la,'^»"»Pi<i ',  *«?>  mostly  entire  ; 

yellow),  and  tlie  favorite  Tea  Jioses.  '  ^      ^'  ^^"^-"/sold  (sulpliui' 

/?.   LAWRENCIANA.        MiSS    LaWRPWPp'ci    Paot;.  O*  j     i 

Sarrow.^pexdiveJin-.  Td  detS  '  ^^  """^  "^'"  '^"""^  «^"«'^:  ^t'P. 
or  smcith;  soreSf 'sS^ac^f !  fr."^^  Howenng,  and  with  thecal,  hispid 

niventcalyx.4lanir;iJZut^^^^^  ^'"'  »'»«  ^on- 

21  W  Li«  *A-.^'  ^'^'"'^"^  ehmbing,  with  pmk,  red  or  crimson  flowers. 

•  eiJeSusft*'S^„e,";  rIdToJ  ''^".  ^T^'^''  Eglantine.  St.  witi, 
prickles:  Iv.  5I  .  f^^l'  u^d  ^?  "T!^  T*''  '*'^'^'*'  ^l'^"*^^''  ''^^^'''^ 
ierrate ; '  caJ.'  neariy 'nake  'and  fr^t  ^  °'  ''^Z"^''  T ""*'''  "'"»'"»  «'»^*'  »harply 
many.     Shrub  aCit^fhi^h    W      '  P«t- la.-go,  broad-obcorda.e.-From  gW- 

fugaIious%7ress'titlXmS\ha;\'heT^^^^^  ^  ^^""*^"  ^^"'^^'  ^^"^ 

both  single  and  double,  variega^d  wilhTei' '  17^  S  mP^  ^""^^"' 


Obder  47.— rosacea. 


m 


22  R.  05111ca  L.  Common  French  Rose.  St.  and  petioles  armed  witii 
numerouMne  scattered  prickles;  Ifts.  mostly  5,  ellipticalC oval. Tick  £' 
erect;  petals,  large,   spreading;  sep.  ovate;  fr.  ovoid^nd  with  tleSncS 

&^m.  •'?•'"'"?  '^^  f^'^  f  *  8^'''^^°^  f"-"""  ^^^"<^»»  have  originated  not  S 
than  300  varieties,  known  in  cultivation,  and  registered  in  catalogues    as  the 

K.  rr  ^T'*""',  *°\.  ^'^"y  ^^^''^-^  are  beautifullv  varied,  Z  the 
Tricolor,  York  un.l  Lancaster,  Nosegay,  Picotee,  &c.  The  dried  peUlfare  used  iu 
medieina,  and  from  them  are  extracted  tinctures  for  cooking.    Jn.,  Jl. 

•?v?  ?•  .Pj™P*°ellifdUa  Ser.  Scotch,  or  Burnet  Rose.  St.'  densely  armed 
with  straight,  aeeroso  prickles;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  roundish-obtuse,  smooth  sTplv 
serrate;  fls.  small  usually  roseate,  but  changing  in  the  numerous  varieties  to 
white,  red  or  yellow.-Native  of  Scotland  and  other  parts  of  EuroZThe«« 
shrubs  are  but  2  to  3f  higli,  witli  small,  delicate  leaflets.  Fls^numerous 
globular,  very  fine,  of  all  colors,  even  yellow.     May,  Jn.    (R.  spiSssh^a  L )    ' 

24  R  Bdnksia  L.  Banks'  Rose.  Smooth ;  Ifts.  lafaceolate.  crowded  3  to 
5,  scarcely  serrao;  stip.  deciduous ;  fls.  umbellate;  fr.  globular,  neaXSck -! 
From  China.     Thornless  shrubs,  with  small,  cup-sh^ped  Is.     Not  hardy. 

16.  AGRIMO^NIA,  L.  Agrimony.  (Gr.  aypb^,  a  field,  uovoc,  alone 
a  name  of  dignity  for  its  medicinal  qualities.)  Calyx  tube  turbinate- 
contracted  at  the  throat,  armed  with  hooked  bristles  above,  limb  o' 
cleft,  connivent  in  fruit;  petals  5  ;  stamens  12  to  15;  ovaries  2 ;  styles 
terminal;  achenia  included  in  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calvx  —  2i 
Lvs.  pmnately  divided.     Fls.  yellow,  in  long,  slender  racemes.       " 

^  5^;  ?l^f  *?'^*  ^*  ,  '^'T^'''^  l^s.  interruptedly  pinnate,  upper  ones  3-foliate 
IfU,.  5  to  7  lance-oval  or  obovate,  with  small  ones  interposed  coarsely  dentate  stb 
large,  denUte;  petals  tvnco  longer  than  the  reyfexeJ^c..yi. -Roads  drbo'rderH 
of  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  common.     St.   1  to  3f  high,  branching,  leafy      Llts 

S,l«Tf  ^.''T''^^^  y  *°  ''  '"'^°'  *  ««  ^i^«'  «^««'-.   ^^erminf   on?  with  a 
petiolule  1  to  3  '  long.     Rac.  6  to  12'  long,  spicate.     Fls.  yellow  abouf  1"  ,^  L 
on  very  short  pedicels.     Calyx  tube  curioSsly  iiutfdw'ith   lb  ribs,  and  sur- 
mounted with  reddish,  hooked  bristles.     Jl.  ' 
fi.  HIRSUTA  Torr.     Smaller  and  more  hairy. 

''■  vmor7DcT  ^^'"'^'     ^'''^'^'y''  ^'-  '"''^^''  «^  ^°"eer  pedicels.     (A.  par- 

2  A.  parvifldra  Ait.  St.  and  petioles  hirsute;  lvs.  interruptedly  pinnate-  l/ls 
numerous  {9  to  17)  crowded,  pubescent  beneath  Unear-lanceolate,  eqLlly  and  hf: 
cisely  serrate,  with  sma  1  ones  interposed:  stip.  acutely  incisk ;  i ac  sp^ca  e- 
virgate;  fls.  small;  petals  longer  than  the  erect  calyx ;  (v.  hispid -Woods  and 
dry  meadows,  Penn.  to  S.  Car.  W.  to  Iowa  and  Tenn.  St..  3  to  4f  Si  tJ  e 
hairs  spreading  brownish  and  glandular.     Llts.  2  to  3'  by  i  toi',  with  smaller 

7Z  TBu™ieS.r'^"-'  '''  ^^^'^^  '^'  ^^  ^AJui^ot^. 

^  wi"?!**  '^■T  *  n'-     Pubescent  and  hirsute;  lvs.  iniorruptcdlv  pinnate  •  Ifts 

oeneatfi,  btip.  deeply  cleft;  fls.  small,  remote,  neariy  sessile  in  the  slender 
racemes.-N  Car.  to  Fla.  (at  Macon,  Ga.)  Fls.  ^ther  krger  than  in  No  2  CaL 
s^'m.  very  short.     Jl.,  Aug.  '^  ^^'■ 

Jh  n^r^,?'  ipJegrifoUa  Vahl.-On  the  White  Hills  of  N.  II. 
-rro/.  J  cck  (1  ursh),— but  never  since  seen  within  our  limits. 

.ocl?'  ^}x^^'  }\  j^^J'"^^-  ip^-  y^'^S  to  taste  well ;  in  allusion  to  the 
taste  of  the  roots.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments  or  bractlets 
smaller  and  exterior  ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  oo  ;  achenia  oo,  aggregated  on 
a  dry  receptacle  and  caudate  with  the  persistent,  mostly  Jointed,  geni. 
culate  and  bearded  style.— 2;  Lvs.  pinnatcly  divided 

22 


^^^  Order  47.— ROSACE^ 

tllu  ?'f,'''«'>SJ"l''"eM,  all  ofit  persistent.    Sikvers.a 

St^.0  bont  -^7"l"{o<I  ,„  tho  ,„,?,,e,  hooked  or"K«e:  ('aV ^""^  L  « 

,    _    ^  ._,  —^'lowers  white....;;;; m"*"?'^ 

Am.  and  N.  W.  States,  nro  J,;  the  NoS^ri^  ^.  '  ^'^, '""?  '"  ^ruit.-Brit 
pair  of  oppo.sito,  la<:i..iute  Jv.. «  ,  heSlo  and  sLf.l 'f'^"  ^"^^  ^"^'''  ^'t''  ^ 
long,  Blonder  petinio,..  Ra  !;..,  ivs  5  to  ( '  inn"^  T?^  *'™''','  ,'''^*'''  ^°«"  °f  the 
Fi.  rather  lar^e,  parpli,.h  wl.uL/'st^.'a' ^^"fa  liuit'^Ma;:' J^f  "''  '"'""''' 

5  dentate,  lateral  Ifta.  1  to  4"  lonir   and  -  I"-  „  i    J        ^,°"^'  ^''"^'"'"g  4  or 

lobed  and  dentate.    FI3  8"  diam    ;o?W   tlr  ^     '  ^  '""'(  '"""'^  ^''-  ^  to  4'  wide, 

n  a'  ^"«,,/-'-P«--etAni:/;e:r'     ""'^^  °^  '^'^  ^^^"^^^''^  '^^-h- 

I7rate.p^'lre".;^t.l7.^^^  \'o  l^-flovvered  ;   rt.   Iv. 

lateral  ones  4ry  small;  st.  Ivs  s^.Ie  ^Ift^A^  "•'^i««J.  the 

persi.stent,  much  longer  ihan  cS  tA-LZm^^^^^^^^^^^  «*>•- 

iif  high,  bearnig  a  spreading  panicle  of  largerj^Uovv  Hs        '  '  ^^""''^-     ^'^-  ^  ^o 

*  A^i^^oJ  ?  to  S£e,^£aiKT:hf  •  -7^'"^  ^*  ^-  ■' 

iticisely  lobed  and  dentate  ;  cauliue  Ivs  3  o  ^  h  t.  f ','  ^'.'"P^"  ""'^  ''"•"^ato, 
"icised;>^,^.to«,,..ecA..;yS?;  Ji  fXe/  old  n'f  "^'^'  ''h^""'^'  «"^ 
on  a  slender  stipe._Shades  and  thlckS  Ohfo  to  T  l  ,  f^r''*''*'^''  fc'^^^°"«'  ^''^''^ed 
striate,  di-  or  irichomotous  at  top  Lvv  Lved  .nd  r  «  ^'''''  i^'"  ^  *"  ^0'  high, 
and  with  the  sepals  hardlvmore  t  .in  1" tn  1  ^u  ^"T^^^"'^^^^-  Petals  yellow 
i'long.     Apr.J-Jn.     (Sti^ipus  v^i^u^  RaT)  ^'^^^^     Stipe  of  the  head  of  e'arpels 

tent  stylo  plumous.-A  fine  plHnt  cons.rnn?.  ^'^''^-''^PP^-''"  Joint  of  tho  persis- 
N.  and  M.  States.  Rlnzol^woodrc m  pT^  "'St"';  * i?  f^^ ''/  ^^'^^  '"^^'^"^-^ 
top.  Root  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnSe  in!S,, .  i  f^  !*  ^"*^''''  P^ni^-ulale  at 
1ft.  large,  roundish,  lobed  and^  cSe-denta te  °V^  ^'^  0*°  ^  ^""*''  t^^^""' 
Bubsessilo.  F)s.  subglobous  Tl  l?r  1  u  ^'-  ^'"'-  ^  *°  ^'  ^-foliate  or  lobed. 
clawed,  purpllsh-yelW  veTed  jn  ^  t£  ^  .^  • '^"-  ^^''^'^  broad-obcordate 
6  a  ^trir^L    /:      Z  "^^     '^"—■^^'«^oot  IS  aromatic  and  astringent. 

foliarefhS^^botlS-on^dSc;  Ltf  aJ^^^ot^Tr  r^'^'^'"  --^'-^  toi- 
lets linear,  shorter  than  the  sen  Zf  r^,  h-  ?  f^'  ^"P"  ^^^^"^  »"'!  erect;  bract- 
upper  joln't  hairv.-^eld*f  ^'^^V  o^r  drTx  ^^^''i'r  "'"  '="'•'•  «*^'-  «™«°th, 
base,  2  to  ;^f  high,  dichot<^Zf  a?d  wfth^nrot  T^-  ^'■'*-  ^"'^  ^t-  Inspid  a 
to  8'  long,  inelinir^  to  lyra^  ho  term  iV?ft  f  ^^  l""'?  ''*  '""^'"'^-  «*•  1^«-  5 
numerous,  ratlier  large  yeUow  Zr^Ti  i  ""■?"''  °^''^''*«  ^"^'  lobed.  Pis. 
7  G   macroph^ll        W  -^^^^P^^clo  densely  pubescent.    Jl,  Aug. 

^out  very  Lpid  and^ear  T.rSirfaVS?.fr  i^s:  yeti  ^l^  ¥' 

'  ^^^^rt  SmSf  t  ^;Sr2^en;^^ST  ^  "r  --^ -- 

obtuse,  upper  lanceolate;  petals  as  loni  as  r^lv^  **'"''^^^' /''^  lower  mostly 
^is^  /If  et,  CO..  i-^n  Vy:>1^.--1>;^^-  clothed  with  whitj 

then  tSe.^l.e?pJ;r  Sle' mf  iSlf '1'^^"?'.^'"'' ''  '-'  P'-^'-'te  below 
acute,  cut-dentate.  Spper  a.fceol-  te  ZAt^f'  ^"l'^^  wedge-lanceolate,  ven' 
naked.     Wet  thickets!^   2-3f    Jul>  ^  ^  '^°''^''  *^''"  »''«  ^^'J^^  J  ^rus  nearly 


Obubb  47.— R0SACEJ5.  ^^q 

19.  RU'BUS,  L.  Bramble.  (Celtic  rub,  red  ;  the  color  of  tbc  fruit 
of  s(»ne  specios.)  Calyx  spreading,  6-parted  ;  petals  6,  deciduous ;  sta- 
mens oo,  inserted  into  the  border  of  the  disk;  ovaries  many,  with  2 
ovules,  0..0  of  them  abortive;  achenia  pulpy,  drupaceous,  aggregated 
into  a  compound  berry ;  radicle  superior.—  2^  Half  shrubby  plants.  Sts. 
usually  @;,  and  armed  with  prickles.  Inflorescence  imperfectly  centri- 
fugal.    Fr.  esculent. 

i  Fruit  insepp.ablo  from  the  Juicy,  docidiions  receptacle.    Bi.ackbkbriks  fa) 

a  stems  (mostly)  erect,  stout,  nrmed  with  stout,  rccurve.l  prickles  No*.  1*  i 

«  r    If    "•    '*;■'"*  ?'■"•'•""?''«" ^  trailinf,',  mostly  with  slender,  minute  prlcklesiy.i.Nos  3  to6 
§§  Fruit  separating  from  the  dry,  persistent  receptacle.    Raspbebries  (b)  •  ••■""»•  •>  '<>«> 

b  Leaves  simple,  lobed.    Not  prickly '  Vos  «  tn  a 

b  Leaves  compound.— Stems  not  nrickly,  herbaceous ....'.'.".'.'.' No  9 

—Stems  prickly,  shrubby.— Corolliia  Bingie.'.'.V.  " '.',  Nos.'  10—12 
—Corollas  double .No.  13 

1  R.  vill6aus  Ait.  High  Blackberry.  Pubescent,  viscid  and  prickly  s*  an- 
gular;  ///v.  3  to  5,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  hairy  hoth  sides  ;  petiole  novs  'cal 
acumin,-     ,  shorter  than  tlie  petals ;  rac.  kafless,  about  2Q-flowered.-  known' 

thorny  M.rub,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  tall  and  slender,  brandling,  recui  vou  at  tou' 
3  to  6f  high.  Lfts.  2^  to  4'  by  IJ  to  2^',  terminal  ono  on  a  long  petiolule,  the 
others  on  sJiort  ones  or  none.  Pedicels  slender,  1'  long.  Petals  white  obovat.- 
or  oblong,  obtuse.  Fr.  consisting  of  about  20  roundish,  shining,  black  fleshy 
carpels,  closely  connected  into  an  ovate  or  oblong  head,  subacid,  well-flavored 
ripe  m  Aug.  and  Se])t.  ' 

i^.  FRONUosus  Torr.  Lfls.  incisely  serrate ;  rac.  with  a  few  simple  Ivs  orleafv 
bracts  at  base;  fls.  about  lU  in  each  cluster,  tlio  terminal  ono  opening  first 
as  m  all  the  species,  the  lowest  next,  and  the  highest  but  ono  last  Fr  more 
acid  and  with  fewer  carpels.  (R.  frondosus  B\v.) 
)'.  UUMIFUSUS  T.  &G.  St.  procumbent  or  trailing;  Ivs.  smaller;  ped.  few- 
flow  ered. — Often  occurs  southward  with  the  erect  form.s,  and  with  R.  trivia- 
lis,  from  whicli  it  is  sometimes  hard  to  bo  distinguished. 

2  R,  cuneifoliua  Ph.  Sanj  ItACKdERRY.  St.  erect,  shrubby,  armed  with  re- 
curved pnckk'S ;  Ivs.  S-foliate,  and  witii  tlio  young  branches  and  pet.  pubescent 
beneath ;  Ifts.  cuneate-obovaie,  entire  at  base,  dentate  above,  subplicate,  tomentous 
beneath ;  rac.  loose,  few-flowered.— A  low  shrub,  2  to  3f  high,  in  f-andy  wood«  L.  I 
to  Fla.  Petioles  often  prickly.  Lfts.  rarely  5,  1  to  2'  long,  i  as  wide,  obtuse' 
or  with  a  short  acummation.  Petals  white  or  roseate,  3  times  as  long  as  the  cal' 
Fr.  black,  juicy,  well-flavored,  ripe  in  Jl.,  Aug.     Fls.  May,  Jn. 

3  R.  hfspidus  L.  St.  slender,  reclining  or  prostrate,  hispid  with  retrorse  bristles  • 
Ivs.  3-foiiate,  rarely  quinate,  smootli  and  green  both  sides ;  lfts.  coarsely  serrate' 
obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  thickish,  perstUent;  ped.  corymbous,  many  flowered  with 
filiform  pedicels  and  short  bracts;  fls.  and/r.  smail.~ln  damp  woodo,  Can  to  Car 
Sts.  slender,  trailing  several  feet,  with  suberect  branches  8  to  12'  high.  Lfts.  1  to 
2  long,  ^  as  wide,  nearly  sessile,  persistent  through  the  winter.  I  Is.  white  Fr 
dusky-purple,  sour.     May,  Jn.     (R.  sera[)erviren3  Bw.) 

/?.  SETr  u:s  T.  &  G.    Lfts.  oblanceolate,  rather  narrow.  IJ  to  2^'  long  taperinir 
and    ike  variety  a)  entire  at  base,  sharply  serrate  above.     Fr.  red.  '  (R  seto^ 

BUS  liW.)  ^ 

4  R  Canadensis  L.  Northern  Dewberry.  St.  procumbent  or  trailing,  a 
httle  prickly;  Ivs.  S-foliato,  rarely  quinate,  lfts.  eUiptical  or  rhomboid-oval  acute  or 
acuminate,  thm,  unequally  cut-serrate;  pedicels  solitarv,  elongated,  somewhat 
corymbed ;  //•.  large,  black.— Common  in  dry,  stony  fields.  Can.  to  Va.,  trailing 
several  yards  upon  the  ground.  Lfts.  light  preen  and  membranous,  nearly  sessile 
1  to  li  long,  1  .v,  ..'idc.  ¥]~.  large,  on  slender  pedicels.  Petals  obovaie,  white, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Fr.  ^  to  1'  diam.,  very  sweet  and  juicy  in  Jl.  and 
Aug.     Fls.  May.     (R.  trivialis  Ph.) 

5  R.  trivialis  Mx.  Southern  Dewberry.  Procumbent,  trailing,  with  root- 
ing runners,  shrubby,  armed  with  bristles  and  recurved  prickles  ;  fos.  3- foliate  and 
quinate,  persistent,  lfts.  coriaceous,  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  sharply 
Borrate;  ped.  1  to  3-flo\vered;  fls.  large,  pet.  roundish-obovate ;  sep.  oblong,  obtuse, 


340 


Obdeb  47— rosacea. 


minal  corymbs;  pet.  orb  cS  pum L -Tfl^  '''"?'"'•  "^'^-  •^'•*^«'  '»  terl 

upland  woods,  'u'^S.  and  Br^\?m  tmmon      LvrT'/^^'',''"^'  '  ^"  ^''  »"fe'''.  '» 
cordate  at  base,  lobes  acuminate,  potioira^o^^loL?^^""*^'^ 
calyx  and  peduncles  clothed  with  v  sc  d  haira     il  nlVi  "J  r"''  *''°  ^■"""^'''^'^ 

fnw-flowerodi  sop.  long-aouminato  slioffihl',  '^  1  coaRciy  sorrato;  pcd. 
«.     n  !,■«  „,c„i.„d  .c'^e  „o,ico  m%uul™Lt-„tw„lr:^  fe  """'•^'  "* 

6-rounded  lobes,  serrate-  sen  obtuso  no?  ,!f^  /  '  ^"''^"^^  uniform,  rugou^f,  with 
us.  found  by  Dr.  Jiotti^^^oXk^^^^^  «Pecies  wit! 

Mr.  Oakes  in  Me. ;  N.  to  the  aTc  Sea  Fr  ,nr  ^  °'^^  °  ^^'^''^  ^''■'  ^"'^  ^y 
and  juic3^  ripe  in  Sept.  F  s  in  Mav  Tn  ti^  ^'?'  ^''"'''^  ""'  '''''^^'  '^^^^r,  sweet 
Hydrastis.  ^  ''  ''^  *^"^'  Jn—Ilus  plant  may  easily  bo  mistaken  for 

'Se*??^vSiat^!a^s:5jwrrSnr'"?'^'  '-"^''-  ^-^— . 

cut-dentato,  odd  one  pe  iolulato     strovn;^  o?'r       "^'T°^^*°'  ''™'°'  ""squall; 

iJa.  in  paniculate  corymbs  p^'nUrTw^^^^^  T"^'  °'^^  °"°  P^t'^J"^'^'^  -• 
cai-ifany  varieties  of  thS  plant  aVfcninvfr,^  '^oarytomentous  acuminate 
shrubby,  3  to  5f  hicrh  Lfts  smooth?,!,  i'^o^f  ^ '°  '^'^^'^'™«  ^''uit-  Sts. 
V'lute,  in  lax,  terminal  clutJe  s.  Fr  r?d  .tber'  orUr  ^  ^"??'  ^  "^  ^^'^°-  *^1«- 
tialiy  agreeing  witi,  the  above  descr  bed  were  fonnTnf'r'  f'-'f — i'^^^nts  esscn- 
also  at  Colebrook,  Ct.,  by  Br.  SbZ  *  Cambridge,  Vt.,  in  woods, 

^''^^^^y^if^^V^^^^  ^^on^ly  ^is,i^;  Ws.  pin. 

equally  serrate,  can^scent^omentourbenLnl  orH  1  °  ""a  ^''''  ^'^^'^^h' ^ndun- 
lateral  ones  sessile;  cor.  cup  s^ed  abouf  ho  1  ^  T  ff"  ^^bcordate  at  base, 
neglected  fields,  Can.  and  N  sS  voZ  lll7^^^  "£  '"^  ""^— 1"  hedges  and 
cred  with  strong  bristles  instead  Lft^U  to  o.'"'  ^\- ri^'°'''  P"^'"^'''-".  ^'«^- 
ono  distinctly  petiolulate.  Fls  white  Fr  i!L-  l''''^'  !'  }^  ^  ""^  ^'^'^.  terminal 
culiar  rich  flavor,  in  Jn.-Aug;    Fls  iiay      '™"P^'"'"''  ^'^''*  '"^'  «°J  of  «  pe- 

^ISSIfrSv^hVecl'^^d^^  ^^-  9laucous 

minato,  sublobato  or  doubly  serrate  hoa%'  tnr^'o^    ^u '^  ^f^'''^'''  ^"«-  «^'«te,  acu, 
fls.  axillary  and  terminal  f  frbbckirtnr   ^H^'^r^'N^''''^'''^  «'^^«  «^^^^^ 
thickets,  rocky  fields,  Ac.     Can  and  U  t     S'  r      '^''^  ^'^'^^^'''  ^  ^^  «''  ^^S^''  in 
Ms.  2  to  3'  long  *  to  ^  a,  wiTlo  ^  St.  recurved,  often  rooting  at  the  end 

ones  solitarv.  uo'nt  onV'^Ko,!''  «7^°«Petu>le  terete,  long.     Fls.  white, lowf; 
taste,  ripe  in  Jl.' '  Fls.  May."" f"  '^'^'^'^'s^.  giaucous,  of  a  lively,  agreeable 

^  Btr"ghf  pSf  Ivs"  pinnX'a  t'^T^foliSf 'i.'"°^''"F'  "^^'^  -=*^  "-b" 
doublyserrat,smoothb?neath,a*^:b^:rki^^^^^^^^^^ 


Order  41.— ROSACEiB.  g^j 

fng  long-acuminato,  Bhorter  than  the  uarrowH)bovate,  omatvinato  petals  •  aty  oo  — 
A  dehcato  house  plant,  with  snow  white  double  da     Native  of  Mauritiua.' 

,  20.  DALIBAR'DA,  L.  False  Violet.  (Na.ned  by  Linnaius,  in 
liunoi-  0  Uulibard,  a  French  botanist.)  Calyx  inferior,  dooplv  6  to 
C-partcd,  spreading,  3  of  the  segments  larger;  petals  6 ;  stamens 
numerous ;  styles  6  to  8,  long,  deciduous ;  fruit  achenia,  dry  or  some- 
what  drupaceous.- 4  Low  herbs.  St.  creeping.  Lvs.  undivided. 
iScapcs  1  to  2 -flowered. 

D.  rdpens  L.  Diffuao  pubescent,  bearing  creeping  shoots;  lvs.  simple,  round- 
ish-coi-dato,  cronato;  st.p  hnear-setaceoun;  cal.  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in  fru"t_ 
In  low  woodH,  Penn.  to  Can.    Creeping  stems  1  or  2'  to  10  or  12'  in  Icpg^h     Lvs 

1  to  2  diani,  rounded  at  apex,  cordate  at  base,  villous-pubescent  o.rpetioles T 

2  or  3    long.     Scapes  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.     PetS  white 
obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.     Ju.  o  y  i.  oiuia  wuiie, 

.'^^'  ^*^^;J^'-^'^;.  ^"'^-  ^•^^  Strawberrv.  (In  honor  of 
Iranz  dc  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  6  altcr- 
ate,  sometimes  minute  and  deciduous  bractlets ;  petals  5  or  more  ses- 
sile, deciduous;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  calyx  •  styles'2  to 
6  ;  achenia  few  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle.— 2^  Acaulescent  herbs,  with 
lobcd  or  divided  radical  lvs.,  and  yellow  fls. 

1  W.  fragarioidea  Traut.  Lvs.  trifoliate;  Ifts.  broad-cuneiform,  inciselv  den- 
ato-crenato    c.hato;    scapes  bracteate,  many-flowered;    cal.  tube  ob^nlc-A 

handsome  plant,  m  h.lly  vyoods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  bearing  s^me  resemblanS  to  t^ 
strawberry  Rhizome  thick,  scaly,  blackish.  Petioles  3  to  6'  long,  slShtly  pu- 
bescent Lfts.  1  to  2;  diam,  nearly  sessile,  dark,  shining  green  above  apex 
rounded  and  cut  into  obes  and  t«eth.  Scape  about  as  liiglT  as  the  lvs  divided 
nt  top,  bearmg  2  to  6  flowers  i'  diam.     Petals  varying  from  5  to  10  ''^};*''^"*°'* 

2  W.  lobata  Torr.  &  Gr  Lvs.  simple,  roundish,  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed  "incisely 
crenae:  acapes  hhform  bractcd,  3  to  7 -flowered;  cal.  tube  narrow -HsGa 
(Bainbndgc,  Columbus  .     Plant  hairy,  about  6'  h\eh    from  a  <.lom  p^  r  ! !' 

i^brridt) '- '  ^^^^^ '''''-''  ^^"""^  ^  "^^  i&/  Tp^-ir  TDaiis 

22.  FRAGA^RIA,  L.  Strawberry.  (Lat.  fragrans,  frajrrant  \ 
Calyx  concave,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  an  equil  number  of  alterna^  ex- 
terior segments  or  bractlets;  petals  5,  obcordate,    stamens  oo ;  styles 

t"^.!'.      v  Q^  r?'''  T^"*'''  ''?''''^  *!l^^^"-S^'»  P^^lpy>  deciduous  recep- 
tacle.—4  hts.  stoloniforous.     Lvs.  trifoliate.     Fr.  red. 

S  BrftctlfU  cntiro  ;  petals  white.     Stoinlcss,  stolonifenms                    *  m       ^o 

§  DucincsNiA.     B.acllct8  8-lobe.l;  i.otals  yellow.     Steu.s  tniiVinV ^"v^'? 

^  z^^/"^'''^'^?"*  ^ii""^',  ,P"^«^-«"tJ  cal.  of  the  fr.  erect;"  spreading  ■«;A\"n- 
hedded  tnpUs  m  the  glohous  receptacle;  ped.  commonly  shorter  tba? 'the  lvs - 
luelds  and  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stolons  slender,  terete,  reddL  of  en  H 
or  more  long,  rooting  at  the  ends.  Petioles  radical,  2  to  6'  long  wUh  soreadinJ 
ha.rs.  Lfts  3,  oval,  obtuse,  coaraely  dentate,  subsessile,  lateml  "nesSaue^ 
Scape  less  hairy  than  the  petioles,  cymous  at  top.  Flowers  Mar^May^Fr 
May-jl.,  highly  fragrant  and  delicious  when  ripened  in  the  sun. 

'  ^.  ^.  "z.  s^s  J^J^;  S^^s;rs^.s^rs/ 

fruit  IS  sometimes  an  ounce  or  more  in  weight.-Fl.  Apr,  May^  Fr  jn    jT 
3  F.  Indica  Ait.    Pubescent,  trailing,  rooting  at  the  joints  •  lfts  nvnt«  •'  «kh,»« 
mcisely  crenato-serrate ;    stipules   lanceolate^  free;   ^eSSe'ls    axilla  ^  so^iS 
J-Ilowered;  bractlets  about  equaling  the  petals,  enlargrg  and  "^afy  £  fr^S 


H2 


Order  47.— ROSACEA. 


-M»  the  .og,„cM.ts;  petals  r.,  u.uJlfs„.aJlr  tl  r  is    Ta^  ^' 

...nncrous,  H.scrtca  into  the  disk ;  Hohonia  s^u,otf^  1  vd^ed  Imt^^^^^^^ 

sharply  serrlto,  suLS;  ^odo  rtL^  S  T^^^^^  b^,^*"''  °b^"«' 

|.uloa  at  l„uso.     Fla  JarRo      Ca    sL     tL ',  ?  •        .^^^^^  woolly,  ad nato  sti- 

iUco  of  the  sopaS;  dark  pu?;,!::'' fV.' plraonf  T""'''  ''^^"^'  ''"'  "^^^^  '^"^- 

s3oM*t\^?7^'^^'^'P'/"  CiNciUKFoiL.    (Lat.  j.«/m</«,  power:  in  alh. 
sio  ,  t^)  Its  «upiHxsod  potccy  m  .nedicin.,)     Calyx  conckie  deen  v  4   n 

.u.tdy  or  ,,a  ,„„t..|y  con.po,,,,.,.     1,,  ,„,,„,  „  .y,„ J^^^stiy  j^lC" 

•  LoavospaliimfolvS-folirtti' ^/^"ww. 

Nos.  1—8 

Noji.4— « 

No.r 

.  - "...J.....-,...  ..Nos.fi.9 

tlio'lvs    Ills.  A  to  ir  1  v-1  ]«  J     r  ^'^  *,'!''•     ^""^"'°  P'^t'o'^'s  silorter  tlian 

^;,.     ,   '  '"'^  2  w  ij    tJ>  1 1«  d    (lower  and  rad  cal  ones  vorvsmnin  ,,»>„.;     -J 

£tess.r^c^:^;air!;t;:r'7i^^ 

nearly  naked;  petals  winlo,  ob.r(k-(^^  U^  Wh  ti  Alt?^^^^  'Tf'  'y'"'' 

irits  in  tho  N.  States.     Flowering'  s  s.  G  to    V  ,,fl    .  ^^  T^  """^''  ^'P'»^  •^""'- 

lonl^oi  than  th^^soi  ^-Alp" '^  ^  ^Hcri  ^h^  T"'  «*'"^' 2/^'^-- 

loafy.  I  to  .'riiiirh      1 1>^  J  M,  ♦!  •  .    ^"'^°   ^"^''-     Sts.  numerous  and 

Pet^iis  olK.;Td    e      ii^ilel   ov  u  2::f "'  ""^  veins  beneath  hairy.     Fk  smalL 
4  P   r        AA     4     ^"^'>'-"'-l«  oval-ol>tuso,  narrow  at  tho  base.     Jn.— Jl. 

^„,.  ...I'-..    ,    •.''  "»"vato,  8  Iky  beneath,  cut-dontato  townrd.^  the  "pp.-  «m't» 

i^>Rc;';;;:;;r'he';;tu;  3-Js«:f"'  '''"!^  "^^  -'^'a'y."..^'«ri;^b;-ac;;iets 

tluietlu  Sa^^CnA     fiffS       ?"^'"^  >"»  fields  and 

^'-utew,  u.  .  and  Can.    Sta.  more  or  loss  procumbent  at  baae,  from  a  few  inches 


•  Loavos  i)aliimfolv  S-foliato. . 

•  j-i'iivos  imliiiiitoly  S-r,ilijilo..   . 

•  Lvavospinnato.-SlinilKs  wkh  nxiiluVy  i,V<iio'oi;"'* 

—  Icil)s  w'ith  axilliiiy  |uMllcels 
— Jloi-bs  *vitli  toiiiiliuil  iiyiiics. 


Oedku  47.— rosacea. 


343 


to  a  foot  or  moro  in  length.     Fls.  yellow,  on  long  pedicels.     Cal.  scgm.  lanceolate 
or  linear.     Apr. — Aug. 

fi.  I'UMiLA  T.  &  G.  Very  Hniall  and  delicate,  flowering  in  Apr.  and  May 
every  where ;  sts.  a  fow  inchefl  long.     (P.  pumila  Ph.) 

y  simiTjKx  T.  &  G.  Plant  less  hirsute  ;  at.  simple,  erect  or  ascending  ct  base- 
Uts.  ovul-ouneiform.  Flowering  Jn.  to  Aug.  in  riclier  soils.  St.s.  8  to  14' 
higli.     Llts.  about  1'  long,  §  as  wide.     (P.  simplex  Mx.) 

5  P.  arg^ntea  L.  St.  ascending,  tomentous,  Ijranched  above ;  l/ts.  oUong-cunei- 
form,  witli  a.  low,  largo,  inci.sod  teeth,  smooi!i  abovo,  silvery  canescent  beneath, 
sessile ;  /v.  in  a  cymom  corymb ;  petals  longer  than  tho  obtusisii  sep.— A  pretty 
plant,  on  dry  or  rocky  hills.  Can.  and  N.  Stated  roinarkablo  for  tho  silvery  white- 
ness of  the  lower  surfaoo  of  tiio  Ivs.  Sts.  G  to  10',  long,  at  length  with  slendef 
brandies.  Lfts.  5  to  9"  by  1  to  2",  with  2  or  3  slender,  spreading  tooth  each 
side;  upper  ones  linear,  ontiro.     Fls.  small;  cal.  caue-scont;  petals  yellow.      Jn. 

Sept. 

6  P.  r6cta  Willd.  l-lrect,  simple,  pubescent ;  Ifta.  5  to  7,  oblong  or  oblanceolato, 
coarsely  serrate,  with  large,  cleft  stipules;  lis.  in  a  terminal,  expanding  cyme: 
petals  obcordato,  longer  than  tlio  ovate,  acute  Sep.— Cultivated  and  sparingly 
naturalized,  N.  Eng.  to  Oliio.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Fls.  light  yellow. 

7  P.  fruticdsa  L.  St.  frutieous,  very  branching,  lursute,  erect ;  Ifts.  5  to  1,  lin- 
ear-oblong, all  sessile,  margin  entire  and  rovoluto  ;  petals  large,  nmeh  longer  than 
tiio  calyx.— A  low,  busliy  slirul),  N.  States  (Niagara  Falls,  Willoughby  Pake,  Vt. 
etc.)  and  Brit.  Am.  Sta.  1  to  2f  higli,  with  a  reddisli  bark.  Petioles  sliortcr  than 
tlic  loaves.     I-eaf  about  1'  by  2'',  acute,  crowded,  i)ubescent.     Stip.  nearly  as 

■  long  as  tlio  petioles.  Fls.  1'  diam.,  yellow,  in  terminal  clusters.  Jn.,  Au"  (V 
iloribunda,  Pii.)  >       o      ^  • 

8  P.  anaerina  L.  SinvEii  Weed.  Goose  Oiuss.  St.  slender,  creeping,  pros- 
trate, root  nig;  Ivfs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  Ifts.  many  pairs,  oblo  ig,  deeply  serrate, 
canescent  beneath ;  ped.  solitary,  1-ilowered,  very  long.— A  lir'o  species,  on  wet 
shores  and  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  Arc.  Am.  Sts.  subterraneous,  sending  out 
reddisli  stolons  1  to  2f  long.  Petioles  mostly  radical,  G  to  10' long.  Lfta.  1  to 
1  J'  by  3  to  6",  sessile,  with  Sf;v<ral  minute  pairs  interposed.  Ped.  as  long  as  tho 
Ivs.     Fls.  yellow,  1'  diam.     Jn. — Sej)t. 

9  P.  parad6xa  Nutt.  Decumbent  at  base,  pubescent;  Ivs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  1  to  9, 
obovate-oblong,  incised,  tiio  upper  ones  confluent;  stip.  ovate;  ped.  solitary,  re- 
curved in  fruit ;  petals  obovate,  aboiit  equaling  tlio  sop. ;  acli.  2-lobod,  tho  lower 
portion  a  thick,  starchy  appendage.— Uivor  banks,  Ohio  to  Orog.,  Isl.  opposite  St. 
Louis.  St.  8  to  12'  long.  Llls.  G'  long,  scarcely  larger  than  tho  entire  stipules. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (P.  supina  Mx.) 

10  P.  Pennsylvfiuica  L.  Frect,  canoscently  tomentous  or  soft-viUous;  Ifts.  5 
to  9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatilld  or  i)ectinate,  upper  c -es  crowded  or  confluent, 
larger;  cyme  fast  if/ iate,  at  length  erpandimj ;  petals  tmnrginate,  scarcely  longer 
than  tiio  Mcuto  sepals.— N.  Eng.  (Pursh.),  Can.  X.  W.  to  Siberia.  (P.  pectinata 
Fiscli.) 

11  P.  argiita  Ph.  Erect,  graxjish,  pubescent  and  villous"  radical  Ivs.  on  loot* 
petioles,  7  to  9-(blinto,  cauline  few,  3  to  7-foli'\te,  lfta.  broadly  ovate,  cut-serrate," 
crowded;  fls.  in  dense  terminal  ct/mM.— Along  streams,  etc.'Can.  and  N.  States| 
W.  to  tho  llocky  Mts.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  stout,  terete,  striate,  and  with  nearly 
tho  wh.olo  plant  very  hairy.  Radical  ivs.  one  foot  or  moro  long-  ifts.  i  to  2'  by 
8  to  )  6",  sessile,  odd  ono  petiolulato.  Fls.  about  8"  diam. ;  pet.  roundish,  yel- 
lowish while,  longer  than  tho  sepals;  disk  glandular,  f.-lobcd;  nntli.  blackish, 
wit'.i  a  whito  border.  May,  Jn.  (P.  confertitiora  Hitchcock.  Uoottia  sylves- 
tns  Bw.)  '' 

25.  SIBBAL'DIA  procumbens,  L.  "  Mountains  of  Can.  and  Vt." 
(Pursh) ;  but  not  since  found  wiihiii  our  limits. 

iu.  jnnit  A,  i...  {k*t,  (nreipa,  a  cord  or  wroalli  ;  tho  flovcr^  arc 
or  may  be  used  in  garlands.)  Calv.x  rj-clcfi,  persistent ;  petals  6,  round- 
ish ;  stamens  10  to  50,  cxscrted  ;  carpels  distinct,   3   to  12,  follicular, 


^44 


Ohdbb  47.— ROSACEiE. 


color,  i.cvcr  yellow.  aiternsto.     FIs.  whito  or  rose. 


lgs:i:i:i?S{fe's«^^^^    


..Nog.  1,2 
Nos.  S—f, 

Nos.  7—9 

^s No.  10 


the  oal.  in  lruit.-A  beaSul  sCb  TS">r  ? T     '?,*'  ;"""«'•  "''  8«Mdi„,. 
loi,  Mo.,  a  to  Ga    m?B      ifS  1 '  {  "^'''  ''°  ""> '»"''»  "f  stfeams  Can 

W  „„aW  S  tido'T'in.eS  'S.^t  '^"^STZ     ^?  '  '''"*' 
petioles  6  to  9''  lono-     ro-vrT,ha  rool^i  1-         •      !  ^"'^  ^  obtuse  lobes  above- 

diam.     F1.S.  white  often  Ung'e?:ithrpt"SXt<,r''^     hemispherical,  2I' 
purple,  2-seeded.     Jn  f  ^^npurpio.    I^ollicles  diverging,  smooth,  shinin| 

2  S  "8o?S?61ia"l  •     Jrr^'''^°«''^^^^''^°'«htomentou3.-Ga    Ph 

lobed,  all  acuminate  sessile  and  doubl™^^^ 

numerous,  white.-In  shrubberies.     HeiSt'e^  Sa^ '^'  tbe'rir^"'  ^"^^' 

^L:^trsrth&.  a^^e!'^^^^^^^^^^ 

consequently  troublesome  to  the  sS,o  of  tl-  ^        ^         very  hard,  brittle, 

above,  rusty-wluta,  with  a  dense  toSuVben^^^^^^^^  ^7'   ^^'^  ^'^'^ 

oles.     FIs.  small,  very  numerous  x^hc^^J^\^^''^^^^^  ^"^  «»  short  peti- 

^.slender,  Pyramidal'Llu  rr  ^f  ImfbSZ   X  t^f '  l'^^  ?»■•?'«.  fonSing 
n.ishe.s  food  lor  the  snow-bird.     Jl.  Auo-      ^*  Persistent  Iruit  in  winter  fur- 

«l.rab,  in  meadows,  thickets,  U.  S  and  S  fT  t^-T^J .'^?-  ^-^  «"^" 
px.sh,  brittle.  Lvs.  smooth,  U  to  -in^tttf..  -a  *°  *^  '^'S'^'  «''"'^<^^'-.  P""-- 
kta  often  with  small  lea-es  in  thfSil!  li  I^f' ^^J^*'' "*  "^^^^  ^^^^/p^^^^^^ 
smaii,  numerous,  with  conspicuous  stamen!'  in?"  ^^''  f '^"  *'"^^^  ^''th  '"ed, 
3L  Aug.     t  (S.  alba  Bw.)   ^  ^"''  '"  ^  "'°'""  «'"  ^«s«  spreading  panicle. 

^  ntr°S?a"^.'^^iS.  witT  mTreToSurben  'T^ ^^  ^"^  "^^^^"^  ^-^e 

tains,  Peim.,  Fauquier  Co,  Va  (Sbini  to  1?v%  T '  p'?'^  "^^oP"  ^  '°  ^.-Moun: 
cent,  roddish,  1  to  2 f  high  hv/^^X^m^^ '\t  ^^^-  ^*-  «hghtly  pubes- 
2  to3'  by  4  to  If.  FIs  innmrerrble  wh^rnr  rn""',^"".'^.  ^'''■'^^  *he  base, 
broad.     May,  Jn*    f  (S.  ChaSSia  Pi^)    "'  rose-colored,  in  a  corymb  4  to  6^ 

^al^lionro^S^!^^^J:,JlZ^^^  L.S.  0,0. 

smooth ;  A  m  '"^'•^^r^^teS  J^^/^ff  ;f  ;5 "^^  ^^^^^^^^^  nearly 

pubescent;  aegm.  of  thecal,  ascending —r.flHm-^^'  P^'^'^^'^  «'"««"'  or 
Shrub  3  to  iifhigh,  nearly  ^^Z^^inl^^'^^^^^^^  .^"'^  shrubberie.. 

bg.  t^minating  the   shor,    lateral   branclferPe£rri:,'n;rr  "it 

lits^ntrpJ^f  Llr^  ^fTcra^JoTjJT^- ■    Y''  '  '^  ^-^°'^*«'  ^-^^  minute 
/<»  ^^>&'^<^^ll  doubly  sern;tea?dvvS^^^  '""^^  ^"'ff'^'  P^^^tdy  5 

rate;  pan',  eorymbous  Cg'^^eSnc^M^^^  '^'^'^^^  ««r- 

fls.  are  mostly  double.    Jl  1^''"""''""^^^-  ^"  gardens,  where  the  numerous  whito 

8  S,  lobdta  L.    Queen  of"  ti?f  Poitdti.     r 

with  smaller  Ifts.  h-erposed  IcUerail^nf  ^  7^'  P'""^*f'y  ^  to  T-foliate,  often 
mmai  one  larae.  r>edllJ^\!:Tj7l*f\'!(^^  lanceolate  lobes,  cur.oate  at  ba^.  ter. 

•     pan.lai^,  c^--!/ brauch^7>;; '^-"-;.- «-^^ 


Order  48.— CALYCANTHACEiE. 


345 


•  .Nog,  1,2 
.Nos.  B—f> 

•  Nos.  7—9 
■  ...No.  10 


exquisite  beauty  in  meadows  and  prairies,  Mich.,  Iowa,  to  Car.     St.  4  to  8f  high. 
Fls.  numerous,  and  exceedingly  delicate.     Jn.,  JI.  f 

9  L.  filip6ndula  L.  Puide  of  the  Meadow.  Herbaceous,  smooth,  (/?*. 
pinnatifidly  serrate,  9  to  21,  with  many  minute  ones  interposed  ;  stip.  large,  semi- 
cordate,  serrate ;  corymb  on  a  long,  terminal  peduncle. — A  very  delicate  herb, 
often  cultivated.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long;  Ifts.  1  or  2  long;  linear, 
the  serratures  tipped  with  short  bristles.  Fls.  white,  4  or  5"  diam.,  petals  oblorg- 
obovate.     Jn. 

Other  species  of  this  beautiful  genus  arc  sometimes  cultivated. 
10  S.  Anincus  I..  Goat's-beard.  Lv3.  membranous,  tripinnate,  'a\s.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  straight-veined,  doubly  serrate,  subcordato,  ttie  odd  ones 
ovate-lanceolato ;  fls.  very  numerous,  small,  whitish,  in  numerous  slender  racemes, 
forming  a  largo  compound  panicle ;  carp,  distinct,  glabrous,  3  to  5. — Chiefijr  along 
the  mountains,  Catskill,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  Sts.  slender,  3  to  6f  high.  Carp. 
1"  long.     Jn.,  Jl.  f     Plant  more  delicate  than  Astilbe,  which  see,  page  371. 

27.  GILLE'NIA,  Mojnch.  Indian  Physic.  (Gr.  yf-Xdo),  to  laugh  ; 
on  account  of  its  exhilarating  qualities.)  Calyx  tubnlar-cainpanulate, 
contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-cleft ;  petals  5,  linear-hinceolate,  very  long, 
unequal;  stamens  10  to  15,  very  short;  carpels  5,  connate  at  base ; 
styles  terminal;  follicles  2-valvetl,  2  to  4-seeded. —  U  Herbs  with  tri- 
tbliate,  doubly  serrate  lvs. 

1  G.  trifoli^ta  Moench.  Lfts.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate ;  slip,  linear-setaceous, 
entire;  fls.  on  long  pedicels,  in  pedunculate,  corymbous  panicles. — In  woods,  W. 
N.  York  to  Ga.  A  handsome  herb  2  to  3f  high,  slender  and  nearly  smooth. 
Lower  lvs.  petiolate ;  lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  ^  as  wide,  pubescent  beneath,  subsessilc. 
Fls.  axillary  and  terminal.  Petals  rose  color  or  nearly  white,  8"  by  2".  Sds. 
brown,  bitter.  Jn.,  JI.  Roots  said  to  be  emetic,  cathartiC;  or  tonic,  according  to 
the  dose. 

2  G.  stipul^cea  Nutt.  Bowman's  Root.  Lfl;s.  lanceolate,  deeply  incised; 
radical  lvs.  pinnatifid  ;  sii2).  leafy,  ovate,  doubly  incised,  clasping;  fls.  large,  in  loose 
panicles. — Western  N.  Y.  to  Ala.  Readily  distinguished  from  t!)e  former  by  the 
large  clasping  stipules.  Fls.  fewer,  rose  colored.  Jn.  Properties  of  the  root 
like  the  former. 

28.  KER'RIA,  DC.  (In  honor  of  TF"m.  Jierr,  a  botanical  collector, 
who  sent  plants  from  China.)  Calyx  of  5,  acuminate,  nearly  distinct 
Rcpals ;  corolla  of  5  orbicular  petals ;  ovaries  5  to  8,  smooth,  globous, 
ovules  solitary ;  styles  filiform  ;  achenia  globous. — A  slender  shrub, 
native  of  Japan.  Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  with 
stipules.  Fls.  terminal  on  the  branches,  solitary  or  few  together,  orange 
yellow. 

K.  Jap6nica  DC.  Japan  Globe  Flower.  Common  in  gardens,  etc.  Sts. 
numerous,  5  to  8f  high,  with  a  smooth  bark.  Iivs.  minutely  pubescent,  2  to  3.' 
by  1  to  1  j',  with  a  very  sharp,  slender  point ;  petioles  3  to  5"  long.  Fls.  double 
in  cultivation,  abortive,  globous,  near  1   diara.  f 

Order  XLVIII.     CALYCANTIIACEJ5.     Calycantiis. 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  entire,  exstipulato  leaves.  Flowers  solitary,  axil- 
lary, with  the  numerous  sepals  and  petals  confoxuided,  in  several  rows,  all  united 
below  into  a  fleshy  tube  or  cup.  Stamens  indefinite,  perigynous,  with  adnate,  ex- 
trorse  anthers.     Seeds  with  convolute  cotyledons,  otherwise  as  in  the  tribe  Rosidae 

Thp  order  consists  of  but  2  ffmero,  Calycnnthiis,  Amcriean,  aiMl  Chiniomintlins  of  Japan. 
The  nptdea  aro  probably  but  8.  The  fltwvers  are  highly  aroinatlc,  and  the  entne  qiinlity  resides 
In  tho  hark, 

CALYCANTHUS,  L.  Sweet  scentbd  Shrub.  (Gr.  KaXv^,  calyx, 
dvOo^^  a  flower ;  from  the  character.)     Lobes  of  the  calyx  imbricated 


346 


Obder  40.— MYRTACE^. 


in  many  rows  lanceolate,  somewhat  coriaceous  and  fleshv  colovn.i. 
stamens  unequal  about  12,  outer  ones  fertile;  antWs  extroSe  S  ' 
few  or  many,  mclosed  in  the  calyx  tube,  fruil  mar/time  w'erTn 
that  of  the  rose,  loosely  enclosing  the  largo  achenia— tL  Wt  ^ 
Ivs.  exhale  the  odor  of 'camphor/ FIs.  ot  a^Lrid  pSrpJT  '"^ 

Fla.  on  short  brancheg.     Pr.  rare  of  the  8i7fi  nnH  S    p      «  .      '  ^°"S- 

OrdeuXLIX.     MYRTACE^.     Myrtleblooms. 

Trees  and  .;ir«fc,  without  stipules.    Lvs.  opposite,  entire,  punctate  usually  with  . 

th^h^7ofTcl''.*'^""^^"•  ^^^  ^^^--^  be,ow%o  the  i";o  2: '; 

seeds.     Albumen  none  -     -^'^^  ^^^  ^^'^"^«  «-Ple-     i^«^^  with  n^any 

8.  lmeri:;;'r„,rtt rindios  '  ''''  *^<'"'^^'  "»"-  <"  --«"  «"d  torrid  countries,  ospecially  of 

l-'yTv^'^'^^AL^'X^^^^^  clHefly  in  tho  pellucid  dotting  of  tho 

height,  yiel.ls  the  ciovo  (rhlF,,?'Zf^Xch^^^^^^  ".fe"  »bo„t  2nf    " 

tl...  leaves  of  tl,o  Melaleuca  Caje.m  I   nathe  of  th-"ri,  d^^^^^^^  ""  j«  •"^.t"''"!  ''m. 

frorn  Kueayptiis  resiniferm  nls'.  i  native  (,f  ImlH      Thi  ,•    f^  nAi  '".'   "'^  ^""*  **^''  '*  ol't«infc.l 
tract  wliict,  is  an  excellent  vorinifu-'o      All  tlm  InJ-a  „  ^*'"'  .',<""<>g<"nate  yields  nn  ex- 

highly  oinatnental  in  culture.        ^  ^  ^'"""*  '"^"'  *'^°'"'  ^''"i  "s.    Many  of  then,  are 

£;",:^f "/;  J-^^;  .tx, .  Sirs  r.t:^  .S^li 

Shr.ibs  with  evergreen  lvs.  marked  by  a  marginal  vein 

Tl^P^^;!^^ia^:^J^'^^Z^  «J;^-litao^;  involucre  2-leaved.- 
houses  and  eonserva.ories      £eaves  uboTl  hvG'VlT'^  1  -f  ''"''''-'^  ""^^^  '"'^ 

bodge,  like  ,1,0  ^nw,hlVFT^io^iteeT5'.„?o^  ■"■!"'"?  "*"  '"' 


Obdbb  50.— MELASTOMACE^. 


347 


tion,  protected  northward  by  glass.     In  tbia  way  double  flowera  of  great  beauty 
may  be  produced,  f 

2  P.  nina  L.  Shrubby;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute. — Native  of  the  W. 
Indies,  where  it  is  used  a.s  a  hedge  plant.  Shrub  4  to  6f  high,  with  smaller 
purple  fls.,  often  double,  f 


Order  L.     MELASTOMACE^.     Melastomes. 

Trees,  shrubs  ov  herhs  with  square  brandies,  and  usually  exfrtipulato.  Lvif.  op- 
posite, entire  and  undivided,  without  dots  and  with  several  veins.  Cal.  persistent, 
the  tube  urceolate,  cohering  with  only  the  angles  ot  the  ovary.  Petals  as  many  aa 
the  segments  oi  the  calyx  (4  to  6),  twisted  in  aestivation.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
,13  petals,  sometimes  the  ^ame  number,  inflexed  in  {estivation.  Anthers  before 
flowering  contained  in  tho  cavity  between  the  calyx  and  the  sides  of  ovarj'.  Fruii 
capsular  or  baccate. 

Genera  118.  specie»  12no.  The  order  is  represented  in  tlie  U.  S.  hy  .i  single  genus,  tlie  ro- 
iiiainder  beiiisj;  natives  cliiefly  of  India  and  tropicni  Anieriox  >io  plantof  tiiis  order  is  poisonous 
All  are  sliglitly  astringent. 

RHEX'IA,  L,  Deer-grass.  (Gr.  pe^ig,  a.  rupture ;  some  of  the 
species  are  good  vulneranes.)  Calyx  4-cleft,  swelling  at  the  base ; 
petals  4  ;  stamens  8,  1-ceIled ;  style  declined ;  capsule  4-('elled,  nearly 
free  from  the  investing  calyx  tube;  placenta)  prominent;  seeds  nu- 
merous.—  ')4  Lvs.  opposite,  exstipulate,  3-veined. 

S  Anthers  curved,  "-accato  at  base,  tvitli  a  bristly  a|)pendngo  at  tho  insertion 

of  the  Ulauient. — Stem  square,  winged jjog  j   2 

— Stem  tyrete  or  teretish ...Nos  8-^,5 

§  Anthers  straight,  terminal.— Stems  .simple,  with  purple  flowers .'.......'.'. Nos.  6  7 

— Stems  braehiate,  with  yellow  flowers '.*..'!  ...No!  ^ 

1  R.  Virginica  L.  Meadow  Beauty.  St.  square,  the  angles  narrowly  winged ; 
lvs.  sessile,  oval-lanceolate,  ciliato-serrulate,  and  with  tlio  stem  clothed  with  scattered 
hairs;  cat.  hispid.— Grows  in  wet  grounds,  Mass.  to  III.  and  La.  St.  If  or  more 
liigh,  often  3-fcrHed  above.  Lvs.  with  3  (rarely  5  or  7)  prominent  veins,  1  to  3' 
long,  abo.it  ^  as  wide,  acute.  Fls.  largo,  in  corymbous  cymes.  Petals  bright 
purple,  obovate,  hi.spid  beneatli,  caducous.  Anth.  long  and  prominent,  crooked, 
golden  yellow  above,  with  a  purple  lino  beneath.  Sty.  somewhat  longer  tlian  the 
stamens,  a  little  declined.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  R.  Btricta  Ph.  St.  tall,  with  4  strongly  winged  angles,  glabrous-  lvs.  ovato- 
lanceolato,  acuminate,  setaceously  serrate,  glabrous,  or  slightly  hisnid  above j 
cal.  glahrwis,  the  tube  lery  short.— Boga  around  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Ala.  and 
Fla.  St.  3  to  4f  higli,  sliglitly  bearded  at  tho  joints.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Fls. 
purple,  large  and  fine.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  R.  Mariana  L.  St.  nearly  terete,  covered  with  bristly  hairs ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
acute,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  very  siiort  petiole,  and,  with  the  calyx  clothed  with 
scattered  hairs.— In  sandy  bogs,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  The  whole  plant  is  hispid,  even 
tiie  petals  cxterntJly.  St.  1  to  2f  liigh,  slender,  and  generally  with  f?w  branches. 
Lvs.  often  narrowly  oblong,  4  to  6  times  longer  than  wide,  serrate-ciliato.  Petals 
large,  obovate,  purple.     Jn. — Sept. 

4  R.  lanceolata  Walt.  S(.  much  branched,  hirsute,  terctish ;  lvs.  linear  and 
lance-linear,  nll..i.aa' >  to  a  short  petiole,  slightly  hispid  and  ciliato;  fls.  very  pale, 
in  fastigiato  fyniea ;  cal.  glabrous. — Damp  soils,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  1 
to  2f  high,  very>,ir7,  growing  in  dense  patches,  with  numerous  white  or  palo 
purple  fls.     Im,  7  or  8  times  longer  than  wide.     Jn, — Aug. 

5  R.  glabella  Ph.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous  ■  st.  simple,  teretish ;  Ivs. 
lanceoiatn ;  calyx  glandular-hispid.— Damp  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St. 
2  to  .'.f  high,  dividing  at  top  into  a  few  peduncles.  Lvs.  mostly  loncer  than  the 
iuternodes  (I  to  2),  ob.'icureiy  serrulate,  acute,  sessile.  Cal.  rather^ funnel  form 
above  tho  ovary.     IPetala  palo  purple,  large,  expanding  near  2'.    Jn.— Aug. 


948 


Ordbr  51.— LYTHRACB^ 


tte  fcte  ««fc.-Dainp  piue  woods,  N.  Oar,  lo  Fla.    Lvs  Eri!  r  !,',„„  ■•""'T' 

«.  well  as  iti  shoi;:  reSowf  pScuSt '  Jnl-lC  '"  '""'  «^--'-«tie, 
Order   LT.    LYTHRACE^     Looskstrifes. 

JzS'  '?^:^-j^r!:^!^^^rd'Z:^-'^^^]r7'  ^"^  most  of  the. 

where  it  abounds.    All  tho  species  are  astri«ge«t  "''"'*"''•  *"''  U.  S.,  is  „,e<l  for  tanning 

GENERA. 
§  Shrubs  wif.h  mnneroiis  stamens  nnd  clav.-e.l  petals  t  .. 

S  Herb.-Kls.  irregular.    Calyx  intlatod,  .ibbo'us  at  bnVo .V. cjpr/"''"'"     I 

-I'l:s.regular-CaIyxcylin,lnca.:stnate,with5min„V;h;;;„;::.\L™rM  ? 

-Culyx  eami,anuIato,-5  teeth  with  5  long  horns. . .  rns^^.    '  4 

—4  teoth  with  4  short  horns.  .Ammannia.  '> 

.     ,.^ —Iteetli.    Herns  0,  petals  0..  II  YPOBRiciuA.        0 

i.  LAGERSTRCE^MIA,  L.    Crape  Myrtle       Hu  I.nnn,.  ^f  ir 

^>ltll  2  bracts  below ;  petals  8,  o,l  claws  inserted  in«,  tho  ,-alvx  tX- 
stamens  oo;  capsule  3  to  6-eelled;  seeds  „,any,  .ingcd-I^riS,; 

tiie  capsule  )     Ln\yx  tubular,  vent.icous,  witli  C  '  ;ect  teeth   and  ofton 
as  mauy  .ntenned.ate  processes;  petals  G  or  7,  unequal ;  stamens  1 

k  iilh;;;rj^l^Sr^^^"^  ^^  «"«-^---     I^-  opposite,  entire. 

""'^S^S^;  tl  SSS,:r^^S:"'^  ;^  ovate-^anceCate.  pe- 
12. veined,  G-toothed  verv"  TsrW-il  fwn.  ^  J^i^-  ^^  """^  °°  ^he  upper  side, 
Cambridge.  N.  i  k'::jj:'t7fP I'.' F.!!''''^^  Pittsfie'i  Mass.  (Hitci.oock), 
branches:    Lvs.  somewhat^ep^nd;!  to' 2^;^^  ^m^H;;^^;^ oSS 


*  J/  J  J-- 


Order  51.— LYTHRACE^ 


340 


Calyx  often  purplisli.     Petala  violet,  obovate ;  stamens  included.    Capsule  burst- 
ing lengthwise  before  the  seeds  are  ripe.     Aug.     (Lythrum  petiolatum  L.) 

3.  LYTHRUM,  L.  Loosestrife.  (Gr.  XMpov,  black  blood ;  refer- 
ring to  the  color  of  the  flower.)  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  limb  4  to  6- 
toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate,  miimte  processes ;  petals  4  to  6, 
equal ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  iu  the 
calyx;  style  filiform ;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded. — Mostly  ^jwith 
entire  Ivs.  ' 

§  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.    Fls.  axillary,  Polltary Nos  1—8 

§  Stamens  twice  as  uuiny  aa  tlie  petals.    Fls.  spicate  or  racemed ..Nos.  4  6 

1  L.  hyssopifdlia  L.  Grass-poly.  Glabrous,  erect,  branchinjr ;  ivs.  alteniato 
or  opposite,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  subsessile- 
pet.  and  stam.  6  or  6. — A  slender,  weed-like  plant,  found  in  low  <j  ■  ounds,  dry 
bed."  of  ponds,  &c.,  Mass.  and  N.  Y.,  near  the  coast,  rare.  Plant  6  to  10'  high, 
with  spreading,  square  branches.  Lvs.  sessile,  acute  at  base,  pale  green,  each 
with  a  single  small  tiower,  sessile  in  its  axil.  Petals  pale  purple.  Calyx  ob- 
scurely striate,  with  short  lobes.     Jl. 

2  L.  aldtum  Ph.  Glabrous,  erect,  branched ;  st.  winged  below ;  lvs.  lance-ovate, 
acute,  sessile,  broadest  at  base,  alternate  and  opposite ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary.— 
Damp  grounds  S.  and  W.  States,  common.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  striate,  tlie  wings 
narrow.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  \  as  wide.  Calyx  tube  12-striate,  12-toothed,  alter- 
nate teeth  cornute.    Corolla  purple,  wavy,  6-petaled.    Stam.  6,  included.    Jn.,  JL 

3  L.  lineSre  L.  St.  slender,  somewliat  4-angled,  branched  above;  lvs.  linear 
mostly  opposite  and  obtxise;  fls.  nearly  sessile;  petals  and  stamens  6. — Swamps 
near  the  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  the  angles  sometimes  slightly 
winged.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  2  to  4",  rather  fleshy.     Fls.  small,  nearly  white. 

4  L.  Salicdria  L.  More  or  less  pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  cordate  at  base ;  fls. 
nearly  ses.sile,  in  a  long,  somewhat  verticellate,  interrupted  spike ;  petals  6  or  7  ; 
stum,  twice  as  many  as  pet. — An  ornamental  plant,  native  in  wet  meadows,  Can! 
and  N.  Eng.,  rare.  St.  2  to  5f  high,  branching.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  \  as  wide,' 
gradually  acuminate,  entire,  on  a  short  petiole,  opposite  or  in  vertices  of  3,  upper 
ones  reduced  to  sessile  bracts.  Fls.  large,  numerous  and  showy ;  petals  purple 
Ji.,  Aug.  f 

5  L.  virgatum  L.    St.  erect,  branched,  virgate ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  each  end, 

floral  ones  small;  fls.  about,  3  in  each  axil  of  the  virgate  raceme;  stam.  12. A 

fine  species  for  the  garden,  native  of  Austria,     St.  3  to  4f  higli.     Fls   Durnle 
Jn.— Sept.  f  o  •  f    f   ' 

4.  NES/E'A,  Juss.  Calyx  short,  bropdly  campanulate,  with  5  erect 
teeth,  and  5  elongated,  spreading,  hornlike  processes;  stamens  10, alter- 
nate ones  very  long;  style  filiform;  capsule  globous,  included,  many- 
seeded. —  2^  Lvs.  opposite  or  verticillatc,  entire.     Fls.  axillary,  purple. 

N.  verticillata  Kunth.  Swamp.s,  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  woody  at 
base,  often  prostrate,  and  rooting  at  the  summit,  3  to  8f  in  length,  or  erect,  and 
2  to  3f  high,  4  to  tj-angled.  Lvs.  oppo.site.  or  in  whorls  of  3,  lanceolate,  on  short 
petioles,  acute  at  base,  3  to  5'  long,  gradually  acuminate  and  acute  at  apex.  Fls. 
in  axillary,  subsessile  umbels  of  3  or  more,  apparently  whorled,  constituting  a 
loug,  leafy,  terminal  and  showy  panicle.  PeUls  5  or  6,  large,  and  of  a  lino  purple. 
Jl.,  Aug.     (Decodon  verticillatum  Ell.) 

a.  PUBESCENS.     St.  and  lvs.  beneath  pubescent — R.  Island  (rare)  to  La. 

^.  L^viGATUM.     Glabrous  and  bright  green.— More  common.     N.  Eng.  to  111. 

5.  AMMAN'NIA,  L.  (To  ^ToAw  ^wimorw,  of  Siberia,  professor  of  bot- 
any at  St.  Petersbui-g.)  Calyx  campanulate,  4  to  5-toothed  or  lobed, 
generally  with  as  many  horn-iike  processes,  alternating  with  the  lobes; 
petals  4  or  ? ;  stamens  as  many,  rarely  twice  as  many  as  tlie  calyx  lobes; 


ySO  OaDKB  62.— ONAGRACElfi. 

capsule  globular,  2  to  4.celled,  many-seeded. -(I)  In  wet  places.     Sta. 

square  and  Ivs.  opposite,  entire.     Fls.  axillary. 

1  A.  htimilis  Mx.  St  branched  from  the  base,  ascending;  Ivs.  linear-oblong  or 
\anceoUte  obtuse  tapering  at  ba«o  into  a  short  petiole;  fls^^litarySely  Sile 
all  the  parts  m  43;  sty.  very  short.-An  obscure  and  humble  plant  in  wet  Se'' 
Conn  to  Ga  W.  to  Oreg.  Sts.  square,  procumbent  at  base,  6  to  10'  S  tS' 
mjnute,  with  4  purplish,  caducous  petals.-A  variety  has  the  leaves  SewhS 

■    JoTl)  '  "'^^''"''^'''S  the  next  species.    Aug.,  Sept.     (Ammannia  ramo- 

^  rt;i?if?/Jf  ^"  fi  «•««.  branching;  Ivs.  linear-Unceolate.  acute,  dilated  and  an- 
rcujatedai  the  sessile  base;  fls.  crowded,  and  apparently  verticiUae,  upper  subsol- 

SV  A^'?""'-'''*''J^i  ^■^°^''^'  ^•^''''''^'  «^P-  P°t-  «tam.  a^d  cells  of  cap- 
sule 4.-Wet  prairies,  W.  States  to  La.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  5" 
Fls.  purple.     Jl.— Sept.     (A.  ramosior  L.)  lo  a  ny  ^  to  5  . 

6.  HYPOBRICH'IA,  Curtis.    Calyx  4-lobed,  without  accessory  teeth  • 
petals  6;  stamens  2  to  4  ;  ovary  2-celled;  stigma  2-lobed,  subsessile :' 
capsule   globous    bursting    irregularly,   many-seeded.— A   submersed 
aquatic  herb      Lvs    opposite,   crowded,   linear.     Fls.   axillary,  sessile 
minute.    (Didiplis  Raf.)  •^'  ' 

OrdSr  lit.    ONAGRACE^     Onagrads. 

^er65  rarely  sAmJs,  with  the  flowers  4  (sometimes  2  or  3).merous,  with  the  calyx 
tube  adhering  to  the  2  to  4-celled  ovary,  and  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud ;  the  petals 
convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  obsolete  as  well  as  the  calyx  teeth.  Stamfns  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  calyx  teeth;  ovary  I  to  2  to  4-celled  styles 
united,  and  stigmas  capitate  or  4-lobed;  fruit  capsular  or  bac(;ate,  2  to  4-celled 
seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen.     Illust.  in  Figs.  116,  311,  403,  417.  ' 

n  J  u"  ^"borders  nro  comprehended  under  this  Order,  viz  :-the  Onn-rncem  nroner  or  Fnnnhi«.„ 

Cllrki^ ^cT.'"'  ""  '■^'"""■•''*^'''  properties.    Many  of  them  are  ornamental,  as  the  genus  Fuchsia. 

SUBORDERS  AND  GENERA. 

I.  EPILOBIE^.    Flowers  perfect  rind  complete  (sometimes  apetalous  In  Ludwigia)  2-parted 

or4-parted.    Pollen  connected  by  cobwebs.  (♦)  ;*ia"eu 

II.  IIALORAGE^.    Flowers  incomplete  and  often  imperfect,  small  and  greenish,  1,3,  and 

4-parted.     Plants  aquatic,  often  submersed,  (c)  &  )    i   .  »"" 

*  Stamens  S  (or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  (a) 

•  Stamens  4  or  2,— as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals,  (b) 

a  Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.-Seeds  comnus.  .Epilobipm.  1 

r,  ,      ^  ,          ,                                                — Seed8arlubrou8..Ju88i.BA.  2 

a  Calys  tube  prolonged,  the  free  summit-slender.    Seeds  oo..  .(Enotiiera.  3 

—slender.    Scedsl  to  4.Gauba.  4 

—short.  Petals  clawed.C'LAUKiA.  5 

'                                                                                         —long  and  enlarged FirciisiA.'  6 

I                                        b  Flowers  4-parted.  perfect,  sometimes  apet8lous..LtM)wiGiA.  7 

b  Flowers  2-parted,  perfect  and  complete Circ  ba  8 

O  Flowers  3-par.ed,  perfect,  apetalous. Prcserpinaca.  9 

0  Flowers  4-pftrted,  msnoecious,  petals  4  or  0.     Submersed Mykiophyllpm  10 

0  FaJwers  1 -parted,  perfect,  apetalous Hippuris.  11 

ioL^^'^^i^l^"*'  ^'  .  y^^r^^^  ^?^«'     I^osE  Bay.     {y^r.  M,  upon, 
.>  n^.nr,  a  poG,  tGv,  a  Violet ;  *.  c.,  5  violet  growing  upou  a  pod.)     Calyx 


1 

2 
8 
4 

6 
6 

T 
8 
9 


Ordeii  52.— ONAORACELE.  355 

tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  limb  deeply  4-cleft,  deciduous; 
petals  4  ;  stamens  8,  anthers  fixed  near  the  middle  ;  stigma  often  with 
4   spreading   lobes;    ovary  and    capsule   linear,    4.cornered,  4-co!lcd 

4-vaIved;  seeds  00,  comons,  with  a  tuft  of  long  silky  hairs'. U  Fls! 

violet  purple  or  white. 

S  Leaves  alternate.    Fls.  showy,  expamlintr.    Stamens  and  sty.  declined..  Wo  1 

S  Leaves  opi)08ite.    Fls.  sitiull,  not  expanding.— Petals  entire .!!.'.."."!".'.Nos  2"  8 

—Petals  noteliert .'..!'!  "Nos  4— 6 

1  B.  angustifdlium  L.  St.  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  subentiro 
with  a  marginal  vein;  rac.  long,  terminal,  epicato;  petals  unguiculate;  stam  and 
sty.  declined ;  stig.  witii  4  linear,  revolute  lobes.— In  newly  cleared  lands  low 
waste  grounds,  Penn.  to  Arc.  Am.  St.  4  to  6f  high,  often  branched  above.  'Lvs 
sessile,  smootli,  2  to  5'  long,  J  as  wide,  acuminate,  with  pellucid  veins  Fls  nu- 
merous and  showy,  all  the  parts  colored;  petals  deep  lilac-purple  ;  ova.  and  sep 
(6  to  6'  long)  pule  glaucous  purple.     Jl.,  Aug. 

p.  CANESCENS.     Fls.  of  a  pure  white  in  all  their  parts ;  ovaries  silvery  canea- 
cent.     Danville,  Vt.    (Miss  Towle.) 

2  E.  alplnum  L.  St.  creeping  at  base,  usually  with  2  pubescent  lines,  few-flow- 
■  ered ;    lvs.   glabrous,   opposite,    otloiig-ovate,    subentire,   obtuse,    sessile  or  sub- 

petiolate,  smooth;    stig.    undivided;    caps,   mostly  pedicellate.— Mountains   N 
States  to  Arc.  Am.     St.  6  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  often  s  ightly  petiolate  and  denti'- 
ciilate,  lower  obtuse,  middle  acute,  and  upper  acuminate.    Fls.  smaller  than  in  E. 
moUe,  reddish  white. 

(3.  NUTANS  Ilornem.    St.  large,  nodding  at  the  summit ;  lvs.  oblong,  denticulate. 

3  E.  paWstre  L.  Minutely  tomentous ;  st  terete,  branching ;  lvs.  sessile  lance- 
olate, subdcnticulate,  smooth,  attenuate  at  base,  rather  acute,  lower  ones  oppo- 
site; petals  small,  erect  (acute?),  twice  longer  ihm  the  calyx ;  sty.  inehided  • 
st:g.  clavate;  caps,  pubescent.— In  swamps  and  marshes,  Penn.  to  Arc.  Am.  w! 
to  Oreg.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  very  branching.     Lvs.  moi^tly  alternate,  1  to  3'  long' 

2  to  6  wide,  entire,  or  witli  a  few  minuto  teeth.  Fls.  numerous,  rose  color! 
Caps.  2  or  3'  long,  on  short  pedicels.     Aug, 

/i.  ALBIFLORUM  Lehm.  St.  slender,  at  first  simple,  branched  at  top;  lvs. 
linear,  entire,  margin  revolute;  caps,  canescent.— In  mud  about  ponds  N 
H.  and  Can.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     (E.  linearo  Muhl.) 

4  E.  mdlle  Ton-.     Plant  velvety-pubescent;  st.  terete,    straight,    erect,   branching 
above ;  lvs.  opposite  (altornato  above),  crowded,   sessile,  mostly  entire,  oblong- 
lincar,  obtusisii;  petals  deeply  einarginate,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx-  stig 
large,  turbmato;  caps,  elongated,  subsessilo.— (D  Swamps,  Mass.  to  N.  j'  rare 
St.  1  to  2f  liigh.     Lvs.  numerous,  8  tj  15  '  by  1  to  4 '.     Fls.  rose  color.     Cans. 

3  long.     Sept.  ^ 

5  B.  coloratum  Muhl.  St.  subferete,  puherulent,  erect,  very  branching-  lvs 
mostly  opposite,  lanceolate,  dent-serrulate,  acute,  gubpetiolate,  smooth,  orten'witli 
reddish  vems;  pet.  small,  2-elea  at  apex ;  cal.  canipanulate:  stv.  included;  stig. 
clavate;  ovules  in  a  single  row.— Ditclies  and  wet,  shady  grounds,  British  Am. 
to  Ga.,  W.  to  Oreg.     St.  1  to  3f  high,  becoming  very  much  branclied.     Lvs.  2  to 

4  long,  \  as  wide,  witii  minuto  white  dots,  upper  ones  alternate  and  sessile, 
lower  on  short  petioles.  Fls.  numerous  a.xillary.  Pedicels  1  to  2  '  in  length, 
ovaries  4  to  G",  cai)s.  20",  very  slender.  Petals  rose  color,  twice  longer  than  tbo 
sepals.    Jl.—Sepi.— Scarcely  distinct  from  tlio  ne.xt. 

6  E.  tetragonum  L.  St.  'i-angled,  erect,  branched  and  nearly  glabrous ;  lvs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, glandular-serrulate,  more  or  less  decurrerd,  the  lower  subpctiolate 
petals  emarginatc.— Mts.  of  N.  Car.,  N.  Y.  and  Can.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  appar- 
enUy  wingeil  along  the  middle  by  the  decurrent  lvs.  Petals  rose  red.  Stig.  club- 
shaped,  po'is  pedicellate,  puberulent. 

2.  JUSSI^'A,  L.  (Dedicated  to  Bernard  de  Jtissicu,  founder  of  the 
Nat.  System.)  Caly.x  tube  long,  but  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary ; 
tIjQjobes  4  to  8,  leafy,  persistent;  petals  4  to  6,  spreading;  stamens  8 
to  12  ;  capsuie  4  to  6-celied,  commonly  lengthened,  opening  between 
the  ribs ;  seeds  very  numerous.    Herbs  with  alternate  lvs.  and  yellow  Qa, 


''^52  Ordkb   62.— ONAGRACB^ 

obT     Tl'  '^""^  '^'  pedicel  crowned  with  the  lanc^-ova^  Tcumtato  cffi 
liVS.  ^  to  J  long.     lis.  showy,  expanding  about  9".     Jl  — Sept 

^  iiin^^?'^/?^™  *^''-    ^^r*«'«/ A  6.meror«;  at.  creeping  at  base   erect  •  Ivs 
eUiptical,  the  lo;ver  spatulate,   acutish,  short-petiolcd  •  fia    Wn    nV,?    fi 
shorter  than  the  pedicels;  sep.  lanceolate,  acnro-^' BV^ditdfe/sl':^ 
S\Sr"Ti''  ^^,y  r.^^°",•^^•    Creeping'stems  several  fcet  long  branches  Uo 
2f  h  gh.     Ova.  witli  2  tubercles  at  base.     Fig.  expanding  r.oarly  2'.   Mav-AuL 

1?;..?^°°*?*  ?""•     "''^"*«'  >•  "^*"y    6-7«eroz«,   small;    ,t    erect-    zJ' 

high.     Caps,  nearly  2'  long,  terete,  at  length  nearly  smooth.        ^      ^  '  "^ 

/./i"^®°*  ^-     -^T'^  glabrous;  ^.  d-merom,  large:  st.  ci repine   ascendintr- 

bts.  long  creeping  and  floating.  Petioles  and  pedicels  about  2'  long  jt-Aug.' 
3.  (ENOTHE'RA,  L.  Evening  Primrose.  (Gr.  otvor,  wine  enndcj 
o  hunt ;  the  root  is  said  to  cause  a  thirst  for  wine.)  Ca  yx  tube  pro' 
longed  beyond  the  ovary,  deeiduous,  segments  4  reflexed ;  peX" 
equal,  obcordate  or  obovate,  inserted  into  the  ton  of  the  calyx  tube' 
.stamens  8;  capsule  4-celled,  4-valved  ;  stigma  4-lobed  ;  seeds  manV 
without  a  coma.-IIerbs  with  alternate  Ivs.     Fls.  yellow.  ^' 

I  Vu  diuvuT^  f^Tv"t''{  "'Sht  only).    Ovnry  sessile,  oblong jjo,  1-a 

»  *'»•  uiuiniil.-tiiHx- tube  not  longer  tlmntlie  ovary.'  xr     VT 

-Ca  yx  tubo  abon t  twico  longer  than  the  ova^y; '. ". kn^A^S 

-Caly.v  tubo  3  or  4  tin.es  longer  than  the  ovary. ^;;,'-  ^^ 

(i?  and  (g)  Common  m  fields  and  waste  nlacG'^  TT  «!  nn,i  nrjr  a„      Jl^       . 

'■  Zll)""'    ''""^  li-'^-oWong,  shorter  to  tl,o  Bta^ena.     ((E.  craciato 
'^  kd'lT  ''°"-  *  °'-    ■'*"  '"'''"^'''  ""°"'  P'»"'  «i"<'s""ily  hairy.- 

yeiiow"?  Jn         *  Eobctlson.)    A  lino  species,  with  a  profusion  ofatra^v^ 

fl  Mm,S°N„?    ^■'  "*  ^.'"O"'  '"»'"»  '""*  ia  wfierii  '"°°°"' 


Gbdkb  52— 0NAGRACEL(E. 


363 


?■  F,      }l  T'  P"^''*'®'^* ;  St.  ascending;  Ivt.  lanceo' Ue,  entire,  obtuse 

attenuate  nt  base;  sp.ito  loose,  leafy,  naked  below    cal.  tub,  ..,orU<r  Van  heTh- 
.,««/«,  Ob  oag-clavate,  angular  ornry.-®  A  small    half-ere.  i  plant,  common  hi 

H  by  2  to  3     radical  ones  spatulate,  petiolato.     Ma.  yellovv,  6' diam    ononlnir 
in  succession,  1  or  2  at  a  time.     Jn.,  Aug.     ((E.  pusiUa  ?  Mx.)  ^      ^ 

5  CE  chrysantha  Ux.  St.  ascending,  slender;  fls.  small,  crowded  spicato- 
ca .  tube  equ^hng  m  length  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  segm. ;  petals  broaX  obol 
vate,  emarguiate,  longer  than  the  stamens;  caps,  .smooth^edicellato,  clavate  1^ 
alternate,  angles  slightly  winged.-(5J;  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mich.    St.  12  to  I?  W 

snaThte     5s  5"d?*°'  "''"'"'    f!'''''"'"'  ""'  ''^'  ^^"ticulato,  radical  2; 
spatulate.     ±Js.  6'  diain.,  onvngo-yellow.     Jn.,  Jl. 

6  CE3.  fnitlcdaa  L.  St.  pubescent  or  hirsute  ;  'ivs.  ohlmg-lanceolate  renand-dcnti 
culate;  rac.  lea  y  or  nuked  below,  oorymbed ;  ,  aps.  ilong-elava^  H^nS 
vith  in  ermediato  ribs,   pedicellate.- 4  In  sterile  soils,  Mal...  ConA    N  Y  to 

1.1a.  and  ^l .  States.     St.  hard,  rigid  (not  shrubby),  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs'  v^riabK 
in  pubesc,  ace.  form  andsze,  1  to  3'  by  3  to  8".  sessile,  minutely  punct"atr   Fl" 
luu'  or  many,  IJ  d.am    m  a  terminal,  braoteato,  mostly  pedunculate  raceme' 
Cal.  tubo  longer  tha.i  the  ovary.     Petals  broad-obcordate,  ydlow.     Jn    aT 
4.  AMiiiauA.     Lvs.  membranous ;  petals  longer  than  broad.  ' 

^  ^"  i^^P^,"*,.-^"^-  .^^^-'y^^  glabrous ;  stem  erect,  with  slender  branches  usuallv 
purple  and  polished;  lvs  linear-lar^ceolate,  acutish  at  both  ends,  petiofa te  r"panJ^ 
denticu  ate,  coriaceous;  fls.  large,  loosely  corymbed,  nt  length  ramS'caUui 
nearly  twice  longer  than  tno  pedicelled  ovar^;  cap.^.  clavate,  scarcely  wfnged- 
®  Along  nyera  K  J.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  St.  I  to  2nngh.  Lvs.  2  to  4' W  Fls. 
as  largo  as  in  No.  G.     A  handsome  species.     May,  Jn  ^' 

8  CE.  line^ria   Mx.      Hoary  puberulent;    st.   slender,    erect,    simple   or   few- 
branched;  lvs    Unear,  s^bentire,  obtuse,  the    lowest  linear-spa  ulTe-   fls    laTeT 
,h7n.  ,     u    •'"  «"™""V"^'the  branches,  tube  of  the  calyx  somewhat  longer  t?an 
the  pedicollato  ovary;  fr.  obovato,   scarcely  winged.— 21  Montauk  Point  to  ^! 
Car.  (Miss  Ciirpenter),  and  Ala.     St.   12  to\8' high.     LvfT  to  V  W     Fb 
much  as  in  No.  7.     May,  Jl.  a.va.  i   lo  -  long.     i<i?. 

9  CE.  glaiica  Mx.     Glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  .st.  erect,  with  few.  .slender  branches 
above;  lvs   ovate,  sessile,  acute  or  aeuminkte,  o^«eurely  denticulateTflrW 
c  usteredac  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx  tube  3  or  4  times  the l^;."h  of  U  J 
short,  pedicellato  ovary;  caps,  oval,  4.winged  abovo.-Rock  Castle  (fo    Ky   to 

iolate.'  ^•ap'r4  ^^'^l^Vl^'  'iS^^'^'     '^^   '  ^  '  '^'^^'  ^^^^ 
^^nrT'  ^if«°""en8is  Sims.     Simple,  decumbent;    lvs.  coriaceous;  lanceola^. 
V  ?v  Vfr^f  Tv-r'"'"'^'^'  f  f"''^''-  ^"*^^"*"-^'  downy 'canescent  when'young    fl  ' 
nllr!^^'    '^'"^'■^;  ^"^-  ^"^°  ^  «'•  ^  times  longer  than  the  downy-canoscenl' 
ovary;  caps    very  large,  oval,  depressed,   with  4  broad-winged  maryns-Dr 
l.ills,  Mo.     Remarkable  for  the  magnitude  of  its  fis.  and  fruit      Petals  vellou 

=t?t/;:;S^;eif^^jS)^^r'^--  '^'•'''''-  ^^-'^^^ 

fl.,  fi^'hSJvttion?'  ^''-  '■^"'  "^"^  "  ""  '"'''''''''  ^P^'-"^^'  -'"^  -^•t^  -  '--*« 

•il..m>"frl^'  ^'     ^^'v  ^?^'''"f-'  T^'^'V     ^''^y""  *»^«  ""^ch  prolonged 
.ilo.o  tlic  ovary,  cyln.dnc,  limb  4-cloft ;  petals  4,  uniruiculatc,  sornc- 

0 ne'sX?"'^    "r^'"^  "'^  f'."  ^"^^'  ^^''^"^"^  8;declinate,irnatc. 
ones  a  little  shorter ;  ovary  oblong,  4-celled,  one  only  proving  fruitful 

nu Usually  by  aboi-tion  1-celled,  1  to  4-seeded.-IIerbaerous  or^sl^^Xby. 
Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  white  and  red,  rarely  tri.nerous.  ^ 

^tS'o^'ita^"  ^"^  ^^'  ^?°f\»^'''  pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obbng,  remotely  den- 
tate spike  crowded;  cal.  tube  a^  long  as  the  segm.  ;  petals  rather  declinae  am) 
toer  than  the  sepals;  fr.  subsessilef  slightly  acuminU  8-Sbed.  atl-nt't!;  ^ 

StTin^r  1  .^r'^'r"    ^"""r'-  *"'  *^^«  ^'•y  ^^""^^  ot"  streams,  Can.  to  Ga."'rare' 
St  3  10  5f  high.     Lvs.  sessile,  pale  green,  acute  at  each  end.     Fls.  numerous' 

23 


IMAGi  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


{./ 


/ 


Ay. 


1.0 


I.I 


|50     ™"^= 

IIIIM 

1^      11^ 

1  ^'^ 

1^ 

12.0 

1.    ^ 

III  i-8 

1^^^ 

1.25 


M  116 


^V'y 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporaticn 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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#»  °^\ 


r^^ 


0 


^ 


^ 


354 


Obdeb  52.— ONAGRACE^ 


naked,  with  tufted  Ivg.  at  their  bass    r],/  "t^"^"^"  ^  ^"0  panicle   very  sJender 

wj<A  4  Marp,  ahnost  winged  anal^  W  rl/^  ^"T,""^  "^®  Petals  ;  /r.  sessj/e,  ovate 
pS.   Car.,   Ga.   (Mettaufr'  fI    ipi T^^^^^^^^^  '^".''  \*^''  ^-seeded.' 

branched.    Fls.  bo^h,  whit^,  iu  paSS  spL  '  Jl.,Tug.  '"''   '''^''^^'   ^^^- 

5    CLAR'KIA,  Ph.     (In  honor  of  Gen     Clarh    tl.. 
Lewis  across  the  Rocky  Mts>     CalvY  tnL    i    v>7,  fompamon  of 

the  ovary,  Jimb  4-partecI,  cSnous  •  notl   B^'ghtly  prolonged  beyond 
entire  claws  wifh.^„i„u\^teeS^^^^^^^^  ^''-^f  or 

4-lobed;  capsule  largest  at  base     4  V,  II!  i    ;  ^^y^""  }' ^^'^oria;  ^t^gma 

W  Herbs  (a1  Oreg.-and  cll.'pth'Slt'  '^i^^-''''''- 

tapering?nVaSde?claw'wiUr2"S 

aternate  stam.  abortive;  caps  pedLflS-Gard^^^^^  spreading  lobe. 

lilac-purple  or  white  fla,  of  easy  culture,  -f    ^^'^^«°«-     ^  liandsome  annual,  with 

pet!l3^mfd\vfeTrhSic  or'trialtS"''"!'*"'  ^f^^^'^te-  on  short  petioles- 
fertile,  with  a  haiVy  ecSe  at  theSof  eao^  -r^''\'^  ^  ^  ^'^^'-  «tam  all 

eaj;  Knti;istc!?rM^r::ir/r  (^fTl  f '^^^  «" 
buliform,  colored,  deciduous  limK  ]    f  "J"'^>-)     Calyx  tubular-mfundi- 

thc  calyi,  alternkte  wlSr,^;    eLen^  ^'  j"  *'^«  ^'-oat  of 

baccate   capsule   oblon^  ItuT  4     V  i      m  ^'?"^^"^'''   ^-fnrrowed  ; 
American  plants  of  grea't  beautj''    '""^^'^-^^^^^'y   ^'^^ubby.      South' 

an  J  fn\l°^ct73t^J:T^,/'Z^\  .  ^'"^"^^"^  ^^^^^ '^  1-.  opposite 
nodding;  Sep.  oblong; acute^otah^tv^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  S'ort  petioles ;  fls.  axilla;;; 
Chili.  A  very  delicate  and  bLuUfurrlS^  f  ^^^  ^'  ^^l^^— -Native  rf 
long,  fllilbrm  pedicels.     Cal  sc^rle    rnm-hl.        t,^''™^  ^  ^^  ^^'  '»k1'.     Fls.  on 

petals  Stam^rimson.  inthTx  Vt"d"'  te'Vurple'^ltl"''^'^'  ^^°'^'-I-f- 
Ues.     (F.  Magellauica  Lam.)  -«erry  purple.     1  here  are  many  vario- 

pe^'l^gfSraS:;;ILte'g,^JS^  ovate, 

longer  than  the  Ivs.,  petals  nearly  as  lon.ta«;,'      "^'T'*"'  •'°''^'"'>''  Pendulous 

Chili,     A  beautiful  parlor  pTJtaSitoc^ml       I?  ^  ''^"'^  '"""''  ^^^ader.- 

large,  but  loss  elegaSt  thLtlo'SerwTa  relcali"''  '/'^"•'  *'^'*-''^-  ''''■ 
t  Many  varieties.  '  *  '^^^  ^^lyx  and  crimson  corolla. 

pelc^;  aSll^y^Eeru"nTl^^^^^^^^  cordate-ovato,  acute,  denticulate; 

trumpet-shaped,  lobes  ovatel-irP.nl  r'  P^f'  ""''^  raoemed  ;  cal.  tube  long 
M^xko.     Fls.  bright  red!  '  '''''■'"^'  «^««°ding   the  petals.-From 

•n    I-  ^-PDWIG'IA,  I .     Bastard  Loosestrife       (T^^  n    n     t    j   - 
Prof,  of  J3otany  atLein?:o  1750  ^     r.u    vT'      ^         ,     ^-  ^^^^"Hh 


Okdbr  52.- -ONAGRaCE^.  „». 

ofton  minute  or  none ;  stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals;  style  short- 
oapsule  short,  o  en  perforated  at  topf  4-celled,  4.valved;manv.8eede  ]' 
ivs.  'J2  e!  ^'''''''"'  '"'^^  ^""^'''^  ^  H^^b«  ^^  wet  grounds: 

$  Learea  altornate,  sessile,  (a) 

a  Potais  large,  yellow     Fruit  pedicellate,  sliort v      ,    „ 

a  I  etais  stnal ,  yellowish.    Fruit  sessile,  elongated  smooth Nos.  1-3 

a  Pet.  0  or  u.inut..-Frui t  elongate.l,  hairy  oS'tl  S"* '  t'  ^ 

-Fruit  short,  sinooth.-Stem  winged  ..[..[[[WW""      %f;  L 

—Stem  teretlsh— fIs.  axin'ary.'Nos.'9-in 

I  Leaves  opposite,  petiolate.— FIs.  sessile,  mostly  npetalous  ~^^^'  '^Vitate.  ...  No.  12 

-FIs.  pedicellate,  with  showy  peiu'V.'. **  N  ~Jo 

the  middh;  petals  scarcely\TlarT^^ihet^Z^^^^  ^-bracted  above 

largo,  with  4,  winged  angles  crownedXith  Z.??^!,'''?"'""*^  "^-P"^'  ^'^P'^' 

as  the  reflexed  cal.  lobes._In  dry  soils  S  StatT    ?t«  9  t  '^r.  •  ^u"^"?  ""^  ^""R" 
2'  long.     Ms.  spreading  i;  on  pediceK  loJg      AisVpf  ^   '^^      """'■  '  '" 

slightly  longar  than   the  triartnl.rS;  'T'- f  "^'''  ^'^-  obovate-oblong. 

habit  of  Proserpina^  pLSri?    Lvf  r  tol.""     ^'''"'  "  '"'"■■  »""  ""'I'  "»■ 

-^a«^.«y,  u..-.i^a*^/..6ra./^fo;  ^ep.  as  long  ai  the  aalalU^t^tofc  ca!;;:ll^ 


356 


Order  52.— ONAGRACE^. 


Z^T\n'^^  ?\  partly  submerged,  or  in  very  wet  grounds,  near  Boston,  Mass 
S.A.!i  {  E^'  ^'■f^'^hing,  angular.  Margin  of  the  Ivs.  rough,  sometimes^' 
(yanar^dia'DC.)        ""^  ^  ''"'""''*'•      ^''-   ^^^""'^^'  ---P^e-u's.      Jh^Se^: 

^*Jtn^;,  Polycirpa  Short  &  Peter.     Glabrous,  erect,  much  branchecl,  and  often 
stole,  nforous;    Ivs.   lance-Unear,    gradually  acute   at   each   end;    fls    apetalous 
^hn.y\  sol't-^ry,  with  2  subulate  bractlets  at  base;  caps.  4.angkd,TuMd 
Sates'  t^^"-;"?  '!f  7-   ^"-owned  with  the  4-lobed  stylopodium.ls™prW 
fleers.     Aug.^Oct.    '  '  '"  '  '^  '  '"  *"'  ''''  ''"^^  ^°°^^^  ^'^''^  ^^^ 

11  L  microcdrpa  ifx.  Glabrous;  st.  creeping  at  base,  then  ascendinc-  2,.c 
*^a<«/ate.o&.t;afe,  minutely  denticulate;  cal.  lobes  roundish,'acum"harCenht 
the  very  small,  obovate  capsule;  stig.  sessile.-Wet  grounds,  S.  Car  to  X     S 

SatVi"^"^'  ''  ■"''''  °'*^""'''  ^'°'°°^  "^  ^^^«-      Jl--Sept.      (Wi?;  lat 

^^nlS;f«*iP/??**  ^M  ^^^^^'•o"^,  erect,  slei  der;  Ivs.  lance-Iinoar  or  lance-oblon.. 
obtuse  at  the  sessile  base,  obtuse  or  very  .cute  at  the  apex  ;  fls.  sessile  crSi 
ina  terminal  bracted  head  or  spike;  cal.  lobes  shorter  than  thH-Sed  caZle 

rfo  3  Tori'  Se  ,   ^''-  ?•  '"  '^  ''i°^''  ^™P^°'  °''  ^'^^  f^^  ^''•^^t^  branches.  7vs" 
1  to  3  long,  the  upper  hnear  and  taper-pointed.     Aug.-Oct.     (Isnardia  DC ) 

r  ,".,P        *,"®  ^'■^"-     Water  Purslane.    Prostrate  and  creepina  smooth  onH 

shgh  ly  succulent ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate-«patulato,  acute,  tapeS  S  base  hito  a 

petiole;  fls.  sessile,   solitary;  pet.  0,  or'^very  small,  fl;sh   colo?-  caps    oboL 

abrupt  at  both  ends,  with  4  green  angles ;  brJtlets  O.-In  U.  a  aidSrcSS 

n  muddy  places  or  floating  in  water.     St.  round,  reddish,  10  to  18  Lr  C^f 

lobes  and  sty.  very  short.     Caps.  2' long.     Jn.-Jsept.     (IsnarSaL)^-     ^'^• 

Xt  L.  nutans  Ell.     Cretping  or  floating,  smooth  and  slightlv  succulent-  lv<?  nh 

ong,  tapenng  to  a  petiole,  or  the  lower  ^ubsessile ;  fls.  sfssile;  eaMobes  tdan^S' 

4Tr^^ierta';;e"n^^^  the  ,e.o«;  ^«,aZ.. ..,,.' ,,,  ,  corlspicucZZaS 

■      Jtst^-ill^ped     jr.Oet.°  '^^^^-^^•'^-P^'  S-  States.     Caps,  about  4"  long,  al 

■^1?'  *P**"^^.*a  'Torr.   &  Gr.     Branched,   ascending,  downy  and  not  succulent- 

branched  from  the  ba^e.     Lvs.  and  margined  petiole  about  2'  Ion-..        '  ^ 

the8eS"t^i^?'\„,f"'^'"'""?\^'''^^P'"^:  ^^'«-   ol^l«nceola°te,  tapering  to 
iXl.      n^t:^:-,  w    T^'  r  "  f"^''  f'''"''''^  ^"^"""^^'^  "'^^'^^^  i'  i'^ice  longer 
onZ  PKv.f;:  ?  ^'''*  ^'''"°''''  ^''°^*'^'"  *'>^"  th«  lance-linear,  spreadin-  sepals- 

vffoFlf 'i  {'''■''"''*°'''''  ^'^"^  '''«  *''«  persistent  calyx  lobes -SwaC' 
Va.  to  Fla  along  the  coast.  Sts.  3  to  10'  longf  Lvs.  10"  lone  Pis  1?' bmnfl' 
May— Jl.     (Isnardia  pedunculosa  DO.)  ^'  ^°''^- 

8.  CIRC^^A,  L.     Enchanter's  Nightshade.     (Circe  was  supposerl 
to  Imvo  used    hcse  plants  in  l.cr  cchantments.)     C^alyx  sliohtypio 
duc^d  above  the  ovary  deciduous,  limb  2-parted  ;  pota  s  2,  oboonlate  • 
stamens  2    opposite  the  sepals;    capsule  obovoi^  uneinate-hspo; 
pubescent,  2-cellcd,  2-seedcd  ;  stylos  united.- 2/  Lvs.  opposite 

^s^l^^iLt^^^^  p^s^e-snrtt 

fto  i  '^^l^P'd-""^'!^^^ •-l>''vmp  shades  and  thicket.s.  Can.  to  Cur  V  to  II      St 
JAh-:htKubTS^2  tr4''r''  'T'  ^-V'^  '''''''■     ^-  "^-^  ^--,  loot 


Ordkr  52.-0NAGRACE^  „,^ 

Iierent  to  the  ovary,  3-sided   limh  q  narfT        .  V  '-^^    ^"^*^   ad- 

stigmas  3  ;  fruit  3-i  Jled  3  coiTpS  l"^  '  ^'^^^  "^"" '  ^^^'"'^"s  3  ; 

'  bei;vr(K^^LaSi^^^^^^^  «^ve  the  water,  those 

N.  Eng.,  Fin.  and  La.     Rt    ereepinT  s^a   alrn"    '  "^"Z  P'"^'^  submerged, 
striate,  roundish.     Lvs.  10  to  Is  Tf  2  to  r'  n^nf     ?       .^'^'  ^  '"  ^O'  4h 
short  petioles  and,   if  grow  ng  fu  water  nin„;tm?' "h  T'' '"^'  l"^^-- o^es  on 
greenish,  sessile.  1  to  3  togethf  r  "n  the  aXof  h«  """  '  ^'/'^^''  ^^^ments.     Fls. 
a  very  hard,  triangular  nut      Jn.  J]  *^'^  "P^"'  ^''^^^^«'  si^c'ceeded   by 

'  .L?re5l"st^^  Jipsf  S  £r»  ."'S  ^rtf  "'ate  sog.. ;  fr.  obtu.ly 
at  base  from  long,  creeping  ro<^T  v.  ilffi  i'^"  /*•  ^  *°  ^^  '"'fe'^,  ascending 
narrow  segment!'  Sty^  0^  s^fatten  ua^e  f h  ^  ^  """  J  '■'^"''^''^^  ^''^'^'^^  '"^o  very 
1"  diam.)  than  in  P.  .L^i^^'^^^^^  ^^  '^  -|'-  --Her  (less  thaJ 

intho  /and    ?  flow  oil,  4^^:^,^,^    ^^^^^^^^ 

herbs.  sa4e;s:d'r ^l^tL^^^ii^f ::-^^>^--^^  s^-^'« 

ally  <5  ,  middle  ones  ^ ,  lower  ?  .        ^    ""^^  segments.     Upp^er  fls.  usu- 

I  sS:!:-aS:r"""M  Leaves  whorled  in  3« .-      ,   ,  " 

slwrter  than  the  Jk.,  lowest  ones  subsertto  ^^fnl  '  ""■  ^T^'  ^""''''  ^«<"^ 
Btam.  8;  carp,  smooth -N  iC  to  a  rl^  !,  "^  ^'"■^^''  P'^tals  broadly  ovate  • 
ti.o  s..race.     St.  slende^^'br^lied:  vJry'  In^ LTc^l'^''^''''"'^  ^^-- 

opposite^^X^oT.^,  J^s  SgTeSin:  !^  t^  ^^  ^ ^^^'^^  ^^^^'^  '"*« 
pecfumle-pinruit^M  much  longer  ZIV^  l''^l'TV''"^y 'P^'^^i  J^oral  Ivs. 
(uirp.  smooth.  In  stagnant  water  O^n  To "SV  W  ^J^'^^fo^vate ;  slam.  8; 
than  m  the  last,  only  tho  upper  p^rtomSI^    L  .^'n   ^*-  ^^"^'  '*^^^  «^^"d^^ 

3  'p;;'i''''  "«■•''•  Jvs.  soracut'e.  ISTbLg  "jf  11^'°'  """'^^^'  ^•^^'^ 

parU.cnntoe$Sy™be{^8Dike^fl"nn'^  f  ^^'  *'"'  ^^^''  «"««  Piniatoly 

scabrous,  with  2  slight  ridge," o„ 'the  b^ck'  1  n  ?  °^""^'  stam.  4to6;  carp. 
Tcv,  rare.  St.  thieic,  branching  Lvs  V;;^  1?^'' '  ''"*^''"'  <^«"-  *«  l''«-  «'«1 
nateiy  divided.  Petas  .omewhS  nerLVnf^  c:' '"?""' .'"^^^'^t  ^"'^^  ones  pecti- 
Jn.— Sept.  ^  "'^'^  persistent    Sepals  inmuto,     Bracilets  seri-ulate. 

*  a^il 'r^^^ppX  '^  ,,.^-«,  P'""-tifld  in  whorls  of  4s  and  5s ;  fls.  verticillatc 

^>otJ:  rn's-anSel-r'wd^rt^^r^uLT'p^'  ^f  '"■  ^^^-^  ^SS^ 
;«,(.obbins),  S.  and  W.  sSs^-^^ti^^g-^gSla.   (J^M.  HkJ 


U8 


O&OSR  53.— LOASACE.(E. 


N.  Y.  to  NewfoundlauJ.  Rhizomo  prostrate,  creeping,  sending  up  several  stems 
or  scapoa  wliich  are  simple  and  4  to  12'  high.  Fls.  small,  purplisli  white,  se.S3iIe 
alternate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  bracts,  the  upper  ones  ^ .     Jl.  ' 

6  M.  ambfguum  Nutt.  Lvs.  many,  submersed  ones  pinnate,  with  capillary  seg- 
ments,  middle  ones  pectinate,  upper  linear,  petiolate,  toothed  or  entire ;  Hs.  mostly 
^  ;  petals  oblong,  somewhat  persistent ;  stam.  4 ;  carpels  smootli,  not  ridged  oii 
the  back.— In  ponds  and  ditches,  Penn.  to  Mass.  Sts.  floating,  upper  end  emerged 
witli  minute  fls.  and  linear  floral  lvs.  (M.  natans  DC.)  In  other  situations  it  varies 
as  follows. 

/i.  LiMosuM  Nutt.     St.  procumbent  and  rooting;  lvs.  all  linear,  rigid,  often  en- 
tire.—Muddy  places,  where  it  is  a  small,  creeping  and  branching  plant     (M 
procumbens  Bw.)  o  i        •    \    • 

y.  C.4PILLACEUM  Torr.     Lvs.  all  immersed  and  capillary.— Ponda 

11.  HIPPU'RIS,  L.  Mare's  Tail.  (Gr.  imrog,  a  horse,  ovpd,  a  tail.) 
Calyx  with  a  minute,  entire  limb  crowning  the  ovary  ;  corolla  none  • 
stamen  1,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx ;  anther  2-lobed,  com- 
pressed ;  style  1,  longer  than  the  stamen,  stigmatic  the  whole  length  in 
a  groove  of  the  anther  ;  seed  l.—  U  Aquatic  herbs.  St.  simple.  Lvs. 
verticillate,  entire.     Fls.  axillary,  minute. 

H.  vulgaris  L.  Lv.s.  in  verticils  of  8  to  12,  linear,  acute,  smooth,  entire;  fls. soli- 
tary, often  ?  ?  (J .— Tn  the  borders  of  ponds  and  lakes,  Penn.  to  Arc.  Am  very 
rare.  Rhizome  witli  long,  verticillato  fibers.  St.  erect,  jointed,  1  to  2f'higli 
The  flowers  are  the  simplest  in  structure  of  all  that  are  called  perfect,  consistin'r 
merely  of  I  stamen,  1  pistil,  1  seed  in  a  1 -celled  ovary,  with  neither  calyx  lobea 
nor  corolla.     May,  Ju. 

Order  LIII.     LOASACE^.     Loasads. 

Herbs  often  hispid  with  stinging  hairs,  with  leaves  opposite  or  alternate  and  no 
stipules.  Flmvers  axillary,  solitary.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4  or  5-parted, 
lobes  persistent,  equal.  Petals  5  or  10,  in  2  circles,  often  cucullate,  inserted  on  tho 
calyx.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  with  the  petals,  free  or  cohering  in  several  sets. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  several  parietal  placenta?,  or  one  central.  Style  1.  Ovxiks 
pendulous.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 
Genera  18,  apecien  TO,  natives  of  America. 

MENTZE'LIA,  L.     (In  honor  of  C.  Menfzcl,  physician  to  the  Elector 

of  Brandenburg.)     Calyx  tubular,  liu)b  5-parted  ;  petals  5  to  10,  flat, 

spreadmg;  staniens  oo,  30  to  200;  ovary  inferior;  stylos  3,  filiform' 

connate,  and  often  spirally  twisted  ;  stigmas  simple,  minute ;  capsule  1- 

cellod,  many-seeded. — Branching  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate. 

■1  M.  oligosp^rma  Nutt.     Very  rough,  with  barbed  hairs ;  st.  dichotomous ;  lvs 

ovaie-lanceolaie,  tapenng  to  very  short  petioles,  lobed  or  incisely  dentate;  petals  en 

tire,  cuspidate,  expaiidmg  in  sunshine;  stam.  20  or  more,  shorter  than  the  petals 

caps.  3  to  5.seeded.—%  Dry  or  rocky  places,  Pike  Co.,  111.  (Mead),  and  Mo.  to  Tex 

Rt.  tuberous.     St.  If  high,  divaricately  branched.     Lvs.  10  to  15"  by  6  to  8 

upper  ones  ovate.     Fls.  solitary,  of  a  deep,  golden  yellow,  8  to  10"  diam.  very 

lugacious.     Caps,  cylindric,  very  small.     May— Jl. 

2  M.  Lindleyi  Torr.  &  Gr.  GoLr^N  Bartonia.  Hispid;  lvs.  ovate-lancc^ 
o]atG  pmnaiifid,  lobes  often  dentate;  fls.  solitary  or  nearly  so,  terminal;  petals 
broadly  obovate,  very  abruptly  acuminate ;  filaments  filiform,  and  with  the  se^di 
numerous.-fX)  Gardens.  St.  decumbent,  branching,  1  to  3{  in  length,  with  golden 
yellow  fls.  2  to  3  diam.,  the  beauty  of  which  is  greatly  heightened  by  innumera- 
ble, thread-hke,  yellow  stamens.     (Bartonia  aurea  Lindl.)    f  California. 


Obder  54— CACTACE^. 

Ordeu  LIV.     CACTACE^.     Indian  Figs. 
SHrus  succulent  and  shrubby,  usually  angular  or  2-edKed  or  ioinfvl      r 
^1:^1:::^^^::^  "s3r«  -  lor.dablo^'k^Lrt;.^ 

ovary.     Stam.  OO ;  ;?/a«.e«^  long  and  mifo  m    a    ,!   o^J^/  ?  '""^"^'^  "'^  ^^u 

ferior,  1-celled,  fleshy  with  nari,  h,l  "^,  ,  '  V'"  '^^"t°.  versatile.  Ovaries  iu- 
.i^n'as  inasiar^ik^'i:;  r;;l^^^^^^  ^ff  J-^H  ^'i^o™,  with  .everal 
pulp,  exalbuminous.     (Ulust.  in  QglTb]  ''  ^'™*"'  """  '"  ""^ 

prickly  p.'ar(()r,untla%,il«arfs)  fs^the  S  "necics  f  hu  f  «1^'*'  ^"^'•^"  ""^'  ^-'itlnv  "r  |.  T?,, 
a.,K.«t ,.-,  ,.c.culiar,  usually  distinguJshabl^^t  ^1  '  """''^  ""  ''"■  "•"•"» «"  ^'-  >'«'•)<.    Thci? 

1.  OPUWTIA,  Tourn.  Puickly  Peau,  (Opuntmna  was  a  countrv 
near  Phocis,  where  this  was  said  to  be  naturalized.)  Sepals  and  pe  all 
luunerous,  adnate  to  tlie  ovary,  not  produced  into  a  tube  above  t 
stamens  cc,  .shorter  than  the  petals;  style  with  numerous,  thick  ere  ^ 
stigmas  >  berry  un.biheate  at  apex,  tuberculate,  cotyledon  emi'terete 
-Shrubby  ph.uts  with  articulated  branches,  1  he  joints  usual iv  broS 
.^1,  flattened,  with  fascicles  of  priekles,  regularlyl^rranged  u/on  "ho 

\^t^oLn':!>.tl^^^^^^^  P-kl.s  numerous  in  each 

aad.uc.c^edby%«t?rsotr^^^^^^^ 

h-Kooffl  «        '  ^^]     ^-"'P','^^  ''^'^  iHinierous,  imbricated,  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary  and  united  into  alon<r  tube  above  it  thoontor  «l.lf 
c  inner  petaloid  ;  stamens  indefinite,  cohelTwi  f the  tibf  Xo 

anne<^wk  clusters  of  spiS'^!?^:;  S  cl^^^t^^jZr  ^^^^ 

I  ^''•'••J'  nn-J  bninchos  <-oM,pre,sse,.J,  s«...ewliat  lenf-liko  ^ 

I  block  an.l  bra.K.l.<.s  nni.allar-cvIi„,lrK.:^ creeplij       ^''"-  '-'* 

fragrant,  t  ^        »•     *J3.  wmto,   J  to   12  long,  expanding  by  nig], t, 

stam.  or  rpfl';ccr;!t  "^_t,  "  — /"'?™'' ''^  *^^  j°'°*'';  «tj^-  J^ngPrthan  tlu. 
iiigli.  JointV2  to  V'lmTi  w  f[^  -"^  ^  ^'^^y  *^'«^'"^t  species,  a  foot  or  mor« 
t  (Cactus  lT  *     *°  '^  """^^  ^^^■^^^-    ^'^^  ^  to  3'  loni,,  pink-oobrei 


yco 


Order  56.— GROSSULACE^ 


4  C.  graudifldnis  DC.  Creeping,  rooting;  st.  with  about  6  angles-  fl, 
terminal  and  lateral,  very  largo,  nocturnal ;  petals  spreading,  shorter  than  the 
Imear-lanceolato  sepals.— Mexico.  West  Indies.  Scs.  cyliudric  or  piisniatif 
branching,  the  angles  not  very  prominent  Fls.  expanding  by  night,  and  eudur' 
ing  but  a  few  hours,  8  to  12'  diana.  Sepals  brown  without,  yellow  within,  ppt 
als  white.     A  magiiiflceut  flower,  of  difficult  culture. -f 

5  C.  flagellif6rmi8  DC.     Snake  Cactus.     St.  creeping,  with  about  lo 
angles,  hispid;  lis.  lateral,  diurnal;  tube  slender,  longer  than  the  limb  of  the  pet 
«ls.— From  S.  Am.    St.  about  the  size  of  the  little  langer,  cylindric,  indistinctly 
articulated,  2  to  5f  long.     Fls.  of  a  lively  pink  color,  smaller  than  those  of  tho 
last,  and  continuing  in  bloom  several  days,  f 

3.  MELOCACTUS,  Bauh.  Melon  Thistle.  Tcrk's  Cap.  (Com- 
pounded of  melon  and  cactus^  from  its  form.)  Calyx  tube  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  lobes  5  to  6,  petaloid  ;  petals  as  many  as  sepals,  united  wiih 
them  into  a  long,  cylindric  tube ;  stamens  and  style  filiform  ;  stigma  5- 
raycd  ;  berry  smooth,  crowne<l  with  the  withered  calyx  and  corolla.— 
Sutiruticous,  fleshy,  leafless.  Spadix  simple,  crowning  the  globular, 
deeply-furrowed  axis.     Fls.  terminal. 

M,  commilnia  Link.  Axis  ovate-subglobous,  dark  green,  12  to  IS-aBeletl 
ribs  straight;  spine."?  fasciculate,  subequal.— Native  of  the  Caribbean  Islands' 
This  remarkable  plant  appears  like  a  laru;o,  green  melon,  with  deep  furrows  and 
prominent  rib^  and  is  full  of  juice.  It  is  surmounted  with  a  ppadix,  which 
is  cylindric,  tuberoulate,  densely  tomentous,  bearing  the  red  floVers  at  tho 
summit,  f 

4.  MAMMILA'RIA,  Ilawarth.  (Lat.  mamma,  the  breasts ;  alluding 
to  the  tulHjrcles.)  Flowers  and  fruit  similar  to  the  preceding  genus.— 
Stock  roundish  or  cylindrical,  covered  with  conical  or  mainrnajform 
tubercles,  spirally  arranged  and  tipped  with  a  cluster  of  spines  in  wool. 
Fls.  sessile  among  tho  tubercles. 

M.  macr6meris  Engelm.  Bright  green,  with  large,  pear-shaped  tubercles 
eacli  surmounted  by  a  cluster  of  straigiit,  slender  spines,  and  large  (near  3'  diam  ) 
carmine-roseate  tiowers.  f  From  New  Mexico.— Other  species  are  cultivated  in 
tho  green-house. 


Order  LV.    GROSSULACILE:     Currants. 

Low  shrubs,  often  prickly  with  alternate,  palmately  lobed  leaves.  Caltx  5-lobcd, 
adherent  to  tho  1-celled  ovary,  bearing  at  top  tho  coroUa  of  5  petals  alternating  witli 
the  5  short  stamens.  Anth.  introrse.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  inferior  berry  with  2  parietal 
placentie.  Styles  2.  Seeds  go,  embryo  minute,  in  abundant  horny  albumen  (FIm 
07,  309.) 

Genera  1,  BptcieH  95.  Tho  gooseberrfps  nrnj  ciirrnDts  nro  nntivos  of  the  N.  temper.itc  zone  of 
botli  continunts,  l.iit  unknown  in  the  trt>i>ics  or  S.  heiiiisphero,  except  S.  Ainci  ion. 

I'ropertteH.  The  berries  oontniii  a  sweet,  innclloBinous  i.ulp,  togetlier  witli  malic  or  citiic 
acid.    1  hey  are  always  wholesome,  and  usually  esculent. 

1.  RrBES,  L,  Currants.  (Named  from  the  Arabic.)  Character 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

S  CrnRANTS.    Stems  unarmed.    Lvs.  cnnro?iite  fn  bud.    Fls.  yellow No,  1 

f  CuRKANTS.    Stems  unarmed.    Lvs.  plicate  in  bud.— Fruit  hairy Nos.  '2-4 

,  „  — Fruit  smooth Nos.  5-7 

S  UoosEBERBms.    Stems  splnescent.   Lvs.  plicate.— Fruit  hispid Nn.<.  8, 9 

— Fruit  smooth.— Ped.  very  short.Nos.  1(1. 1 1 
— Ped.  long.  ...Nos.  12-U 

1  R.  ailrenm  Ph.  Missourt,  or  Golden  Currant.  Plant  smooth;  lvs. 
3-lobed,  lobes  divaricate,  entire  or  with  a  fbw  large  teeth ;  petioles  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  rac.  lax,  with  many  bright  yrl- 
low  Jis. ;  cal.  tubular,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  eegm.  oblong,  obtuse ;   petaLs 


Okdkr  65.— GROBvSULACE^. 


361 


6  angles;  fls. 

orler  than  the 

or  piisniatic, 

lit,  and  eudur- 

'  within.    Pet- 

with  about  10 
imb  of  the  pct- 
ric,  indistinctly 
.n  those  of  tho 

^AP.  (Com- 
adherent  to 
,  united  with 
1 ;  stigma  5- 
id  corolla. — 
lie  globular, 

to  18-aDgletl ; 
abean  Islands. 
'P  furrows  and 
ppadix,  which 
fioVers  at  tho 

3ts;  alluding 
ing  gemis. — 
naunnaeform 
ines  in  wool. 

ped  tubercles, 
[near  3'  diain.) 
I  cultivated  in 


Ialtx  5-lcbcd, 
ternating  witli 
vith  2  parietal 
umen.     (Figs. 

mpertitc  zone  o( 
I  malic  ur  citiic 

Character 


No.l 

No.s.2-4 

Nos.  5-7 

Nus.aa 

ihort.Nos.  Ki.ll 
...Nos.  12-14 

smooth;  Ivs. 

longer  than 

,ny  bright  yH- 

jtuse ;   petals 


linear;  fr.  Binootli,  oblong  or  globous,  yellow,  finally  brown.— Mo  W  to  Or  A 
beautiful  shrub  6  to  lOf  high,  common  in  cultivation.  Fls.  numerous,  very  fra- 
grant.    Apr.,  May.  f  t       / 

2  R  sangiilneum  PIi  Lvk  canescont-tomentous  bencatii ;  glabrous  alx)vo. 
cordate  3  to  5-lobed  doubly  serrate;  rac.  long  and  loose;  bracts  red,  a-patulato. 
rather  longer  than  the  pedicels;  y<.9.  rose-red;  cal.  tubular-canipanulate,  segm 
spreading,  obovate,  as  long  as  tho  spatulato  petals;  sty.  united  into  I ;  stio  2-lobed' 
fr  dryish,  with  sparse  glandular  hairs.— Oregon  'Rev.  G.  Atkinson).  A  beauti' 
ful  shrub  with  large  showy  racemes,  f 

3  R  resindsum  Ph.  Plant  clothed  throughout  with  resinous-glandular  hairs; 
Ivs.  3  to  5-lobed  roundish;  rac.  erect;  cal.  segm.  spreading;  petals  obtusely 
rhomboidd;  bracts  linear,  longer  than  tho  pedicels;  fr.  hairy.— Mts.  of  N  Car 
(Parker.  See  N.  Am.  PI.  p.  660).  Wo  have  seen  no  speciniens  of  this  obscuro 
species. 

4  R.  proatratnm  L'TTer.  Mou.vtain  Cuhrant.  St.  reclined;  Iv^.  smooth,  deeply 
cort^le,  5  io  l-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  reticulate-rugous;  rac.  erect,  lax,  manv-flo\v- 
ered;  caL  rotate;  berries  globous,  glandular-hispid,  red.— A.  small  shrub,  on  moun- 
tams  and  rooky  lulls,  Penn.  to  Can.,  ill-scentod  and  with  ill-flavored  berries— 
sometimes  called  Skunic  Currant  Prostrate  stems,  with  erect,  straight  branches 
Lvs.  about  as  largo  as  in  No.  ],  lobes  acute.  Petioles  elongated  Rac.  about 
8-flowered,  becoming  erect  m  fruit.  Bracts  very  short.  Pis.  marked  with  nm- 
ple.    Berries  rather  largo.     May.  (R.  rigens  Mx.) 

5  R.  riibrum  L  Common  Red  Currant.  Lvs.  obtusely  3  to  5-]obed,  smootli 
above,  pubescent  beneath,  subcordate  at  base,  margin  mucronatelv  serrate  •  rac 
nearly  smooth,  pendulous;  cal.  short,  rotate;  bracts  mucli  shorter 'than  the  pedi- 
cels; fr  gbbous,  glabrous,  red.— Woods,  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt  (Carey),  Wis.  (Lao- 
Lam),  N.  to  the  Arc.  Ocean.     Cultivated  universally  in  gardens 

/i.  (WHITE  currant).     Fr.  liglit  amber-colored,  larger  and  sw'eeter. 

6  R.  fldiidum  L'ller.  Wild  Black  Currant.  Lvs.  subcordate,  3  to  5-lobcd 
spnnkled  on  bock  sides  with  yellowish,  resinous  dots;  rac.  many-Howered  pendu- 
lous, pubescent;  cal.  cylindrical;  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels;' ^-  obo- 
void,  smooth,  black.— A  handsome  shrub  in  woods  and  liedge.o,  Can.  to  Ky  com- 
mon,  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  tho  width  something  more,  lobes  'acute 
spreaumg,  3,  sometimes  with  2  small  additional  one.^ ;  dots  just  visible  to  tiio 
naked  eye.  Petioles  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  rather  bell-shaped,  greenish  yellow 
ir.  msipid.     May,  Jn.  r    j  o  j  . 

7  7  ,^"  "A^^°*  ^  ^^'^*^'^  Currant.  Lvs.  3  to  5-lobed,  punctate  with  yellowish 
dots  beneath,  demaic-serrato,  longer  than  their  petioles;  rac.  lax,  hairy,  somewhat 
noddmg;  cal.  canipanulato;  bracts  nearly  equaling  the  pediceU;  fr.  roumlish- 
ovoid,  nearly  black —NafiyQ  of  Europe,  etc.  Cultivated  and  esteemed  for  its 
medicinal  jdly.     Fls.  yellowish.— This  species  much  resembles  R.  floridum. 

8  R.  Cyn6sbati  L.  Prickly  Gooseiserry.  St.  prickly  or  not;  subaxillarv 
spines  about  in  pairs;  lv.s.  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  pubescent,  lobes  incisely  den- 
tate; rac.  noddmg,  2,  to  3-flowered;  cal.  tubo  ovate-cylindric,  longer  than  tho 
segm  ;  pet  obovate,  shorter  than  tho  cal.  segm.;  sty.  united  io  the  top ;  berries 
pnckly.—^.  and  W.  States,  about  4f  high,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  mostly  with- 
out prickles,  but  armed  with  1  to  3  sharp  spines  just  below  tho  axil  of  each  leaf. 
Petioles  downy.  Fls.  greenish  white.  Fr.  mostly  covered  with  long  prickles, 
brownish-purplo,  eatable.     May,  Jn,  ^  ^  ' 

9  R.  laciiatre  Poir.  Swamp  Gooseberry.  St.  covered  with  prickles;  subaxil- 
lary  spines  several;  lvs.  deeply  3  to  6-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  lobes  deeplV incised  • 
rac.  5  to  8-flowered,  pilous;  cal.  rotate,  sty.  2-cleft;  berries  small,  hispid.— In 
swamps,  N.  States,  and  Brit.  Am.  Shnib  3  to  4f  high.  Sts.  reddish  from  tlio 
numerous  pncklea^^  which  differ  from  the  spines  only  in  size.  Lvs.  shining  above. 
Hto^j  diam.  Petioles  ciliate,  hispid,  longer  tlian  tho  lvs.  Fls  green  Fr 
covered  with  long  prickles,  dark  purple,  disagreeable.  May.— The  older.etoms 
are  unarmed  save  with  a  few  spines.  ♦ 

10  R.  hirt611um  Mx.  St.  unarmed,  rarely  prickly;  svhaxUlary  spines  short, 
solitary,  or  nearly  so ;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  toothed,  pubescent  be- 
_.'a-a;  pea.  s.iort,  1  Ic  i-liowfcit.-d;  cut,  iulc  aiiMoih,  cmnpanulatt:,   aegm.   twice 


302 


Order  57.— PASSIFLORACE^ 


&?;"oi:i;«;S,&J,^fe^^^^  ^..ea ;  r.  smooth.. 

dia.n    Kenerail^iCl  half  way  to"  the^Slf    ^  tdU  a^^^een^r"  V^  ''" 
pie.     May,  Jn.  (R.  triHorum  Bw.  R.  saxoaum  Hook.)  ^'  ^^^"'^^-     ^'-  V^r- 

^^^'  ?*ycanthoides  I..  St.  clothed  with  bristly  prickles  •  sulmrlllnr,,  ^-  , 
oftou  lower,  united  at  base;  lv8.  5-lobod,  roundiab  So^dkf «  ^Z  .  ^.  ^*"''''  •^' 
about  2-flowered,  very  short;  cal.  tube  c^JdWc-  L  cSaT^^^^^^  P^ 


Order  LYI.     TURNERACELE. 


Herbi  with  simple,  ulteruato,  cxatipulate  leaves,  with  the  solitary  Fhroers  5.me 
rous,   ho  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.   olnXTliZ 

::UoX2^^^^""^^'^''^"''^^^^^^^^^^ 

anfurratV^"''"'  '''  """"""'^  ^"•'"'  ""-^  ^-P"-)  *<>  tropica.  America    Prop.Htc.  to„ro 

road,  westward  (Feay,  Pond)  Sria      St^  12  tl  is'  .^Jf"""''',  "'°"^v  *'''  '^"- 
from  the  base     Lvq  1  t,.  9  Vn™     i?i     •         ,    V^        "^^•^'  ^™P''^  ^^i"  branched 

membranous  caruuclo  lateral.    Jn.— Sept.  ""uvaie,  sculptured,  th© 

ORDi:uLVir.    PASSIFLORACE^.    Passionworts. 

ttipules.  i?.  axilh,ry  o-  termmal,  perfect,  often  with  a  3.ieaved  involucre  .«?«,,(«, 
4  to  0,  urn  ed  below  into  a  tube,  the  sides  and  throat  of  which  are  crowned  3 
circles  ofhamentons  processes  which  appear  to  be  metamorphosed  ^ZT  Pel 
0.  ar^mg  from  the  throat  of  the  caly:.,  outside  the  crowa  ^'^rn^Ll  monot 


OaDKB  58.— CUCUBBITACE^  j^j 

pI.ous  Burrounding  tl.o  stipe  of  tho  ovary.    Ovary  superior,  on  a  long  stipe,  l-ccllcd- 
ityks  3.     i/w/ many  deeded.     (Illu8t  iu  tigs.  48,  148,  371,  372.) 

Geimra  12,  MpevUx  2tO,  chiefly  nuti  ves  of  troiilcul  AiimrlfiH.  huf  nMlH„..»„  i  i 
tries  a.s  ornainontal  Howcrs.    Tho  fnilt  ,.r  tl.«  Orm mUilh^    I^utM^^^^^^^  '"  IT!'  "*'"^'"  '-•"•"'■ 

W.  liHlles,  und  highly  valued  a.  a  .Icb-sort,  but  th"  nwt  ?s  poUomm  *  '""""^"'■'"*''>  '"  ^«'*n  '"  ^^<' 

PASSIFLO'RA,  L  Passion  Flower.  (Lat.  /o.,  passionis  •  the 
Mncral  parts  ot  tho  flovvor  wore  co.npared  to  tho  instru,„enrof  tho 
Saviour .s  passion,  VIZ.,  tho  c.o.,,  tho  ««//.,  and  the  crown  of  thorns) 
(  alyx  colored,  deeply  5-parted,  tho  throat  with  a  complex,  filamSu 
cTown;  petals  5;  sometimes  0;  stamens  5,  connate  with  the  stk,e  o 
the  ovary;  anthers  largo ;  stigmas  3,  large,  davate,  capitate;  Vult  a 
pulpy  berry  -Climbing  herbs  or  shrubs.  Fls.  largj,  of  a  singular  and 
wonderful  structure.     (Fig.  372.)  om^umi  ami 

1  P.  CoerMea  L.  Shrubby;  Im.  palmatdy  and  deeply  r,.parkd  •  FCffin  linoar 
oblong,  entire,  lateral  ones  often  2-lobed;  pet  clandular  ill h  „'  .f,^-""f;- 
involucre  near  ti.e  flower;  bnu3tlets  entire;'  fll  <  fCcmwn Xrter flM^V^^^^^ 

continuing  but  one  day.     Fr.  ovoid,  yellow,  f  '^    ^    witbin, 

2  P.  incarndta  L.    Lvs.  deeply  2-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  flcuto,  serrate  vetioks  unlh 
2^&.«cfo  near  the  sunnnit;  bractlets  of  the  involucre  3,  obovateXdulaV^  cr^wn 
triplo.-Va.  to  Kla.     Sts.  climbing  20  to  30f.     Fls.  large  Tn!  "howt  '  vlTl 
tT\  ,^T  -^^\rr  f  fi^'^^^nts,  long,  purple,  with  a^lvhuLl.  ban7u.e^nne 
ble     May-jT  "^"'''■^•°'°'^^'^-     ^^^^^  He  yello'w,  of  the  .ize  of  an  '£  ^Z 

^  .LJlv^fn^Ii™  ^"*;  ^^^^'■°"^'  ™'"*»'«'  3-fc6ec/.  Obtuse;  petiolea  tuithout  glands ;  ped 
mostly  m  pairs  ;  pot.  narrower  and  much  longer  timn  thesep.-A  slender  climber 
5  to  lOf  long,  ,n  woods  and  thickets.  Ohio  and  S.  States.  Lvs.  ySwT«h  c^een 
nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Fls.  small  and  greenish  yellow.  Corona  n  3  rowrtho 
inner  row  a  membranous  disk  with  a  fringed  border.    Fr.  dark  purple.    M^^JL 

Order  LVIII.    CUCUKBITACE^    Cucurbits. 

Herha  succulent,  creeping  or  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves.    Flowers 
monoecious  or  polygamous,  never  blue.    Ca^y^  5-toothed,  adherent.    Petah  ^  united 
mserted  on  the  calyx,  tho  lobes  alternating.     Siemens  5,  distinct,  generali;  coher 
ing  m  3  set..     A,Ukers  very  long  and  wavy  or  twisted.     Ovary  inferior.  LX 
with  3  parieta  plaoent*  often  filling  the  cells.    Fruit  a  pepo  or  membranous.    S 
llat,  witli  no  albumen,  often  ariled.     (Fig.  442.) 

6Vn*mC0,«/)m-MS0O,  natives  of  tropical  rosrlons,  only  n  fow  l.plnir  fr,im,i  i„  ft,..  . 
^onr-s  of  Euiop«  mid  Ai.ieiica.    A  highli  imi)o. Lnt  oiXr  <^  .Znt!  „»    ^    "  '"  ^^^  temperate 
'lelicioiis  and  nutritive  fruit    A  bitter    inf  J  >..,,!;i^i  l"n'ts.  affordiiif;  some  of  the  most 

.ratod  in  a  f.w  as'lo ^oml 'r'thein  I"  .^'^^"1    na f^' TrS«a\''c^^  '^^  "'  ^V"-'"""- 

tao  pulp  of  Cucunils  ColocyiUhis,  a  powerful  dialtlcpoiion.  <-<^<^y»th  is  prepared  Iron. 

§  Corolla  whUe,-0-cleft.    Stigmas  2.    Fruit  co.hlnato E^iiinoctstis  1 

— 6-petiiHcd.    I'epo  smootli,  nmny-seedcd Laoenaiiia  2 

—5-parted.    Berry  smooth,  few-seeded Bryonia  1 

tr      n        „     ~^-'''^'"'-    Fnilt  prickly,  l-seeded '.".'.".'.'.'.".Sicvos    '  4 

S  Coroll.  yellow,_.W„bed.    Berry  small,  smooth.  Qo-seeded Lto^i.u.A.  6 

"i    1^       1'<'P<»  large.    Seeds  thick  at  edge CrccRBiTA.  6 

— o-clell.    1  01.0  large—Seeds  colored,  thick-edged Citrui.lus.  7 

—Seeds  white,  acute-edged Cucujiis.  8 

uh  ,^^"^ JjOCYSTIS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     (Gr.  ex^voq,  sea  urchin,  Kvari^, 

sllrii      o  r^  ^L  t%  'P'"-'''  '"^^*"^^  ^""^•)     ^'^^^^"^  monoecious. 

11        ^;— ^alyx  of  6  filiform-subulate  soffmente,  shorter  than  tho  cor- 

eiia;  petals  6,  united  at  base  into  a  rotate  campanulato  corolla;  st»- 


964 


Order  58— CUCDRBITACEiE. 


mctir,  3,  diadelphcu.  Fertile  fls.— Cal.  and  cor.  as  above;  abortive 
h  .  3,  distinct,  min.ito;  style  very  short;  stigmas  2,  large;  fruit  routid- 
ish,  inflated,  echinate,  4-80eded.~{J)  A  climbing  herb  with  branched 
tendrils. 

B.  lob^ta  Torr.  A  Or.  A  smoot'iiali,  running  vino  in  rich  river  soi!a,  Can.  to  Ponn 
mill  Mo.  St.  deeply  furrowed,  witli  Iohr,  3-parted  toiKlrils  placed  nearly  onp„! 
«!to  til  3  long  petioles).  Lvs.  meinbranoas,  pulnmtoly  5-lobod,  cordate  at  IrL 
lobes  acuininato,  denticulate.  Fls.  small,  white,  the  barren  one.s  very  nutneronn' 
m  axilhry  racemes  often  If  bng;  fertile  ones  solitary  or  several,  situated  at  the 
b-ise  of  the  raecmo  Fr.  I  to  2'  in  length,  sotose-ediinate,  at  length  dry  and  n.eiii. 
branous,   with  4  large  seeda     Jl.-Sept.     (Sicyoa  Mx.     M?rnordica  echlnau 

2.  LAGENA^RIA,  Ser.  Gourd.  (Gr.  Aa'yj/wr,  a  flagon  or  bottlo  • 
f=-oni  the  form  of  the  fruit.)  Flowei-s  8  .  Calvx  cainpanulate,  5-tootliCil ' 
petals  5,  obovate.  $  Stamens  5,  triadolphous ;  anthers  very  long  con' 
torted.  ?  StigiuiiR  P.,  thick,  2-lobod,  subsessile  ;  popo  ligneous,  l-coliod- 
seeds  arilod,  obcor;iato,  compressed,  margin  tumid.— Mostly  climbii.Lr 
by  tendrils.  *^  ^ 

inJ'hvTif?"  ■'';'••  .C'^^ABASir.  Bottle  Gourd.  Soaiy  pubescent ;  at.  climb- 
ing by  brp.nnh.arj  tendril.s;  vs.  roundish-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  denticulate 
withJglaDda  oeneath  at  basej  fls.  axillaiy,  solitary,  pedunculate  fr.  clavate 
ventnco'jg,  at  length  sn.ooth.-;i)  Gardens.  The  hard,  woody  rind  o  the  fruit  i\ 
used  as  ladles,  botUas,  &c.    Pis.  white.    Jl.,  Aug.     X  Tropical. 

^"o^*^^?"'"'^'  ^'  ^^''^^^'^Y.  (Gr.  ppvu),  to  grow  rapidly.)  Flow- 
ers  6*  or  J  $  .  Calyx  6-toothed,  teeth  short ;  corolla  5-clcft  or  parted  • 
S  stamens  5,  tnadelphous,  with  flexuous  anthers ;  ?  style  trifid ;  berry 
small,  globular,  few  seeded.— Fls.  greenish  white. 

B.  Boykinil  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scabrous  pubescent;  lvs.  deeply  ^  to  5-lobed,  cordate 
denticulate,  aoummate-cuspidate;  fls.  (.small)  clustered  in  the  axils,  both  kinds 
together,  on  short  pedicels;  berries  oval,  3-scedcd.-In  wet  grounds,  alongstreams 
Ga.  to  La.  (Hale)  Sts.  10  to  20f  long,  climbing  over  bushes  by  simple  or  forked 
tendrils  i  r  as  large  as  a  small  plum,  bright  crimson,  changing  to  yeUow.  The 
seeds  with  2  lateral  teeth.     Jn.,  Jl.  6    k      j'^  "w.     ino 

4.  SIC'YOS,  L.  Single-seed  CucuMnER.  (Gr.  oikvo^,  the  ancient 
name  of  the  cucumber.)  Flowers  8.  ?  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  corolla  rotate, 
6-petaled  ;  stamens  5,  monadelphous,  or  at  length  triadelphous,  anthers 
contorted.  ?  Calyx  5  toothed,  campanulate ;  jictals  5,  united  at  base 
into  a  campanulate  corolla ;  stylos  3,  united  at  base  ;  fruit  ovate,  mem- 
branous, hispid  or  echinate,  witli  one  large,  compressed  seed.— (D  Climl). 
ing  herbs,  with  cou.pound  tendrils.  Sterile  and  fertile  fls:  in  the  same 
axils. 

S,  anguiatua  L.  St.  branching,  liairy;  lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  with  an  obtuse 
sinus,  i>angled  or  5-lobed  lobes  acuminate,  denticulate;  ?  much  smaller  than  ^. 
^f^  !"k  T"  1^  ^'""^''  ^"''"'^'n^  vine,  witli  long,  spiral,  branching  tendrils.  Lvs. 
i  to  4  brmd,  alternate,  on  long  stalks.  Fls.  whitish,  marked  with  green  lines, 
tho  barren  m  long  pednnoulate  rao.  Fr.  G'  long,  ovate,  spinous,  8  to  10  togethe 
m  a  crowded  cluster,  each  with  one  large  seed.    Jl.  Sept. 

5.  MELOTHRIA,  L.     (Gr.  p^Aov,  a  melon,  Opiov,  a  certain  food.) 

Ilowers  $    ^    <?  or^.     Calyx    infundibuliform-campanulate,  limb  in 

6   subulate   segments;  petals   5,  united  into  a  campanulate  corolla. 

<^  btamens  6,  tnadelphous.      ?  Stigmas  3  ;  fruit  a  berry,  ovoid,  small. 

mauy-seeded.— Tendrils  simple,  filifoim. 


>;  abortive 

ruit  round- 

branchod 


Jan.  toronn. 
nearly  oppo- 
ite  at  base, 
y  nuriierouH, 
uated  at  tlio 
■y  and  mom- 
ica  echlnatu 

or  bottlo; 
5-tootlictl; 
long,  con- 
>,  1 -celled; 
climbiiiir 

;  St.  climb- 
denticulate, 
fr.  clavatc, 
the  fruit  ia 

.)  Flow. 
>r  parted ; 
id;  berry 

d,  cordate, 
5oth  kinds 
ig  streams, 
3  or  (brkod 
low.    Tho 


0  ancient 
la  rotatt>, 
i,  anthers 
at  base 
to,  inem- 
1)  Cliinl>- 
the  same 

m  obtuse 
rT  thun^. 
rils.  Lvs. 
een  lines, 
)  together 

in  food.) 
limb  in 
corolla. 

1,  sir.all, 


Okdeb  58.— CUCURBITACE^ 


BM 


M.  p6ndula  L.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  B-lobed  or  anglo<l,  pointed,  slightly  hispid  • 
fis.  axillary,  the  sterUo  m  small  ruoemos,  tho  Ihrtilo  solitary,  on  long  peduncles -1 
N.  Y.  toGa.  and  La  A  delicately  slender  vine,  climbing  over  other  planta 
Lvs.  smal  I  to  2  diam.)  Us.  small,  yellowish,  fcfly,  short,  surrounded  by  a 
cup-ahaped  disk.     Fr.  siuull,  oval.     Jl.  "' 

6.  CUCUR'BITA,  L.  Squash.  (A  Latin  word,  signifyiriff  a  vessel  • 
iVoMi  the  form  of  tho  frnit.)  Fls.  8  .  Corolla  cainpanulato ;  petaKs 
iitiited  and  coherent  with  tho  calyx.  $  Caly.x  6-toothcd ;  stamens  5 
tnadelplious,  anthcr-s  syngcnccious,  .straight,  i)arallcl.  ?  Calyx  6- 
toothed,  upper  part  deciduous  after  flowering  ;  stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobod  • 
pcpo  fleshy  or  ligneous,  y  to  5-celled  ;  seeds  thickened  at  mar.rin,  obo- 
vate,  compressed,  smooth. — Fls.  mostly  yellow.  '^ 

1  C.  p6po  L.  Pumpkin.  Jlispid  and  scabrous;  st.  procumbent;  tendrils 
branched;  vs.  (very  largo)  cordate,  palmatoly  5-lobed  or  anglod,  denticulate-  fls 
axillary,  $  long-peduuculato;  /;•.  very  large,  roundish  or  oblony,  smooth,  lurrowed 
and  torulous.— a)  Fields.  Long  cultivated  .-is  a  u,seful  kitchen  vegetable  or  for 
cattle,  ils.  largo,  yellow.  Fr.  sometimes  ^Jf  diaui.,  yellow  wlvni  mature  yield- 
ing sugar  abundantly.     Jl.     ^  Levant.  '  ^ 

2  C.  Melopdpo  L.  Flat  SyUAsn.  mnnj ;  st.  procumbent,  with  branched 
tcn(  rils;  lvs.  cordate,  palmately  somewhat  6-lobod,  denticulate ;  fls.  pedunculate- 
fr.  depressed-orbicular,  the  margin  mostly  torulous  or  tumid,  smooth  or  warty -I 
(xardens.  Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  a  well  known  kitchen  vegetable.  There  are 
many  varieties  in  respect  to  tho  fruit.    |  Nativity  ? 

3  C.  vernicdsa  I.  Wauted  Squash.  Crook-neck  Squash,  Ac.  Hairy 
procumbent,  vs.  cordate,  palmately  and  deeply  5-lobed,  denticulate,  terminal 
lobe  narrovyed  at  base ;  fls.  pedunculate,  large;  fr.  roundish  ettipHc  or  chvate, 
often  elongated  and  incurved  at  ia.se.-®  Mentioned  by  Nuttall  as  long  cultivated 
by  he  Indians  W.  of  tho  Mississippi.  Common  in  o-uf  gardens,  with  numerous 
well  known  varieties  of  tho  fruit.     Jl.  f 

7.  CITRUL'LUS,  Neck.  Watermelon.  (Lat.  citrus,  an  orange.) 
Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  segments  linear-lanceolate;  petals  5,  united  at 
base  and  adnato  to  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  5,  triadelphous  • 
style  tnfid  ;  stigmas  convex,  reniform-cordato ;  fruit  subglobous,  fleshy' 
the  succulent  placentio  filling  the  cell ;  seeds  colored,  numerous,  truiV 
cate  at  base  and  obtuse  on  tho  margin. 

C.  vulgaris  Schrad.  Hirsute;  st.  prostrate,  slender;  lvs.  somewhat  S-lobed 
the  lobes  obtusely  flinuate-pmnatifid,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fl.s.  solitary,  pedunculate' 
with  a  single  bract;  fr.  glcbous  or  oval,  smooth,  stellate-maculate.— Extensively 
cultivated  for  Us  well-known  delicious,  cooling  fruit.  Fl.  Jn  —Aug  Fr  Au/ 
hept^— A  variety  is  the  citron,  a  smaller  fruit  with  thicker  and  firmer  rind 
,  }  inula.    Air. 

8.  CUXUMIS,  L.  Cucumber.  (Celtic  cuce,  a  holloAV  vessel  ?) 
1- lowers  5  or  ^  .  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  with  subulate  segments : 
corolla  deeply  6-parted.  6  Stamens  6,  triadelphous.  ?  Stylo  short  • 
stigmas  8,  thick,  2-lobed ;  pepo  fleshy,  indeliiscent;  seeds  ovate,  flat' 
acute,  and  not  margined  at  the  edge.— Creeping  or  climbinjr  by  ten- 
drils.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  yellow.  h     j        . 

^,?'  ^;  f**!;^"i  ^-  ,  ^^™"»ER.  St.  prostrate,  rough;  tendrils  simple:  lvs. 
BUbcordate,  broad  as  long,  palmately  S-angled  or  lobed,  lobes  eubentire,  acuto, 
terminal  one  longest;  /r.  oblong,  obtusely  prismatic,  prickly,  on  a  short  peduncle! 
-W  I  irst  brought  to  England  in  1573.  It  is  now  universally  cultivated  for  the 
table,  either  fresh  or  pickled.  Gathered  and  eaten  before  maturity.  Jn  -Sent 
Many  varieties.  "^  '        *^ 

«„?,n?H  ^^^°  ^-  u^Y^^  ^^^;°^-     ^^-  prostrate,  rough,  tendrils  simple;  lvs. 
BUbcordate,  roundish,  obtuse,  palmately  5-angled,  lobes  rounded,  obtuse,  obscurely 


366 


OiiDKB  60.— CRASSULACE.-JBJ. 


medicinal,     ffvdm  Turkey  folocynih  of  the  shops,  poisonous,  bu{ 

re^n^idS'e'r^'urilsS'VSw;^^     St.   climbin,;  Ivs.  3  to  ^-lobod, 
vated  for  tho  ^^o^^i^^^l^^'.ZlSlS^^^^  ffi""''  coiled.-Culti: 

Ohdkr  LIX.     BEGONIACE.E.     Begoniads. 

without  a.bumen.     iHiU'apsular.     (Fig.  270)  -^eeuJs  mmutc, 

DIPLOCLIN'IUM,  Lindl.     Elephant's  Ears      (Or  J.tAooc  donM 
«An.^  coach;  alluding  to  the  double  placon 'i  /  Ss   ?      V  ^^^ 

.i,  Janceolato,  furo-or  than  fh(»  o  i^ofni.  .   ,^-    ^      i  i  '.    .      +  ^epais 

eroct  •  pan«nU  vvfr,  .       .^  '  -^''^-"'^  ^-'^''^^  distinct,  spiral, 

erfct,  ca^>su.e  w  ngs  unequal;  placontai  double,  or  2  in  each  oil!  _ 

E\crgreen,  succulcMit  undershruk.  iu  caui  cell.— 

joiJ;s,^:c^ren^t°rs  ^S   sSr^'  ^-.  '™"^'^'''  ^^^'^  -^^  colored  at  th. 

s;s-def-ri«S 

«pecies  az.  ibund  iu  c<;;£eri;:;i:i^  .nS;?^^:::.;!^^^!''"''-^-'^^"^  '^'"- 

Order  LX.     CPw\SSULACE.E.     ircusE-LEEKs. 

/yo/ms  ses.«.  e,  usually  m  cymes  and  perfectly  symmetrical.     La/.  3  to  20  mom 

henng.     .^(umens  as  .nany  as  tho  petals,  and  alteraating  with  them,  c  r  twii  ns 
many,      yj  ^  m.uy  a.  the  petals  and  opposiU>  t!,em.    ML  di^nct      1^ 

-  ,.,  --_.  ..!i.  -on  r.\,  fc\,ture,  maisy -seeded.     ^i>igs.  jGO,  261.) 


aru 


.•")il,  on  nak.-.i  r..cl;s  «an.ly  .lo;ort8"'ttc!'''TiiVJ'h'^vr'l,?^^.  '  >"'^  '■''■"'*'  ''*  "'"  "'''""■••*t  ;•'"!  driest 
'■: V      M«ny  wo  liighly  nrnmmTtli:  ^  ^ *'"  ""  ^ *^<="'""'  l"<'lH'ity  oxcopt  o  wight  ttcri>W 


hous,  smooth: 
uglit  to  Eng. 
tely  llavored 

hispid;  ton- 
80;  f>:  oval- 
licli  is  about 

Ivs.  cordate- 
3  short;  tin, 
nulato  limb, 
I  an  orange, 
isonoua,  but 

-  to  e-lobod, 
led— Culti- 


,  obliquo  at 
id,  cyinous. 
9  0,  iinbri- 
■  clustored. 
sds  miuutc, 

rican.  Tlic/ 
;er. 

r,  douWc, 

5  Sepals 

^,  acute ; 

?  Sepals 

3t,  spiraf, 

h  cell.— 


Ted  at  the 
!ate-ovato, 
■aiglit,  red 
leir  parts. 
t,  and  01) 
any  otiior 


S^tip.  0. 

20,  moro 

"arelj  co- 

twice  as 

t.     Antfi. 

ch  open- 

iliiftrly  t)i.> 
;''i(l  (Irifsi 
ght  uciitW 


Ordbe  60.— ORASSULACE^.  *  3^7 

r«u>E  1.    CRA88U1.KA    Carj)«;.s  (Hstinat,  formlni;  a  clrdo  of  follicles,  (a) 

a  1  lowers  nil  4-imito(i.    Stamons  4 Tin-.  1 

a  Flowors  all  4-,mrto.l .    StuincNs  8 ■.;.". BitY,H.H'vT  i  n-  I 

a  Flowers  5-parteJ,  or  4  un.l  .5-parte.l.    Petals  .ll.tlncV.  V,.VcadIng;8P.uu„.  i 

a  F  owers  S-partcl.    Petals  unite.l  below,  erect,  con.il vent Ec.kvf.ria        4 

aHowers6to20.parte.l.    Hyp..gy„o,.s.eales  lacinlate Semi-Ibv  v.m  6 

TK.BB  3.    D.AMOH,..,B^.    Carpels  unite.l  into  a  r„any-<=ello.l  capsule,  (b)  ''*'"'"''^''-^-  ** 

b  Flowors  4-paite(l.     Stamens  S .Diamorimia.       C 

4     TIIIXTvi       nc  T        b  Flowers  5-parte(l.    Stamons  10 Pentiiokum.       T 

1.  ilLL>EA,  M::,  Piomy-weed.  {To  Michael  Anaelo  TiUL  an 
Italian  botanist ;  d,cd  1740.)  Calyx  of  3  or  4  sepals  united  at  base  • 
petals  3  or  4  equal;  stamens  3  or  4  ;  capsules  3  or  4,  distinct,  follicu- 
lar, opening  hy  the  inner  surface,  2  or  many-seeded.— (D  Very  minute 
{wpiatio  herbs.  Lvs.  opposite.  ' 
T  afmplex  Nutt.     St.  ascending  or  oroct,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints:  lvs.  con- 

Tl  1^\  ''"*^^-''^^«"«-  «««J'y;  ««•  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile,  the  r  pLTL 
r/  K"  p  , ,  •"  ''!'^""^J  .^'P^'**  ^  ^"  10-seeded...  -Near  East  lloek,  Now  Havon. 
Ct.  (Dr.  lobb.nH),   and  rhladelj.hia,  on  muddy  banks,  rare.     St.'l   to  3' ?2 

JfLl  «  .h  °"^-,  *  '"•  f  '''""f"  '^'^  '^  P'"''^  '^'^'»'^-  P*^t^l«  «val,  Hat,  acute,  twfco 
as  long  as  ho  oval,  m.nuto  oalyx,  longer  than  tho  stamons  and  fruit,  and  of  a 
greenish  wliito  color.     Jl.     Sept. 

2.  BRYOPHYL'LUM  Salisb.  (Gr.  /3p^o.,  to  grow,  ^vXXov,  16af ;  /.  .., 
germinating  from  a  leaf.)  Calyx  inflated,  4-cIeft  scarcely  to  the  middle  • 
corolla  monopctalous,  the  tube  long  and  cylindrical,  4-sided  and  obtuse 
at  base;  limb  in  4  triangular,  acute  lobes;  seeds  many.— An  ever- 
green, fleshy,  suffruticous  plant,  native  of  >:.  Indies.  Lvs.  opposite,  un- 
equally pinnate,  pr.rt  of  them  sometimes  simple.     Fls.  greenish  purple. 

i!H?'  f  ^Jy^^?^""*  Sa'isb.     Not  uncommon  in  house  cultivation,  requiring  but 
1  tie  water,   m  a  well-drained   pot  of  rich  loam.     St.  thick,   g^een    abotit  2f 
high.     Lva  3  to  5-foliate,  with  th.ck,  oval,  cronato  Ifts.     Ms  i^  a^oose  term  na 

I'^^^.r^'^t'"''  JT  "'■^^^•^  *°^  "'«  1"'^-'  i"^l«t^'l  ^alvx,  and  thelong,  tubular 
cxserted  corolas.-This  plant  is  distinguished  in  vegetable  physiotogy  (see  S 
producmg  buds  and  new  plants  from  tho  margin  of  its  leaves  ^      ^ 

3.  SrDUM,  L.  Stone  Crop.  (Lat.  sedcre,  to  sit;  the  plants,  grow- 
ing on  bare  rocks,  look  as  if  sitting  there.)  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at 
base  ;  petals  4  or  5,  distmct,  spreading;  stamens  8  to  10  ;  carpels  4  to 
5  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an  entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each  — 
Mostly  herbaceous.     Inflorescence  cymous.     Fls.  mostly  pentamcrous 

§  Flower  of  the  »)nuiches  4-mmMia,  central  n.  .-i-merous n,„  1   .. 

^  1  lowers  all  i)entameroiis.     Spikes  not  umbellate .■.■.■,■.■.'.■.;■.■.■. '.''S.ll'iU, 

1  S.  tematum  Mx.  Lvs.  ternatety  verticiOate,  oiova'te' flat' "smooth  '  entire  tho 
upner  ones  scattered,  sessile,  lanceolate;  cyme  in  about  3  sp  kesrS  st" u  ul  ho 
ce..tral  one  w.tii  10  stamens,  tho  rest  with  only  8.— 2|  Damp  w^ds  (J^i  West 
Penn.,  tho  Southern  and  Western  States.  8ts.  :no  8Mong%rrchinn;I^^^^^^ 
cun.ber.  at  base,  assurgent  above.  C.vn.o  with  the  .3  branches  spreading  and  re- 
curved,  tho  whito  lis.  loosely  arrrangod  on  their  upper  side.     Jl.!  Aug  f 

2  S.  palch^llum  Mx.  Sts.  branching  at  base,  ascending;  lvs]  alternate  linear 
obtuse,  sessile  with  an  aurieulate  base;  spikes  umbellate,  fpreadi«g,XaWc[' 
^tecnmded  lowers  unilateral,  ootandrous,  the  cc.itral  I.  Esually^decSua- 
On  rocks  and  mts,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     St^  4  to  12'  high,  very  leafy     Fls 

_  closely  sessile,  small;  petals  roso-color,  acute.     May.  Jn.       **  '  ^^^  '^'''^-     ^''- 

^  «m  Jfh ''^^**''^^®^  ^^''-     ^'''-  *''"«^^2'   lanceolate,' atten^te  at  ba.se,  subdeniale 
on  ocK  l-rnnr^^'  corymbous;  Hta.  10,  the  pet.,  sep.  and  carp,  in  5s.-Fo3 

S  cvn^e  T„  V  .^'  ft"  T,"*''  m"""  ""■^'^'■«"«.  P"n>le,  in  a  terminal,  branch- 
Zw\vL.  i"— 'V*'  T^'"""  *'^^  ""^h''  ''P^'"''-"''  ''^^'y  tenacious  of  life,  knd  wiU 
grow  when  pressed  aud  apparently  dried  in  tho  horburium. 


368 


Obdeb  60.— CRASSULAOEiE. 


flnt  S-  ^el^phlum  L.  Common  Oupine.  LivE-FORErER.  Rt.  iuhorom 
fleshy,  vvhito;  sL  erect,  very  lea/y;  Ivs.  flattish,  ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  smtS 
iymo  coryrnbou8,  leafy.- 2^    Cultivated  and   nearly 'naturalized.     StrSle 

z^i:;:^^S'\^]^'^ '''''-  ^^^-  ^^"'^^  -'^  p-p^^^  ^^  ^--: 

5n„^®"  ^fJ'.^"    ^'^^■'^"S"  ^oss.   Wall  Peppkb.   Procumbent,  spreading,  branch- 
nKfi-om  the  base;  i...  t;e.-y  «maM,  son.owhat  ovate,  fleshy,  crowded,   ulteTnat 
closely  sessile  obtu.e,  nearly  erect;  cymo  few-flowered,  trllid,  leafy.-In  cuitivJ 
tion  >t  spreads  rapidly  on  walls,  borders  of  flower-beds,  etc.,  densely  covori^i 
the  surface.    Fls.  yellow.    Tho  whc^le  plant  abounds  in  an  acrid,  biting  juice   fffi 
4.  ECHEVE^RIA,    DC.      (To   Uckevcri,  a  botanical   drauffhtsrnan ) 
-Sepals  5,  unequal  ;  petals  5,  coherent  below,  erect,  connivcnt,^carinato- 
starn  10,  .shorter  tlmn  tho  petals  ;  carpels  5,  tapering  into  a  short,  subu- 
late style,  with  5  short,  obtuse,  hypogynous  scales.— [landsome,  herba- 
ceous  or  shrubby,  fleshy  plants,  from  California  and  Mexico.     Fls  scar- 
let or  yellow. 

E.  grandiflora  Haw.     Glaucous  with  bloom,  erect :  Ivg.  fleshy  snatuhto  nr 
obovate,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  thick  petiole ;  fls.  paniculate,  erect.-Greeni.ouse 
bt.  abou   21  high      Lowest  Ivs.  large,  rosulate  ;  cauline  gradually  smaller.     sSp 
thick.    .Cor.  urn-shaped,  orange -purple,    f  Mcx.  ^ 

5.  SEMPERVrVUM,  L.  IIouse-leek.  (Lat.  semper  viverc,  to  live 
forever ;  for  their  tenacity  of  life.)  Sepals  6  to  20,  slightly  coherin<r  at 
base;  petals  as  many  as  sepals,  acuminate;  stamens  twice  as  many  as 
petals  ;  hypogynons  scales  lacerated  ;  carpels  as  uiany  as  tho  petals  —li 
Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  propagated  by  axillary  offsets.  Lvs  thick 
fleshy.  ' 

IS.  TectdrumL.     Lvs.  fringed ;  offsets  spreading.— A  well-known  plant 
of  the  gardens  with  thick,  fleshy,  inuciLiginous  lvs.    It  sends  out  runners  wttl 
offsets,  rarely  flowering     It  is  so  succulent  and  hardy  that  it  will  grow  on  d  V 
walls,and  on  the  roofs  ot  houses  (tectorum).    It  is  sometimes  placed  in  the  boi- 
dera  oi  flower  beds. 

•  u^u®".*^^°^®!^°*-«'^'-  (^^^oreseent,  smooth,  branched;  lvs.  cuneiform  smootli- 
ish,  bord<^-ed  with  sofl;,  spreading  eili,,i.-A  curious  and  ornamental  ^Wrgree 

fnTi    ?  m'T\V  •  ^^-  ^'7  ^i!}"''  ''"'*  "^'''>''  l)ranching  into  a  troe-liko  fonn,  8  to 
lOf  high  (1  to  3f  m  pots).    Fla  yellow,  rarely  appearing. 

6.  DIAMOR'PHA,  Nutt.  (A  Greek  word  signifying  deformed  •  al- 
luding t  >  Its  singular  dehiscence.)  Sepals  4,  mimito,  coherent  at  base  • 
pet.  4,  oval,  concave  ;  stamens  8,  with  purple  anthers  ;  carpels  4,  uniteil 
below  the  middle,  each  with  a  minute  obcordate,  hypo.rynous  .scale  and 
dehiscent  by  an  irregular  dorsal  valve  ;  seeds  4  to  b.— A  very  small 
fleshy,  branching  Herb,  with  corymbs  of  white  or  pink-colored  flowars 
and  purplish  herbage. 

Atlanta)  N.  and  S.  Car.  (Shields).  Sts.  J  t,,  3'  high,  ca>spitous,  forming  patches. 
Lvs.  oval,  Kessile,  1  long,  alternate.  Fls.  numerous.  Mar.,  Apr.— A  curious  lii- 
tie  plant.  ' 

7.  PENTHO'RUM,  L.  A^ieginia  Stone-cbop.  (Cr.  txevte  five- 
on  account  of  the  5-parted,  angular  capsule.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals'unite.l 
at  base ;  petals  5  or  0 ;  stanuMis  1 0  ;  capsules  ai  5  united  carirels 
5-angled,  5-celIod,  5-beaked,  dehi.scent  by  an  obliquely  terminal  valur' 
seeds  cc,  minute— 2f  Erect  (not  succulent)  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate! 
bis.  yellowish,  cymous. 

P.  Bedoidea  L.    Pt.  branched  and  angular  above;  lvs.  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate, 


Order  61.— SAXIPRAGACEiE.         '  3gj, 

acute  at  each  end,  unequally  serrate ;  fla  in  unilateral  cyraous  ra<!eme&--A 
hardy  plant  of  little  beauty,  in  moist  situations,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St  10  to  1& 
h.gl.,  w.tl.  a  few  short  branches.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  ^  to  1',  membranous,  sin^th 
sharply  and  unequally  serrate.  Rac.  several,  recurved  at  first,  at  length  spread- 
mg,  with  the  flowers  arranged  on  their  upper  side,  constituting  a  coryraboul 
scentless,  pale,  yellowish  green  cyme.    Petals  generally  wanting.    JL-SepL 

Ordkr  LXr.  SAXIFRAGACE^.  Saxifrages. 
IIei-bs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  sometimes  stipulate.  Sepah  4  or  & 
cohering  more  or  less,  aud  partly  or  wholly  adherent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals! 
inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Siamejis  as  many  as  the  petals  and  al- 
ternate  with  them,  or  2  to  10  times  as  many.  Ovary  inferior,  usually  of  2  carpels 
whering  at  base,  distinct  and  divergent  above.  Fruit  generally  capsular,  1  to  2- 
colled.     Seeds  small,  many,  idbumiuous.     (Figs.  210,  298,  310,  393.) 

Genera  42  apecUs  m,  subdivided  into  four  Rrouns  as  given  below  Tliev  nr«  dl«Hih„fo-i  i„ 
both  hc.n,.spl.ere8  as  fol  ..wi  Tho  SaxifraKcu  l.elong  to  the  northe,^'  and  Zine  le^f ,  ^s  T  ,^ 
hsealloiiienj  to  t  he  none  res  ons  of  8  AnnM-i.-n  Thn  i>i,ii„,  i.  i  1  ..  '  ,  ^JL,''*-  ■""* 
Zone,  and  tl>e  C.mon  cm  to  fl  oTlndierAustmlia  and  8^  \^^  *m  ''"*  ""■•tl>  Tcn.perate 

ihoir  great  beauty.    TLeir  propenies  airg™ily  ustr^gcnt       '""•    ^''"^  "'"  ""'"^""^'^  '""^ 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 

I.  SAXIFRAGE^     irerb».    Stipules  none  or  adnate.    Petals  Imbricate,  rarely  convolute  In 
the  bud.    Calyx  free  or  partly  adherent,  (a)  »-""voiuie  in 

a  Petal,  wanting.    Ovary  adherent,  1-ceIled.    Stamens  10 Chrysosplfniiim   1 

a     eta  s  pinnatilid.    Ovary  half  adherent,  l-celled.    Stamens  5  or  10...  MiSIla   2 

a  Petals  entire-Stamens  I0.-Ovary  l-celled,  nearly  free Tiauklla'  3 

-Ovary  2-ceIled.    Fls.  perfect.    Lvs.  simple.  .".Saxifraoa  '  4 
-Ovary  2-celled.    Fls.  polygamous.    Lvs.  comp... Astilbk   ,'5 

-Stamens   5.-0vary  2-ceIlod,  adherent.    Seed  rough Bovkinia   C 

-Ovary  2-celled,  free.    Seed  wing-margined.  .Scllivantia!  7 
—Ovary  l-celled. -Styles  and  carpels  2 Heuciiera.  3 

IT  pcirtTTavTPw     ci     T       .i.    ,.        .      — Styles  and  carpels  3.... Lkpchopktalon!  9 
JI.  ESCALLONIRyE.    Shnihs  with  alternate  lvs.,  no  stipules  and  a  vahato  corolla  bud.  (b) 
b  Calyx  free  from  tho  2-celled  ovary.    Stamens  5.    Capsule  00  -seeded .  Itba.  10 

III.  in  DKANtxKA.    6hruhH  with  opposite,  simple  leaver  and  no  stipules   (c) 

0  Corolla  valvato  in  tho  bud.-Cymes  radiate.    Shrub  erect Hydrangea.  19 

—Cymes  naked.    Shrub  climbing Dfoitmaria    13 

C  Corolla  convolute  in  tho  bud.-Stamens  20  to  40.    Petals  4 Piui.adklpiius."  14 

-Stamens  10.    Petals  6.  (Asiatic) Dkutzia!  15 

i.   CHRYSOSPLE^NIUM,  Tourn.      Water    Carpet.     (Gr.   ypvabc 

gold,  OTT^riv,  the  spleen  ;  on  account  of  the  medicin^il  qualities  )     Calyx 

adnate  to  the  ovary,  4  to  5-lobed,  moro  or  less  colored  inside  •  corolla 

0;  stamens  8  to  10,  superior,  short ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  obcordatc,  com- 

pi-essod,  l-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.— Small  aquatic  herbs. 

C  Americanum  Schw.      Lvs.  opposite,  roundi.sh,  slightly  cronnte,  tapering  to 

tiiL  potiole— A  small  plant,  in  springs  and  streams,  spreading  upon  the  nnJddv 

Burlace     fet.  square,  3  to  G'  long,  divided  in  a  dichotomous  nuuiner  at  top.     Lvs 

opposite  I  m  length,  smooth.     Calyx  4-cloft,  greonish-yellow,  with  purple  lines." 

ixtn.lla  0,  stamens  8,  very  sliort,  with  orange-colored  anthers,  whiuh  are  the  onlr 

conspiciioMs  part  of  the  flower.     Tlio  terminal  llower  is  sometimes  decandrous 

2.  MITEL'LA,  Tonrn.  Mitre-wort.  (A  Lat.  diminutive  from  tnitrn. 
a  luitre.  See  Tiarella.)  Calyx  5-cleft.,  campanulate,  adherent  to  the 
tmsc  ot  tlie  ovary  ;  perils  5,  pectinately  pinnatilid,  inserted  on  the 
thioat  of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  5  or  10,  included  ;  styles  2,  short;  cap- 
sule 2boaked,  l-celled,  with  two  equal  valves.— 2f  Fls.  small,  in  a  slen- 
der raceme  or  spike. 

24 


3 '70  OnDEB  61.— SAXIPRAGACE^. 

3.  TIAREL'LA,    L.     Bishop's   Cap.     (Lat.   tiara,  a  mitro  or  somo 
other  head  dress;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule  )     CdvvT 
parted,  the  lobes  obtuse ;  petals  5,  entire,  the  claws^  n  eld  o  f  thj 
oalyx;  s  a.nens  10,  exserted,  inserted  into  the  calyx;  stX  2     can 
sule  1  celled,  2-valved,  one  valve  much  larger.-If  Fls   white        '       ^ 

Corn,„on  iu  N.  Eng.  an'd  i^ueXl^^a^i^^^^^X^!^^'^ 
in  Its  general  aspcot,  it  much  resembles  The  scano  arkn«  ff  ^  '  ■  P^*""^' 
stock  10  to  20'  i.igi;.  often  ^o^in^^J^'^f^^^^r^^'^PI^'^^^ 
and  on  hairy  petioles  4  to  6'  Ion-.  Rao  1  to  2i'  Inn.r-  «o  i^n  ,  •  '  "' 
minute  bractlets.     May,  Jn.  ^       °'  ^^'  ^^''^"^  '''^"''"^  ^^'"^ 

4.  SAXIF'RAGA,  L.     Saxifrage.     (Lat.  saarwm,  a  rock  franacrr  tn 
brejik;  often  growing  i„  the  clefts  of  Vocks.)     S  pals  5^;or^or  les' 

the  tube :  T ';  I''  'r  ^'  ^^^  ^^-^^^ '  p^^*''''«  ^'  -^tiic, "»:  rt 

on  the  tubeot  the  calyx;  stamens  10;  anthers  2-celled  with  lonm 
ndjnal  dehiscence;  capsule  of  2  connate  carpels,  opening  be  ween  fe" 
U  diverging,  acummate  beaks  (styles) ;  seeds  oo.-  zf        ^  ^ 

I  paves  opposite  (siniill)  on  the  prostrate  stem.     Fls.  niimli^l, 

^  Leaves  alternate  on  tl.o  ascending  stem.    Fl";ycllow'^i,.&  ;.•  •  •  ■^"-  ^ 

i  Leaves  rosulato  at  tl.e  ba.se  of  tlur„,o,stly  leafleL  "o„L    £       ^"''-  ''^'  »'  ^ 

a  Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  ovary  (inferi,    )    **'  „      ,  , 

a  Caly..  miherei.t  to  the  base  of  the'oUry  (hjf  MVpeVior)::;: No'sh^o 

ovate,  5-voinecl.  'longer  than  thosta^SV.  tlotmn'l'"  , ."  °''"-.'  ^''-  ^''''^''  «^- 
St.  purplish  ;ery  'branching,  'd£e.  Ls'VS-gr?  n'  I'^V'^^T 
light  purple,  largo  and  showy.     May  Jn  ?  '  ^-     -"^^^ 


Order  61.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 


371 


3ap- 


oh.,vato,  yelbw,  dotted  pet.;  caps,  ovate,  tipped  with  tho  diverging  styles.— Lake 
shores,  Can.  nud  northward.  o    o     j 

5  S.  leucanthemifolla  Mx.  Viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  radical,  spatulate,  cut-den- 
tate,  tapering  to  a  petiole;  scape  diffusely  paniculate,  with  capillary  pedicels- 
calyx  tree,  reHoxed;  pet.  unequal.— M.ta.  of  Car.  and  Ga.  Scapes  1  to  2f  hieh' 
bearing  numerous  smaU  fls.  Lvs.  cut  into  several  largo  teeth.  Petals  white  or 
pink,  the  three  larger  spotted  with  yellow.     Ju.— Sept. 

6  S.   erdsa   Ph.     Viscid-pubescent;  lvs.  radical,  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,   acute 
wiherose  teeth;  panic  o  oblong,  loose,  with  leafy  bracts  and  divaricate  branches' 
cal.  free,  with  retlexod,  obtuse  sepals  as  long  as  tiio  equal,  obtuse  petals.— Uts 
Ponn.  to  Car.     Scape  12  to  18'  high.    ma.  scattered,  on  slender  pedicels.    Petals 
small,  white,  yellow  at  base.     Jn.,  Jl.  t-  a  o 

7  S.  Carey^na  Gray.  Lvs.  radical,  long-petioM,  thin,  glabrous,  round-ovate 
coarsely  crenate-dentato,  base  truncate  or  subcordate;  scape  slender  diffuselv 
eymous-paniculato;  pedicels  mirorm;  petals  lance-oblong,  sessile,  twice  hnner  than 
</ie  recurved  sepals;  carpels  distinct,  turgid,  free.— Mts.  N.  Car.,  on  wet,  shady 
rocks.     A  low  herb  with  small,  white  flowers. 

8  S.  aizoon  Jacq  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  rosulate,  spatulate,  obtuse,  bordered  with  white 
cariiUKjinous  teeth  and  a  marginal  row  of  impressed  dots;  fls.  corymbous  panicu- 

ate;  cal.  (rndped  glandular  viscid)  tube  hemispherical,  as  long  as  the  5-toothed 
limb;  pet.  obovate;  sty.  divergent,  longer  than  the  calyx.— Southern  shores  of 
Lake  Superior,  to  Nova  Scotia  and  northward,  on  shady,  moist  rocks.  Sta  5  to 
10  high.     F1.S.  white.     Jl. 

9  S.  Virginidnsis  Mx.  Early  S.axifragk.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  spatulate-obovato 
crenately  toothed,  pubescent,  shorter  tiian  tho  broad  petiole;  scape  nearly  leafi 
less  paniculately  branched  above;  Jls.  many,  cymous ;  cal.  adiierent  to  the  base 
ot  the  ovary;  pet.  white,  oblong,  much  exceeding  the  calyx.— Kn  early  and  interest- 
ing plant,  on  rocks  and  dry  hills.  Can.  and  U.  S.  Scape  4  to  12'  higii,  pubescent 
i.nnuaL  L^s.  rather  fleshy,  9  to  13"  by  6  to  12".  Fls.  in  rather  dekse  clusters! 
white,  or  tmged  with  purple,' in  early  spring.      Pig.  310. 

10  S.  Pennsylvdnica  L.  Lvs.  radical,  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  taper- 
ing at  base,  denticulate;  scape  nearly  leafless;  branches  alternate,  with  close 
cymes  ^ovmm^  a  dij^ase  panicle,  fls.  pedicellate  ;  pet.  greenish,  linear-lanceolate,  but 
Idtle  longer  than  the  cal.— Larger  than  the  foregoing,  common  in  wet  meadow? 

W„  9  ?^'^e^  ■  /'■  "''^'T'  r*°  f  ^"'  ^  ^  ^'  ^y  ^  *°  ^''  «^  ^  b^'^d  petiole! 
bcapo  2  to  3f  high,  gross,  hollow,  hairy  and  viscid,  branched  into  a  larire  oblona 

panicle  of  yellowish  green  lis.  of  no  beauty.     May. 

5.  ASTIL'BE,  Don.  (Gr.  a,  privative  ariXfiT],  brightness  ;  the  leaves 
arc  not  shining.)  Polygamous;  calyx  adherent  to  tho  base  of  tho 
ovary,  obconic,  with  4  or  5  erect  segments ;  petals  4  or  5,  spatulate  • 
stamens  8  or  10,  exsertcd  ;  ovary  2-celle(l ;  carpels  of  the  fruit  separat- 
ing and  dehiscing  lengthwise  inside  ;  seeds  1  to  4  in  each  cell,  covered 
with  a  loose,  membranous  testa.—  4  Coarse  and  weed-like  plants  Lvs. 
compound,  2  or  3-tcrnate.  Fls.  small,  yellowish-white,  in  spicate  rac. 
forming  a  compound  panicle. 

A.  decSndra  Don.  St.  tall,  angular ;  Ifts.  subcordate,  incisely  lobed,  mucronate- 
ficrrato ;  sterile  fls.  mostly  apetalous ;  sta.  1 0.— Mts.  of  S.  W  Va  E  Tenn.  F 
Car.  to  Ga.  Abundant  in  its  localities.  St.  4  to  Gf  higii,  witli  very  large  panj! 
clcs.  Its  resemblance  to  Spirea  Aruncus  is  very  striking,  but  its  irregularly  cleft 
l:ts.  and  Its  twice  larger  (J"  lor-],  2-carpeled  fr.  are  positive  marks  of  difference 


Jn.- 


-Aug. 


6.  BOYKIN'IA,  Nutt.  v'o  licatod  to  D)\  Boi/kin,  of  Gcor'^ia  n 
pioneer  botanist.)  Calyx  turbinate  adherent,  5-cle'ft ;  petals  5,  decidiu 
ous ;  stamens  5  ;  ovary  2-celled,  2-beakod  ;  capsule  invested  with  the 
permanent,  urceolato  calyx  tube,  dehiscent  between  tae  beaks.— 4  Lvs. 
alternate,  petiolatc,  palmate.     Fls.  cymous,  white. 


372 


OanEB  C1.-SAXIFRAGACE.E. 


^nserted  on  the  summit  of  th^  c^x^uCandlwuT'"  "'''  ""g"'<="late, 
stamens  6,  mserted  with  the  petal*,  shorter  tha.Tf?  ^'  ^T^  "^  '''  ^^^os 
beaked,  2-celled  ;  seeds  O),  aLnd^'nTw^.  *^'"  ^^^'^  J  capsule  2^ 
;.^ostiy  radical,  palmate-veined      F^^ii  lToJ'"^'''r^'''''^-~'^  ^'^• 
S.  Ohidnis  Torr.  f:  Gr      A    dim,,/  ""  P*"'^^*''  *^™all,  white 

Hi^;lanaCo.,  Ohio,  b^  lu.V  a^Tartbtr  1.  P'^"*'  .^''^^  •^'---  d'  j, 
16  Ions:,  ascending,  j?Jandular      RnXni  i  ".    ^*-  annual,  very  slender  8  t^ 

c^uneate  at  base,  3  to  sVotKt  sSSr  Ma^Jn""^"^  ^^^  «-«">  brSke,' 

anther,  WitS4L.^^^^^^^  ^-^/^-,    botanic 

below,  segments  obtuse  ;  corolla  of  5  smtlf  5.  ''""  ""^^^^  ^^^  <>^ary 
the  6  stamens  on  the  th'roat  o  tfe  cal vx  '  o  "  1  ^'}'\^'''^'^^d  ^itj 
dehiscent  between  the  beaks  •  seeds  mill'  T"'^  ^■'^^'"^''  S-beaked, 
^  Lvs.  radical,  long-petioled  netioles  wi  h'  T  .  ^  '•  "^^'  '^'^^'^  testa.-' 
f  FKs,n.ii(tt..2'Mo,f.)  re»„,!r  J     ^.     ""'^'^  ^^^D^te  Stipules  at  base 

N  E„g.  and  .V.  Y.,  frequent  at  tlo  W  and  V    t  '  'TJ"  *''«  ''"•^^J'^™  parts  o? 

lnt?"'™r  f '•  °^^''^  ^  this  lingl  pj"  2  t J'.'  |  *"  '*;  '^'^™-  ^^a^e  2  Z 
tlian  tho  purphsh-wliito  petals.  mIv  Jn  ~Ji.J  ^l^P^^^red.  Cal.  more  showy 
name,  Alum  Root.  "^  '^''*^'  •^"— Boot  astringent,  hence  the  commoJ 

""  Sie^Stgl^ns  S^v^'T^f'sl&Th"^-^  '''"•''•  '•«'^-«'  J-«-  round-cor 
panicle  loose,  with  filiform'  bMSaidt^^^^^^^^ 

long  l'e<^S7^L?^^beW^^,?^„^7''k"'""*'"^^  pubescent  above   and  with  tJ.« 
rounded,  and'with  routed"  mtoitte"ci;/ar:'r  '    '«  "lobS  'obe« 


JU.     (U.  grandiflora  Raf!)  -  -  -  .    .„.,g,  purpj^^     j^^^^^ 

o^tus^^S  t%Sbed^K?;th:tr^^^^^^^^        *'"  "PP-  «"^^-e  and  margin  of  tho 
almost  retuse:  hraunh..  'e  *>.„  .'''^  V'^P'^%  mucronato-toothed.  t„nfh  3"  1.^"° 


obtusely  5  to  t:ioWKI,lh:Tob:rbrolli;  '^^  "PP?  «"^^-°  -"d  -argin  of  1 
;  branehoq  'nf  tlirr Lh    "^  mucronato-toothed,  teeth  ven-  4L 


a  most  retuse  j   mancnoq  nr  the  r-sni--'-  "'     a" — 'v.-vi7uuiieu,  tefitii  ven^  "hnrt 

IM  calyx,  shorter  than  the  som'ew.S%"::tr:r''-  P^^"  «P«tulate,  as  lo^g  2 
Car.,  and  pra.ries  of  Ind.  to  Mo  The Mmu  stamena—Mts.  of  Va.  and  N 
hmry,  almost  smooth.    (II.  Richardsoni  g 'S^^^^-    ^'^'  P^-irie  form  ifless 


Obdkr  61 — SAXIFRAGACEJB. 


87a 


9.  LEPUROPErALON,  Ell.  (Gr.  X^Twpov,  a  scale,  7rt<raAov,  a 
petal.)  Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  obtuse,  tube  turbinate,  adherent  to  the 
base  of  the  3-carpeled  ovary;  petals  5.  minute,  spatulate,  persistent ; 
stamens  5,  short ;  capsule  globous,  1 -celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.— 
A  roinute,  succulent  herb,  growing  in  tufts.  Lvs.  entire,  dotted.  FIs. 
terminal. 

■''n^uP*^^^*",™  ^"-  ^  ^"""^^^  '"  '^^""^  soils,  S.  Car.  (Charleston),  Ga.  to  Tox. 
Iho  plant  13  less  than  1  high,  branched  from  the  base,  forming  little  convex  tufta. 
Lvs.  spatulate,  vemless.     FIs.  large  in  proportion,  white.     Mar.,  Apr. 

10.  riEA,  L.  (Gr.  name  for  the  willow ;  for  the  resemblance  of 
the  foliage.)  Calyx  small,  with  5  subulate  segments;  petals  5,  lance- 
linear,  indexed  at  the  apex,  inserted  on  the  calyx ;  stamens  5,  inserted 
into  the  calyx;  styles  united;  capsule  2-ceiled,  2.furrowed,  8  to  12- 
seeded.— A  shrub  with  alternate,  simple  lvs.,  and  a  simple,  spicate,  ter- 
minal raceme  of  white  fls. 

^"  ^"^°^°^  ^-  Margins  of  swamps  and  sluggish  streams,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Fla. 
bhrub  about  6f  high.  Lvs.  \\  to  3'  long,  oval-acuminate,  serrulate,  on  short 
petioles.  Rac.  oblotig-cylindric,  2  to  3'  long.  Caps,  oblong,  acuminate  with  the 
style,  its  2  carpels  separating  in  maturity.     May,  Jti. 

11.  ESCALLO'NIA  rubra  and  E.glandnlosa  are  handsome  shrubs, 
\yith  evergreen  leaves  and  scarlet  flowers,  prized  in  greenhouse  cultiva- 
tion. 

12.  HYDRAN'GEA,  L.  Hydrangea.  (Gr.  vdutp,  water,  ayyuov  a 
vessel;  requiring  an  abundance  of  water.)  Marginal  flowers,  com- 
monly sterile,  with  a  broad,  rotate,  4  to  5-cleft,  colored  calyx,  and  with 
neither  petals,  stamens,  nor  styles.  Fertile  fls.  Calyx  tube  hemispheri- 
cal, adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  d  to  5-toothcd,  persistent ;  petals  ovate 
sessile  ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  capsule  2-:<eakod,  open- 
ing by  a  foramen  between  the  beaks ;  seeds  numerous.— Shrubs  with 
opposite  lvs.     Fls.  cymous,  generally  radiant. 

1  H.  arbor6scens  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  or  cordate  at  lose,  acuminate,  serrate- 
dentate,  paler  beneath,  nearly  smooth  ;  fls.  in  fastigiate  cymes.— An  elegant  ^hrub 
native  in  the  Mid.  and  West.  States,  cultivated  in  tlie  Northern,  attaining  the 
lieight  of  5  or  6f  on  its  native,  shady  banks.  Fertile  fls..  small,  white,  becoming 
roseate,  very  numerous.  Tlio  sterile  fls.  are  often  reduced  or  wanting  The  cul- 
tivated varieties  have  either  the  marginal  flowers  radiate,  or  all  sterile  and  radi- 
ate.    (IL  vulgaris  Mx.) 

2  H.  quercifdlia  Bartram.  Lvs.  deeply  sinuate-hhed,  dentate,  tomentous  be- 
neatti,  and  on  the  petioles  and  veins  above ;  cymes  paniculate,  radiant,  the  ster- 
ile fls.  very  large  and  numerous.— A  superb  species,  native  of  Fla.  and  S  Ga  in 
wet,  springy  places,  also  often  cultivated.  Shrub  4  to  8f  high.  Lvs  nearly  all 
as  broad  ad  long  (5  to  10'),  green  above,  hoary  beneath  ;  panicles  dense,  thyrsoid 
large,  pyramidal,  the  sterile  lis.  18"  broad,  with  orbicular,  wliite  or  roseate  sepals' 
Often  cultivated.     May,  Jn.     (H.  vulgaris  Mx.)     (Fig.  271) 

3  H.  radiita  Walt.  Lvs.  ovale,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate 
silvery.tomentous  beneatii;  cymes  fastigiate,  radiate.— Upper  country  of  Ga.  Car' 
and  lenn  Shrubs  6  to  8f  high.  Sterile  fls..  white,  smaller  than  in  No.  2,  often  rel 
dueed  to  3,  2  or  1  sepal.  The  silver  white  of  tho  under  leaf-surface  is  a  strikina 
character,  f    May,  Jo.  * 

4  H.  hortecBis  L.    Changeable  nvnRANGEA.    Lvs.  elliptical,  narrowed  at 
eacfi  encf,  dentate-serrate,  strongly  veined,  smooth;  cymes  radiant;  fls.  mostly  ster- 

1.  "T  T°  ^  ^  "°*'^®  ^^  ^^'^^'^  '''^^'^^^  ^^  ''^^  ^°"S  been  cultivated.  Sts.  1  to  3f 
nigh.  Lvs.  large.  Barren  lis.,  very  numerous  and  showy,  at  first  green,  passine 
successively  through  straw-color,  sulphur  yellow,  white,  purple,  and  pink.    Tho 


374 


Order  62.— HAMAMELACE^ 


lootlets,  w,tL  oppos.tc  l^■s.  and  cynics  of  white,  iVagran't  tis.  ^    • 

ncumirfae    very  loitl.-^^^^^^^  '''''''  or  ob.scurely  serrate,  acute  or 

J-pctaied,  stylo  4.cloft;  stamens  20  to  40,  shorter  than   (ho  n„t,l 
.■apsuo   4-ceilod,   4.valvod,  with  loculicidal    licence     s'o*. "am 

i  p1;iio""'r".'!°""™'s  *™^'-  '^"-  «ppo-.r^tipito.'''"'"-^' 

^.i^"-  ^^u^'^\^  gracilis  and  D.  scabra,  arc  two  l.andsomo  shrubs 
th«  fi  r  {'  '"'{'• '1*'^^  ^"  P"*^-     ^^'h«  ^'^""^  ^«  readily   toTnizVd  by 

OrdeuLXII.     IIAMAMELACE^.     Witchhazklwohts. 

J^Amfe  orjre..  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules  Fiowers  in 
heads  or  spikes,  ofleu  polygamous  or  rnoncBcious.  Calyx  adhererit  PeZTn,.^ 
vavate  or  convolute  in  bud  or  wanting.     Stamens  twice  as  rnanyl  petlls  ft  e  o,' 

1  or  UQ  m  eacli  cell     Fuit  a  woody  capsule,  2-beaked,  2-celled  and  2-seeded 

,    „  TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

rnartT  J'TT  '^''T^'"*"""-   «^"'«  «""'-y  '"  '"'^^h  coll.   Caly:. 
«-pai  t_a  ,  petals  ligulate,  long.    Shrub ^  „ 

IlAMAMRLIS 


Obdkr  63.— UMBELLIPER^ 


375 


lis,  KUVr 


I.  FoTHKRoiLLE*.    Flower,  .nonocl.lan.y,leot,s.    Ovury  s.-lltary  In  each  cell 
CiU.  8  to  T-partoil ;  petals  0  ;  stamens  00      Shrub  \ 

8.  B....M.....    .lowers  n...fy  a,hU„,y.,;o«l'''"ov-„-,;r-;a,- Vn  each'"""''""-       » 

cell,    talyx  none ;  fls.  monoBCIou.,  In  globous  amentS !!     .Liqu.dambak     a 

1.  HAMAMEXIS.  L.  Witch  Hazel.  (Gr.  5;za,  with,  «/yAov  fruit- 
..  e  flowers  and  fru.t  together  on  the  tree.)  Cai;x  4-roitld  or  cloft 
w,th  an  invohicel  of  2  to  3  bracts  at  base;  petals  4,  very  lon/l  rti' 
stenlo  stamens  scale-hkc  opposite  the  petals,  alternath.g  vi  h  U.e Tfcr' 
retI7Jli:r  ""'■''^'  '"^"^'''  2-^-^^^^-Shrubs'  or  laH  tret 
^:  Jdi'f"/ba"e  on  slSiJnJtSlIlc^s''.  t''"'"',  "^1?'?*"'   cronato-dentate,  obliquely 

Pet.  curled  ^r  1^3   9''  bn/    T  f/  l""';'"^"'   .^'•°'''  *'  ^°"«-    C">-  'l««"y- 

Lfhod  nf  7 J  ^    •     K^""  campanulato,  truncate  and  obsciTrely  6  to  7- 
toothod  at  the  margin,  bearing  the  20  to  28  clavate  filaments  in  a  mar 
pna  row;  petals  none;  styles  2,  distinct;  capsule  adhere.ra   bas^T 
jobcHl  2-celled,  cells  2-valved,  l-seeded.-A  shrub  resembl  Lan  aldf^ 

n  Its  loaves  and  a  witch-hazel  in  its  fruit.     Fls.  >vhite   a^p  earlffbe  fore 
the  leaves,  m  a  terminal  dense  spike  or  ament  «PP^a""g  befoie 

3.  LIQUIDAM'BAR,  L.     Sweet  Gum  Tree.     (Lat    liguidam   fluid 
ambar,  fron>  its  ambar-colored  gum.)     Involucre  4  part/d!  dSuous  ' 

5  ament  conical;   flowers  naked,   polyandrous;    $  aments   Hobous • 
calyx  a  scale  i  any  ;  styles  2,  elongated ;  fruit  aggVegateTso  osS^ 
globular,  consisting  of  the  hardened  scales  and  wood^s  2-cded  capsuled 
which  open  between  the  beaks;  ovules  many,  but  only  1  or  2  m atu^ 

nto  a  seod.-Trees  wi;^.h  fragrant  Ivs.  and  ex'Ilding  a  bUamic  rcl    ^ 

tho*fS-\hri:antt?/d^^^^  ''''^''  ^«b^«'  -'"«  -'"«"«  a* 

-i.s  ypstx^  ^t-f:si  ^i^:n£rr  ^y  is 

iact  his  ?  ™«'-V^T"'^"  V>^"  *^«««  "f  the  Rock  Mapl"   FruHllK  com^ 

Order  LXIII.     UMBELLTFER.E.     Umbelworts. 

CaS"'adl^!!!n.'7"T'  ''"''^'  /''"''•   '^'"*^''"^   P^*'"'«^   ^"-i  flo^^^"^  i°  '^^l^eb- 

"med  w  h    r  "^  '''i.''"*'^"-    '-'^^"'^^'"  '•  '^''«™«'«  ^5th  the  petals,  and  in- 

d8ktir\         r  '^"  f''^-      ''""'•''"  '-^^'•P^'^^'  surmounted  by  the  fleshy 
disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stam---      Slyks  2,  diatiact  or  united  at  thei 


Vt, 


^'^^  Order  63.— UMBELLIFRRvE. 

tl.ickeacd  baaos.     Siigmas  simple.     Fruit  n  cromocnrp  (§  557),  consisting  ol  2  oo. 
Itcront  aolioiiia  callt-J  mericarpa  whicli  separuto  along  tlio  middle  snaco,  whicii  i« 
ouliod  tlio  commissure. 
Carpophore,  tho  slender,   simple  or  forked  axis  attaclied   to  and   supporting  tlu. 

inencarps  at  top,  inclosed  between  them  at  the  commisHure. 
Hibs-^  ridgen  traversing  oacU  inerioarp  lengthwise,  and  olion  4  iutermedmto  or 

Rccondary  ones,  some,  all,  or  none  of  them  winged, 
me-littlo  tubular  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil  imbedded  in  tho  substance 

of  tho  pericarp,  just  beneath  tho  intervals  of  tlie  ribs,  and  also  sometimes  in  tho 

face  of  the  commissure. 

Embryo  in  the  base  of  abundant,  horny  albumen.    (Illust.  in  flss.  oj  "o?   109   rti 
135,  1C3,  207,297,  433.)  6         ,  -  ,  iv-,  iJi, 

Darts  tlierofore  i.l.n't^    Li    „  m,  *''"  '.»'*»"'"i'"'  pititioularly  at  the  coniinissure.    Thos.- 

ANALYSIS  OP   THE  GENERA, 
S  Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  soinotlines  spicntc.    Leaves  simple,  (a) 
S  t  luvvors  in  nipltato  iiinhels,  ».  e.,  scssllo,  forming  aenso  hcails.  (b) 
S  X'lowcrs  in  regularly  compouml  umbels,  not  sessile  in  heads.  (1^ 

1  Fruit  llattcuod  on  tlm  back,  tlio  margins  only  singly  winged,  (c) 
1  Huit  flattened  on  tl.e  baek,  tho  margin  onlv  doubly  winged,  (d) 
1  iTuit  terete  or  flattened  on  the  sides.-Rlbs  bristly  cchinato.  (e) 

—Ribs  smooth.    Flowers  santhic.  (f) 
_  _,     ^  —Ribs  smooth.    Flowers  cyanic  (2) 

2  Plants  exotic,  growing  In  gardens,  &c.  (1) 
2  Plants  native  ornr.turalizol,  growins  wild.  (3) 
3  Fruit  slender,  tlirico  longer  than  wide,  often  beaked,  (j) 
3  Fruit  short,  once  to  twice  as  long  as  wide.— Ribs  ((J  to  l())-wlngcd.  (h 
.  _     ,  ,  ,  —Ribs  not  winged.  (4) 

4  Seed  furrowed  or  excavated  on  the  inner  face,  (i) 
4  Seed  flat  on  tho  inner  face.— In  volucre  none  or  almost  none,  (j) 

—Involucre  of  2  to  8  bracts,  (k) 
a  Fruit  flat,  orbicular.    Leaves  round  or  roundish. . ..  TTv,^„-^^„»         i 

a  Fruit  globular.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy  phyllodia r™"^"  a 

b  Flowers  partly  sterile.    Fruit  densely  muricate,  few  ....'.".■ .' S  vni.mua'  1 

b  Fh.wers  all  fertile.    Fruit  scaly,  many  in  the  head Frtno  r«  i 

C  Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  with  a  thick,  corky  margin.. .  ..";.■.■.■ i'o.vT^viA'^ 

O  Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  with  a  thin  margin.... PASxIvAr.   fi 

O  i  lowers  whito,-of  two  sorts,-the  marginal  radiant . ...;■.'.■.■.■■■■  ilPKACLFu.M  1 
-all  alike.-Lf(s.  3  to  0,  mostly  entire ARonEMouAl  S 

^    <»»»^     AW  ..     .u      -';''"•  '*'^''^"'"'''"  "'"''"■ TIKDK.VANNIA.  !» 

a  Seed  adherent  to  the  peric-jrp,  with  6  to  8  vitta; \.vfiKiirv  10 

d  Seed  nut  adherent,  Ac.  all  covered  with  vittaj AuoiVa.noeuca"  1 1 

e  Invohiein  of  several  ninn-tifld  brs.'-ts Daiois  13 

f  Involncels  of  ovate,  entire  bracts.     Leaves  simple......" Bl-plitrum  13 

f  Involucels  none.    Carpels  with  5  obtu.so  ribs AnrtiiumU 

f  Involucels  subul.ate.-Ribs  sharp  or  win-od.    Leaflets  toothed.' ^''tiiaspi.tm'  15 
— filbs  not  at  all  winged.    Leaflets  entire Zuia.  10 


ORDEtt  03.— UMBELLIFER.fL  377 

g  Heolt  slomlor,  tonsrr  tlinn  tlio  fnilt.    Vlttm  none SfiAwniT.  IT 

g  Ueak  short  or  none— Krult  ii|)wanlly  lihpid Osmokikza^.  1H 

— Fruit  glabrouK.—CnrpelsS-rtbboil Cii^iioi'iiyllum.  10 

— Carpels  9-rlbbo(l TiiKPocARims.  88 

h  Marfflnnl  wings  twice  longer  than  tho  dorsal Comoskmnum.  20 

ll  Marginal  and  dorsal  wind's  allUo.     Loaflots  largo l-ldirsTicuM.  21 

1  Fruit  a  double  globe.    I'laiit  low,  early  lloworlng Kkioenia.  23 

i  Fruit  ovate,— with  obscure,  straight  libs.    Tall Eui-upiiua.  2!t 

— with  distinct,  crinckled  ribs.    Large Coniitm.  24 

5  Frnlt  round Ish-oblato  (broader  than  lung).     With  InvuliicelH C'icuta.  23 

j  Frntt  roundish-oblong.    Involuuels  none  oraliiiost  none IIf;u>sciA.t>iuM.  2(5 

J  Fruit  ellii)tlo-<)blong.     Leaves  large,  8-follate,  serrate Crvi'tot.knia.  2T 

j  Fruit  ovate, — smooth, .strong-ribbod.     Involucel.i  drtxipltig ^Ethusa.  2^ 

— clothed  with  scale?.     Involiicol*  Bi)reaillng Lbi'Tocaui.is.  20 

k  (-alyx  teeth  obsolete.    Leavi-s  pinnate,  with  serrate  Ifts Sik.m.  82 

k  Calys  teeth  persistent. — Lcatlets  caplll.aceous,     Vlttnj  4 Discoplkuua.  SO 

—Leaflets  linear,  vntlre.— Vittio  1C..Neituoimivi.li-.m.  Hi 

— VlttOJ  6.  ..  .CVNOSCIAUIUM.  !i9 

I  Flowers  of  2  sorts,  tlia  outer  radiant.    Fruit  globous ...C'ouiandbu.m,  8* 

1  Flowers  all  alike. — Fruit  terete  (not  coinprefsed),  ovate I'impinkli.a.  84 

— Fruit  compressed  laterally, — Vlttii)  nono ./EoopoimrM.  av 

— Vlttw8tol2 (  Al'iUM.  8(V 

>  carum.  sr 

i.  HYDROCOT'YLE,  L.  Penny-wort.  (Gr.  vdojp,.  water,  tcorvkr},  ,1 
vcssct ;  the  concave  leaf  often  liolds  water.)  Caly.x  obsolete ;  petal.s 
c(iua!,  ovate,  spreading,,  entire,,  tlie  point  not  inflected ;  style  shorter 
than  stamens;  fruit  laterally  flattened,,  tho  cotnmissure  narrow;  car- 
pel* 5~ribbed,  without  vittro. — Herbaceous,,  creeping,  usually  aquatic.: 
l>lants.     Umbels  simple     Invol.  few-leaved. 

•  Loaves  renlform  o.-rordate.  the  base  lobes  not  united No.s.  1 !t 

*  Leave*  peltate,  orbicular,  the  base  lobes  united , Nos.  4,  5> 

1  H.  Americana  L.  Smooth  and  shining-  st.  filiform,  procumbent;  Ivs.  reniform- 
orbicular,  sliglitly  lobed,  crenato  r  umbels  sessile,  3  to  5-flowered  ;  fr.  orbicular. — 
24  A  small,  delicate  plant,  growing  clo,so  to  the-  moist  earth  beneath  tlio  shade 
of  other  vegetables,  Cac.  to  S.  Cur.  Sts.  branching,  ?  to  6'  long.  Lvs.  thin,  1 
to  2'  diam.,  on  petioles  2  to  3'  long.  Fls.  greenisii  white,  small,  nearly  sessile, 
in  simple,  capitate,  sessile,  axillary  umbels.    Jn. — Aug. 

2  H.  ranunculoldes  L.  /  Lvs.  rcniform-orhicular,  deepb/  S-bhed',  middle  lobc.=v 
smallest,  allcrenaie;  pad.  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  branched;  umbel  6  to- 
O-Howered,  capitate. —  If  Waters,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  La.  (Hale).  Sts..  rooting  at  tho 
joints,  or  floating.  Petioles  thick,  4  to  8'  long,  ped.  1  to  2'.  Lvs.  veiny.  Sty. 
spreading  and  incurved.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  H.  repdnda  Pers.  Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  very  obtuse,  margin  repand- 
deniate;  ped.  simple,  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  umbels  capitate,  3  or  4- 
ilowered. —  If  Muddy  shores,  S.  Car.  to  Ma.  and  La.  (Hale).  St.  creeping.  Ped. 
radical,  slender,  2  to  3'  high,  tho  petioles  3  to  8'.  Fr.  largo,  broaddr  than  Ion"-. 
Involucre  2  ovate  bracts.    Jn. — Aug. 

4  H.  interrupta  Muhl.  Lvs.  peltate,  orbicular,  crenato;  umbels- capitate,,  proli- 
ferous, about  5-Jiowered;  fr.  acute  at  base. — If  In  wet  places.  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
to  Ga.  (Mettauer,  Feay).  Rt.  and  stem  creeping.  Lvs.  almost  centrally  peltate, 
thin,  8  to  13"  diam.  Petioles  2  to  6'  long.  Ped.  longer  tlian  tlio  petioles.  Fls. 
subsessile,  in  close  umbels  which  become  whorls  in  interrupted  spikes  by  other 
umbels  being  successively  produced  on  tho  extending-  peduncle.     .Tn. 

5  H.  umbelldta  L.  Lvs.  peUate,.  orbicular,  crenate,  emarginate  at  base,  on  long 
petioles ;  scapes  about  as  long  as  the  petioles;  umbels  simple  (rarely  proliferous) 
/».  20  to  30,  pedieeUate  —  U  In  ponds  and  bogs,  Masa  to  La.,  rare.  Sts.  creep- 
ing, often  subruersed,  several  inches  long.  Lvs.  8  to  12'''  diam.,  notched  at  base 
80  as  to  appear  reniform.  Petioles  a  little  eccentric^  and  with  tho  scapes,  Blender, 
lioating  or  erect,  and  4  to  6'  long.    May — JL 


378 


|J     i 


Ordku  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 


■cl.,  „„,.,,,,a    s-ribbcl.  with  a  vitt.  i„  erf  S™i -S,n,  1     "  '  ""■ 
sis.  «0TCp.,l  inohps  lo„„  itoE,  ^,j  rJ  *'"''''  l'»nks<>f  rivcre,  Mass,  lo  La 

fio^mici.ts   acute,   lonfv    noHli  J     \  ^  ^'  '''*'>'''  ♦"^'«  <'''l<innto, 

point;  rrult.ni:J:Z:X^^:^^'t/T^^^'  ''  ^'•"^'   >"«-*-» 
ribs;    vitt.e    "u.Itous.- ^  UmM    n      i      l?'-"^';'*-'«;  ^"'T^Ib  witl.out 

h'ts.1uvolucel  if  ilS  ".'tt^^'^-     ^"^'^'"-«  -f  f-v,  often  deft  leaf: 

inonta  oblon"  inoLfy  sMo'^-  Ito.vr'''^!,'''^'  '^'^'''^t''.  f^ostly  radical ;  Ifts.  or  sep- 
cal.  segm.  entire;  4-  S/  ^1^0^':^'  Pedicellate,  fertile  ones  se.siL^; 
common,    at.    1  to  2f  l.i .      Hin^   -^     T"  ,^«''^'-^<^<^-— Thirkets,  U.  S.  nnd  Can 

Radical  ivs.  on  pe^ofo'  ^t^2':lrriiS7o"  <!''''>  "'"^"•-  r'"""'"'  '•""-"• 

deeply  2-parted;  sopm.  2  to  4' lew  On  ifnn  1,  r  ^'''''''  '''"''  "'^  '"^cral  sopm. 
6-loavcd,  serrate:     Umbels  often  p?oliSs  '  "'"'"'^  '"'^'"'^-    I"^'«l"'res 

2  S.  Canadensis  L.    Lower  K-«   -.  r,o,.f  „i 

'.ate-serrato  ;  sterile  Jfs.  Z^m  i),  XS  "I^P^'',,^-Pf  t'^''-  ^^P'".  ovate,  mucro- 
;-n-.«...^ Woods,  th4eCN  Ses  0  0  -d  r"  ^''■''^'  ^'^^  ^^/'-'"'^  <''«"  tl^e 
of  tl.e  preceding,  or  taller      Umbels  nnr«  '  ^^"'"""-     ^l^«ut  the  8izo 

to  3'  long.     Jn.-Aug.  ""''''  numerous  and  smaller.     Kts.  thin,  1 

4.  ERYN'GIUM,  Tourn.    (Gr  ^owf^l^  f.  i   7  i 
for  flatulence.)     ¥h  sessi  o  £li:  ?7^    'i""  ^•''¥* '  .1  supposed  remedy     ' 
Avhat  leafy;  peta     eom   vent    ,1>  .?    "'  ^^^"«°  »>«ads ;  eal.  lobes  sohk^- 

vittuj  or  ribs.  — Ilerbaceonsnrrnff,  ,?  V,    ??*'^'  *^''^^^'  without 

ate;  lower  bracts  uvoiImTc 7]^^^^^^^  .Z'''  ^^"« ^^ white,  bracte- 

fe  Scales  ,„•  oliair  of  tlie  hoa.ls  trieiisnhlau. NoM_3 

1  E.  yuccafolium  Mx.    Erect  ■  Im   h,'nnlth.'  'i- ''^'"'■'-  '^-^ 

remo<«5,^Ls^uV,,^..  bracts  tiD«ed\vth«n.^.    '"'''r'  P<'^^l^'^l-^eined,  ciliate  xvith 

than  the  ovWoboTs  heS  Ji  Pr  S-    ri'^^^^        '"'^'""■^'  '    '  "'  ^'^^''t'^'' 
"larkabie  plant  appearing  like  oneof  h."  ?rwi         ^"^«,^«^'-^'n«.  '^^^  ana  R     A  re 

l;  diam.    Fis.  whiti  t2^^^^  ^y  -^-     Heads  pe.un.uia.e.  ,  . 

Gray  suggests,  is  more  appfopriate  tI.an'E:'a^uatitum  L^iria'rLf  ""'''^  "^  ^'•- 

2  E.  prostratum  Baldw?     «?/<,     >;7v  '--uui  xj.  m  paru) 

(small)  or  two  forms  in  tfo '^^me^chlTo;  ■^""''"■"'''   '^l'"^  "*  *^^  J°'"*«;  '^■^• 

axiPary,  .sm.!),  ov.^,rin"otorrwl  ?:!-i"r'*'  ''^^f  ^ '^^  sler.der  peduncles, 
scales  entire,   slK.v);e;'  t"an     Im  flT      v   t     '  'l"'';""'  ''^^''^^''  ^«^^  ^''««  ''^«  ^'^'"^' 
St  6  to  12'  i;  .,v   x!„  'f„'",  ''°  ",'-7^/»  ^^<^^t  places,  Ga.  and  Fla.  rMettauer{ 

the^tts.  blue     .rn.:-O^L  (eI  ^dS  e]i  )'"'-  *  '"  ' "  ^"°'^-     "^«-  3"  '«"&  ^^^'t^. 

Aatt.)  ""loiio   neaas.— La.    (Hale).     (B.   prostratum 

3  E.  Blawinii  Sprcng.    S^.  y^,.;^^,  ,^„,^  „,„^,^^.  ,^^^^^  _^^  ^^^^_^^^ 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER.E. 


370 


oiiMouto,  petiolato,  ftugular-tootlied,  lower  stem  Ivs.  3-cloft,  witli  lance-linear,  cut- 
toothod  soxm.,  upper  ull  linear  or  tiiKuiiii,  clustered,  obtuse,  entire;  ped.  longer 
tiiau  liic  Iva. ;  lidrf.  very  small,  globular;  invol.  not  distrnjuuihable  from  Vie  entire 
ncaka. —  U  TiillahaMoo  (Mettaucr)  to  Apalaehicolu  (Cliaptnan).  St.  10  to  20' 
long,     lldrt.  2  '  diain.  (E.  gracilo  Baldw.) 

4  B.  arom^tloum  Baldw.  Lvs.  pinnate  segm.  cuspidate,  miire,  cartilaginous  along 
the  margin,  tlio  3  upper  more  distant  and  conspicuous;  lrt«.  of  the  invol.  about 
6,  3-clelc;  lids,  globous,  long-j)fdunculate  ;  foales  tricuspidate. — 1(  In  dry  pino 
barrens,  Fla.  Sts.  9  U)  18'  long,  u.ssurgont,  beset  with  tho  short  (1 )  bristly,  pin- 
nate iva.    Hd.s.  many,  0  to  8  "  diara.    Aug. — Nov. 

5  B.  vlrgAtum  Lam.  Lvs.  oval  or  ohlonj,  thin,  alruptly  petiolate,  dentate-serratf, 
tho  upper  caulino,  8ul)Sc8Hilo ;  invol.  of  0  to  8  linear  lvs.,  longer  than  tiie  de- 
pressed, gloi)HU3  lids.;  scales  tricuspidate. — %  Wet  pino  l)arren8,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
UD'I  La.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  simple  or  cymcusly  l>ranchcd  witli  slender,  virgat* 
branches,    lids.  5'' diam.    Fla.  pale  blue  or  white.    Jl.— Sept.    (E.  ovalifolium  Mx.) 

6  E.  Virgini^num  Lam.  Lvs.  linear-UnveolaUi,  uncinately  serrate,  tapering  to 
boti)  ends;  invol.  of  7  to  8  linear  Ifta.,  longer  than  tho  lids.,  3-cleft  orB{)inous-dcn- 
tato;  scaler  tricuspidato. — %  Marwhos,  N.  J  (Kov.  J.  llolton)  to  (Jhio  and  La. 
St.  hollow,  3  to  4f  high,  branched  above.  Lvs.  G  to  10  by  5  to  10' ,  upper  ones 
much  smaller.  Ilda.  numerous,  less  than  1'  in  length.  Fla.  pab  blue,  or  nearly 
white.    Jl.,  Aug.  (E.  aquaticum  Mx.) 

7  E.  Mettafieri.  Tall,  simple,  erect ;  lvs.  linear,  few,  distinctly  dent-acrrate,  con- 
sisting oliictly  of  tho  JlitiUar,  inflated,  membranous  midvein,  jointed  by  transverse, 
partitions  within  and  narrowly  whiged  by  tho  lamina ;  bracts  of  tho  invol.  8  t  > 
JO,  silvery  above,  Lmger  than  tho  head,  witii  long,  cuspidate  teeth ;  scales  tri- 
cuspidato.—'4-  In  wet  places,  Newport,  Fla.  (Mettaucr.)  Tho  tallest  of  our  ape- 
ciea,  often  Cf  high.  Its  characteristic,  hoUow-joinlod  lvs.  are  12  to  20'  long, — 
Allied  to  E.  Virginiauum  Lam. 

5.  POLYTAE'NIA,  DC.  (Or.  ttoXv^,  many,  ratvia,  vittco.)  Calyx 
limb  5-toothc(l  ;  pctnis  with  a  lonjr  inlle.xcd  point;  fruit  oval,  glabrous, 
Icnticularly  compressed  on  the  back,  with  a  thickened,  corky  inarfriu  ; 
ribs  obscure  or  obsolete ;  comini.ssuro  Avith  4  to  G  vittcO; ;  seeds  plano- 
convex.— A  smooth  lierb,  with  bipinnately  divided  lvs.  Invol.  0.  In- 
vohiccl  of  setaceous  bracts. 

P.  Nuttdllii  DC.  Prairiea  and  barrens,  W.  States?,  etc.  St.  furrowed,  scabrous  or 
nearly  amooth.  Lower  lvs.  on  long  petioles,  segm.  inciaely  toothed,  upper  one.H 
3-cleft,  lobes  entire  or  with  lateral  teeth.  Umbels  terminal  and  opposite  tho  lvs.. 
about  2'  broad.  Fruit  largo  (3"  long)  tumid  and  smooth,  with  a  thick,  corky 
pericarp,  and  tho  flavor  of  turpentine.    May, 

6.  PASTINA'CA,  Toum.  Parsnip.  (Lat.  joas/ws,  food  or  repast; 
from  the  nutritive  properties  of  the  root.)  Calyx  limb  5-toothed  ; 
petals  broad-lanceolate,  with  a  long  inilexed  point ;  fruit  much  com- 
pressed, oval,  with  a  broad  margin ;  carpels  with  5  nearly  obsolete 
ribs ;  intervals  with  single  vittae ;  carpophore  2-parted  ;  seeds  flat. — 
(D  Kt.  fusiform.  Invol.  mostly  0;  involucels  0  or  few-leaved.  FIs.  yel- 
low. (Includes  our  genera  8,  9,  and  31,  according  to  Benth.  «feHook.) 
P.  aativa  L.    Lvs.  pinnate,  downy  beneath,  Ifts.  oblong,  inciaely  toothed,  tho  upper 

one  3-lobed.— Grows  wild  abundantly  in  fields,  by  fiencea,  etc.  Tho  root  is  fusi- 
form, large,  sweet  flavored,  esculent,  as  every  one  knows,  in  its  cultivated  state, 
but  iu  its  w  ild  slate  becomes  liard,  acrid  and  poisonous,  and  much  dwindled  iiv 
size.  St.  3f  iiigh,  erect,  furrowed,  smooth,  branching.  Umbels  largo,  terminal. 
FIs.  yellow,  small.    Fr.  large,  flat.    JL  §  | 

7.  HERAC'LEUN,  L.  Cow  Parsnip.  (Named  after  the  hero //er- 
cules ;  it  being  a  rank,  robust  plant.)  Calyx  limb  of  5  small,  acute 
ieeth  ;  petals  obcordate,  with  the  point  inflexed,  often  radiant  in  th« 


380 


Ordeb  63.— UMBELLiPERvB. 


cx,  nor  flowers,  and  apparently  deeply  2-cleft. ;  fruit  comnrc^scd  fl.^ 
v,th  a  broad,  flat  margin,  and  3  obtuL,  dorsal  Hbs  to  eS^cu  n  ^  in' 

S   /' -^  ^'"g'«/'^^?  r^^  fiat.-.StoutLerbswithL'oSmbes 
Invol.  deciduous.     Involucels  many-leaved  °    "'notJs. 

looking  piaiu  in  moist  cultivated  grounds      Sts  about  7h^      H'^r^r'  "'^''T 
branching,  with  SDroadinc?  h-iir>.      T^ra  ,!  ,    i  ,       "'^'  *^"'''*''  burrowed, 

or  tuo  outer  fls.  unequally  enlarged  (radiate).    j^^^^^P'^ '^^  *'^t-«*»-''Pea.  ^>^l"t.,  those 
8.  ARCHEMO^RA,  DC.     (A  hndM  name  from  Archemnrus  wbo 
accorchug  to  n.ythoiogy,   died    from  swallowing  a  bee      TaTx   imb 
o-toothed;  petals  obeordate  with  an  inflexed  point;  fru  ^vaflen  c 
lar,  compressed  on  the  back  ;  carpds  with  5  ribs,  marginal  one  '1^1" 

:::&"'7f  t'o  ^'^ti^^^^  --tt.-.,  commissure  with  r:^^ 

seeds  flat.- 2^   Invol.  0  or  tew-leaved.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

La.    St  2  to  4f  high,  slender  terete      Tt>q  9  fn  r  ufo^.^n'  *"'^' "  ^°.  ^''*-  ^^'^ 
in  the  sa.e  p,an^    U.bels'  2^3,  o^t^n^.L^y  ^^^  '  pSsT4r  F? 

?  AMmr    a'     Tftfr^'r  ^°  ^^  PO'sonoua.     ((Enanthe  >futt.) 

SaPlaS  i'tV:[aetarsnTp    "^^^  ^"'  ^°^^°^°^  ^^  ^^^^  -^^  ^'' ^^" 

Cah:x"mb^M^T,^'^  ^P-,     ^'^^  ^f^-   ^^■^^^-«-'  -^  Iliodelburg.) 
Cal)xumb  5-toothed;  petals  roundish  ovate ;  fruit  flattened  dorsalTv 

the   f  >.;i  '"'^    '  'T'-'  '^1".'^''  ^''^''^'•'"  "^^'  ^''^  ^'^t^'^'^l  coalesc    g  w 
the  broad,  margmal  wings ;  intervals  with  single  lar^c   vitta?   commi. 
surn  n-,th  2;  seed  flat.-2i  Sn.ooth,  tall,  slend'Lr.     if,.    Sed  to  f  ' 
tular-jon,ted  phyllodia.     Involucra  subulate,  6  to  G-lvd.     Fls  white 

""■^^^  ;y-4M;is.^  t;;^ltf^^"rf  ^'K^'  ^'^r^  -""•  -■'-^• 

di.k  dark  brow.,  not  wide?  tluuT tL'^i^o wish'^^bgs.  'lu^  ^."^  "  ^""'^'' 
10.  ANGEL'ICA,  L.     (Named  for  its  excellencies.)     Calyx  teetli  ob- 
8o  etc;  petals    anceolate,  acuminate;    fruit  dorsall/ comnrelse^l     car 
pe Is  5-nbbed,  the  3  dors-d  ribs  filiform,  the  2   marginal  win'ed   'in  e 
vals  with  smgle  v.tt.e;  carpophore  2-partcd  ;  seed  semiterete.-I  J"  b 
or  tnterna te,  sessde,  umbels  tormMutl.     Invol.  0  or  few-leaved      1  vdu-' 
eels  many-leaved.  invuiu 

11.  ARCHANGEL'ICA,  Hoffn..  A^okuc.  (Named  for  its  pre- 
emmence  m  s.zc'and  nrtues.)  Calyx  teeth  short  ;^  pet.Ls  elliptical,^ 
t.re,  lanceolate,  acummate,  with  the  point  inflexed  ;  fruit  dorsally  ^onv 
pressed  w>th  3  carmate,  thick  ribs  u^on  each  carpel,  and  2  Xh  .1 
ones  dilated  mto  membranous  wings;  seed  loose  in  the  rrpe  cal'pd 


Order  63,— TJMBELLIFER^. 


381 


covered  with  vittae.-2r  Petioles  usually  large,  inflated  and  3-parted. 
L  mbels  perfect.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

•  Involucels  less  than  hiilf  the  Iciiorth  of  the  pedicels  v     ^ 

Involucels  about  as  long  OS  pedicds.-Fruit  broadly  winged"". Nos  oil 

—Fruit  scarcely  winged '.'.'.".'.'.'.*.'. '.'.'.*.".".'.'. . .  jJoTs 

1  A.  atropurpiirea  noflfm  St.  dark  purple,  furrowed;  petioles  3.parted  tho 
d>v  dions  qmna  e,  Ifts.  mc.sely  toothed,  odd  leaflet  of  the  t^^rmlnal  divisions  rhom- 
boidaU-^ssile  the  others  decurreut;  iavohicels  of  short,  setaceous  bracts.-Ami 
the  largest  of  the  U.nbelhfene  well  known  for  its  aromatic  properties,  common"^ 
fields  and  meadows,  N.  and  W.  St^ites.  St.  4  to  6f  high,  1  to  2i'  in  tSnei 
smooth  hollow,  glaucous^  Petio'es  large,  inflated,  channeled  on  the  upper  «do' 
with  mflatod  sheaths  a  base.  Terminal  1ft.  sometimes  3-lobed.  Umbels  spheri- 
cal 6  to  8  d.am.,  mo.tly  puberulent.  Fr.  3"  long,  winged.  Jn.  lis.  greenish 
white,    (xingehca  tnqumata  Mx.)  c,.  bit.^uisii 

2  A  hirsiita  Torr.  k  (ir.  St.  striate,  the  summit  with  the  umbels  tomentous-hir- 
sute;  Ivs.  bipinnately  divided,  tho  dividoris  quinate,  B3gm.  oblong,  acutish,  tho 
upper  pair  connate,  but  not  decurrent  at  base.— Dry  woods  N  York  to  Car  St 
simple  erect  straight,  3  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  on  petioles  from'  6  to  10'  long-  ifts  1 
to  2^  long,  \  as  wide,  mostly  ovate-oblong,  often  tapering  at  bape.  Umbels  3  or 
4,  on  ong,  velvety  peduncles,  2  to  4' broad ;  rays  unequal,  spreading,  densely 
tomentous.  Invol.  a.  Involucels  of  4  to  6  bracts,  about  as  long  as  the  rays 
Jl.,  Aug.     (Angelica  Mx.)  °  ^ 

3  A.  officiuaiia  IIofTm.  Gardek  Angelica.  St.  smooth,  round,  sMate  • 
Ivs.  pinnately  divided  into  lobato,  subcordato,  acutely  serrate  segments  the  ter- 
minal one  3-lobed ;  sheaths  largo  and  sa«cato.— Said  to  be  native  in  Labrador 
Cultivated  m  gardens  occasionally  tor  tho  sake  of  tho  stalks,  which  are  to  be 
llanciied  and  cateu  as  celery.  J  (Angelica  Linn.) 
4  A.  dent^ta  Chapman.  Very  slender,  finely  striate,  with  slender  peiioles ;  lower 
Ivs.  hr8t  ternate,  then  tern ato  or  quinate,  with  lance-ovate,  coarsely  and  remotely 
toothed,  veiny  segm.,  moro  or  less  confluent;  umbels  few-rayed,  with  pcarcelvr 
any  involucre;  involncel  4  to  6-leaved,  about  equaling  the  pedicels;  fr.  broad- 
rn^ul  broadly  winged -Bainbridgo,  Ga.  (Misses  Keeti),  Quincy,  Fia.  (Chapman.) 
Plant  2  to  3f  high.     Fr.  1^"  long.     Jl.,  Aug.  ' 

^  '^'  j?®.^®S^^"^  ^"^"tt.  St.  striate,  pubescent  at  summit ;  lvs.  ternately  divided 
the  divisions  qumato,  segm.  incisely  serrate:  umbel  with  many  slender  rays •  inl 
vol.  0;  involucelsof  many  Ifts.,  as  long  as  the  umbellets  ;  fr.  with  obtuse,  suieouaL 
s:arcehj  winged  nbs.—Sca  coast,  ilu.  and  Mass.     (Pickering.) 

12.  DAUTUS,  Tonrn.  Carrot.  (AaDKo^,  the  ancient  Greek  name 
of  the  rarro^)  Calyx  limb  5 -toothed  ;  petals  emarginatc,  with  an  in- 
fleeted  point,  the  2  outer  often  largest  and  deeply  2-cleft ;  fruit  oblong- 
carpiils  with  5  primary,  bristly  ribs,  antl  4  secondary,  the  latter  more 
prominent,  winged,  and  divided  each  into  a  sinsrlo  row  of  prickles,  and 
having  single  vitta)  beneath;  carpophore  entire,  free.— ig,  Invol.' pin- 
natilid.     Involucels  of  entire  or  3-cleft  bracts.     Central  fl.  abortive. 

1  D.  Carota  L.  Gt.  liispid;  petioles  veined  beneatli ;  lus.  tripinnate  or  tripin- 
iiatihd,  the  segm.  linear,  cuspidate-pointed;  u.nbels  dense,  concave.— Tlie  w^rd 
kar  ill  Celtic  signifles  red,  henco  carrot.  Naturalized  in  lields  and  by  roadsides 
abundant  n  tl;o  Mid.  States.  Rt.  fusiform.  St.  2  to  3f  higli,  branching.  Lvs' 
numerouH,  divided  in  a  thrice  pinnatifld  manner,  pale  green.  Umbels  large  and 
very  compact,  with  whito  fl.-t.  bloomincr  all  tho  summer.  Cultivation  has  Dto- 
diiced  several  varieties.     Jl.— Sept.  §  | 

2  D.  pusflhts  M.v.  St.  slender,  retrorf:ely  scabrous-hispid  ;  ;/fe.  pubescent,  hipin- 
natifid,  divisions  deeply  lobod  with  linear-oblonq,  merely  acute  segm. ;  invol  hivin- 
natifid;  fr.  muricato  with  bnrbed  prickles. —Dry  soils,  Savannah  (Pond)  to  S.  Car. 
and  La.  Sta.  6  to  18'  high.  Umbels  small,  an  inch  or  two  broad,  enveloped  in 
tho  many-cleft  involucre.     Sda.  smaller  than  in  tho  Carrot. 


.•}82 


OaDEB  63.— UMBELLIFER^ 


f 


13.  BUPLEU'RUn,  Tourn.  Modesty.  Thorough-wax.  (Gr.  jSoCf, 
ati  ox,  nXevpbv,  a  rib  ;  from  the  veiiiocl  leaves  of  some  of  the  species) 
Calyx  inurgin  obsolete;  petals  somcwliat  orbicular,  entire,  with  ii 
broatl,  closely  niflexed  point;  fruit  laterally  compressed;  carpels  5- 
nbbed,  lateral  ones  marginal;  seed  teretely  convex;  flattish  on  tlie 
face.— Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  mostly  reduced  to  entire  phyllo- 
dia.     Invol.  various.     Fls.  yellow. 

B  rotundifolium  L.  Lvs.  (phyllodia)  roundisli-ovate,  entire,  perfoliate ;  invol 
0;  inyolufols  of  5,  ovato,  raucronato  bracts;  fr.  with  vltv  slender  ribs,  intervals 
smooth,  mostly  without  vittffi.-<DIn  cultivated  grounds  and  fields;  N.  Y,  Penn 
and  Ind.,  rare.  St.  If  or  more  high,  branching.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long:  4  aa  wide 
rounded  at  bfuio,  acute  at  apex,  very  smooth.  Umbels  5  to  9-rayed.  Involucela 
longer  than  the  urabellcts.  Fr.  crowned  with  the  wax-like,  shining  base  of  the 
styles  (stylopodium.)    JL,  Aug. 

^  14.  ANETHUM,  Tourn.  Dill.  Fenxel.  (Gr.  a?0a),  to  burn  ;  the 
pianc  ^ics  seeds)  is  very  stimulating.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  petals 
involute,  witli  a  broa(],  rotusc  apex  ;  fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  sub- 
compressed  ;  carpels  with  6  obaise  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  marginal  •  i-i- 
tervals  with  single  vittro,  commissure  with  2.— Umbels  perfect,  witJi  no 
invol.  or  involueels.     Fls.  yellow. 

^■h  "?■•  6^*:»^^olen3  L.  Dill.  Fr.  elliptical,  compressed,  surrounded  by  a  flat 
dilated  margin ;lv.l.  tripinnate,  segm.  capillary;  umbels  on  long  stalks.— Native 
ot^  b.  luiropo.     The  oval,  flat,  brown  seeds  are  aromatic,  pungent,  and  medici- 

2  A.  PoBii£culum  L.  Fennel.  Lvs.  Uternately  dissected,  scgm.  linear-subu- 
late elongated;  rays  of  the  umbel  numerous,  unequal,  spreading;  carp,  tun/id 
ovate-oblong.-Nativo  of  England,  Ac.  Cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  3  to  5f  hiLdi' 
terete,  branched.  Lvs.  largo  and  smooth,  fuioly  cleft  into  numerous,  very  nar- 
jyw^ segments.     Jl.-Tho  seeds  are  wannly  aromatic.     $  (Fa-niculum  vulgare 

„,  *^-  THAS'PIUM,  Nutt.  Golden  Alexanders.  (From  the  Isle  of 
llLispia,  which  gave  name  to  the  ancient  allied  genus  Thapsia  )  Calyx 
margin  5-toothed  ;  petals  elliptic,  with  an  inflexed  point;  fruit  ollip- 
tical,  compressed  laterally  and  didymous  ;  carpels  convex,  with  5  pro- 
inmcnt  or  winged  ribs,  the  lateral  margined ;  intervals  with  sinrde 
vittae.— 2:  Umbels  without  an  invol.  Involucels  3-leaved,  lateral.  Fls 
yellow  or  dark  purple. 

M-<'nves  1  or  2-tornafo,  the  rndicfil  often  simple v„.   i    o 

!«  Loaves  tlinco  temate;  stem  otYoii  imbescent  at  the  nodes.' .'." Nos  8   i 

1  T.  ajireum  Nutt.  Lvs.  moslly  hiternate,  Ifls.  thin,  oval-lanceolak';"sharply  serrate; 
umbek^s  with  short  rays;  r.  oblongoval,  lO-winged—llills  and  meailows,  U. 
h.  and  Can.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  branching  above,  rather  slender,  erect,  hollow, 
angular-furrowed,  smooth.  Lower  lvs.  on  long  petioU-s,  the  Ifts.  -.vith  coarse  ser- 
raturos  and  sometimes  quumte,  the  very  lowest  one  sometimes  simple.  Umbels 
about  2  broad,  of  10  lo  15  rays,  the  umbellcts  dense.  Fls.  numerous,  orange- 
yellow.  Fr.  oval,  brown.  Rt.  black,  tufted.  Jn.  ^ 
ti.  APTEBUSi  Gray,  Fr.  with  sharp  and  prominent  ribs,  not  winged  fSmvr- 
nmm  auroum  h.     Zizia  auroum  Koch.)                                        o         \      . 

^  5'..°°/^^*"°*  ^'^"-  ^^«'''''^«'  ^«'«-  ^^mple,  cordate,  crenate,  cauline  ones  temate, 
at.:.kfcd  segm.  acute,  serrate;  umbela  terminal;  tr.  roundish  oval,  G-winged.— 
Shady  hills  and  barrens,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  raro  in  N.  Eng.  St.  erect,  slightlr 
branched  smooth,  2  to  3f  high.  Rt.  lvs.  on  long  stalks,  roundish,  heart-sh.aped, 
w  H.  ,Ln  "h  •  ^T'T^.  only  .3-parted  above,  all  light  green.  Umbels  dense, 
IT  ^  »f  '^  T  -^o'  ^'"^.'^'  °^"''  ^'''"'  '^  prominent,  paler,  winged  ridges  on  each 
wde.     May,  Jn.     (Smyrmum  cordatum  Mx.    Zizia  cordatum  DC ) 


Order  63.— UMBELLIPERyE.  393 

/3.  ATROPTJRPUREUM.     Fls.  dark  purple.— N.  Y.  to  Tonn.  (Thapsia  trifoliata  L ) 
oordatTKodO  '  ^'*^  prominent  sharp  ribs,  scarcely  winged  (Zizia 

3  T.  barbindde  Nutt.  Si.  pubescent  at  the  nodes;  lower  Ivs.  triternate  upnor 
biteruate,  segm.  cuueate-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  and  inciaelv  sor- 
rate  entire  towards  the  baae;  umbels  terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves-  fr  efliD- 
tical,  large  (3  long),  6-wiP-ed.— River  banks,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  2  to  3f  hi.'h 
angular  and  grooved,  branching  above.  Lvs.  smooth,  upper  ones  8ub-oppo,si°e ;' 
segai.  1  o  2'  by  J  to  1^'.  llaya  about  2'  long,  each  about  20  ilowered.  Potab 
deep  yellow.     Jn. 

4  T.  pinnatlfidura  Gray.     St.  rough  puberulent  above;  lvs.  thrice  temate,  the 
upper  biternato  and  ternato,  Ifts.  pinnatijid  with  linear  or  oblong  segm.;  fr  oblontr 

;L"Sdf'ZcS^;"""^'    '""°^^--"^"°°'''  ^'-  ""  ^-  ^-- -' W:  Car.  (ZizS 

16.  ZIZ'IA,  Koch.  Golden  Alexanders.  (Dedicafed  to  7.  B  Zh 
a  lihciush  botanist.)  Caly.x  margin  obsolete;  petals  carinatc,  apex 
aoiinnuate,  inHoxod ;  fr.  oval,  contracted  at  the  co.nmissurc  and  didv- 
iiious;  carpels  with  5  slightly  prominent  ribs;  intervals  with  3  vitti 
conimissure  with  4  ;  carpophore  2-parted ;  seeds  terete  or  5-anded  — 
n  Smooth  erect,  glaucous.  Lvs.  bi  or  tri-ternate,  Ifts.  entire.  Umbels 
pertecf,  with  no  involucre  or  involncels.     Fls.  yellow. 

Z  intee^rrima  DC.  Rocky  woods,  etc.  Mich.,  N.  T,  to  Ga.  '  Plant  1  to  2f  or  more 
high,  readily  recognized  by  its  entire  leaflets,  which  are  oblong  and  ovate  1'  or 
more  in  length,  potiolato.  Kays  of  the  umbel  very  slender,  2  to  3'  lon^  'about 
13  in  number,  with  minute  involucels  or  none.     May— Jl 

17.  SCAN'DIX,  L.     Venus'  Comb.     (Gr.  anico,  to  prick ;  on  account 
of  Its  sharp  seeds :)  Calyx  limb  obsolete;  petals  obovate  and  oblono- 
undivided,  more  or  less  unequal;  fruit  laterally  compressed  or  iiearfv 
terete,  attenuated  into  a  beak  which  is  longer  than  the  seed  ;  carpels 

with  5  obtuse,  ecpial  ribs,  vitta)  0,  or  scarcely  any (T)  or  ©  Lvs.  finely 

dissected,     lavol.  0.     Livolucel  5  to  Y-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

S.  apicuMta  Willd.  Slender,  with  slender  branches  and  long  petioles  on  inflated 
slieaths;  the  pinn.-B  3  or  4  remote  pairs  dichotomously  decompound ;  ultimata 
segm  acute;  umbels  about  .1 -rayed;  bracts  of  the  involucel  lance-ova  to,  2  or  3- 
cuspidate;  pet  oblong;  fr.  beak  long,  slender,  forked  at  apex  with  the  sty-\ 
curious  plant  found  near  Savannah  (Feay),  inucli  resembling  the  S.  pecten  of 
Lurope.     Sts.  12  to  18' high.     Pr.  9"  long.  o.  ptcien  01 

18.  OSMORHrZA,  Kaf.  Sweet  Cicely.  (Gr.  da^fj,  perfume,  pi^a, 
root;  from  the  anisate,  aromatic  root.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete;  petals 
oblotig  nearly  entire,  the  cuspidate  point  inflexed ;  styles  conical  at 
base;  bint  linear,  very  long,  clavate,  attenuate  at  base;  carpels  with  5 
c<liia!,  acute,  bristly  ribs;  intervals  without  vittai ;  commissure  Avitli  a 
deep,  bristly  chamiel.—  ?^  Lvs.  biternately  divided,  with  the  umbels 
opposite.     Ln  ol.  few-leaved  ;  involucels  4  to  7-leaved.     Fls  wlrte 

^  W;,orC^u.*^tnVn^^"l  /t /•''?''"■'  r''^^  "'  .'""^  ^^  '^''  '""'y-'   f'--   '^l'^V"'«- 
w  00,13,  tan.  to  \  a.,  1  to  3f  high,  with  inconspicuous  umbels  of  wliite  flowers. 

I  .  brancimig,  fleshy,  of  an  agreeable,  spicy  flavor.  St.  erect,  branching  abov^ 
oa.ly  smooth.  Lv.s.  many  decompoun.l,  the  ultimate  divisions  often  pinnate,' 
Ifts  irregularly  divided,  the  lobos  broadlv  ovate,  slightly  i-,<!he=cent  Luolucr  4 
of  linear  bracts  longer  than  the  rays.  Pr.  blackisi^,  an^  ilcMn  1  ngtl  rowned 
with  the  slender  persistent  styles.  May,  Jn.  (Fig.  207.) 
2  O.  brevfstylis  DC.  Sty.  conical,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  ovary 
fr.  somewhat  lapermg  at  the  summit.-Common  in  woods,  Can.  to  Pcnn  W  t^ 

hke  IhX  ort'llnf  ''^  "•"'  i  "'"  '^T'^''^'  '.'"*  ^''"  '•""^  is'destitute  of  the  anise- 
Jiko  flavor  of  that  species,  being  disagreeable  to  the  taste.    The  plant  is  more 


384 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 


liaiiy  and  w  th  more  deeply  cleft  divrlsions  in  the  leaves.  Invol.  deciduons. 
Umbela  with  long,  diverging  rays,  of  which  but  few  prove  fertile.  Fr.  crowned 
with  short,  convergent  (not  spreading)  styles.     May,  Jn 

19.  CHiEROPHYL'LUM.  L.  Calyx  limb  obsolete ;  petals  obovate 
emargmate,  point  inflexed ;  fruit  laterally  compressed,  contracted  above' 
but  scarcely  beaked ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs ;  intervals  with 
2  vittae,  co.mnissure  deeply  sulcate.— Lvs.  2  to  3-pinnately  divided 
segmmcisely  cleft  or  toothed.  Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved ;  involucel 
many-leaved.     Fls.  mostly  white. 

1  C.  procumbens  Lam.  Decumbent  or  assurgent,  nearly  glabrous:  seam  of 
the  lvs.  pmnatitid,  with  oblong,  obtuse  lobes;  umbel's  diffuse,  few-flow'eredoftei 
simple,  sessile  or  pedunculate;  invol.  0;  involucels  of  3  or  4  verv  small  oval  l£ 

nJ'"X  i'''T^^''^Q/''/?^''"r''"''''^''«"  i,,e  ««fenafe.-a)  or" @;  Moist  woodV 
Oh.o,  Clark)  Ky.  (Short)  to  S.  Ca.  Sts.  1  to  2f  long,  pubescent  when  young  dif! 
fuse,  slender  Sogra  of  the  lys.  rather  open,  about  4''  by  1".  Eays  1  to  4  1  o 
4-flowored,  about  2'  long.     Apr.  May.     (Scandix  procumbens  L.)       '  '°  *'  ^  ^° 

2  C.  Tainturieri  Hook  and  Am.  Decumbent  or  erect;  lvs.  tripinnate  seam 
crowed,  again  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifld,  ultimate  segm.  very  smaU^long; acZ- 
fr.  attenuated  to  a  sliort  beak;  ribs  terete,  much  broader  than  the  intervahTi 
Ga.  (Feay,  Pond)  to  Ala.  and  La.  (flale).  Plant  10  to  20'  high,  smooth  when 
old.  Lvs.  very  finely  dissected,  ultimate  segm.  only  1"  long  Fr.  nearlT? 
long,  brown  and  smootl I  when  ripe.  "  . -^  e-     i^i.  ueany  4 

20.  CONIOSELrWUM,  Fisch.  (Name  compounded  of  Conium  and 
Sehnum.)  Calyx  teeth  obsolete;  petals  obovate,  with  an  inflected 
point ;  truit  compressed  on  the  back  ;  carpels  with  5-winged  ribs,  lateral 
ones  niaroinal  and  much  the  broadest ;  intervals  with  1  to  3  vittse 
commissure  vyith  4  to  8.—^  Smooth.  St.  hollow.  Lvs.  on  very  laiW 
inflated  petioles.     Invol.  various  ;  involucels  5  to  7-leaved.  ' 

^■.v^^"^^^'^^?  Torr.  and  Gr.  Lvs.  temately  divided,  divisions  bipinnate,  with 
oWong-hnear  lobes;  invol.  0,  or  2  to  3-leaved ;  fr.  oblong-oval ;  vitt.3  solitary  u 
the  dorsal  intervals,  2  to  3  in  the  lateral-In  wet  woods.  Me   to  Wis.,  but  no" 

3r--H^V'  *°  '  ,^'^'\  ^'^-  ""'^'^  compounded,  the  ultimato  segments  pS 
natifid  with  Imear-oblong  lobes.  Umbels  compound.  Pet.  white,Spreadbg 
Sty.  slender,  diverging.     Fr.  about  2"  long.     Aug.  Sept.  P'^umfc- 

21.  LIGUS'TICUM,  L.  Lovage.  (One  species  was  said  to  be  native 
ot  Liguna.)  Calyx  teeth  minute  or  obsolete  ;  petals  obovate,  emarmn- 
ate,  with  an  mflcxcd  point;  fruit  nearly  terete,  or  slightly  compressed 
laterally;  carpels  sharply  5-ribbed,  with  numerous  vittaj— 2j:  Lvs  ter- 
nately  divided.     Invol.  many-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

1  L.  Scdticum  L.  Sea  Lovage.  Glabrous;  st.  lvs.  biternate,  the  upper  ones 
ternate;  lateral  Ifts.  oblique,  cut-dentate,  the  terminal  one  rhomboid;  iracte  of 
th^  invol.  numerous,  hnear.-Fr.  narrowly  oblong.-Sea  coast.  .  Rt.  thick,  tapering, 
bt.  a  foot  higli,  nearly  simple,  striate,  smooth.  Lvs.  petiolate.  Lfts  J  to  2 A'  lonf' 
(lark  green,  smootii  and  shining,  entire  at  base,  serrate  above.  Fr.  4  to  5"  lone 
Jl.     g  i*^ur.  "■ 

^  J^;p^°*ift^^^*"'?  ?^''  ANOELtco.  Glabrous;  lvs.  triternate,  witli  ovate,  dent- 
sorratc  Uts.;  umbels  numerous,  forming  a  whorled  panicle  or  a  triply  compound 
umbel ;  tnvol.  and  involucels  of  about  3  short,  ovate-subulate  /w— Topsfield  and 
Scitua  e,  Mass.  (Oakes  Russel),  on  Lookout  Mt.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  Plant  3  to 
01  nigii.  Ltts  2  to  3  long,  distinct,  abrupt  at  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex, 
veiny  Umbels  on.  long,  vertieiliate  peda,  terminal  one  abortive.  Fr.  short,  witli 
the  ribs  distinctly  winged.     May— Jl. 

22.  ERIGENrA,  Nutt.  Pe;pper-and  salt.— (Gr.  rjpiytveia,  daughter 
of  the  early  spring;  for  its  early  flowering.)  Calyx Jimb  obsolete; 
petals  flat,  entire ;  fruit  contracted  at  the  commissure ;  carpels  3-ribbed, 


OaDBB  63.-.UMBELLIFER^. 


385 


ovato-reniform.— 2r  Rt.  tuberous.    Radical  If.  triternately  decompound 

Involucrate  Ivs.  solitary,  biternately  compound.     Involucels  of  3  to  0 

entire,  linear-spatulate  bracts. 

B  bulbdsa  Nutt  A  small,  early-flowering  herb,  shady  banks,  -Western  N.  T 
to  Ohu>  and  Mo  Plant  4  to  6'  high,  from  a  round  tuber  deep  in  the  ground.' 
with  2  to  4  Ivs,  the  lower  one  radical,  numerously  divided,  the  divisions  inciselv 
cleft  into  narrow  segments;  the  upper  ones  bract-hke,  similarly  divided,  each 
subtending  a  3-rayed  umbel  of  white  fls,  with  dark  purple  or  brownish  aAthera 
(hence  the  odd  popular  name).     March,  Apr. 

23.  EU'LOPHUS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  ev,  true,  A6(;&of,  crest ;  application  not  ap- 
parent.)   Calyx  hmb  6-tt)othed,  deciduous;  petals  obovate,  emarL'inate 
with  a  long  inflexed  point;  fruit  contracted  laterally,  somewhat  double- 
carpels  surrounded  with  large  vittje,  4  in  the  comtnissure,  ribs  obsolete  ' 
seed  channelled  on  the  inner  face.— 2j:  Tall,  slender,  smooth,  with  dis! 
sected  Ivs.     Invol.  nearly  0.     Involucel  setaceous.— Fls.  white. 
E.  Americana  Nutt.    Near  Columbus,  Ohio  (SuUivantl  to  Teun.    St  round 
striate,  3  to  4f  high      Lvs.  biternately  divided,  the  segm.  lance-linear,  1'  long 
acute;  upper  lvs.  of  3  long,  entire  segm.     Umbels  long-stalked,  8  or  io-raved 
Fr.  as  large  as  caraway.     JL  o  ,  ojrcu. 

24.  CONrUM,  L.  Poison  Hemlock.  (Gr.  K(::)veiov,  hemlock,  from 
Kwvog,  a  top ;  because  it  causes  dizziness.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  pet- 
als obeordate,  with  an  acute,  inflected  point;  fruit  ovate,  laterally  com, 
pressed;  carpels  with  5,  acute,  equal,  undulate  crenulate  ribs,  lateral 
ones  marginal;  intervals  without  vittae;  seeds  with  a  deep  narrow 
groove  on  the  face.— <D  Poisonous  herbs.  Lvs.  decompound.  Invol 
and  involucels  3  to  5-leaved,  the  latter  unilateral.     Fls,  white. 

^'J^^^^^^V""^  ^-     St.  spotted;  lvs.  tripinnate;   Ifts.  lanceolate,  pinnatifld;  fr. 
smooth.-Grow3m  waste  grounds,  way-sides.     A  well  known  poisonous  plant 

spots  Tho  lower  lvs.  are  very  largo,  several  times  pinnate,  bright  green,  Sn  loZ 
shea  hmg  footsta  ks.  Umbels  terminal,  the  invol.  of  6  to  8  lanceolate  b  acts^  t^o 
.nvolucels  with  the  mner  half  wanting.     Fls.  small,  white.     Fr.  with  undulate  o? 

sTmScint  'T^rr^^"^' '  ''^''''''''' ''''  -''^^ 

Jh}^oY^^  J;'u^  ^f^^  Hemlock.  (A  Latin  name  used  by  Vir- 
gil (Eel.  2d  and  5th),  but  of  unknown  application.)  Calyx  margin  of  5 
broad  segments;  petals  obeordate,  the  points  inflected;  fruit  subdo- 
bous,  didy. nous  ;  carpels  with  5  flattish,  equal  ribs,  2  of  them  marginal; 
intervals  filled  with  single  vittaj,  commissure  with  2  vittae  ;  carpophorJ 
^-parted;  seeds  terete.— 2|:  Aquatic  poisonous  herbs.  Leaves  com 
pound  Stems  hollow.  Umbels  perfect.  Invol.  few  k-xved  or  0  In- 
voiucela  many  leaved.     Flowers  white. 

1  C.  macuUta  L.  St  streaked  with  purple;  lower  lvs.  tritemate  and  auinato- 
upper  b.ternate;  segments  lanceolaie,  mucronately  serrate;  umbefs  erminal  am, 
ax|Uary  -Common  m  wet  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  S  .  3-6fhiJh  smooth 
striate,  jointed,  hollow,  glaucous,  branched  above.  Lfts.  or  segm  l--f  ion^^ 
*  wide,  finely  serrate,  the  veins  mostly  running  to  the  notches  rarelv  to  7h^ 
pomts;  umbels  rather  nnmfirou«  n°W   "— v  hr-„j      r_"  ,'^"^f'  ™re'y  _to  tho 

narrow,  acute  bracts.    Yr.  ir  diam.iW^ib^edrrownrd'S'ti;:  rr^aS 

^  S««'j"^^f?''*  h'  -^.^'^  ''^^^^  branches  hdbiferous;  lvs.  biternately  divided-  lfts. 

dowl'pTnn  r^^^'sS^^ilf.'-r**^  terminal  and  a..«ary.Iln  wet  i 
uows,  ienn.  to  Can.     Stem  3— 4f  high,  round,  striate,  hollow,  green,  branching. 


386 


Order  68.— UMBELLIFEILE. 


IfaHc  '  ^^T.""^  9"^  "'^^  Konerally  bitemato,  of  the  branches  ternate 

Leafetsor  segroents  2-4'  long,  1-4"  wide,  linear  or  lance-linear  smooth  wm, 
slender  teeth.     Bulb  ets  often  numerous,  opposite,  and  within  the  axila  of  tt 

26.  HELIOSCIAD'IUM,  Koch.     (Gr.  ^og,  a  n.arsh,  OKcddcov,  an  um- 
brella or  umbel.)     Calyx  limb  obscurely  5-tootheci     petals  o  ate,  en 
.  o;  sty  e^  shor  ;  frmt  laterally  compressed,  oval,  not  scaly;  ca  pels 
v,th  5  hhfonn  r,bs,  the  lateral  ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  sinHe^v  ! 
tic ;  carpophore  free,  undivided  ;  seed  plano-convex.— Lvs.  various     T- 
vol.  mostly  none.  Umbels  opposite  the  Ivs.,  mo^ly  sessile.     Fls.  white' 
1  H.  nodlfldrum  Koch,     rrooumbont,  striato;  Ivs.  pinnate,  Ifta  oblonE?  onnqliJ 
fierrato;  umbels  sessile  or  on  short  peduncles  •  invol  0  or  of  1   2  orVLT  ■  ^ 

none;  Ir.  round.8h.-(r  .Savannah  (Feay.  Pond)  to  La.  (Ha  e).    S  s  G^o  2f  S 
Umbds  n.any,  sessile,  often  one,  pedunculate.    lY.  smaller  tLn  a  mustard  S; 

27.  CRYPTOT^E^KIA,  DC.  Hone-wokt.  (Gr.  Kpvnr<.,  to  conceal 
racna,  a  wreath  or  border,  from  the  obselete  border  of  caly'x.)  MarX' 
of  the  calyx  obsohvte ;  petals  with  an  inflexed  point;  fruitlinear-oblo^J 
or  ova  e-oblong,  with  slender  styles;  carpels  with  6  obtuse  ribs:  caroo- 
phorc  free,  2 -parted  ;  vitt.e  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the' ribl^-l 
K  Lvs  J-parted,  lobed  and  toothed.  Umbels  compound,  with  very 
unequal  rays.     Invol.  0.     Involucels  few-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

^'rlS^.fA^tl"?  i\^F-^  ^7f-  ™°°"' '  ^^''-  ««■  ^^S""-  rhomboid-ovate,  distinct  en- 
to  (2  to  .Mobo( .  doubly  serrate,  lateral  ones  oblique  at  base;  um'x  i  nunier- 
ous  regular,  axillary  and  terminal-Common  in  moist  woods  sT.  erect  to 
2f  high.  Lower  petioles  2  to  6'  long,  claspincr  Lfts  3  2  to  'V  lon^  i  t^  o^ 
v..de,  petiolulate  Umbels  paniculate^f  3  to  5^-ery  unequal  nys.  TmLhets 
of  4  to  fa  unequal  pedicels  and  minuto  involucels.  Fls.  fimall  white  Fr^ear  3  ' 
long,  crowned  with  the  straight  styles  i-  as  long.     (Sison,  L) 

28.  ^THU^SA,  L.     Fooi/s  Parslicv.     (Gr.  alOuy,  to  burn  ;  on  ac 

ciinr  ^Jir  "1  r1  ^'""'  <"•  ^globous-ovate;  carpels'with  5  acutely 
ca  mated  nbs,  lateral  ones  marginal,  broader;  intervals  acutely  aixWcd 
with  smgle  vittoB,  comnmsure  with  2.-®  Toisonous  herbs.     Invol  o' 
Involucels  one-sided.     Fls.  white. 

■^ucer-fte  ^n„  ^f  1-  ^''"  r  ^"-P'^'^^tely  divided,  scgm.  cuneato,  obtuse;  invo- 
Juccls  J-lcaved,  pendulous,  longer  than  tlie  partial  umbels.— In  waste  in'ounds 

arrow  wedge-shaped  segm.,  uniform,  dark  green,  fl  it.     Lfts.  of  the  involucels 
linear,  long  deflected,  and  situated  on  the  outside.     .11..  Aug-iie  nl-  ,?t    omt 
what  resem^,los  parsley,  but  is  distinctly  marked  i,y  tho  invoLels,  and  b    its  dis 
agreeable  odor.     It  is  said  to  bo  poisonous.     §  Eiir.  '  ^ 

29.  LEPTOCAUTIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  A..ro,.  slender.  ,avX6,,  stem.) 
Calyx  hmb  obsolete;  petals  ovate,  entire ;  fruit  (often  scaly)  laterally 
compressed,  ovate,  crowned  with  the  short  styles ;  carpels  6-ribbed,  lat- 

nml.or'^^T^rf ;,  '"*"'''''^'  7'^'  *^'"S'"  "^"^'  commissure  with  2    car- 
pophore  2-cleft  at  tlic  tin;  soed  plano-convex.-®  Herbs  slender,  smooth, 


Obdeb  G3.— UMBELLIFERJi 


887 

erect.    Lvs.  finely  divided.    Umbels  pedunculate,  few-rayed     Invol  0  • 
involucel  few-leaved.     Fls.  minute,  white  ^  rayea.    inVol.  0; 

whitisli,  erect  scales—Dry  sand/ ^ill  ?  cT  f^^"'iV  ^-  '""^^^^ted  with  short; 
Diticant  weed.     Mar.,  Apn       ^        '       ^  '•  ^^    ^^^  ^  ^  «  ^'«'i-    An  insig^ 

30.  DISCOPLEU^RA,  DC.     Bishop-weed      (Cr    A'  .u     ,.  , 

.A..pa,arib;  that  is,  the  disk  aTZTonhifruitte  '^clu^ 
teeth  subu  ate,  persistent;  petals  ovate,  entire,  ^ith  a  Zute  inflex^ed 
poH,t;  fruit  ovate,  often  didymous;  carpels  5  Vibbed,  tl"  3  dorsal  ril^ 
filiforn.,  subacute,  prominent,  the  2  lateral  united   with  a  thick  ..^L. 
sorymargm;  intervals  with  single  vitta. ;  seeds  6ubTcrL^-r^T^ 
pjllaceous-dissected.     Umbels  c^ompound!     Z^'^tHSt^lZ 

«t.  much  branched,  1  to  2f  hS,  i^«  vn^  ^  T'/''^  '■°°'*'  ^'«^^^-  *«  Gn. 
filiform,  spreading  seem  IJmbl  axuLllL?"^'^'  ,*^"'"*^'3^  dm^vted,  with 
Invol.  Ifts.  about  3,  wiS  setaSms  i^m  ^CnlnT'mi-  P^^^^^^^f^te,  .pre;diDg. 
bollots.    Jii.-Sept     (aS,  SpreS        ^"'^°'"^''«  ^^'^°™'  l«nger  than  the  um^ 

6f  high,  branched  above.     Lvs  few  but  J^^   nn      ^"       ^^«-  «"d  La.     Sts.  2  to 

31.  HEUROPHYl'LUM.  Torr  &  Griv     /Pn  ,  ,- 
MXov,  leaf;  leaves  prom'inentKrternoJ)    ^Cai,Sb'of  T"  '"f"'' 

white.    (Ihe  same  as  Archemora  ternata  Nutt  ?)  "  *^»^ea-    ^i^- 

^iWni&alrct^?  sfeSeT'R";-  J^"  f.  f  %f  ap.an).  St.  .  to  4f 
.shorter  than  the  petioles.  Umbel  5  to  ? tiln  *''  ^®  long,  the  segm.  much 
vol.  and  involucel  subulate,  very  shor'     Sept  '    '^'  "'"^  '^'"''''"-     ^'"^^'^^  ^^  »^- 

-d  general  many-lived  inibcra:    Fls  "^^^^^   ^"'"^   "^'^'    ^"'^'^^ 

N.  J.?  to  Ind.  and  Can      St    ?  tn  ff. -T         '  f^"*  '"  ^^''""P^  and  ditches, 

and  prominent  Ses     Lfts'  or  seU  J  f.  Vm  °"'''',  ''""T-  ^'">  deep-furrowed 

witli  a  sossUe  odd  orW    6^1^^!?^  o'll  f  fa  ""^'  ^  *^  '^  ^'""ad.  in  3  to  5  pairs, 

«sue  oaa  otto,  each  \v,th  about  10  large,   sharp  teeth.     Umbels  veiy 


388 


Obdkb  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 


&o?Y„'o't- pieSf  X/ur  '""'''""  ""  '"^  '■^^'^'^  «*^'°P<^-™- 
W  h.  swamps,  N.'j  to  fnd  and  Can  '  4  2  tn^'lp^r  T^'^'""  ?'""°°  *'^'*»  ^''^ 

globons ;  carpeU  cohering,  with  the  five  depressed,  primarr  ribs  \ndl 

S  oTT  PT"r'  ?"^'!  "^"O^  '^""""^o  »"  the  faTi?  Smooth 
Invol.  0  or  1-leavcd.     Involucels  SJeavcd,  unilateral. 

34.  PIMPIWEL'LA,  L.    Anisk.     Calvv  limb  obsolete  •  nrf»I.  „l, 
date  a  little  unequal ;  disk  0  ;  flowers  plrfe^or  dtto  .^  ;%tstpl 
lary,  as  long  as  frmt;  fruit  ovate,  ribbed,  with  convex  intervals -So 

linfartefrnTs.'^n^gSVsTnr  --  n^ultifid  with  na^ow. 

35    .EGOPO^DIUM  L.     Goutweed.    Goats-foot.    (Gr.  ul^  (alyoc) 

Junb  obsolete  ;    fruit  compressed  laterally,  oblong,  crowned  with  tC 

Tut'L    ^r'  T^'^i^f  '''''' -^  ^^^P^^'  -"^^  /iiliforrrfdgcfwit 
out  v,tta,.--2r   Lvs.  1  to  2-tcrnate.     Involucra  none.     Fls.  white. 

b.gh,  from  strong,  tenacious,   creeping  root^  hard  to  eradicate;   uLllHy. 

^vai^rV^siSn^^     rT''     ^^^^^^'V^^'^^^^^  5  the  plants  grow  in 
watery  situations )     Calyx  margin  obsolete ;    petals  roundish    with  i 
Hna  1  mflexed  point ;  fruit  laterally  compress  d  nearly  Toubfc'    Irnels 
o^ptf'  k'   lateral  ribs  ^arginal ;  intervals  with  si^g"'tti-Eu 
opean  herbs.     Umbels  perfect.     Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved?    Fls.  white 

segm.tofd*clt?a?eJndsed''.Tpe;  h^^^^^^  ""  ^'V"'^^  P^^->^«- 

lower  one's  cuneate-ovate    teminal  'onP«"trifiH      n  *!^-^?"^PO«n<^.  segments  or  tiio 

Jn.  JuSuon  ht  p;oduceV8rral  vSetr^C'"'  numerous,  narrow  Begm. 
etc.     (Petroselioum  «a'tivum  Hoffm.)'  tSarSa.    Gr^'i!'  ''  ^  ^°*'^^^''  '°^  ^°"^P' 


stylopodium. 

'  lance-linear, 
mon  than  tlio 
vith  7  promi- 
!8  petiolulate, 
lear  bracts,  J 
lite  fls.    Fr. 


g;  on  ac- 
ous  teoth ; 
bifid;  fruit 
ribs,  and  4 
3)  Smooth. 

>  Ifts.,  upper 
well-known 
3  a  nucleus 
Dng-scented. 

;als  obcor- 
yles  capil- 
Is. — Euro- 
white  fls. 

ith  narrow. 

—Native  of 

known.  J 

f  (alySg), 
.)  Calyx 
with  the 
ges,  with- 
litc. 

lancGoIato, 

12  to  18' 

bels  many- 

i  grow  in 
,  with  a 
;  carpels 
c. — Eur- 
white. 

?  petioles. 
d,  and  in- 
o  31"  hijrhj 
ibcls  with 
iro  sweet, 

ots  ot  tiio 
:m.  lance- 
Jens.  St. 
ow  segm. 
,  for  soup, 


Order  64.— ARALIACE^. 


389 


37.  C A  RUM,  L.  Caraway.  (From  Cana,  the  native  country  of 
the  plant,  according  to  Pliny.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete;  petals  obo- 
yate,  etnarginate,  the  point  inflexed  ;  styles  dilated  at  base,  spreading; 
truit  oval,  compressed  laterally  ;  carpels  6-ribbed,  lateral  ribs  marginal ; 
mterva  s  with  single  vittae,  commissure  with  2.— Herbs  with  dissected 
Ivs.     Umbels  perfect.     Involucra  various.     Fls.  white. 

C.  C^rvl  L.    Lvs  somewhat  bipinnatifld,  with  numeroug  linear  seffm.  invol. 
1-leaved  or  0;    mvolucela  0.~St.   about   2f  high,    branched,   smooth,   striate. 
Lower  lvs.    arge,  on  long  petioles,  with  tumid,  clasping  sheaths.     Umbels  on 
long  peduncles;  mvolucrate  bracts  when  present  linear-lanceolate.     Jn.— Culti- 
n.    ™  J^  ""®  aromatic  fruit,  po  well  known  in  domestic  econorav.     +  Eur 
!^-  3SS?J!!P^-^^P^S  iBthusa  NutL     Western  La.  (Hale). 
39.  CYNOSCIADIUMdigitatum  DC— Western  La  (Hale). 

Ordbr  LXIV.     ARALIACE^.    Araliads. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  closely  allied  to  the  Umbellifors  in  the  leaves,  inflorescence 
and  flowers,  but  the  styles  and  cells  of  the  ovary  are  usually  more  than  2  (3  to  5) 
cells  l-ovuled;  fruit  baccato  or  dry,  3  to  5.ceUed,  with  1  albuminous  seed  in  each 
cell. 

R«f  ffTI  ^^•'  *^*"'^^  ^n^  '^''''y .•-"•«  "•»t'^«s  Of  northern  temporato  climes  of  both  hemlsnheres  -. 
Seyon  1  spc-cies  are  well  known  ii.  i.ie.licino,  etc,  >is  Ginseng.  Snllvenard,  Sarsaparilin  etc  Th^ 
latter  is  bouioUmes  substituted  for  the  Sursalwrilla  of  the  shops.  °»'sapa""n,  etc.     ino 

i.  ARA'LIA,  L.  Wild  Sarsaparilla,  etc.  Calyx  tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  limb  short,  5-toothed  or  entire  ;  petals  5,  spreading,  apex 
net  inflexed  ;  stamens  5,  epigynous ;  sti/les  and  carpels  5  ;  berry  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx  and  styles,  mostly  5-celletl  and  6-seeded.— 
Lvs.  compound.     Fls.  in  simple,  solitary,  or  racemous  umbels. 

§  Plants  wlioHy  herbaceous  and  unarmed fj.,  •,  „ 

.     §  I'lantsbhrubbyatbaseor  wholly  shrubby,  pHclvly....'.'.'. .;;;'. .'■.■.■;■.■.■.■.'. "y.;""  Nos!  3  4 

^  f".""^°*'^i",f- ,-^®'^''^-^^*^™^^^^'  'f-  solitary,  decompound';' "scope  naked 
shorter  than  the  If.,  bearing  the  fexo  umbels.— 71  A  well-known  plant,  found  in 
woods,  most  abundant  in  rich  and  rocky  soil.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn.  It  has  a 
large  fleshy  root,  from  which  arise  a  leaf-stalk  and  a  scape,  but  no  proper  stem. 
Iho  former  is  long,  supporting  a  single,  large,  compound  leaf,  which  is  either 
J-ternato  or  3-qumato.  Lfts.  oval  and  obovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate.  The 
eciipe  13  about  a  foot  Ingii,  bearing  3  simple  umbels  of  greenish  fls.    Jn.,  Jl. 

2  A.  racemdaa  L.  Pettymoreel.  Spikenard.  St.  herbaceous,  smooth;  lvs. 
decompound;  umbels  numerous,  small,  arranged  in  a  decompound  panicle— %  In 
roci^' woods,  Can  to  the  S.  States.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  dark  green  or  reddish, 
arising  from  a  thick,  aromatic  root.  The  If.-stalks  divide  into  3  partitions,  each  of 
Which  bears  3  or  5  large,  ovato,  serrate  lfts.  Umbels  numerous,  arranged  in 
branching  racemes  from  the  axils  of  the  lvs.  or  branches.  The  root  is  pleasant  to 
tlie  taste,  and  highly  esteemed  as  an  ingredient  in  small  beer,  etc.    Jl. 

3  A  hispida  L.  Wild  Elder.  Bristly  Aralia.  St.  shrubby  at  base,  hispid, 
mthpnckles,  herbMeous  above  ;  lvs.  bipinnato,  lfts.  ovate,  cut-serrato;  umbels  on 
ioiig  ped.,  forming  a  terminal  corymb.— i^  Common  in  fields  about  stumps  and 
stoneheaps,  N.  Lag.  to  Va.  St.  1  to  2f  higli,  the  lower  part  woody  and  Uiickly 
ooRet  with  sharp,  sti.i  bristles,  the  upper  part  branching,  herbaceous.  Lfts.  many 
ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth.  Umbels  many,  simple,  globou  forming  bunches 
01  dark-colored,  nauseous  berries.     Plant  ill  scented.    JL,  Aug. 

4  A.  apindsa  L.  Angelica  Treis.  Arborescent;  st.  and  petioles  prickly;  lvs. 
Di-  and  tripmnate,  lfts.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  nu- 
merous, forming  a  very  large  panicle;  invol.  small,  few-leaved.— Damp  woods, 
1  enn.  and  Ohio  to  Fla.  and  La,    Shrub  8  to  12f  high,  with  the  Iva  all  crowded 


300 


Ordeu  65.-4:0UXACEyE. 


near  the  summit.     In  tbo  South  it  attains  tlio  ImsUt  of  "rt  f-.  inr  „      „ 
out  a  branch,  imitalini?  the  form  of  the  oa Im  <«,  K-iKi^f         ^Of;  usually  with- 
than  any  other  tree.    L  iLT.^l  thl'i'to  SVS.  'IS^^lT'  r''' 
Properties  emetic  and  cathartic.  oi  m  iecgm.    j^Js.  white.    Aug.-, 

2.  PA^NAX,  L.  Ginseng.  (Gr.  nav,  all,  dKo^,  a  reined v  i  p  . 
panacea  or  universal  remedy.)  Dioe.iousi;  po  Igaiious  ^  «  c!l  * 
admj  0  to  ho  ovary  limb  short/obsoletoly  5-tuothed?;  als  5  •  slnm  ^ns 
.,  alternato  witb  the  petals;  st>^les  and  carpeU  2  o\  ;  Lit' baccate 
2  to  3-celled  ;  celLs  1-seeded.  $  Calyx  limb  nearly  c.  "re  S  U 
and  stamens  5.  — Herbs  or  shrubs  Lv^ %  /',-»  +1,-.  i  u  ^"""^^  '  P^*'"** 
palmatei,  co,„po.,„d.  ^llttoHta;;  ^^"^Jlf  °"'  ■^''"'"*' 
-l  P.  trifdlium  L.    GRouNo-Nur.     Dwvrp  (rivqpvn      p/  «7«i.       ^  i 

nes  J-seeaea. — Common  in  low  woods.  Can.  to  S  Stateq      Th„  o.iAi>: Y     '    .  • 

Hirnple'   At  the  sumnwi  is  a  whor/ of  3  tmpound  Ts '^^hTcentrir'^H  T^ 
minatingin  a  little  umbel  of  pure  white  fl"     S  ^L^in         f  ^'^^■^^'- 

some  estimation  as  a  dri^.  ^      ^'^^'-     J"— ^"&     The  root  is  in 

3.  HED'ERA,  L.  European  Ivy.  (Celtic  hedra,  a  cord ;  from  the 
vine-like  habit.)  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  petals  5,  dilated  'at  the  bLe  -Terrv 
nl  r,  1-  ^r^""^'^^  ^y  the  permauent  calyx.-European  shrulby 
plants,  chmbmg  or  erect,  with  simple,  evergreen  Ivs.  and^grcen  fls    ^ 

Order  LXV.    CORNACE^.     Cornels. 

^ees  and  shrubs  seldom  heris,  without  stipulea     Leaves  opposite  (alternate  in 
one  8pec.es),  simple,  with  pinnare  veinlets.    Flowers  4.merous\Se«afe  adherent  t^ 
ho  ovary,  the  limb  minute,  4-tootbed  or  lobed.     Petals  4   d«ti  cf  alt  ml  wi  1 

Uvation.  "  """'•"  *"  "'®  Peruvian  ba.k.    Many  are  beautiful   shrubs  in  cul- 

nei^  o^f^t^h?wL"V  ^°°^°^'?-  ,M-  ^^«,  a  horn;  from  the  hard- 
vM.  i  I?  ""^ ''''??'  'P'"'"'-)  ^^'y'^  '™t>  <>^  4  minute  s-gments ; 
ff  P  btna;^"^^'''''^ '  '*^™,?'  ^'^tyle  somewhat  clulShaped; 
drupe  baccate,  with  a  2  or  3-celIed  nut—Trees,  shrubs,  or  perennia 


Order  65.— CORNACE.E.  891 

herbs.     Lvs.  (mostly  opposite)  entire.     Fls.  in  cymes,  ofton  involucrate. 
Moral  envelops  valvatc  in  estivation.     Bark  bitter,  tonic. 

I  r!,?^"'*  ""''tsi'le'l  >>y  "  4-loRve(1,  white  Involucro v,..  i   4 

S  Cymes  naked.— Leaves  alternate \,  '  ' 

-Leaves  opposlte.-Twigs  ami  oyiliVs  pubesJtnt.'." .■.■.■.■.■;;; ^o  4 

— Iwlgs,  &c.,  glabrous.— Drupes  white.  ..*.".'.. '."."nos.  \  a 
— Drupes  bluo jjos  7'  3 

^iS  5i*^.*?^"-**-  ^  ,^°''  Cornel  OR  Dog-wood.     Herbaceous,  low  upper 
Ivs.whorled,  veiny,  on  short  petioles;  st.  sininle— Asmall  T^^l^^t^r  ,.UutL    ^W 

nearly  throughout  N.  Am    N    of  ht    Hoo      pk:    ^     '  ^     •  ^  ^  ""*•  ?  ^^""'*^' 
j_  «     "u  -L'.  -n-in.,  n.  01  ui.  .jy  .     Khizome  creenin^    woodv     Tim 

rtowonng  stems  erect  4  to  8'  high,  hearing  2  small  bracts  in  S  Slo"  and  a 

whorl  of  4  equal  loave.^.     May,  Jn.  ^"^^"'Ja.     The  barren  st.  supports  a 

2  C.  florlda  L.  Flowering  Doqwooo  \rhnrpnua-  i„a  ^^^  -i. 
minate,  entire;  fls.  small,  in  a  closo'^^us  uS  'or  hoTsurlL^^  bT^ 
very  large,  4  leaved,  obcordate  involucre.- A  tree  Lm  20^n  =inpTn  .  •  f?  ^  * 
ornamental  when  in  flower.  Woods  US  and  C^n  w?>  ^  f  a  t'^*'*-  ^^'^ 
covered  with  a  rough.  extremely°°b2r\Slc  te'd'^  n  mSn  'rs'a'Sni^'S 
(partially  expanded  at  flowering)  nearly  smooth,  veiny,  pale  beneafh  S,«  ^rl 
fls.  are  uiconspicuous,  greenish  yellow,  but  the  involuc^'e^'  verSe  and  Lwv 

aoramit.     BaJk  greemsh,  marked  3m?™!,  1,5^^^   'r       ■    ™'?^?'''''''^*''''' 

white,  appearing  ii,  Juno.  '  "^         '  ^  '°  '  '"''«'•    "'•  yoUowUh 

thickcB,  N.  aiiUlV    SmisaZSa     mil'        '°°"  '"'■>"  »«"il«n<la  and 

white  drupo..     May,  Jn!  *""""°'^  '^'"'^  ^*^'^'  ^«l'<>^ed  by  bluisir. 

petioles  verv^iortc™«  Inn     *'*t '«?"'«/*. base,  fo»^-«c«mi„afe  at  apex 
Slate,  im  f  Js    o^J'a^Zrl     "^r^'l"^'":"'  ^'l'^"'"*"'  '^^^^'''^^^ ''  '''^-  ^^^^'^  ""b^ 
drupes  palo  birLJwamp7Vr;n  F?^^"'"«,''"i"*o''  '"'*'''";  ^^"*«'  anthers  and 
by  £  slLder^L4XaSLd\S*\^r  ™'  '  *^  ^'^^S^''  ^-<i^'^  >->«- 


302 


Order  C5.— COUNAOK.f.! 


fi.    ASPRnirAi.rA    Pony.       r.vs.    «ml)r(M5«.j:;:>H>rt,-o!it  nhnvo    riownr    h^...   .1 

IWjHTllollU   Mx.)  nuu«»H.       (I,, 

"  f«-Sj'!f.l";**'  /;•  """'«'"'"  vomu-oHH;  /..*.  ,.r/n;-W<ir  ..r  v«v  f>roadlv  ,w'U  whit. 
tT^'T-  rif'^  'I'T  ''l"-""""'««.  «lf|.roMH«i;  ,|r.i,H,H  light  bluo-A'-Zf 
HO nuM.I  lugl,,  Can.  t.,  M.I.,  W.  t<.  I..,i.  St.  gn^yW,.  „,,  ig|,t  witi,  omMwito  .  'n  ' 
drioul  Kn,o„,  ,,p„fUMl  „r  warty  hranohoH.     hvi   l;.rJ;^  Sk  ur  w  "     T     «  S"^ 

wluto.  lierrios  lu>llowo.l  at  b.,H,<  nolt,  c-n>w,»oa  witl.  tl.o  rotnalnn  of  tL  ityjo.  J,": 
2.  NYSSA,  L.  (Tho  n»mo  of  n  nymph  or  niilncJ,  hhvh  Limmnw  ) 
In';??  .  7"'""r-  '•'"•;'''"'•*'•"«  or  |x>lyf?a'"ou8.  ,^  Calyx  t..l.o  very 
«lu»rt  lunb  (runrato;  potals  r,,„M,>n,i.;  .tnm.  5-12,  .noHtly  10,  i„„orM 
ot  tsi.lo  n  ^rl,„„l„lnr  .l.sk  in  tho  bottom  of  tho  culyx  ;  ovary  0  2  Cul  ■ 
tube  . blon^.,  mlh.rcM.t  to  tho  l-oollo,!  ovary,  h-n.f>  tnu.cato,  n  m.ro  , ," 
:tH  m  ^  ;  p.tals  11-5,  oblonjr,  ofton  0  or  «oon  <h,cid,UM.s ;  itan..  m^y 
abortive;  Htylohirgo,  8t.tr,„atic  ..n  ono  Hide;  drupo  oval,  l-H«odcdi 
rreo«  with  .sumll  ^rroon,  fls.  chmt.ml  on  uxiUary  poduncios,  the  storile 
more  niimorous.  "^  '  *         Biumt 

^  Jf'.  '^y/?*^^*^?  ^""'^- ,  ^''"'^  «l>>o»ff-o>iovnto,  ftcutiflli  or  obtwso  at  cadi  end  ontiro 
thv  jH^UoU;  miJvein  and  margin  villous;  feitile  i>eJmck9  3  (2~5)-/?rS/  IL'. 
my.h*te;  nut  short,  obovato,  strinto,  obtuso.-Woodlands  dry  or  dumr  U  's  ^ 
hrKo  tree,  30  to  lOf  in  bight,  trunk  l-3f  dium.  with  a  igl  ;ray^,oxyu»fn.llv 
brokoi  Imrk.  Lys.  of  a  Hrin  toxture,  2—6'  long,  Imlf  na  wido  *  pEni^ 
5-l.-<Ioworod,  Hi:  nt  longtb  sicndor.  brupo  often  o litary,  blackish  blue  "r 
I^,g.      N,^  soft,  but  hard  to  .4,lit.     Apr.l^n.    (NT.  a.p./tic.  iS bmX\uU^^^ 

>*olUary  3-l,racto(l;  on  slender pedw:rUs ;  stylo  nearly  straight r.^^wn,  Co 

1  .rL^  S.n.i  "T  r  ^.":"'«  *'">  '""«*'y  "^^^^^^  «*  «»«''  «"'<.  whoa  full  grown 

h^'nl    ?    ^^'•^'"••""o  «t  baao,  thi,>kish,  3-9'  long,  tho  petioles  1-2'.     Fru 
b  no,  as  largo  .«  a  plum.     Wood  soft  und  white.     Apr.  May.     (N.  donticuC 
tomentosa,  nngtiliztms  Mx.,  etc.)  ^      ^       uLuiicuiata, 

^  I5:.f  ■P/*i^*"  ?y"'^-.  /'*".'^''<^"^K  T'IMK      ^'"*.  oval  o"  oblong,  shori^tiokife  entire 
v-Jiten.,*  />«,.«<A,  midvein  subvillous,  obtuse  at  apex,  aeiSo  at  So     fertZ  2 

stertleM  20-30  m  eac)i  dfnse  gMmlar  head;  fruit  Inrgo,  oblong— On  river  banks 
(espec-mlly  he  Ogeoohoe  I)  S.  States.  Trc>e  20-30f  1„^  Lv^*^«mp  e  6-S'  W 
2-3  broad  usually  mucronate;  petiole  2-6"  long.  FruU  "  dark  ^"  L  laS 
•a  a  small  plum,  acid.    May,  Jn.  (N.  candicans  Pb:)  rea   as  largo 


iU*    a«,.»»...>^..i  m 


jrrr.tris^tHvSl  Sc-TTcr  of  Scdiim  aero.    4,  of  SuOiporTlvuiii. 


ObOKu  66.— (JAl'lllFULIAOfiJE. 


303 


ty   bonontli, 
HtiitoH.     (( ! 

ly  iw'xl,  whiU 
'■ — A  Hhnil) 
"Will',  cylin- 

•  Hitit'.     FIh.' 

lOBtjrlo.    Jn. 

TJuiiiinw.) 

IiiIh)  very 

I),  iiiHortod 

?  (.'ulyx- 

luiTo  rim 

III.  mostly 

noo«Jcil. — 

lie  sturilo 

i^nd,  ontiro; 

lered;  style 

U.S.    A 

PoclnHcloa 
)luc,  5—6" 
ara,  autli.) 
3v«to,  ionr;- 
We  flowers 
fix.  5—10; 

size,  50 — 
full  grown 
-2'.  Fruit 
outiculata, 

ate,  entiro, 
ftrtiU  fli. 
1)  stamens ; 
ivor  bani\» 
i— 9'  lonpr, 
"  03  lanro 


Cohort  2,  GAMOPETAL^E, 

Or  Monopktalouh  Exookns.— PluntH  having  a  double  peri- 
uiitli,  coiiHiHtin;^'  of  both  calyx  and  corolhi,  the  Tatter  composed 
ofjietala  i)artially  or  wholly  united. 

Ordku  LXVI.     CAPKIFOLIACEyE.     IIonkvsuckles. 

Shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  oatm  twining  witli  opijoaito  leaveH,  no  HtipuloH ;  flowera  clti* 
tcred  and  often  frag^it,  5-partocl  and  often  irregular ;  cwolla  monopetaloug,  tubular 
or  rotate;  «to»Mr?w  ii»rtod  on  corolla  tube,  rarely  one  lo.«  tlian  Uio  lobes;  ovary 
iuiheront  to  tlio  calyl;  styU  1,  slhjvuis  3  to  b^fi-uU  a  berry,  drupe  or  capsulei 
Kinbryo  small,  la  (leshy  albumen. 

PropertlM.  Tho  r«vcr-r<».t  (Trlo»t.Miin  perrollfttum)  U  a  mild  oathartlc,  and  In  large  dowi 
.inotic ;  the  .  [Icl  «n.l  ro.wtcd  bonl«8  uro  mMnoti.iu..,  m.bstltuted  for  cffir.  Tl"  cXh  Zd 
,„rk  of  tho  Kl.or  aro  both  einotio  ami  cathartio ;  tho  flowern  are  H.ulorlflc.  a  .  It  o  b^rfl"  • 
lax.itlvo.    Tho  buauty  and  fragrauco  of  the  lloi.oysucklo  lu  ciiUlvutloa  U  well  kuown. 

TRIUE3   AND  ORKBRA. 

1.  LONTCRRE^E.    Corolla  tubular,  with  a  flllform  stylo  (a). 

a  Herbs.— Corolla  ft-Iobcd,  thostainonu  but  4 Linm.«a.  1 

—Corolla  6-lobi'd.  tho  stamens  8 Tbiosteum.  a 

a  8hrub».-Corolla  bell-shaped,  regular.    Uerry  4-colled,  i-seedod.  .*.'.. 8 ympmokicabpos,  8 

—Corolla  tubular,  lobos  unequal.    Horry  2  tu  »-colled Lonioera.  4 

--Corolla  funni'l-form.    Capsule  2-cello(l,  00 -seeded Djbuvilla.  9 

2.  BAMIlUCEJi    Corolla  rotate,  deeply  fi-lobed.    Stigmas  sessile  (b). 

b  Shrubs  with  pinnate  leave!)!     Berry  U-secdod Sambctcus.  « 

b  Shrubs  with  simple  loaves.    Wrupo  1-seeded Vihiirniim.  7 

i.  LINN^'A,  Oroii.  TwiN-FLowEB.  (Dedicated  to  Carl  Von 
Lmn^,  tho  most  renowned  of  naturalists.)  Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5- 
parted,  deciduous;  bractlets  at  base  2  ;  corolla  campantilate,  limb  sub- 
equal,  5-lobed;  stamens  4,  2  longer  than  the  other;  berry  dry  3- 
celled,  indehisccnt,  l-seeded  (2  cells  abortive).— 2(  A  trailing,  evergreen 
herb,  widely  disseminated  throughout  the  northern  temperate  zone. 
I'ed.  2 -flowered. 

L.  bore^lls  Gron.  Tho  only  species,  native  of  moist,  shady,  rocky  soils  cener- 
nllyin  cvengreen  woods,  from  lat.  39»  to  tho  Arc.  Sea.  Jt  has  long,  crecpinir 
filiform,  brownish  sts.,  rooting  and  branching  their  whole  length,  and  coverirfg 
tiio  ground  m  large  patches.  Lvs.  small,  opposite,  petiolate,  roundish,  with  ob- 
tuse lobi's  or  teeth,  and  scattered  hair,«!.  Ped,  filiform,  slightly  hairy  about  3' 
high  (tho  otily  erect  part  of  tho  plant),  the  lower  part  leafy,  the'upper  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  minute,  linear,  opposite  bracts,  and  terminating  with  2  pedicclLite 
nodding  flower.^.     The  corolla  is  rose-colored  and  very  fragrant.     Jn. 

9   Tninc'TCfiiw    T       ri., ,„„--,^       /r'  1  •     - 

«.   >>..wu/  ibi/iri,  jj.     x^jivEnwuBT.      (ur.  TpEig,  ihroe,  oariov,  n 

oone;  from  the  three  bony  seeds.)     Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  5-parted, 

segments  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla;  corolla  tubular,  gibbous 

at  base,  limb  6-lobed,  subequal ;  stamens  .5,  included;  stigma  capitate, 

lobed;  fruit  drupaceous,  crowned  with  tho  calyx,  3-celled,  3-secded; 


304  OllDKR  GG.—CAI'UI FOLIAGES. 

r.oudH    rihliiHl,   botiy. —  2i  II orbs    oonrso     Imirv      r  va     t„„ 

Fk  iixill.'ii'y.  H  iitius   coni8i,    imiry.     L\8.    Iurg<',   connato, 

H  .ml  ..  to  .1  uKh,  ,.ovor,.d  witl.  Hull,  olu.u.ny  hairn.  Lvh.  (?  lyX.^^lW^ 
Hl.nil.tly  ooi.tractj.  at  bu.s,.,  puDoHcont  l,..,u,atl,.  lis.  in  dustors  ol"  if  or  0  ( W 
l..nh  ,,.  f,  ro,.ml.a  loUss.     K,,  «  ratl...r  dry  drupo,  .rowno.l  w-i   .     I       , ^  ,.  '  v' 

than  iho  o  hor        vw     I,  .     .     ..  m  >    ^    ''    *^  '"«''•  """'"  ^'""^'^'''  «"»'  rouKl.or 

3.  SYWPHORICAR'PUS.    Dill.     SNow-mcuuv.      (Or.  m-.,  Wotl.or 
0>y)..,,   o  W",xr    Kuprro,^,  fruit;  l,oari„j.  lV„it  in  ctoso  oltistor;.)     O  yv 
ubc  jrlohous  i„„l,  ,i  Jo  5-t.otlu.d  ;  oo,<,!lHfun,u.i-.sI.a,.o,l  o   1  oiLl.a;  >  r 

as  ...any  as  ,ts   obos;  .tV.uu  rnpitato  ;  I.oht  gN.bons,  4  cx^IIoJ,  2   oo 

...or  l>o.....     Co.  rWr^;;r.i:::^:^:-i,^-;— ^;-';S^^^ 

I  f:.^°/'^'" '^^'  V*    .lf^»^«=v«it-KLK.      WoonniNE.      (In    honor  of 

UU^^  "li.nb        I    •;      r  '^"^;'!^^^^^"«  >  ^■*>»*'"^^  i..fun,bbubTonn  or  oa.n,  Ju- 

collo^;    berry  fow-.cMHlo<i ;    stijj.na    oupitato.-A   beautiful    aenus  of 
chn.b.njj  or  o.vot  shrubs,  >vith  opposite  and  often  co.un.te  Ivs.^ 

S  X\  I.0^«;K0N     Shrubs  orort.    L.-avos  novor  .-onnato.     Howor.^ I„  ,.air.  (a) 

a  Corolla  K.bbuus  at  h.uso,  lobos  ^oMu.^v hat  Irrosnlar                                    ^  ^"         v       , 
a  C.Moiia  iiMt  jribbou.s  lobos >,,rcn.llug,  o^uul.  n«oato" '!".■.■.;■; N.rl 

S  O-UMUKOMOl     Shrub*  climbtu,.     Us.  .o.s.silo.  nu.stly  wh.vrW  ^bv " 

b  r.o.ivos  III!  .llstinot     r.m.Ma  ••i'V'o!!!      (■.... u....    ■    -,,  '"'^ 

D  l-<»ftvtv.i  (iho  up|»or  |wir>  foimat.^|u.rft)liat.'  (c).  ' 

0  Crolh,  siibotjual.  both  tubo  nml  limb  sonrlot  ^     ^ 

0  Corolla  lUub  rlngrnt.-tub.^  ,q„„i  ,not  plbbou^^  „V i^. '.[ X.w"8-n. 

-tube  gibboua  ot  »ho  U80 ifos.'j'  ti 


Obdkb  C6.— CAPRIFOLIaCK.E. 


305 


hah  With  short  and  mbequal  lobe;  tube  Buccatu  at  base;  nty.  oxiLrtod     berZs 

IM.ioar  J  Can.  Lvh.  ihm  oblong-ovato,  often  cordate  at  ftlio  base,  eomowhat  fili- 
ate on  the  niargiti,  and  vill<,UH  beneath  wheu  young.  Vh  paio  straw-vellow  . 
pairs  at  the  top  of  the  podunele,  with  .u,  obtuse  spu?  turnodS^Ssat^te  L  ' 
BurrioM  ovoid,  red,  m  pairs,  but  not  connate,  :«  to  S-soedcd.    May  Jn 

^  /^;A°^i°!'^!'^?V*,  ^^?'t'     ^T:  "*''""«  *"■  *''■"'•  vt'lvety-pubosce'nt  beneath,  ror 

Umh  deeply  Intahmle;  tube  gibbous  at  b:i«e,  ped.   long,  lUi'bnn,  erect  rbTrh's 

eontiate  or  united  into  one,  globous,  purple,  bi.ulnl>ili«.tc^-.\  shrib  3  to  4f  iS, 

n.  .svvainps,  Can.  an<l  N.  Y.     J.vs.  almost  sessile,  1  l.,  2'  long,  pod  of  eq,  al  le3  ' 

.T.  hairy,  greenish-yellow  onlside,  purplish  hiside,  the  Iow?r  lip  Sy  "S 

^  h..°^-^^^^  ?'•  .  ^''"'"  "^'"'-"Wong,  <.lliato,  ^.btuse,  villous  both  sides,  at  lonirth 
smoothish;  ped  short,  rellexcd  iu  fruit;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries  LrLS 
bous  at  h.«,e,  /./M.  .v/.,„y,  .v«/,«ry«./ ;  berrks  ronnat.  or  united  intooZdee^llfl 
A  low  shrub  .1,  rocky  woods,  Mass.  and  N.  Y.  north  to  Hudson  sbay^  %T 'M' 
high,  with  sinall  Ivs.  and  j.aira  of  «maH,  yellow  (1^,  which  are  longer  Uian  their 
podunelea  J.vs.  ovato,  oval,  obovate  and  oblong,  'ending  abruptly  May  Vn 
*  L.  Tart^Tica  L     Tautaiuan  Honevsitckkk.    St.'^.  erect  much  bmnchnrl  • 

yo,°j^::::ur'itu.^''°^"™^  """'"-^ '^"''»''.  "^ 

,,?,?••  P®?;*°l^n»enum  Tourtu     Woodhixe.      Lv.sl  deci.luous    all   disHrvt 
;  ;  .   ^  h  ^^"^'^y  ^''"n'Ji"-.  '"itivo  of  ].:urope,  cultivated  and  iicarlv  natu'- 

m'I  nfi-^rrir  'Sli/:3i;"i^  '"■"'••"■'"''■^ ""  ^"*-  ^'"'^^^'-^ 

7  L.  sempervirens  Ait.    Tiu!iii>CTlIi)SEvsncKr,r.     I,va.  ol,loni;  ovonrmin  tl,„ 
upp,.r  .mo8  c.,„„a.,.|,„rii,lialo;    II,.  i„  „c„|j,  iKikca  «,,ik»  "  diSTwh;.rrr 

«;;.?;■";  '^'-  ^'••.^'^'""•'  «"^»  W.  States,     .-t.  climbing  many  feet      Lvs.  onS 
fi  te  or  n  .ts,  margin  revolute.     FIs.  large  and  very  frngmnt.  5  or  G  in  e^  li  vX^l 

;£,:i:'ii.'r"""«  ^-^"^^'^'^  -*'>^'  ^^<^^^'-^^ «;::  cS^eH^K 

10  L.  Caprifdllum  L.  Common  on  Ttaman  iroNEYSucKLP     Tv«  ,1-.,,;^., 
ous,  the  upper  pair  p.rfoliate-connatc ;  A  .,  .  ....feV'^'S  tiv/c^/'eor.  S: 


896 


Ohdkr  66.^CAPRIF0LIACE^ 


11 


hues,  red,  yellow  and  white,     jj'^lj'^g^pt^  '^'^d  fragrance.     Fla.  of  variJus 

mate  whorls;  cor.  ringeut,  tube  glabrous,  short,  gbbous  at  bL  fiTT  ^P^^"^'" 
A  small,  smooth,  shrubby  climbe?,  iu  rocky  woo<£  C^  and  TT  '«  c^^"'"'^"'*--- 
long.  Lvs.  wavy  and  revolute  on  the  margin  vervSauoly'  ^\^  ^^-  ^  *°  ^^^ 
Fls.  rather  small.  Cor.  1' in  length,  yellow  tinS  ^thT.^  *'»«  ""^eraide. 
base,  the  short  limb  in  curved  segment^     SalJ  11  red,  gibbous  at 

orange-colored.    May  Jn  ^'^^  ^'^^  exserted.     Berries 

Jn.     (C.  pubescens  Goldie.)  spreading,    fety.  and  sta.  exserted, 

vit  f  S^'^^'  ^"""T-      ^^'"  HoNEvsrcKLE.     (In  honor  of  mr- 
vjle,  a  French  surgeon,  discoverer  of  the  original  species  )     Calvx  tiX 

2  to  4'  long.     Flowers  sessile  or  pedidkte.     Jn^^l.  ^"^  ^^'"^^^    ^"^'« 

f^?'  ^^,^'^'^CUS,  L.  Elder.  (Lat.  sambuca,  musical  instrument  said 
to  have  been  made  of  the  elder.)  Caly..  small/ 5-parted  •  co^irs  doft 
segnien ts  obtuse;  stamens  5;  stigma  obtuse,  'sma^l,    e  si  e  ;  b  rry  'ob' 

^  topped  cymes,  white,  with  a  heavy  odor.  Berries  iirkTurple  May-^f'^ 
irnpS!i.rr!°*  ^"^'  .^^-  ^^^''"^^y;  ^y"*'^*  pmicuMe  and  pyramidal-  Ifts  oval- 
«rbenStr"T?*"'  '"  '  T  'i?'^^'"'''  "'/'^  "'^  '"^''««'''  *»d  with  th??etiS  «Z 
S'.':rtr«^r,Tor:'4l- '-  ^'^^'P-t-e-"^  woods,  HudLn's  iyto 
sharply  serrate,"verf  puTeSe^t  w£n  yrrFl^ln  a'^SriUThT^us'or 
pamcle.     Cor.  white.     Berries  scarlet,  small     May  Jn  '  ^      ' 

^■fldc7&S7''-*'^-     ^'"■""^  ^^'*^-    CatskUl  Mountains.    (Mr.  J.  Hogg, 


Obder  GC— caprifoliace^. 


39Y 


7.  VIBUR'NUM,  L.  (Lat.  viere^  to  tie;  for  the  pliancy  of  the  twigs?) 
Calyx  small,  5-toothed,  persistent ;  corolla  rotate,  limb  5-lobed,  seg- 
ments obtuse ;  stamens  5,  equal,  longer  than  the  corolla ;  stigmas  ses- 
sile ;  ovary  1  to  3-ceIled,  1-ovulcd ;  drupe,  1-seeded. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  simple,  petiolatc  Ivs.,  white  fls.  in  cymes  which  arc  some- 
times radiant. 

a  Cymes  radiant, — the  outer  flowers  storilo  and  showy Nos.  1,  3 

a  Cymes  not  radiant,  the  flowers  all  alike,    (b) 

b  Leaves  3-lobed,  palrnately  3  to  5- veined Nos.  8,  4 

b  Leaves  not  lobed, — roarsely  toothed.    Cymes  stalkeil Nos.  6,  0 

— sharply  serrate.    Cymes  sessile. Nos.  7,  S 

— entire  or  nearly  so. — Species  native Nos.  9,  If) 

— Species  exotic Nos.  11, 12 

1  V.  lantanoides  L.  Hobble-bush.  Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate, unequally  serrate  ;  petioles  and  veins  covered  with  a  ferruginous  down ;  cyme 
sessile;  fr.  ovate. — A  shrub  very  ornamental  when  in  flower,  common  in  tho 
rocky  woods  of  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  and  Can.  Height  about  5f.  Branches  long  and 
crooked,  often  trailing  and  rooting.  Lvs.  very  large,  covered  with  a  rusty  pubes- 
cence when  3'oung,  at  length  becoming  green,  the  dust  and  down  remaining  only 
upon  the  stalk  and  veins.  Tho  radiant  sterile  fl.^.  of  the  cyme  are  near  1'  diam., 
from  a  greenish  color  becoming  white,  flat,  with  5-rounded  lobes.  Inner  fla. 
much  smaller,  fertile.     May. 

2  V.  Qpulus  L.  High  Cuanbkrry.  Smooth;  lvs.  3-lobed,  3-veined,  broader  than 
long,  rounded  at  ba.se,  lobes  divaricate,  acuminate,  crenately  toothed ;  petioles* 
glandular;  cymes  pedunculate. — A  handsome  shrub,  8  to  12f  high,  in  woods  and 
borders  of  fields,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Sts.  several  from  the  same  root, 
branched  above.  Lva.  with  largo,  remote  blunt  teetli,  the  stalks  with  2  or  more 
glands  at  base,  channeled  above.  Cymea  radiate  like  the  preceding  species.  Fr. 
resembles  the  common  cranberry  in  flavor,  and  is  sometimes  substituted  for  it.  '  It 
is  red,  very  acid,  ripens  late,  remaining  upon  the  bush  after  the  leaves  have 
fallen.     Jn.     (V.  Oxycoccua  Ph.) 

{i.  EosBUM.  Guelder  Rose.  Snow-ball.  Lvs.  rather  acute  at  base,  longer 
than  broad,  lobes  acuminate,  with  acuminate  teeth ;  petioles  glandular ;  fl.s. 
all  neutral,  in  globous  cymes. — This  variety  is  the  popular  shrub  so  generally 
admired  and  cultivated  as  a  companion  of  tlie  Lilac,  Snowberry,  Philadelphua, 
&c.     Its  dense  spherical  cymes  are  wholly  made  up  of  barren  flowers. 

3  v.  acerifdlium  L.  Dockmackie.  Lvs.  subcordate,  acuminate,  3-veined,  3-lobed, 
acutely  dentate ;  petioles  without  glands,  cymes  on  long  peduncles ;  stam.  ex- 
eerted. — A  shrub  4  to  6f  high,  with  yellowish  green  bark,  growing  in  woods, 
Can.  and  U.  S.  Lv.s.  broad,  rounded  and  sometimes  cordate  at  base,  divided  into 
3  acuminate  lobes,  witli  a  form  not  very  unlike  that  of  the  maple  lea^  tiio  under 
surface  as  well  as  the  younger  branches  a  little  downy.  Branches  straigiit,  slen- 
der, very  flexible,  ending  with  a  pair  of  lvs.  and  a  long  stemmed,  cymous  umbel 
of  wliito  fls.     Fr.  oval,  compressed.     Jn. 

4  V.  paucifldrum  Pylaie.  Nearly  smooth  in  all  its  parts ;  lvs.  roundish,  with  3 
short  lobes  at  sutnmit,  serrate,  mostly  ^-veined  from  tlie  base ;  cymes  small  and 
pedunculate,  terminating  tho  very  short  lateral  branches ;  stam.  much  shorter 
than  tho  cor. — A  small  shrub  witli  white  fls.,  Mausfleld,  Mt.,  Vt.,  (ilacric\  White 
Mts.,  N.  H.  (Robbius),  N.  to  Newfoundland. 

5  v.  dent^tum  L,  Arrow- wood.  Nearly  smooth ;  lvs.  roundish-ovato,  coarsely 
dentate-serrate,  petiolate,  straigiit- veined ;  cymes  pedunculate. — A  shrub  8  to  1 2f 
high,  not  uncommon  in  damp  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.  It  is  called  arrow- 
wood  from  the  long,  straight,  slender  branches  or  young  shoots.  Lv.'*.  roundisli, 
2  to  3'  diani.,  tho  upper  pair  oval,  tho  veins  beneath  prominent,  parallel  and  pu- 
bescent in  their  axils.  Fls.  white,  succeeded  by  small,  roundisli,  dark  blue  ber- 
ries.    Jn. — llardlv  distinct  from  the  next 

6  V.  pub^Boens  Ph.  Lva.  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  straight 
veined,  villous  beneath  and  somewhat  hairy  above,  on  short  stalks ;  slip.  2,  subulate ; 
cymes  pedunculate,  smoothish ;  fr.  oblong. — In  dry,  rocky  woods  and  tliicketa, 
Can.  to  Ga,     A  shrub  about  6f  high.     Lvs.  each  witli  a  pair  of  sliort,  hairy,  sub* 


398 


OUDER  CT.—RUBIACE^. 


nearly  black.     Jn.  *^  °  "'"^'^  ®'  '^^  foregoing  species,  white,    ii 

La.  (Ilalej.     (V.  moUe  Mx.)  ^^  "'  *°  ^^-  ^^^'^'^^  ^«en)  aud 

slirub,  in  rocky  W(X)ds,  Can  to  Via  a    iT      t^™Y^'"^'~"^^  ^"°™"n  tree-liko 
conspicuously  acuminate,  abou   3'  lon^.  and^^,  5T^^11  ^."  '°  ^^^^     ^'■'-  «'nooth 
or  wavy  dUated  border  on  each  side  STs   tl7Jlt'  '^T  P""°^^^  ^'^"^  '"^  c^rJcci 

slightly  and  eveni;  margined    cVrslXi^^^  '^''"''*<^  *<^^"^J  P<-'tiolas 

Y.  to  Ga.  A  shru'b  or  sma  ikS^To  to  Ail  l^Vr  "  Z"^^'  ""**  ^''^^l^^H  N 
large  cymes.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long  %  to  As  w  f  nn  5  ''t°'^'^."^,^'  g^°««y  ^vs.  'and 
gmed.  Cymes  terminal.  Fls.^viit^suLre£l  Iw  ',*  ^'^\° 'f' ^^''"'^'1^  "'«<■< 
are  sweet  and  eatable.     Jn.  succeeded  by  oval,  blackish  berries  whieU 

•       ^'b'rownToiriVs.L™erIt  w"rr''^^^^  ^^^'^''^^  ^^"^  reddish 

,  ^         the  black  drupes  being  i^JIpid         "  ^''  ^"^  *^'^-  ^'^^-    C^''^'^ i'"^^"'^  haw, 

^  oT-su"?r1rate:  noUMniJ^^iZtT^^^^^  '^^i'''"'^''  «^  ^^^^-  ontire 

fully  grown  3  to  4'  long  mostlv  acut Ar  1        i  ^^  ^-  ®-     ^''^  *^"'^^*^.  and  when 
peduncles  1  to  2'  in  lonc^th  ^LfAfll  )    •      !""•"  ^^"'"^"ate.     Cj/^n^,  i^rgo  Z 

(V.cassino'idesLO.-AnXrSetvT  Sontb 

entire  lvs.  (South),  &c.  ^  ^    """"^^^  ^'""^  ^^'^"'^'•'  o^al,  obtuse,  very 

^^/Mo^KShf^^^^^^^  or  nearly  so,  ..fo.. 

nver  banks,  Va.  to  Ga      Bra m  hp«  Jtrt^  '  *^*'^^— SI'rub  8  to  15f  high,  swampr 

veins  with  halr^tiis  ineS"""? fin^f"  *^"''>«^*>"»'  fe«ce^mfe,  e««re,  their 

i^ls.  white,  tinged  with  td,  v  r7  hL^^'^;!^     feen  above,  pafer  benea'H 
12  V.  odoratfssimum  r^  T       ,^^^^*  ^^  P"^^<*nce  variable. 

OiiDEnLXVH.    EUBIACEvE.    Madderwoktb. 

.'orolla,  equal  in  number  and  allnT       m   •  '  "''^'^^^  "P°"  ^'>^  t«b»  ^^tho 

celled.    4&  -iDdnrmrt^    H     .  '"^    '  "'  ''^'"'^"''-      ^"«"  ^^  ^  ^'•-•^'v  rnore). 

ccll.     (4f^3;"^^^^-P-rt'>-^-doa.    /Kvanous.    ^'ee^  one,  few,  or  many  in  each 


Cymea  small 
3,  white,    i'r. 

le  stalky  Ivg, 
;3  Keen)  aud 

inafe,  acutely 
toon  tree-like 
Lvs.  smooth, 
t^ith  a  curled 
:  oymos,  suc- 

ibovc,  round- 
th;  petioles 
thickets,  N. 
Rsy  Ivs.  aod 
i;?htly  mar- 
'n-ies  whicli 

'ith  reddish 
ossum  haw, 

f-dgi^,  entire 
?ed ;  cy«e,y 
and  when 
:i'  large,  on 
Fls.  white, 
iriable. 

iminato  at 

3  or  short- 
nd  Soutli 
tuae,  very 

30,  suhses- 
,  swampy 
ered  with 
>  8"  long-, 

ire,  their 

Height 

beneath. 

le. 

,  elliptic' 
igrant. — 


Stipules 
less  ad- 
o  calyx 
e  of th» 
'  rnoro)- 
in  each 


intl  Cir.. 
nded  by 


Order  67.— RUBIACE^.  399 

Torrcy  and  Gray.  The  species  of  the  first  suborder,  StelIntp«D.  are  common  In  the  northern  parts 
of  both  continents;  the  other  suborder  iirevalls  chletly  in  warm  or  torrid  regions. 

Piopei'tien. — A  very  hntiortuut  family,  lurnisliing  many  useful  products.  The  madder,  one 
of  the  most  important  of  dyes,  is  furnished  by  the  root  of  Kubia  tinctoria.  A  simihir  coloring 
matter  is  possessed  by  several  species  of  Galium.  Peruvian  bark,  a  powerful  febrifuge,  is  tbu 
pniduet  of  several  species  of  Cinchona,  vin.,  (J.  udcranthia.  C.  condaminea,  C.  lanceolatfl,  C.  mag- 
uifolia,  iSic ,  all  natives  of  Peru.  Their  febrifujral  properties  depend  upon  the  presence  of  two 
allialies,  (Jinchonia  and  Quinia,  both  combined  with  Kiidc  acid.  Ipecacuanha,  the  prince  of 
fuietics.  is  the  product  of  the  root  of  Cepluelis  Ipecacuanha,  a  little  shrubby  plant  witb  creeping 
roots,  in  the  damp  forests  of  Brazil.  Several  other  species  of  Cinchoneffi  attbrd  sut'Stitutes  I'or 
the  true  Ipecac. 

Coffee  is  the  hard  albumen  of  the  seeds  of  Coflfea  Arabica,  a  tree  of  moderate  siie,  with  a  light 
brown  trunk,  and  a  conical  shaped  head.  Leaves  shining,  light  green.  Flowers  white,  frngidnt. 
The  berries  are  black  when  ripe.  Coffee  is  s.ild  to  have  been  used  in  Ethiopia  from  time  imme- 
uioriaL    In  Paris  and  Luudou  it  seems  )iut  to  have  been  in  general  use  earlier  than  the  year  1700. 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 

1   STELLATED.    Leaves  (and  leaf-like  stipules?)  whorled.    Ovary  entirely  adherent,  (a) 

a  Flowers  4-parted.    Fruit  twin.    Slender  herbs  with  square  stems Galium.  I 

a  Flowers  5-partcd.    Fruit  twin,  fleshy  and  baccate.    Stems  square Rubia.  3 

2.  CINCIIONE^.    Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between  the  petioles.    Ovary 
adherent,  at  Icist  the  lower  half,  (b) 

b  Tree.    Flowers  5-parted,  in  involucrate  cymes Pinkneva.  3 

b  Shrub.    Flowers  4-parted,  in  globular  heads Cepualanthus.    4 

b  Herbs.    Flowers  habitually  4-parted  (P-pjirted  in  O.  Ilalci)   (o) 

C  Flowers  twin  (2  corollas  on  one  (double)  ovary) Mitciiblla,  6 

0  Flowers  not  twin. — Carpels  2, 1-seeded,  both  Indehiscent Diosia.  6 

— Carpels  2, 1-seeded,  one  indehiscent Spermacoce.         7 

— Carpels  2,  few-seeded.   Corolla  much  exserted.UoL'STONiA.  3 

— Carpels  2,   00  -seeded.     Corolla   scarcely  ex- 

scrted Oldenlandia      9 

1.  GALLIUM,  L.  Cleavers.  Bedstraw.  TGr.  ydXa,  milk;  the 
flowers  of  G.  verum  are  used  in  coagulating  milk.)  Calyx  limb  minutely 
4-toothecl ;  corolla  rotate,  4-cleft ;  stamens  4,  short ;  styles  2  ;  carpels 
2,  united,  separating  into  2,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  nutlets. — Herbs  with 
slender,  4  angled  sts.     Verticels  of  4,  6  or  8  Ivs.,  rarely  of  5. 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  in  whorls  of  about  8.    Fruit  smooth No.  1 

a  Flowers  dull  purple.    Leaves  (large)  in  whorls  of  4.    Fruit  hispid  or  not Nos.  2—4 

a  Flowers  white.— Leaves  in  4s  only.    Fruit  dry.    Panicle  teiminal No.  B 

— Leaves  in  4s  only.    Fruit  smooth,  puride  berries Nos.  6,  7 

— Leaves  iu  4»  and  6s. — Fruit  hispid  with  hooked  huirs No.  8 

— Fruit  smooih  or  nearly  so,  dry Nos.  9 — 11 

— Leaves  in  8s,  long  and  narrow.    Fruit  hispid No.  12 

1  G.  vferum  L.  Yellow  Bedstraw.  Erect ;  Ivs.  in  8s.  grooved,  entire,  rough, 
linear;  fis.  densely  paniculate. — If  Found  iu  dry,  open  grounds,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston,  probably  introduced  (Bigelow).  Root  long,  fibrous.  St.  slender,  erect, 
1  to  2f  high,  with  short,  opposite,  leafy,  unequal  branches.  Lvs.  deflexed,  linear, 
with  rolled  edges.  Pis.  numerous,  smoU  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  terminal  pani- 
cles. Jn. — The  roots  dye  red.  Tho  flowers  aro  used  in  England  to  curdle  milk. 
§  Eur. 

2  G.  pildsum  Ait,  St.  asconding,  hirsute  on  the  angles ;  lvs.  in  4s,  oval,  indis- 
tinctly veined,  hirsute  botfi,  sides  and  punctate  with  pellucid  dots ;  fied.  several 
times  forked,  each  division  2  to  3-flowered ;  fls.  pedictllate,  densely  hispid. — A  tail 
species  found  in  dry  woods  and  sterile  soils,  Mass.  to  Ind.,  S.  to  the  Gulf.  8t.  1 
to  2f  high,  acutely  4-angled,  mostly  with  few,  short,  spreading  branches,  some- 
times much  branched.  Lvs.  9  to  12"  by  4  to  8",  obtusish,  very  hairy  as  well  as 
the  stem  and  fruit.     Fla.  ptn-plish.   Jn.    (G.  puncticulosum  Mx.) 

3  G.  circee'zana  Mx.  SL  erect  or  ascending,  smooth;  lvs.  in  4s,  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-veined,  amoothisli,  ciliato  on  the  margins  and  veins ;  ped.  di- 
varicate, few-flowered ;  fr.  subsessiie,  nodding,  hispid. — Grows  iu  woods,  U.  S. 
and  Can.  St.  about  If  in  height;  with  a  few  short  branches  near  the  top,  or 
simple.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  4  to  8'.  Fls.  on  very  short,  reflexed  pedicels,  scattered 
along  the  (usually  2)  branches  of  the  dichotomous  peduncle.  Fr.  covered  with 
little  hooka  as  in  Circaia.    JL — The  leaves  have  a  sweet  taste  like  liquorice. 


400 


Ordbb  67.~Rubiace^. 


/J.  i-anobolXtum  Torr.    Ycrv  mnnnth    i      , 

teliiOakeH.)      * ''•     '^*''^^-  '^^  "^-vato.-Whi  Jm^  (&^"^^^^^^^^ 
*  O.  latlfdllum  Mx     ^^   or    ^ 

Hoptoutrio,.,d(3  BvV.)      '"^'^°-'''^«  l'»"'clo  ut  top  of  tho  Piem.    Fr.  am j/     n"";T- 
6  O.  hlspfdulum  My      n/r  ■  '  ^^'' 

9  O.  aspr^llum  Mx.     Rororrrrr- 


tt '  >r'  ?  "••  '^-^'-Sf  S? o¥  t!:o^r'  "r  ^'^  "^  ««'  «^  the  branches 

'"i'STinM"'"'     ^'^-  ^"  *^  °^'«ncooIato.  obtuse;  ped,  a-flow^roa-  part, 
■*■«■  o.  coacfnnum  Torr  A  Pr     c*    ^  »  <^'    • 

scabrous  on  the  unffles-  /J  ,•„,'.  j      **^""ntx5nt,   diffusely  brandiort    r«f 

in  tljo  I lidrflo     t,  '^^  '     ^^^  "»  numerous  wliorls  k  iT»'''i     ?>    , '^'    ^'«-  venr 

*-      ^  """^  '^''^^'■V  adlicnug  by  (heir  hookca 


Order  67.— RUBIACBVE. 


401 


• — A  fino  Tft. 
•  Torro.viUw.) 
^e«-)    (CJ.  Lit. 


•voiiiof?. 


very 


All  ologaiit 
iicols  2  to  C" 

rntlior  acuto, 
•"OL-ky,  shady 
or,  bnuielied 
l''l3.  numor- 
*!].    JJ.   (0. 

-'kiali,  mostly 

y-likc,  large, 

J  to  r'  by  2 

May— 0,.t, 

'»ff,'  /m.  in 
I-dowercd  - 
»'l  La.  St.' 
oiiK'd.     J'r. 

'■  Ivs,  in  ;■)•( 
^  c'iliate  on 
""ty,  oiteu 
rs. — Moist 

'  ^'  lo"g,  i 
a  uuciaatc 

r  brancli- 
ofafc,  iiiur- 
» tliiekol.s 
:  OH  otiicr 
Lvs.  5  to 
'th,  often 

"it,   very 
ng  or  ob^ 
low,  wet 
.  3  to  G" 
3^  small, 

>ranchc« 
!ss  slcri- 
(i,  tinc- 

t;  partat 

trorsely 
iirds  on 
xlicola; 
s.  very 
iioadtT 

,  orfiv, 
:illarv, 

)      St8. 

Qokcd 


prickloa  to  CTory  thing  in  thoir  way.  Lvs.  12  to  20"  by  2  to  3".  Fls.  numeroua. 
small,  white,  i  r.  rather  largo,  armed  with  hooked  prickles.  Jn.— The  root  will 
dye  red.    Tho  herbage  ia  valued  as  a  domestic  remedy.  §  ? 

2.  RU'BIA,  Toiirn.     Maddek.     (Lat.  rubra,  red  ;  from  tho  colorini? 
mutter  of  it8  roots.)     Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete  • 
corolla  rotate,  5  parted  ;  stamens  short;  styles  2,  united  at  base;  fruit 
twin,  roundish,  baccate,  smooth.— Herbaceous  or  shrubby.   St.  4-anffled 
diffuse.  ''  ^     * 

R.  tinotdrum  L.  St.  weak,  ita  angles  retrorsely  aculeate ;  lvs,  in  whoria  of  6 
lanceolate,  tho  margins  and  midvoins  aculeate;  ped.  axillary  and  terminal' 
J-forkod;  cor.  G-purtad,  brownish  yellow,  with  a  callous  point— From  Europe' 
Cultivated  for  its  roots  which  yield  that  valuable  coloring  matter,  madder.     Jl. 

^  3.  PINCKNE'YA,  Mx.  (Dedicated  to  Gen.  C.  C.  Pinckney,  of  S. 
Carolina.)  Calvx  tube  campanulate,  limb  5-parted,  one  segment  of 
several  of  the  flowers  dilated  into  a  largo  rose-colored  bract ;  corolla 
tube  cylindrical,  limb  5-lobed,  somewhat  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  sta- 
mens  5,  from  the  base  of  tho  corolla,  exscrted  ;  stvlo  slender ;  stigma 
2-Iobed  ;  capsule  roundish,  thinly  coriaceous,  2-valved,  many-seeded.— 
A  small  tree  (or  large  shrub).  Stip.  caducous,  leaving  a  strong  ridgo 
between  tho  petioles.  &        b 

P.  piibens  Mx  Swamps  and  along  crooks,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  common.  It  ia  a  sin- 
gularly  beautiful  tree,  15  to  25f  high  in  its  native  woods,  witii  a  straight  and  slen- 
der trunk.  In  cultivation  it  has  more  tho  character  of  a  shrub,  brandling  from 
the  base  and  flowering  when  but  lOf  high.  Lvs.  large,  ovate,  acuto  or  sub- 
acuminato  at  each  end.  Young  branches  and  cymes  downy.  Cor.  purple  within 
canescent  without.  Cymes  splendidly  radiant  by  tlio  largely  expanded  marginal 
calyxes.  Capsules  as  large  as  an  ounce  bullet.  May,  Jn.— Properties  similar  to 
tho  X'eruvian  bark.     (Fig.  183.) 

4.  CEPHALAN'THUS,  L.  Button  Bush.  (Gr.  «e0ttA4  a  head 
avdog,  a  llower;  flowers  in  heads.)  Calyx  limb  4-toothed ;  corolla 
tubular,  slender,  4-cleft ;  stamens  4  ;  style  much  cxserted.— Shrubs 
with  opposite  lvs.  and  short  stip.  Fls.  in  globous  heads,  without  au 
involucre. 

C.  ocoidentaiiB  L.  Lvs.  opposite  and  in  3g,  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  smooth- 
lids,  pcdunculata— A  handsome  shrub,  frequenting  tho  margins  of  rivers  ponds 
and  brooks,  U.  S.  and  Can.  It  is  readily  distinguisliod  by  its  spherical  heads  of 
«owcrs,  which  are  near  1'  diam.,  resembling  the  globular  inHorosconce  of  tho 
bycamore.  Ileiglit  about  6f  Lvs.  spreading,  entire,  3  to  5'  by  2  to  3'.  Tiie 
fla,  are  tubular,  with  long,  projecting  stylos,  and  are  inserted  on  all  sides  *of  the 
round  receptacle.    Jl, 

5.  raiTCHEL'LA,  L.  PAnTRiUGE  Berry.  (In  honor  of  Dr,  John 
Mitchell,  an  English  resident  in  Virginia.)  Flowers  2  on  each  double 
ovary  ;  calyx  4.parted ;  corolla  funnel  shaped,  hairy  within  ;  stamens  4, 
short,  inserted  on  tho  corolla ;  stigmas  4  ;  berry  composed  of  tho  2* 
united   ovaries.— Evergreen   herbs  smooth  and  creeping,  with  oppo- 

SILC  lV8t 

M.  rfipens  L.  St.  creeping;  lvs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate.—A  littlo  prostrate 
plant  foi.t.,1  in  woods,  throughoiit  thn  TJ.  S.  and  Can.  St.  furni.sliod  with  fiat 
coriaceous,  dark  green  lvs.,  and  producing  small,  brigiit  red  berries,  remarkably, 
distinguished  by  tlieir  doi'ble  structure,  and  remaining  on  the  plant  through  the 
winter.  The  corollas  are  white  or  tinged  with  red,  very  fragrant,  sometimes  6  or 
even  6-partcd  (Mr.  Slirivcr).     Fr.  weU-llavored  but  dry  and  full  of  stony  seeds. 

26 


402 


OaftKu  07.— RUBIAOK^. 


-'i^x  ...M.  ....c>w..i,f^  u !;'..*: ;• '  !2  *-'>'.  «""'ii..^'  to  tiu,  two 

-pural. ..  ..ar,„.|.s  a.v  in  iMtl/i.ul.,!  i J^  /.'        ,       ,  ^'"'/^  ""•  'O  >  ^-''^l.'d, 
»^''la.)',  Nossil,.  solitary  or  J'ow.      ^  ''   ^"'^^''-     J'''^- «'""ll,  wliiu,, 

ton-.  .)i.|„.sii,„;  ,,,„..  „,,|v^,.  p         ,„      '       "*"'•  '""Kt'rlli„iulm.Mli,,.tlis-  iIm'm  i- 

;^l:;x;;;;:i!=:i:;;;^^j';;.,;:-^«i....^w..u 

a  D.  tore.  Walt.     Kn.,  I      '^2^  ^;;:^     *'"^~^"P^-     (D-  In-nlu  VU.) 
(>ponu:uHHH>,iuKlii,.iMx.)  "*  "'''^''■'''  '"""wii  briatlos.     Aug., \s.-pt 

7.  SPERMACOXE.  I;     a;.-  nrr- 

t..l>u  .•  liM,l>  sproaJin,.,  4-1  >bo      't-  no  s'  1      '.      '"  '-'r"'^^'^'  '  •'^^''""^ 
iJ-cvII..,l,  orow.uvl  with  tho  r.ivv   s  .  '"^'-""^  ^"'^'^''^  !  <''>it  «lrv 

fornu.r  oxsort..!  and  tl.o  la  t  m"       Im?        ''  ."'  '^  '"  '^^""^'  P'""<^  <'•« 
••'"ti'^«rs  in.ludod  ;  oansnlo  o  ,,  "\'''t"''  "'  ^^tliors  the  stylo  oiortod  and 

:.H)).scodod.--l[orlK   ^  Sfi  /  ""■  .''^T'  '"*'^  ^''^^N  ^"^'I-''^  <'^>w  (8  to 

4  or  in  oy.no;:tintr;!;;,;;x<;ii;!Li^  ^^^^'^'^'  -^'-  ^'-^^ 


rrr'"*"'" "*""'"■ "' "•••■«"»-'- v., , . 

•*    -        -  -  — Li'nvos  lanoo-liiieur 


-   .No.  S 
Nos.  6,  7 


1  H.  ccBriilea   L      Dr^..„„   «,.._      .  -''-«vos  l,»m«o-ll„ear Nos.  6.  7 


Obi>eb  67.— RUBIACEiE. 


403 


lo  tlio  fw„ 

S  Ktyld  niHl 

0  In<'.«(|,m|, 

--Aincricari, 
nail,  wjiit,,^ 

lunrisli;  ivs. 
IliM;   IIh.  Noli 
itii   (ho  ciil.  • 
■N,,  III.  t()(iiu 

'*".    1-Vt'ill(>(), 

iilo.     Ma)'— 


iiila  I'll.) 

r-laiiccoliito, 

."olitfiry,  or 

«'*  th,'  cal. ; 

kI  i^.   t^tlltOfl. 

(iluMit  1'  by 
'^"g-,  8<>pt 

;  alliKJiii^ 
I ;  corolla 
<Viiit  (irv, 
I  in(l(>lii"s- 
'ibai't'ons 
I'l  listers. 

'<';  wliorla 
i'»'.V  in  (In. 

t'.vito  r, 

L'  subuluto 

;  Ivs.  ob- 
lun'l-liiriii, 
iiks,  Mid. 

L,  boils, 
iiii  *ho 
corolla ; 
Ills,  tlio 
tod  and 
V  (8  to 
Is.  soli- 


Nos.  1.  2 
AiMi  3,4 
.  .No.  6 
N<'.\  6,  r 

f.  ovate- 

2-tiow. 

d-.sidt's, 

.  lujice- 


ovnto,     Stfl.  very  Hlondor,  forkod,  3  to  5'  hii,'}i,  ouch  branch  bearing  a  flow.T.    Cor. 

piilo  bluo,  yollowiMJi  nl  tlio  coiitor,  about  5"  wido.    Miiy— Aug.    (IIodyotiB  Hook. 

Oldori'  .idiii,  Oruy.) 
ji.  m'noii  Mx.     UrmiohoH  and  pod.  spreading  with  a  wido  nnglo;  fl.s.  smnller 
(:j  to  4'  wido).— Tho  inoro  common  form  in  tho  S.  States.     Mar.,  April.    (II 
patotiH  Kll.)  "^        ^ 

2  H.  ■erpylllfdlia  Mx.  ("ir'SpitouH;  sLs.  filiform,  procumhmt;  Ivs.  roundmh- 
ovale,  abrupt  or  Hiihcurdak  at  Ikuv,  j)f'tioUile,  r.LHolate. ;  pc<].  terminal,  very  long  • 
cor.  !  jboH  broad-oval.— ?(  ?  .Springy  plaecH  among  the  mt.s.  of  (.'ar.  and  Tonn! 
HtH.  very  HJonder,  weak,  «  to  12'  l(jng.  Lvh.  no  larger  tliun  in  No.  1  (of  which 
tliiH  may  bo  but  another  variety).     May — JI. 

3  H.  mfnima  Hock.  (ilabrouH,  Kimpio  or  dichotomouHly  branching ;  Ivs.  linear' 
HimlidaU;  mutjh  attiuiuatc-d  to  the  ba.se  ;  \m\.  at  lirHt  nearly  radical,  at  length  ax- 
illary, ollen  not  longer  than  the  leaves;  Hd.s.  10  to  l.'i  in  ciwh  cell,  oval,  mnooth, 
tioneavo  on  the  face.—  (j  I'rairioH,  etc.  Mo.,  Tenn.  to  \m.  Very  small  and  deli- 
cate, 1  to  ;j'  high.  Lv.M.  aiiont  W  by  1".  FIh.  roHo  rolor,  nearly  as  largo  as  in 
No.  1,  a.     Mar.— May.     (llodyotis  t.  &  G.) 

4  H.  rotundifdlla  Mx.  I'rociunbont,  creeping,  leafy;  Ivs.  roundish- oval,  afmipt 
Htba.He,  petiolato;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  ped.  mostly  iongwr  tiian  tho  Ivs.;  caps, 
emargmate,  fow-seedod.— ^  Sandy,  damp  places,  H.  Car.  lo  Fla.  and  lia.  Forms 
small  patches.  St«.  much  branched,  2  to- 5' long.  Lvs.  generally  longer  than 
the  mternodes,  .1  to  4"  diam.     Fla  white,  about  as  largo  as  in  No.  1.    Mar.— Dec. 

5  H.  piii-pi!irea  L.  St.  ascending,  clustered,  branching,  4-angled ;  lv.s.  ovato- 
lanceolate,  W  to  S-yoined,  closely  sessile;  cymes  3  to  7-(lowered,  often  clustered; 
cal,  segm.  lance-linear,  longer  than  tho  capsule,— Mid.  and  W.  Stat<.'S  S.  to  Ala. 
(Kufala),  m  woods  and  on  river  banks.  A  very  delicate  flower,  about  If  high. 
Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  jj  as  wide.  Cor.  white,  often  tinged  with  purple.  May— Jl. 
(llodyotis  Hook.) 

6  H.  lougifdiia  CJaert.  Kadicni  lv.s.  oval-elliptic,  narrowed  to  each  end  ;  caulino 
linear  or  lauee-linear,  1-veined;  lis.  in  small,  [)aniculalo  cymes.— y  Dry  hills, 
tan.  to  (Ja.  and  Ark.  Much  nioro  slender  than  tho  last.  Sts.  oreet,  5  to  12' 
high,  4-angled,  sinooih  or  ciliolate  on  tho  angles.  Lvs.  9  to  15"  by  2  to  3",  caul- 
ino sessile,  rather  acute  at  e.ach  end,  all  smooth.  Fls.  2  or  3  together  on  very 
Biiort  pedicels,  pale-purph',  with  deeper  colored  striu)  iu  tho  throat.  Jn.,  Jl. 
(IledyoLis  Hook.) 

/i  TKNiriKou.i.  St.  very  branching;  lvs.  very  narrow;  pod.  filiform;  fls. 
smaller.     (II.  teiiuifolia  Nutt.) 

y  oir.ioi.ATA.  livs.  obloug-linear,  rather  obtuso,  often  ciliato;  briinches  mostly 
erect.— Hanks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  Ky.  Varies  imper- 
ceptibly into  a.     (II.  ciliolata  Torr.) 

7  H.  angUBtifdlia  Mx.  Slender,  tall,  Ftrictly  erect;  lv.s.  narrowly  linear,  1- 
veiiu.'d ;  fl.s.  very  numerous,  short-jK^dicelled,  in  compact,  terminal  eymulea ;  cal. 
lobes  subulate;  caps,  obovoid  or  (op-shaped.- ^  Prairies  and  bottoms.  111.  to  J^. 
Sts.  slightly  4-angled,  nearly  terete,  10'  to  2f  high,  branching.  Lv.s.  12  to  18" 
long,  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  1"  v/ido.  Cor.  white,  hairy  inside.  2"  loutr.  Jn,. 
Jl.     (Uedyotis  .steuophylia  T.  &  G.)  ,'  .  b  » 

9.  OLDENLAN'DIA,  L.  In  memory  of  Oldenland,  a  German  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  who  died  at  tho  (3ape  of  Good  Hope.)  Calyx  4  or 
5-lobed,  persistent ;  corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  short  tube,  little  longer 
than  th(>  calyx,  4  to  6-lohed  ;  stamens  4  to  5  ;  style  short  or  0,  stigmas 
2  ;  capsule  wholly  adherent  to  and  inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube  ;  seeds 
very  numerous  and  minute  (40  to  00  in  each  cell.)— ^Ilerbs  erect  or 
prostrate.  Stip.  with  2  to  4  subulate  points  each  side.  Fls.  small, 
axillary,  white. 

1  O.  glomerSta  Mx.  Creeping  Green-head.  St.  nasurgent,  branching;  lvs. 
ovate-l.ineeolnte,  pubescent,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole,  or  sessile; 
fls.  glomerate  in  the  axils  and  terminal,  cor.  shorter  tlian  tho  leafy  cal.  teeth. A 


404 


OliDKH  08.-VALKUrANACK^ 


""'"•Iv  .'xsorUHl.     Sv  very  IEl       '^.l  ''""',"'"   ^^■'''^"'  ''"'''i"  ""'•..lla.    .%  ,^' 
yolis  |.;il.)  '-^'^- very  Bhort.     U|.m.  ..pniing  ,.r(»,sHwiMc.     Ji..--Hc.i.t.     il|"i 


OuDKit  LXVlII._.VAI.KlilAIVA(^K/K 


Vai.kiiianh. 


^'H   »M.l    ,wo   aborti  0   o  eV     ^l      v!       '     ''"'"'"  "^''"-^'  ^vi-L  ono  ,H.rr..ot 
r.-r p.  •""*     ^''^  ''"''''"X    l'o.ululuuH,    iu  «  ary,    indduHc^nt 

:ir::ria-:-;;rr ^^^^^^^    ^ ..,,, 

ova.c^aMup,v.s.^.,,  ,,,,,,,, ,,_^^,;'''!1J  '^^^^^  '1^'  t|»<o;  c.>r.  short  (:Uo  4 ') ;  fr 
Lv*^  oihau.  with  .s.,a.orod  l^iirs.  t  u.Vof  S\.,tt  ?  I'-'T'  ?  *•  '"  ^^'^•''-  ^•^''"W 
«t   baso,  ihoso  of  ,J,o  s.o.n  with  4  (o  8  1  j  i.^   '^"*'"  '  '^"'•■">fi»""«  "'"inilato 


A«^.  ^2;^'i' "^..iSiS'Sitr;:!,:  •iTr^-y  "-^^-^  ^^ '-  '<-.  ^.«^- 

J»S;  wh.to,  i„  a  denst.  j^niolo  wh  oh  uJl'Ju-         ^"'f  •«>''»•  2  to  4"  wide. 

tioshy  r>x4  is  Raid  to  bo  iokci  an    oaUn  K  ?T  *^f.f''"»^«'\  »  fr»it-     Jn.-Tho 

4.  xr    ^«-,...i„    ,       --         '"  *^'*^"  "y  <l<i'  Indiana.     (V.  oiliataT  ■*■  <^- ) 

ceolato,  thrbS'and  tonni^rsh;ili'l:H/'"r''"'  ^■^'-  ^^^^^^'H^ear  or' lan- 

a  cwded,  .a,...d  ...o.^^n!;s;rt  ;;s  v^ixSi  s  t^'2i^ 


*«'•,  N.  r.  to 

•niiK  to  .-iicli 
III.  ill  J  (|,.,,p 

"•'»IIU.       HliHi, 

'"^q't.     (Ilnl- 

,  'itt('iuiat«'(l 
-N  1  to  :i  to- 
I  urn  Hli(>ri,,«r 
SIH.  (i  t„  10 

ouiicl  hj  Dr. 


I'itlipr  mcni- 
to  5-l()bo(|, 
tiil>o,  iilii-r- 

1)110    IMTfcot 

iiiduliiscout 
tr/,rii  of  111,, 

l!<   of  HHVOIlU 

•  "I'iK-^iiiinl. 
iiido.'.Uioliyn 

ti'on  and 

t  ;  statu, 
•innatoly 

•  ..No,i.  1,9 

...NiKi.  a,  4 
H  nt  base, 

nil's  low- 

•  Va.  aiici 
iiUiviiiod, 
Jii.,  JL 

iK'oolato, 
'4');  fr. 
iTv  raro. 
iiiiciilato 
iual  uue. 

•f,  /«7)ai!tt- 
«.,  mar- 
'lo  oDin- 
lafo  i-al. 
Ilowiaii, 
t"  wide. 

11.— The 

fr  (I  \ 

or  lai> 
(2").  in 
I  shops. 


OUKKU  ii9.—mVS\CKJK.  40IJ 

2.  VALERIANEL'LA,  Mdiiirli.  DC.  (Lat.  ilimlnutivoof  ra/rrmm/,) 
Calyx  liml)  ohnoluto ;  corolla  tub«  hliort,  not  spuirod,  limb  6-lobe«i, 
iTf,'iilar;  Htanmim  .') ;  HtijufiiiaH  .l-cloft  or  (jtitiro ;  fruit  .'J-colled,  2  of  thciii 
ctiiply  and  inoio  or  U'hh  inf!at((d,  tho  otiicr  with  one  Hced, — C]j  StcniH 
loikcd  aboyo.  Lxh.  oppoHito,  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  tootlied,  hciv 
Hilc.  KIh.  in  deiwe,  terminal  cymeletH.  Tho  Hpoeitlc  churacters  arc 
alforded  nnvinly  by  tho  fruit. 

♦  I'Viill  itviitn  Inoiillliio,  Kliibfoiin  or  fiiitioRPont.     Flowers  wliUn  .  n„,  i   <> 

♦  Friill  orbicular,  «lubroii»,— coiiiidcsHi-d  ijorniilly.     Klowi-r»  wliltti.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'  ". Nt»  »  4 

— «oiii|)r«H»f(l  l/Uurully.     Klowurs  bliiu ..No.'  5 

1  V.  Fagop^rutn.  Lvh.  ol)loiip;-HpatuIal(i,  Hubontiro ;  /r.  Hinooth,  ovoid-irianau- 
lir,  \\w  onipl.vi'oilH(!oiiv()rKiii)<  to  tiioobluso  iiiikIo,  with  no  groove  \n-\,w am i\nin- 
p.  Uiryu  (4'  br()a(i).~WoHl  N.  Y.  to  Ubio.  Ml.  H  to  18'  in  lieJKbt.  JiraolHlunl 
(icolatf,  iiciilo.  Fr.  roHi)inl)linK  lliiil  of  Uuekwlioiit  (I'olygouum  KaKOpyrum  )  iti 
form,  ttontuiniiiK  ono  largo  hooiI  ami  two  otnpty  coIIh.  FIh.  tlirico  lurifur  tlian  in 
tboMcKl.     J'V.  li"  long.     Jii.     (Fo(iia,T.  &  (i.)  ^ 

2  V.  radi^ta  Dulr.  I,vh.  mostiy  toollicd  lowardH  tiioba.so,  lincnr-oblong,  obtuae- 
//•.  |)iib(.Het!nt,  ovoiil,  aoinewhut  4-mijkd,  l-t{K)lbf(l  at  ap(;x  ;  empty  wlls  not  con' 
vcrgcMit,  l)iit  with  a  nroove  botwooii  tiioin ;  fulilo  cell  llalliHb,  l)ioadef  than  tho 
otlior'2;  lis.  Hinail  (i  '  wi(io).— Low  KroniidM,  Midi.,  Oiiio,  to  Ala.  Kt.  «  to  12' 
higli,  diohotoinona  liko  tho  othur  Hpccict*,  Hiiioolh.  JiVH.  oblonpr,  >noro  or  Icha  (aper- 
itiK  to  tho  baHo,  I  to  2'  by  2  to  4".  Fr.  Iohh  than  1 "  long,  at  length  nearly 
Hnidoth.     (Kedia,  Mx.) 

3  V.  umbilio&ta  (Siill.)  Lvs.  oblong-lancoolato,  toothed  or  JnciHed  at  tho  baso; 
fr.  Huli^rloboiw,  iiidatod,  apox  1-tootliod,  tho  anterior  face  deeply  umlnlicute  and 
perforated  into  tho  Hterilo  (ujIIh  which  uro  much  larger  than  the  li-rtilo  ono. — Moi.st 
grounds,  OoluinbuH,  Ohio,  (Hnllivant).  I'lant  eniooth,  1  to  2f  high,  many  titties 
diohotoiiioiKS.  FIh.  in  innnorou.s  cytnuloH,  coryinboualy  arratiged.  Fr.  nearly  1" 
diain.,  with  1  rib  at  tho  back  produced  into  a  tooth  at  apex,     (Fodia,  Sull.) 

4  V.  patelldria  (Sull.)  Lvh.  toothed  at  baso ;  1^-.  obicular,  much  flattened,  con- 
cave, notched  at  both  ends,  tho  Hterilo  cells  widely  divergent,  at  length  tbrniing  a 
winged  margin  to  the  lerlilo  coHh.— Wet  groundH  near  Columbus,  Ohio,  (Sullivant). 
RoHembles  tho  liwt  except  in  its  fhtit.     (Fedia,  Sull.) 

5  V.  olitdrla  Mtuncli.  Lamu  Lettuce.  Lvh.  Hpatulate-obtuso,  radical  one  potio- 
lato ;  fr.  comprosacd  laterally  m  to  tho  seed,  obU(iue,  at  length  broader  than  long, 
not  toothed  at  apox;  fertile  cell  longer  than  both  tho  others,  with  a  corky  back  • 
empty  colls  united,  but  with  a  groove  (in  the  circumference)  between ;  fls.  paia 
Wuc— Naturalized  in  somo  porf,iotis  of  tho  U.  S.  St.  stnooth,  8  to  12'  high, 
didiotonious.  Lvs.  mostly  entire.  Fls.  in  dense  cymuloa.  Fr.  1'  diatn.  Jn  ♦ 
§  Eur. 

Okder  LXIX.    DIPSACE^.     Tkaselworts. 

//(»•&«  with  whorlod  or  opposite  loaves  and  no  stipules.     Flowers  in  dense  heads 

surrounded  by  an  involucre  as  in  ComposiUu.      Calyx  adherent,  pappus-like,  sur- 

rounded  by  a  special  scaiious  involuoel,  corolla  tubular,  somewhat  irreguler,  the  limb 

4  to  O-parted.     Stainms  4,  alternate  with  the  l()))es  of  corolla,  often  unequal.     .4m- 

/Acts  distinct.      Ovary  inferior,    one-celled,  ono-ovuled.     SlyU  one,  simplo.     Fruit 

dry.  indehiHoent,  with  a  single  suspended  seed.     (Fig.  206.) 

Genera  n,  «/)<.,'/<>n  l.-iO.  Tho  ordor  Is  nciirly  nlllod  to  tho  CompasUtD.  The  «peole»  »re  alt  na- 
tlvo.s  of  tho  toinpiMiiU*  regions  of  tho  oiistorn  continent,  riono  of  thoin  American.  Their  proper- 
ties aro  unlniportiint.    Onu  of  tho  species  below  Is  useful  In  dre.sslng  cloth. 

i.  DIP'SACUS,  L.  Te.\sel.  (Gr.  dixjidio,  to  thirst;  water  is  held  in 
the  axils  of  tlie  leaves.)  Flowers  in  heads ;  involucre  many-leaved ; 
involncel  4-sided,  closely  investing  the  calyx  and  fruit ;  calyx  superior ; 
corolla  tubular,  4-cleft,  lobes  erect ;  fruit  l-seeded;  crowned  with  the 


400 


Obdku  69.-D1PSACE^ 


oalyx.— 5,  Plants   stout,  nriclclv       T  ..o 
.       '«i«ti.H.f,)  Ht  base.     lIoH.  s^oS;  th^  ;„iTr'"''  '''V'^^«   («ornotim.« 
'      paneling,     (pig.  200.)  °'     '  ""^''^''  ^^"«  «*    «oreta  first  e.v- 

1  D   8ylv6atria  Mill.    Wild  TE\spr      t„. 
cyl.adheal;   bracts  of  tho  involuT-'In  L       t.  ''"""'**^'   "'"""f"  "••  J'lgffod-    )„i. 
P-HiKont,  boru  inwards     ./.To/a".^;'' /'''"'  "'"  ''"'^'^'^  "'"  <l*.   «l?n  or    nd 

lu  tiio  next  Hpecios,  but  straigl.t^   JJ      Sj  Eur       ^'^  ^''''"'''  "'"'^  ""'  ^'^okod,  u. 
2  p.  Fnlldnum  I^    Fcllkr's  Tii'A'«ii.r     t 

erect,  furrowed,  prickly,  hoHow  ;E5/rP'"' "''''•  "'•  A'-'^lV.  tapering'  St 
tl.e,r  bases  around  tho^Cin  suJ^f/;?';-  /T'^"  ^  «*  ead/node,  „„itd  '  t 
whit.sh,  in  large  oval  or  ovoid  heaSsCnlthnt.''*/  ^"""*'*>'  "^  ^^''t'-^''-     Fl" 

^^^p!^^^.^'"^:^,^  plants  said  to 

invoiucel  nearly  cylmdrical  w   h  8  li/fl  '  'V'"'"''**^  ^nany-Jeavod  ; 

pean  herbs  with  opposite  Ivs  ^  'it>ortivc.— 2;  Large,  mostly  Enro- 

i^^^r^t^^lf:^:'^^^^^  I-    -otoly  toothed,  U. 

t.vatc.L     Tho  sten,  i,,  about  If  1 X   SS  vioTel"  ^fj^  "'-^■'  ^-'^  eul- 

crenato._A  beautifu^l  spocl/r2  to  WT. ,   Z^.f. '''' ^1  ^h^"-*.  I'^l^ed  a  a 
Native  country  unknown.  ^  '  ^'*^'  '•''"^'^  ^'^^ds  of  purplo  fls.  ^ 

Ohokb  LXX.     composite.    Astkkwohts. 

^££?Jrr^^^^^^^  (Of  tl.e  old  botanists)  i.o, 

W't^A  5  ««t<«d  anthers  and  the  fruit  an  ^SuJli  T,^''^''^  °-^"^«'^y  *^«c<^'  (-^caleS' 
«te  exstipulate  «i,nple,  yet  o.lon  ZZalS'Zn  f^'  ^^^••"^'^t^  "''oPPo' 
on  the  receptacle  with  or  without ;,«"  We  .fff'  CoJ  .I'''*'''!  °P'  "™^^^«J'  s<^ssIo. 
divided  into  bristles,  hairs,  etc  Colnn  ,«!  7?  ,<f^- a^^herent,  the  limb  wanting  or 
vein,  often  lifrulate  or  bikbiatJ  ^^Sn^\  ^u'  *"^"^"'":  ^^  ^  lobes  with  a  marS 
anthers  cohering  int.  a  tube  o/l  cdleV  St^^^^^^^  "'f  ^"'^"^  «'"  the  coS 
stigmus  at  s'.iminlt.  Fr.  a  cynsela  d  557Tl)rJ  f^  ^■^^  *''^"'«'"  ^^-V''^  «inglo  with  2 
with  a  pappus.  ^'^^'^  ^8  ^^^^'  '^'^>'.  '"dehiscent,  1-seeded,  oflou  crowned 

flliistratod  in  flas.  55  lis  m  no  i<r  ,,.  ^« 

'»^z^f,as»'SS     .  't  "*  '"'■  "■■  '"• "'  '"•  '■'•  «•  «^''  '^»' 


0mm  70.— COMPOSITA 


407 


(sotnotimos 
rets  first  e.\- 

i  slonclor  and 
-•^  tall,  tliis- 
St  about  4f 
'd  around  it. 
»t  Imoked,  m 

•ficrrato;  li,|. 
;fiporing.  St. 
io,  imitod  at 
water.  F]s. 
tlie  clothiers 
raise  the  naji 

it8  said  to 
ny-leavod  ; 
lirnb  con- 
)stly  Enro- 

>ot!iecI,  Iida. 
rarely  eul- 

ncisod,  hds. 

lobed  and 

irplo  ila.  f 


lists)  i.  0., 
■(■1  (scales), 
te  or  oppo- 
JJ,  sessile, 
ranting  or 
'  marginal 

0  corolla, 
:lo  with  2 

crowned 

4,  828,  329, 

tlio  Phirn- 
il  ■intliurs. 

1  iiifliiro.'^. 
tlio  inflof- 
««'ors  are 
alt  uf  tbe 

■  (lifforpnt 

Aiiicrica 
0  iirojioi'- 
oiie-lialf. 
t  ri'jjions. 

parts  or 
fiwlnnlly 
i<l  of  8t. 

ter  prin- 
becomes 


tonic  nnil  fcbrlfiiffal,  ivi  In  tlio  chainotiillc,  coU'h  Toot,  tlinrouifliwort  Roldon  rod,  etc.  Some  are 
(inliicliiiiiitk-s  IVoiii  the  pruvaloiico  of  tho  roslnoiis  |irltu'li)lo,  lis  tiiiisoy,  Arteml.tlii,  Vornonlu. 
Ottu r»  art)  moiimlie  and  cxtr«ii>ely  bUtor,  an  wormwood  mid  ull  lb«  8|K'cioi»  of  Artumlalo.  Otiier 
fpi'cies  nro  vory  iiurld,  us  inaywoud.  Tho  JorusaU'iii  artlidioko  (llullanthiw  tiiburosus)  the  vegv- 
tahle  oyster  (TraKopot'oii),  thu  true  artlclioko  ((.Jyiiara),  lettuce,  daiidollim  aud  li  few  utUun,  «ri) 
ihu  only  i*pecius  iiaeliil  for  food.    The  order  uboiinda  In  ornnuientttl  plants. 


Ii  •  ."•  ,  "",'"J,"<b'"«  head  rRdiatc.  2.  VciIIobI  eectlon  of  the  head,  fhowiriK  Ihc  srales  of  Ihe  Involucr* 
andasiiipleaisk-nower  remmnltiK  on  (he  convex  reccptach".  .'.  A  perfect  disk-flower  showing  every 
par.  4.  HeacKriuiiatc)  of  SolidiiK,..  6.  A  pistillaie,  ligulate  Oower  of  tho  ray.  6.  A  perfect  disk  fl.  7.  A 
(radiant)  ncM  <>r  Taraxacmn.  H.  A  perfect,  ligulate  11.  St.  Aclienium,  with  its  Iohk  beak  and  plumous 
pappus.  0.  A  (radiant)  head  of  Nabaliis  allissimus.  II.  A  flower.  ll>.  Lappa  major,  head  discoid.  13.  A 
flower.  11.  One  of  the  hooked  scales.  1,\  A  (discoid)  head  of  Fnpftlorium  purpureiim.  16.  A  flower, 
flo'we™  igweed).    IS.  Staminate  bead  enlarged.    ll>.  Pistillate  Involucre  enlarged.    20.  The  ferUla 

The  following  (not  conveniently  tiscd  in  Analysis)  are  De  CandoUo'* 

SUBORDERS  AND   TRIBES. 

I.  TUBULIFLOR^.— Corolla  of  tho  perfi>ct  fls.  tubular,  5-lobed.  (A) 
TiiiKK  1,  Vki!noniack.b.    Branclios  of  the  style  long,  slender,  terete,  and  hispid 

nil  over.    Heads  discoid  ;  flowers  all  nliko  perfect jfos.  1—8 

Trihk  2,  EuPAToiHACE^..      Bmnchcs  of  the  stylo  clavate,  obtuse,  llattencd, 

minutely  pubescent.    lids.  dLscoid.    Fls.  all  alike,  iierfect Nos.  4—15 

TniBKS,  AsTEisoiDi?.!.:.    nrnnches  of  tho  stylo  tlat,  linear,  downy  abovo  and 

opposite  tho  distinct,  stiginutio  lines,  nppendnged  at  top.      Heads  discoid 


or  radiate. 


Nos.  16-35 


TiiiRK  4,  SKNKCI0N1D.B.  Branches  of  tlio  stylo  linear,  fringed  at  tho  to!>,  truncate 
or  extended  into  a  conical,  hispid  appendaso jq'og.  S6 8T 

TninE  5,  Cynark.k.  Style  thickened  or  node-like  at  top  ;  branches  not  appen- 
dagcd,  tho  stiijtiiiatlc  lines  not  prominent,  reaching  tho  npe.x \os.  88— 9T 

II.  LIGULIFLOrwE.— Corollas  all  ligulato  (radiant),  tho  flowers  all  perfect.  (B) 
TuiBE  6,  Ci(!ii(.RAOK.«.    ftninelics  of  tho  style  long,  obtuse,  pubescent  all  over  ; 

stiginatic  lines  coniinencing  below  their  middle.     Juice  milky .' .  .\oa.  93—114 

III.  LABIATIFLOR^ — Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers  bilabiate.  (C) 

TitiUE  7,  MuMsiACK^  Style  nearly  as  in  Cynareic,  tho  branches  obtuse,  very 
convex  outside,  minutely  downy  at  tho  top jjo^  H5 


408 


Obdbb  TO.—COMPOSIT^, 


ARTIFICIAL  ANALYSIS  OP  THE  GENERA. 
A.  Suborder,  TUBULIFLOR^. 
f  Heads  discoid,  that  is,  without  rays  (l) 

2  1  uppus  none,  or  »  Hhort,  toothed  margin,  (b) 
2  1  appu8  composed  of  many  capillary  bristle  °  (3) 

3  Leaves  opposlto.     (Heads  homogamous.)  (d) 

3  Leaves  alternate.  (4)  e  /  va; 

4  Heads  homogaino„8,_fls.  nil  perfect  (o) 
4  Head,  heterogamous,  fls.  „„i  m  perfect.  (6) 
6  Scales  herbaceous,  often  deciduous,  (e) 
1   r        ...  '*  Mftrious,  persistent,  often  colored   (r\  ' 

1  receptacU  ck^ffy  bearing  pales  among  the  flowers   (6     ^^ 
o  i<eavos  alternate,  (g)  ' 

6  Leaves  opposite,  (h) 

«  rr     /       SC"*  fon.posed  of  n-any  bristles,  (i) 
S  Heads  radiate.  I.  o.,  the  outer  flowers  llguh/to   ifK\ 
8  liectptac)^  naked  (not  chaffV)  or  rin  N    7n  7^    ,    x 

0  Pappus  ofinany  capillary  bristles.  (10) 
10  Uays  cyanic,  In  a  single  row.  (m) 
10  Kays  cyanic,  In  several  rows,  (n) 
10  Kaysyelloxv,  In  about  ono  row.  (H) 

II  Pappus  doubte,  or  of  very  unequal  bristles,  (o) 
n  r.il.pu8  simple,  the  bristles  all  similar.  (12) 

12  Involucre  scales  Imbricated,  the  outer  shorter,  (p) 
8  R*,'^nL,o,     7   i  '"7  ""='■«  «««'«»  «<a"al,  «»ot  Imbricated,  (r) 
1^  nff   t'-^^'  r'"'  '•"'«"  ■""""»  »''«  flovvers.  (13) 

14  Uays  cyanic,  (t) 

\l  J?!"!' ^*''-''*  «'«'•"''' '•ay  flowers  fertile,  (u) 
13  Disk  fl-.wors  fertile,  ray  flowers  sterile.  (15) 

15  Achonia  obcompressed,  often  Leaked,  (v) 
15  Achenia  compressed  Ittterullv  or  nof  nf  ,.11    /\ 
a  Con.,la  lobes  one-sided.    Head  large.  n-anV-Zl^'  ""•  ^^^ 

ft  Coro  a  ..bes  <me-sided.     Ifeads  4-^.ttowere,l,  .iggre«ated Z' "  •*^'^"«'*-  » 

a  Corolla  lobes  equal-Leaves  opposite.     I'appusSef      Ki.kp»antopi,s.  3 

-Leaves  whorle.l.     I'app„s  „btuso y  ^«'^'**t''«-  ^ 

-Leaves  a.ternate.-Pappus  scales  ^Vo:.\-: ::;:;:;;;  Jr.r.:rar6;' 

b  Wes  opposite.    Flowers  dtecious.  o';:sc'Z"'  "  ''"'" "vm^nopapphs.  64 

b  Leaves  alteruate.-Flowers  yellow.    Disk  con'iwll ! Ambrosia.  « 

-Flowers  yellow.    Disk  con vev '  *  i^'^^^'CA'"*-  7.S 

-Flowers  ^^^ZtS^^:''''^^'^''—^^^  ^ 

O  Scales  of  the  Involucre  I.,  one  ro. .    Flo^Trrcyatr""- «*^'-'--  ^' 

C  Sea  es  of  the  involuc.o  In  one  row.    Flowers  yellow ^-''^ck^ak.  84 

C  Scales  Imbricated.-Fh.wers  yellow  Srnecio.  86 

-Flowers  whitish." '  "KuPATOR.cH'j'o.'and Bi«kix)v.a.  27 

-*  lowers  purplo.-Papp„s  simple. ". j^''^"'  - 

dAchenlalO-striate.    Flowers  purpUr^"''""'"^""^'*' ••••"•"//.:"  ^IVEnNOM a.  1 

d  Achenia  6-m.gled.-Receptaclo  co.  .„|.' "  Flowers  bhie V  "  '*""^««'"  ^-  » 

— Keceptacio  flut.-Seales  4  or  5        CoNoouNinM.  13 

-Scales  8-20.' •  • -Mikania.  11 

■LUPATORIUII.  10 


Orper  70.— OOMPOSITjE. 


409 


e  Shrubs.    Flowor  dicecioas,  the  $  nnd  S  In  different  heads Bacciiarib.  S5 

e  Herbs. — Stoin  wiiif;od.     Heads  splcate Ptkrucaulon.  80 

—Stem  wingless.— Heads  cory mbotis,  purplish Plitchea.  84 

— Heads  paniculate. — Pappus  reddish Con yza.  82 

— Pappus  white Kueoutite*.  88 

f  Receptacle  chaffy  except  In  the  center Filauo.  80 

f  Bacoptacle  uaked.— Heads  dicBcloiis Antbnnaria.  70 

^Heads  heteroganious. — Involucre  erect .  .Gn apiialiu.v.  78 

—Involucre  radiate Hklicurysum.  82 

g  Scales  dry,  fadeless.    Pappus  of  scale-like  awns Xerantiie.mvm.  81 

g  Scales  lierbacoous.— Flowers  heterucephalons.    Fruit  a  bun* Xantiiium.  4(J 

— Fls.  all  perfect.— Pappus  of  5  or  G  scales Marhiiallia.  6S 

— Papp.  of  many  bristles Carimiepiiorub.  0 

h  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  inversely  hispid  awns '. Bidens.  5S 

h  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  erectly  hl.spid  awns Coreopsis.  67 

h  Flowers  whitish,— heterocophalous.    Anthers  yellowish Ambrosia.  45 

— monoecious.    Anthers  yellow Iva,  44 

— all  perfect.     Anthers  black Mklantiiera.  47 

1  Outer  scales  of  the  invol.  leafy.     Pappus  none C  artiiaml's.  9.1 

i  Outer  scales  pectinate  or  ciliato-fringed Cf.ntaurea.  91 

i  Outer  und  inner  scales  obtuse,  entire Amberboa.  92 

J  Pappus  plnmous.     Achenia  obo vate C yn ar a.  8S 

J  Paiipus  plumous.     Achenia  oblong Cirsium.  9G 

j  Pappus  scabrous, — triple,  each  row  by  10s Cnicus.  94 

— sinjple. — Scales  splnescent Onopordon.  95 

— Scales  hooked Lappa.  97 

k  leaves  opposite.    Papp.  scales  deeply  cleft  into  bristles Dvsodia.  61 

k  Jirfttves  alternate.- Hays  fertile IIelemium.  65 

— Kays  sterile. — Receptacle  naked  or  fimbriate Gaillarpia.  62 

— Receptacle  areolato, Leptopoda.  6lJ 

— Receptacle  deeply-celled BALDwrwiA.  67 

I   tieavos  opposite.    Involucre  double,  outer  8  united Dahlia.  28 

]    Leaves  opposite.    Involucre  single  ;  scales  united Taoetes.  S^ 

,'    Leaves  alternate. — Pappus  of  a  few  short  awns  or  bristles Boltonia.  24 

— Poppusa  membranous  morgin Matricaria.  78 

— Pappus  0. — Rays  fertile,  disk  sterile Calendula.  90 

— Fls.  all  fort.— In  vol.  scales  equal Bellib.  24 

— Invol.  broad,  flat Leitcantiiemum.  72 

— Invol.  hemispherical Ciirybantiiemvm.  74 

na  Rays  neutral  sterile,  8 — 12  ;  Pappus  simple Galatella.  16 

na  Rays  pistillate,  fertile, — about  5i     Achenia  very  silky Skricooarpus.  17 

—8 — 12.     Pappus  double Diplopappus.  10 

— 5 — 75.    Pappus  simple Abter.  13 

— 4t— 200,  white.    Scales  equal Eiiioebon  20 

n  Flowers  dioBcious,  purplish.    Leaves  all  radical Nardosmia.  14 

n  Fls.  all  fertile. — Outer  pappus  0  or  ver>  short  bristles Ekioeron.  20 

— Outer  pappus  a  crown  of  short,  pointed  scales Callibtepiuts.  21 

O  Flowers  of  the  disk  mostly  sterile.     Rays  80 — 40 Prionopbib.  29 

O  Fls.  all  fertile.— Pappus  double  in  the  disk,  none  in  the  ray IIkterotiieca.  80 

— Pappus  double  in  both  disk  and  ray Ciirvbopbis.  81 

p  ITeads  lorge,  about  20-rnyed.     Pappus  in  one  row Inula.  83 

p  Heads  very  small,  1 — 15-royed. — Pappus  1  row,  shorter  than  .ichenia..  .Pmiaciiyciiata.  26 

— Pappus  1  row,  tawny,  longer  than  nebenia.IsoPAPPUB.  23 

— Pappus  irregularly  2-rowed,  white Soudaoo.  28 

r  Hcod  solitary,  on  a  scape  with  alternate  bracts Tubbilago.  18 

r  Heads  oorymbed,  &c. — Leaves  nitornate Senbcio.  86 

— Leaves  opposite Arnica.  S7 

S  Bhnibby.     Psn'sus 4-toft^hsd   obscure Bohhich! a.  87 

8  HerbBceouB.— Scales  (the  4  outer)  united  Into  a  onp Trtr aqonotiikca.!  60 

—Boalee  distinct.— Achenia  4-ani;led.    Pappus  0 IIrliopsib.  49 

— Achenia  flattened.    Pappus  0 Aomella.  69 

— Ach.  fiat,  with  a  2-awned  pappus Vbrxksinjl.  00 


*10  Okdeb  70.— composite. 

J  jIT'  "u'"*'°'    ^"^'P'"  """"•    Aol'*"'*  terete  . 

t  Leaves  altornatc.    J'appus  none.    Acl.enia  obcompreMeil Akthemis.  69 

t  Leaves  opposito—Pappus  none '"prtaseU AcmLiR^.  7, 

-Pappus  of  fringed  scal'eV  ms.  em.'  'inysii','.m  whVte"  SFuV  a  "''"*•  ^^ 
-Papp.  of  the  disk  a  single  awn  of  the  rav  0  ^  GAi-"«Bor,A. 

U  Leaves  opposite.     Raysyellow.     Pappus  none  "^     2>nnu.  48 

U  Leaves  opposite.    Rays  yellow.    Papp.  9  or 3  tonf hln  '  « Polymnfa.  39 

U  Leaves  alternate-liuys  whitish,  verrshort  1  onf;*^-^"'™'^^  ^'-  Chbtso«oni;m.  40 

-Rays  yellow. -Achenia  winged     PARTiiKNn,„.  43 

.„  .   .      ,       ,,  -Achenia  wingless      ••• --SiUMiirM.  41 

V  tlz,^  u^  "'"""^  '""p''' "^"^^ »' »^^'"'"^«;  nev;;';„;tVat; »^«v''1'"'k^. 42 

J2^S£^;;:tnrs-s^^^^ 

-Pappus  none.    Achenia  compressed     "udbecku.  62 

-Pappus  of  2  deciduous  awns.    Ach.  winBle'sV «  ' ^•"'^''""'-  53 

-Pappus  of  2  persistent  toeth.    Ach   winded •••HEUANTnus.  54 

.     -p.PP.«r.p-.t„.„™. .,, b;J':;Si.v;;.::::;:!iz;.r,t«1 

B.  SunoRDKR,  LIGULIFLOR^ 
55  Pnppns  none,  or  conslstins  of  little  scales,  (a) 
§§  Pappus  double  (of  scales  and  bristles^  or  sim,j„       »    , 
SS  Pappus  composed  of  capillary  brfsuS;  ^ot^XVuT^'^Ir'''^^-  ^'> 

•  Achenia  terete  or  ansuiar,  not  flattened,  (c) 

•  Achenia  evidently  flattened,  (d) 

a  Flowers  yellow.  ■  Pappus  none.    Heads  paniculate 

a  Flowers  y..|low.    Pappus  none.     Heads'^^olita  y  or"  ui.Vbell'ate" ^^^^^-^^a.  99 

a  I  lowers  blue.-rappus  of  many  little  scales.    Recept  nattd  r " "  ^'''''''-  '' 

h  VUr.  -Pappus  of  5  scales.    Receptacle  chaffy  'r  ^"^"««'^m.  ^ 

b  F  owers  purple.     Feathery  pappus  on  a  long  flllforn,  b;;k Catanance.  106 

b  Flowers  yellow.  Feathery  pappus  on  a  short  beak  ,    se  sHe ^'ha^opooo,..  104 

b  Flowers  yellow.-Pappus  of  many  bristles  with  the  seaTs    L»^ontodon.  103 

„  T,,  ,^        -Pappus  of  .5  bristles  and  5  scales  Cvntiiia.  103 

O  Flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  n.ostly  nodding.    Stem'  iVafy m  ^'•"«'^-  '0' 

0  1<  owers  rose-purplo,  erect.    (Sten.  ain.ost  leafless  )  ■•■Nabau;s.  107 

C  i  lowers  ycllow.-Achenia  long-beaked.    Pappridte Lvoodksmu.  m 

-Achenia  long-beaked.     Pappus  reddish" p,.^*''^^'''''  ^°^ 

-Achema  not  beaked.-Pappus  dull  white";; "ta"wny:::!;r«:r  Z 

d  ISrnr  ""^^^\' '""'  ■*  ^'-"-  ''-'^"^^'"-s  uy  yetw '^r^'""'"''  '"^ 

d  Achenia  scarcely  beaked—Flowers  mostly  blue  Laotuca.  112 

-Flowers  yellow.     Papp."  'siiky Mai.GEDiuM.  1 1.3 

"  ' SO.NCIIUS.  114 

C.  ScnoBOEE,  LABIATIFLOR^. 

§§S  Head  radiate,  solitary,  noddingin  bud.    Pappus  capillarv 

*        " Cuaptaua.  116 

Suborder  L     TUBULIFLOR^. 
Tribe  1.     VERNONIACE^. 

Flowed  all  tub„lar  pivfect  Tml^     t"""?  i",'""™''  "f  Pl""^-) 
inner  longest ;  .«cc/ta"fr'„;StZ;lri:l™^^t?-?'?  T 

l?X-:f£i:3:T:a«rs;i»  ....„., 

-with  acuto  or  nuicronate  poinU!  :::;.V  '.V.N;.!!''^'  6,'  « 


Oedeb  70.— COMPOSITiE. 


411 


■AffTHEMtS.  09 

Aoim.iKA  71 

•  •  Kl'I.IHTA.  8S 

'•  Galinsoga. 
•••Zinnia,  48 

POLYMNIA.  89 
SOGONUM.  40 
UTIIENUIM.    43 

SiU'iiirM.  41 

LANDIEBA.  42 
O'OKEOI'818.  57 
•••HH'KNS.  58 

•  Makuta,  70 

CHINACEA.  61 
JDBECKIA.  62 

Lei'achih.  53 

I-IANTIIUS.  54 
NTHKLLA.  65 
IN01IEB13.  5a 


MP8ANA.  99 

Vpooon.  99 

lORIUM.  100 
ANCIIE.  106 
POGON.  104 
TODON.  108 
NTIIIA.  103 
i^RIGIA.  101 
BALIIS.  107 
E8MJA.  Ill 
ACUM.  109 
IHl'US.  110 
VCItTM.  105 

:iMON.  108 

^TUOA.  113 
DIITM.  1  13 
CilUS.  114 


ALU.  116 


erjion, 
lants.) 
Bs,  the 
;lia%, 
I.  pur- 


,.No.  1 
OS.  2,  8 
.  4,6,« 


1  V.  fasciculita  Mx.  St.  tall,  striate  or  grooved,  tomentoas ;  Ivs.  narrow-lanceo- 
late, tapering  to  each  end,  serrulate,  lower  ones  petiolate ;  hds.  numerous,  in  a 
somewhat  fastigiate  cyme ,  invol.  ovoid-campanulate ;  scales  appressed,  mucro- 
nate  or  obtuse. — "Woods  and  prairies,  W.  States,  very  common.  A  coarse,  pur- 
plish-green weed  3  to  lOf  high.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  by  1  to  2',  smooth  above,  c'ymea 
compact  or  loose.  Heads  large  or  small.  Cor,  showy,  dark  purple,  twice  longer 
than  the  involucre.     Ji. — Aug.     Variable. 

2  V.  Noveborac^nsis  Willd.  Lvs.  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  rough,  cyme 
fastigiate ;  scales  of  invol.  filiform  at  t!ie  ends. — A  tall,  showy  plant  with  numer- 
ous large,  dark  purple  flowers,  found  in  nieadow.-j  and  other  moi.st  situations,  U.  S. 
St.  branching  at  top,  reddish,  3  to  6f  high.  Lva.  crowded,  paler  iieneath,  radical 
ones  often  lobed.  Cymes  terminal,  flat-topped,  compound.  Scales  and  corolla 
deep  purple,  the  former  ending  in  long,  threadlike  appendages,  or  in  one  variety 
(V.  pnxjalta  Less.)  partly  cuspidate.  In  another  variety  (V.  tomentosa  Ell.)  the 
plant  becomes  tomontous  in  the  corymbs  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves.     Sept. 

3  V.  BCabSrrima  Nutt.  St.  simple,  corymbed  above ;  lvs.  crowded  below,  .se-isile, 
lanceolate  arid  lance-linear,  scabrous  above,  margins  revolute,  sube.it ire ;  lids.  TO  to 
30-flowored ;  scales  lanceolate,  ciliate,  protracted  into  long,  flexuous  points ; 
pappus  whitish,  exserted  But  sliorter  than  the  appendaged  scales.— In  pine  bar- 
reus.     Height  2  to  3f.     Invol.  usually  green  ;  cor.  purple,     Jn. — Aug. 

4  V.  angustifdlia  Mx.  Slender,  many-leaved ;  lvs.  linear  or  larxe-linear,  tlio 
lowest  serrulate,  upper  entire  witii  revolute  margins ;  cymes  corymbous,  witi» 
very  slender  peduncles ;  hds.  10  to  15  flowered;  scaks  acute  or  mucronate,  the 
lower  spreading  and  more  or  less  filiform-pointed;  pappus  purplish,  twice  longer 
tiian  the  invol. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  in  the  pine  barrens.  About  2f  high 
Sept.,  Oct. 

5  V.  ovalifdlia  Torr.  k  Gr.  Lvs.  lance-oval  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  sessile,  shaiply 
serrate,  veiny  ;  cyme  loose,  fastigiate  ;  hds.  rather  large,  scales  appressed,  acute  or 
mucronate,^  much  shorter  than  the  pappus. — Mid.  Fla.  (Chapma,n).  St.  3  to  4f 
high.     Hds.  about  20-flowered,  with  a  purplish  pappus. 

6  V.  oligoph^Ua  Mx.  St.  nearly  leafless,  slender ;  lvs.  mostly  radical,  oblong- 
obovate,  dentate-serrate,  the  2  or  3  cauiine  lvs.  bract-like,  lanceolate,  serrulate ; 
cyme  loose,  somewhat  dichotomous,  with  fow  heads ;  scales  with  spreading, 
acuminate  tips. — Swampy  piuo  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  about  2f  higli. 
Jn.,  Jl. 

2.  STOKE'SIA,  L'Her.  (In  honor  of  Jonathan  Stokes,  M.  D.,  an 
English  botanist.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  larger,  ray-like, 
irregular;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  in  several  rows,  the  outer 
spinulous  and  leaf-like;  receptacle  naked;  fruit  4-angled  ;  pappus  of  4 
or  5  awn  like,  rigid,  deciduous  scales. — 11  Erect,  with  a  downy  stem, 
alternate  lvs.,  and  terminal,  largo  heads  of  showy  blue  fls. 

S.  c^ama  L'Her.  A  rare  and  ornamental  plant,  found  in  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  and  La, 
rarely  in  gardens.  It  resembles  a  Centaurea  lleigiit  about  2f.  Lvs.  sessile,  en- 
tire, glabrous,  tiio  bracts  sprinulous  at  base,  gradually  passing  into  the  scales. 
Outer  corollas  with  the  innercleft  deeper,  limb  spreading,  palmate,  imitating 
rays. 

3.  ELEPHAN'TOPUS,  L.  Ei,ephant's-foot.  (Gr.  t'AtV>a?,  elephant, 
TTOi;^,  foot;  alluding  io  the  form  of  the  leaves  in  some  species.)  Heads 
-'Mo  5- flowered,  glomerate  into  a  compound  head  with  leafy  bracts; 
flowers  all  equal ;  involucre  compressed,  the  scales  about  8,  oblong,  dry, 
in  2  series  ;  corolla  .'i-clefl-,  one  of  the  clefts  deeper  than  the  others,  sc"- 
nients  acuminate ;  achenia  ribbed,  hairy  ;  pappus  chafly-setaceons. —  2C 
Erect,  with  alternate  subsessile  lvs.     Cor.  violet  purple. 

1  E.  Carolini^nus  Willd.  St.  much  branched,  leafy,  hairy ;  lvs.  scabrous  and 
Bomcwiiat  hairy,  ovate  or  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrato,  lower  onee  ou 
petioles,  upper  one  subsessile ;  hds.  terminal  and  subtenniuaL — Dry  soils,  Peuu., 


412 


Ordee  70— COMPOSIT-a:. 


.ub«„di„g  .ho  girules  io  .KS I  iM'  £»t,r°5«S'' 

Dine  woodq      St  i  tn  of\.(^^        -r    •      ,         '        '  **^-'  toJ-ia',  commoa  in  tho 
leaves,  towards  No.  1.  ^'    '''•—^^P'— Varies  witli  more  branches  and 


Tribk  2.     EUPATORIACE^. 


4.  AGERATUN  L.    (Gr.  a  (privative)  and  ymac  old  a^rp  ■  /  ^    ^„-^ 
ess  ;  misapplied  iu  this'case.)     Heads  ^oo-flowered    S    Isc'oid  '\t 
hnear,  imbricated,  pointed ;    receptacle'^naked  lorolias  aU  tn^ 
frmt  (cypsela)   5-angled,   narrowed   at  base ;  pappus  5  to  10  chaffV 

cor.  but  much   shorter  than  tlie  conspicuous  branches  or  fhf,  «fvio      vr       o 

rr  Wiuet^-i^it^  %^^^rT?,e^^^^^^^^^^ 

•    cauaha.nearI,allll^lfo£t?and^?w\^^^^^^^^^  ^-■ 

5.    SCLEROL'EPIS,  Cass.    (Gr.  OKkmog,  hard,  Xemc    scale  ^    TT.n  i 

co-flowered,^,  discoid;  scales  equal,  lin'ear,  n  H  rie;  re  eptS 
naked;  corolla  5-toothed,  enlarged  at  the  Jhroat ;  branches  of  tt 
style  much  exerted;  achenia  S-angled,  crowned  vith  a  cup-shJS 
pappus  of  5  obtuse,  horny  scales.- 2^'  Aquatic,  glabrous,  sh.^  vitfu 
to  3  termmal  hds.     Lvs.  verticillate  ;  fls.  purple 

^\r2ri!:^^Lv?Tj""^'''^^'''^r^'\^-^-'^^^"''  St.  decumbent  at  baso  1 
Ipnifl    °  R     .  ""™«'"°"«  w'»o'-l3  Of  about  C  linear-setaceous,  entire  1'  V 

noXrusS?)'  """°"'^  "''*^'-^^*  "^«  *«P«^*--  «^-    Jl.-SeiS'(|pigr 

e.  CARPHEPH'ORUS,  Cass.     (Gr.  «a'p0o?,  chaff,  0.>  to  bear-  for 
Its  chatty  receptacle.)     Heads  (about   2Tiowered,iTvc:iucre  flower 
andfrm    asm  Lmtris;  receptacle  chatty ;  pales  narrow,  a-ve^ed  r  .  1 
shor  er  than  the  flowers— 2^  Sts.  simple,  leafy,  corymbous  at  ton  'wu' 
middle  sized  heads  of  purple  flowers.     (Liatris,  Mxf Ell.)  ^' 

*  l^;!.'''"  "?  Jh^  'n^o'ucro  acute,  downy-tomentous w      ,  „ 

•  bcalos  of  the  Involucre  rounded-obtuse,  nearly  glabrous S""'  3  4 

hte,  appScd-^Sei  Co   K»"to  ',r"'°",V-""'y,  ^""  '•'^•'-  ""'"-I"'™"- 

iuiS.™,;5r^s^JL^ite™d""(c.5s;Ltt4r' ''  "* 

S..^S?™;,3^.-^,"':;J'»«'.  t™^-co.7mb„„,  above,  rtta  ^ 

i.'p;:,"&-''"(rw:itSi:-ur"""'  "'^'"''-  ''*' ''"-'  wV>;  pVt 


iricate.  Lower 
Jloug,  smaller, 
JL—Sept. 
omous  above  • 
crenate,  nar- 
Tks,  or  none  ; 
mmoa  in  the 
nerule  at  top. 
brajQchea  and 


/.  c.,  fade- 
5id  ;  scales 
11  tubular; 
10  chaffy, 
i  Ivs.  and 

•  cordate  at 
lonp  aa  the 
.  Near  Sa- 
long  as  the 
<i  A.  Mcxi- 

e.)  Head 
•eceptacle 
cs  of  the 
iip-shaped 
le,  Avith  1 

at  base,  1 
ntire,  1'  iu 
t.  (Sparga- 


bear;  for 
2,  flowers 
cd,  rigid, 
iop,  with 


.  ..Nos.  1,  3 
.  ..Mos.  3,  4 

'vs.  nearly 
p?-essed  to 
.te-lanceo- 
,  2f  iiigh, 

vs.  lanceo' 

Jos  lanco, 

Oa.     St. 

purplish. 

spatulata, 
5  heads J 


Obder  10.— COMPOSITuE.  413 

scaka  herbaceous,  glabrous,  oblong  and  obtuse. — Sand  hills  about  "Wilmington,  N. 
Car.  Sta.  numerous  and  much  branched,  8  to  12'  high.  Scales  leafy,  green, 
pappus  rather  plumous  than  barbellato.  Sept.  (L.  bellidifolia  Mx.) 
4  C.  corymbdsus  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  single,  stout,  erect,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  nearly  smooth, 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper  small,  oblong,  sessile  ;  hds. 
about  20,  20-flowered,  in  a  dense  corymbous  cymo ;  scales  smootli,  oblong-oval, 
very  obtuse,  with  a  broad,  scarious  margin. — Swamp  margins,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
St.  about  3f  high.     Fls.  pale  purple.     Sept.,  Oct.     (L.  corymbosa  Nutt.) 

7.  LIATRIS,  L.  (Gr.  At,  an  emphatic  prefix,  arpiHg,  invulnerable ; 
used  as  a  vulnerary.)  Heads  fow  to  many  (5  to  60)-flowered  ;  flowers 
all  $,  tubular;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus 
of  00  capillary  bristles,  mostly  plumous  ;  achenia  tapering  to  the  slen- 
der base,  10-striatc ;  styles  much  exserted. —  li  Herbs  with  simple,  erect 
stems,  alternate,  entire  Ivs.,  and  handsome  rose-purple  fls.  in  spicatc, 
racemed,  or  paniculate  hds.,  blooming  from  Aug.  to  Nov. 

§  Heads  in  a  corymb  or  tliyrse-liko  panicle.    Root  fibrous Nob.  1,  2 

§  Heads  in  a  sjjiko  or  a  simple  raceme,    lioot  a  roundish  tuber  (a). 

a  Scales  of  the  involucre  colored  and  potaloid  at  tlieir  lengthened  ends No.  8 

a  Scales  not  petaloid,  green  or  slightly  tinged  at  the  end  (b). 

b  Pappus  evidently  phimous.    Corollas  (13  to  60)  hairy  within Nos.  4,  5 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.    Corollas  (3  to  6)  smooth  within Nos.  C,  7 

b  Pappus  only  barbellate  (smooth  to  the  naked  eye)  (c). 

C  Heads  3  to  7-flowercd, — in  one-sided  spikes  or  racemes Nos.  8,  9 

— in  a  regular  spike,  raceme  (or  panicle) Nos.  10, 11 

0  Heads  20  to  40-flowerpd,  ronmlisb,  with  rounded  scales .No.  13 

O  Heads  7  to  15-flowercd. — ScaK-s  all  similar,  obtuse Nos.  13,  W 

— Scales  all,  or  the  Inner  only  acute Nos.  15,  18 

1  L.  odoratfsBima  "^illd.  VANiLiiA-PLANT.  Deeb's-tongue.  Glabrous;  rt.- 
Ivs.  obovato-spatulate,  obtuse,  5  to  7-veined,  tupering  to  tho  base,  cauline  oblong, 
clasping;  hds.  about  8-flowored,  in  many  cymes,  constituting  a  large,  loose 
corymb;  scales  all  obtuse;  fr.  smoothish. — Pine  barrens  (Va.  ?)  to  Fla.  and  La., 
abundant.  Sts.  1  to  3f  liigh.  Corymbs  leafless.  Fls.  bright  purple.  Sept.,  Oct. 
— The  fleshy  leaves  oxhalo  a  ricli  fragrance  (compared  to  Vanilla)  even  for  years 
after  tliey  are  dry,  and  are  therefore  by  the  southern  planters  largely  mixed  with 
their  cured  tobacco,  to  impart  its  fragmnca  to  that  nauseous  weed. 

2  L.  paniculdta  Willd.  St.  simple,  virgate,  viscid-tomentous ;  rt.-lvs.  spatulata- 
lancoolato,  acute,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  cauline  small,  appressed,  lanceolate-acu- 
minate ;  hds.  about  S-flowercd,  in  an  oblong,  dense,  thyrsoid  panicle. — Damp  pino 
barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.  St.  2  to  3f  liigli.  Scales  fjw,  all  obtuse.  Fls.  pale  purple  or 
white.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  L.  61egans  Willd.  Villous-canescent  above ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  tho  radical  oblan- 
ceolate, 3  to  5-veincd,  cauline  linear,  the  upper  bruut-liice,  spreading ;  spike  or 
raceme  dense ;  hds.  oblong-cylindrical,  4  to  5-flowored ;  scales  lance-linear,  pro- 
longed into  a  colored,  petaloid  appendage  longer  tlian  tlie  flowers  ;  pappus  evi- 
dently plumous. — A  remarlcablo  species,  in  pino  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
St.  3  or  4f  liigli,  ending  in  a  spilio  G  to  IG'  long.  Tlie  purplo  appendagod  scales 
more  showy  than  the  florets.     Aug.,  Sept. 

4  L.  squarrdsa  AVilld.  Blazixq  Stau.  Smooth  or  scabrous- pubescent;  Ivs. 
linear,  lower  oties  attenuated  at  baso ;  rac.  flexuous,  leafy ;  hds.  few,  20  to  40- 
flowered,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  invol.  ovate-cyhndrio;  scales  large,  sqiuirrouS' 
spreading,  outer  larger,  leafy,  inner  mvcronate-acumir.ate,  scarcely  colored*  fls. 
numerous;  pappus  plumous. — A  splendid  plant,  native  N.  Y.  (Eaton)  Penn.  to 
Fla.  and  W.  States.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  thiclcly  beset  with  long,  linear  leaves. 
Hds.  5  to  "0,  with  large,  brilliant  purple  florets.  Aug.  f  It  varios  with  tho 
heads  only  12  to  15-flowered  (Cxeorgia,  Foay),  smootli  or  hairy,  &c. 

5  L.  cylindr&cea  Mx.  St.  low,  slender,  and  very  leafy,  smooth  and  somewhat 
hirsute,  Ivs.  rigid,  linear,  mostly  1 -veined;  hds.  few,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  cylin- 
drical, 15  to  20-flowered;  scales  short,  ciliale,  dose,  rounded  or  obtuse,  and  abruptly 
mucronate  at  apex ;  pappus  plumous. — Prairies  and  barrens,  Mich,  to  Iowa  (Cou- 
eens)  and  Mo.    St.  G  to  18'  high.    Lvs.  2  to  5'  by  i  to  4".    Ileada  1'  long, 


414 


Ordek  70.— composite. 


Fl8.  bright-purple. 


JL- 


rardj  solitary,  sometimes  10  or  12,  mostly  about  6. 

6  L.  Boykfnii  Torr.  and  Gr.    Slender  Prpnf.  ;„.  ?■ 
upper  short  and  setaceous;  hds  3  to  J-floTe^i  selXoH^^^^^  f'" 

pap^pu.--W.  aa.    Plant  ^^^r^A^T^ R^C^-!^^^^^^^^^ 
villous  fruit.-Pine  Wrens,  K  Car  to  ^itf^  vJIT"''  f  ^"^  ^^'S"'"  ^'^^'^  "f"^ 

noTp-fd^  inr--  p^--^"  --&V  re.^'s^4Set 

°  ^i  "net^^^^^^^^  ^-  ';-r,  short,.the  radi- 

yper  side  (socund);  invoL  about'  10-feld  «;;,?«.,  '  ^'/'^^  <^ll  t^^rned  to  the 
(under  a  Iens)._Diy  sand  hUls,  Mid.  Car  and  Ga     ^^^    T'oA  P'^P"'^  P'"'"^"^ 

^  dutinguished  by  its  long  (6  to^a)  secu'd  Racemes     lugl'sept'^       ^'""'''""^ 

mceS;^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^i^S'i:^  (imposed  of  .mple 

3  to  5-flowered;  scales  erect,  lanceolate  Se  JLbrou«  p"  ?p^'"^«"^'  «^^"nd, 
A  speces  at  present  unknown.  Probab^  a  Sr%f  the  Tal^  "  ^^^"'""'"'  ^^"'•^'^'•) 
lower?So,L!'obtrstSf^^^^^^  J-  li-;,  1  veined,  short,  the 

Kales  few,  „ppres,cd,  obta^otake  *oS«f  Sh.  ""T'  ^'""'^  P^-ioulate 

squarrous  tipa-Prairies,  111.  to  Tex  1  «tonf  L  *^' ^'''.'''''""  ^"'^  '«lo"d 
fp.cata,  chiefly  by  its  acute,  8quarrous;caltnnHrP^fl^'^  d'stn.guished  from  L. 
high      Spike/  cylindrical,  loZTl^^'YZ   '^^;f^«^«'-ed  heads.    St  3  to  5f 

nearly  glabrous  (L.brachystachyaNuttf  ""''*''  '^^™  '^"'^  ^°^«1- 

"on'j^n^g  S^^^^^^  Xp^Z^'::^^J':^''^T'}J^-  J— late,  lower 
^wererf;  ^foftoz..  hemispherical:  ^mTe^oboTate  vU  Vr'^^^'^^''^'^^'"^'  ^0  ^c>40- 
ous;  pappus  scabrous.l.V  beautifShnt  4  f^  ^f  7  "."'"'  P^JP"^^'^'  ««•  '■'"«'«^'- 

^  -.  0  to  20,  .  diam.,  in  I  L^^^rS  l^V'IS^^Z^'  S'^SJ 

''^--^roToa^tlll^^^^^  ciliate.  lower  ones 

obtuse;  y?,.  about  8;  V^pm-iekhvZTl^^^^  scales  of  the  invol.  oblong, 

Fla.  and  La.     AbundantTrpSLr  AbXifil^"''"'  '"'^  ^-  •^-  ""'^  *^'^1>-  *« 
2  to  5f  high.     Hds.   numerouT  with  hr!  ;^  ^P^'"®''  *''^'^"  cultivated.     St. 

smaller,  5  to  7-flowered  Edl"'  (Jr^LhSVuttf  '^^     ^"^^  +-^«"-  -^" 

"i^l^^S^SS^lS;  S^?S  ^Sem'-^'^'  ^^-  ^'-^-  -^ 
racew5  sometimes  nan.VnlnteTi^'v    ,•„,-!        ^'  "^"'t^V  Pedicellate,  snikes  or 

18),  ofem<.-5patofe;rery;&<t/.sfi"apVeS^^  ^r®'  «caies  many  (12  to 

J.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     St  /to  S^  liiT    S' ,    *^'  ^"^  ^*'°'^«'';  a^h.  hairy._N. 

,  wide,  upper  subulate.     Hds.  gSlv  nrdioX/  '""'r^'"?  ^^"^^^'^^^^^^  3  to  4" 

hairy,  s^.ter  than  the  «cabrouf p^pul 't^t  St''^''"'^  '  *°  ^^"  ^"'^^^     ^^• 

A  DUBrA.    Inflorescence  sometimes  comp'ound  belo.,  or  partly  paniculate 


Order  TO.— COMPOSITE,  41  ft 

hds.  on  short  pedicels,  1  to  10-flowered ;  scales  somewhat  narrower,  cillato. 
— Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Miss  Keen.)  Approaches  L.  spicata  (L, 
dubia  Bart.) 

15  L.  pil6sa  Willd.  St.  simple,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  linear,  pilous-ciliato ;  hd.<?, 
loosely  racemed  ;  scales  linear-oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  peduncles  bracteolato. — In 
pine  barrens  and  sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  Car.  (Pursh.)  Seven-mile  Mt.,  Va.  (Read.) 
Very  rare  and  obscure. 

IS  L.  heteroph^lla  R.  Br.  St.  simple,  glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  smooth  and 
glabrous ;  upper  linear-lanceolate,  many  times  smaller ;  hds.  spicate,  very  short- 
pedunculate  ;  in  vol.  subsquarrous,  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  naked  (not  ciliate). — S. 
Car.  and  Ga.  (Bartram.)     A  doubtful  species,  variety  of  L.  scariosa? 

8.  KUH'NIA,  L.  (To  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn,  of  Pennsylvania,  a  pupil  of 
Linnaeus.)  Heads  10  to  25-flovvered,  ^  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance- 
olate, loosely  imbricated  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  corolla  slender,  5-toothed  ; 
pappus  in  a  single  series,  plumous ;  achcnia  cylindrical,  striate,  pubes- 
cent.—  'K  Herb  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted  Ivs.,  and  corymbed  hds. 
of  pale  yellow  florets. 

K.  eupatoroldes  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  lance-ovate,  varying  to  lance-linear, 
usually  serrate,  petiolate,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  especially  beneath ; 
corymb  few  or  many-flowered, — Shady  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Iowa  (Gousens),  to 
Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  thin,  1  to  4'  long,  often  coarsely  and  un- 
evenly toothed,  lower  3-veined,  upper  1-veined,  and  very  small.  Hds.  few,  ter- 
minal.    Pappus  very  plumous,  white  or  tawny.     Aug.,  Sept. 

fi.  Lvs.  lanco-linear,  mostly  entire,  sessile;  pan.  spreading,  many-flowered ;  fls. 
and  fr.  unchanged. — With  the  otlier  varieties  (K.  Critonia  Willd.) 

9.  BRICKEL'LIA,  Ell.  {To  Dr.  Drickell,  of  Savannah.)  Heads 
many-flowered,  ^ ;  scales  imbricated,  lanceolate  or  linear,  striate ;  re- 
ceptacle naked,  flat ;  corolla  tube  slightly  expanded  above,  5-toothcd ; 
branches  of  the  style  clavate  ;  fr.  10-striate,  contracted  above  ;  pappas 
setaceous,  in  one  series. —  71  Herbs  with  tripli-veined  leaves  and  large 
heads  of  purple  florets  in  corymbs. 

B.  cordifdlia  Ell.  Pubescent;  lvs.  all  opposite,  triangular,  truncate  or  cordate  at 
base,  crenate,  petiolate;  corymbs  dense,  few-flowered;  hds.  30  to  40  "  wered; 
scales  obtuse,  conspicuously  striate,  the  inner  as  long  as  the  purple  pappus  and 
ccffollas. — W.  Ga.  (Pond)  and  Fla.  A  plant  of  fine  appearance,  2  to  4f  higli. 
Lvs.  large,  sprinkled  with  shining  dots  beneath,  3-veined,  the  lateral  veins  mar- 
ginal just  at  the  base.     Sds.  brown,  longer  tlian  the  purple  pappus.    Aug.,  Sept. 

10.  EUPATO'RIUM,  Tourn.  Boneset.  {To  JiJupator,  Kmg  o?  ~Pon- 
tus,  who  first  used  the  plant  in  medicine.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  ^  ;  in- 
volucre imbricate,  oblong;  style  much  oxscrted,  deeply  cleft ;  anthers 
included  ;  receptacle  naked,  flat ;  pappus  capillary,  simple,  scabrous ; 
achenia  5-angled. —  21  Herbs,  generally  with  opposite,  simple  lvs.  and 
corymboiis  hds.  Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  that  is  white,  blue,  red,  etc., 
never  yellow. 

8  Leaves  tnosUy  alternnte,  ptnnately  dissected.    Heads  paniculnte Nos.  1,  2 

I  Leaves  mostly  opposite  or  vortieillate, — pinnately  <lissecte(l No.  3 

—undivided.  (*) 

♦  Scales  itiibricatrd  in  several  rows,  the  outer  gradually  shorter,  (a) 

a  Flowers  bluish.    Leaves  opposite.    Scales  Btrongly  striate No.  4 

a  Flowers  purplish.    Lvs.  whorled.    Scales  streaked  and  ttesli  colored Nos.  5 — T 

a  FlowtTS  whitPj^.'S  only  in  o:ieli  lioad,     Leaves  siibsossihv  (b) 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.    Scales  with  acute  white  points Nos.  8,  9 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.   Scales  obtuse,  short,  downy Nos.  10— 13 

b  Leaves  obtuse,  roundish  or  truncate  at  the  base Nos.  14—16 

a  Flowers  white,  7  to  IT)  in  each  head.    Leaves  various Nos.  17 — 20 

♦  Scales  all  of  equal  length,  in  about  1  row.    Leaves  potiolato Nos.  21 — 23 

1  E.  foeniculaceum  Willd.  Doa  Fenneu  Very  branching,  nearly  glabrous; 
lvs,  ail  alternate,  the  lower  compoundly  pinnate  with  linear  filiform  segments,  the 


lie 


Order  "70.— COMPOSITE. 


soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  St  3  to  1  Of  E  hf  ^""^  couimon  weed,  in  fields  and  damn 
pound  pyramidal  V^^ltonnn£r^^^Zr'ir^''\f  '"^.  ^"*  '''■  '^^  ^  «>S 
than  1"  long.     LvS.  often  chan^elXn'^hStpper^idJ^^S    S^^''  '"''  "'''" 

^riin^ariSr^^^^^ 

Fla.,  common.     St  Tto  5f  h.T  T  l",  P°'?««-I'^  '^••3'.  *'»"  «oils,  N.  Car.,  Ga.  to 
.1.  .Mte,  a.ont  .   '<^'tJ:'o£^  l^^Zr^Ti^^ 

^  ote£°!jf  its  ^orSt^T^l^Z^"^^^''^  r^™-""--'  *-''^ed 
numerous,  5  to  9-flowered   in  a  fluS?     ^PP^^,'**^'  upper  alternate ;  hds.  small 
Pine  barrens.  Car.  to^la.  '  Ileightl  5  4?   bT^^  T'^'  «^'«"?'  mucronata^: 
this  species  is  evidently  relateT  "^°"'  *''°  «'^«  ^^  ^°-  2,  to  which 

ead^e*d°"ZesSle,^'^s\bSe^3^^^^^^^^      K'i  °PP°f'^  ^«"°^°I'»te,  tapering  to 
*cafe.  20,  imbricated,  Vheout^SadJlVeh^r?^^^^^^  ^^  *°  20-flowefed; 

tinct  s(ncB.-Woods    near  N    Orleans      Herb  3    I'kT.*'-  '^^''^"'  '^^'^  ^  '^  ^  d^l 
Florets  light  blue,  in  a  few  large,  cTymbS  Ma'  AnJ  Set    '^"-  '  ^'^  ''  ^-^• 
5  B.  purptireum  L.  (not  of  WiUd..  Ph    nor  DP  ^     «?/"  L;  J  ' 
purphsh,  with  a  purple  band  at  the  foists  l^ot  ^'t^^    I  ^'T'u'''  ^^'"etimes 
whorls  of  3a,  4s  and  53  (rareW  in  9J^ri\  1   wide;  Iva.  feather-veined,  in 

beneath,  coarsely  serSi'^UVwS's  an^^^^^^^  ^""'"''^  '^'^^"^  ^"^  th«  vdn 

^r^!!'''nr^X^^ZZ:^^^^^^^  or  pubescent, 

stems  and  leave,  giv^  out  an  acrM  effluvium  in  1^    ?^^  l'?"^"'  *^«  ^^^»^«  «"  the 
3   to  5  in  a  whorl,   ovate.-S  SZda  U  ^Th '^^  *''"^V  ^ 
Lvs.  petiolate,  6  to  7'  by  3  to  4'  nS^^  w   ,   """^  ^''"'     ^^^'"'^  ^  to  6f  high 
.n.,Sept.    (E-purpureumADarl)  ^P''°*"''  ^^'-o"^'/ serrate.     Pis.  purple. 

/3.  URTiciFOLiUM  Barratt     Slpnilor-  i..  tu-  ,     , 

7  E.fi.tul6s«m  BarJ  ,l^Z'^:^'\:^^^^^^ 
purple,  striate  or  fluted;  lvs.  obhnalJeZ\f  ^'^f^'^J^.'  S^^'^^us,  glaucous- 
middle  of  tho  stem,  rather  SSSu^ar  serrt  t  ^'  "^  '''  ^""'^'^  ''^  ^'^^ 
purple;  corymb  globous,  with  wLrled  llnti  '  T''^'''''"  ^n^i  veinlets  livid- 
U.S  andCan.  Wht  6to  o7t]^fw?ts  S.V^.'^T^^^  ^''^^  ^'"'^^^^t^. 
petioles,  8'  by  2'.  Corymb  often  If  diam  Vlnl  .^"'-  ^^"-  '"^l'"l'"&  the  l' 
properties  of  E.  maculatum  J^-^ent  ^F  n  "''*  ''Pr^'"  *"  P°^«<^3  the  acrid 
gustifolium  T.  A  Gr.)_lnt^;medilto  fo;ml  ;P  P*"^"?  ^^'"'^-  '"  P"'''-  /^.  an- 
this  speciesand  the  tlo  "rSSglmS  a^V^ttf  ^'^^  "^^  ^' 

fy^^Si^ut.^tS:^I^,^^^^^  frongly  serrate,  ses- 

6-flowered;  scaks  8  to  14,knce.Mnear  tSiS^'^^l"'  '"^'-  ^l"«tercd,  oblong. 
fon<7^  than  the  ./fe.;   cypk  XdXr  _5Ti'!'^^  *  ^^ 

]"gh,  corymbousiy  divided  \hZ  uTftoVA  FT'  ""  ^-  St.  about  2f 
alternate.  Invol.  concealing  the  fls  and  Jth  ^,^  ^'  "^^7  °"'«  ^"t''''°  ""^ 
resinous  dote,  whitish.  Auf -Oct  %  c-la,?d  L  ""..""^'""^'^  sprinkled  with 
leaves  rather  obtuse  and  crenate(Tenn)™  ^'^^^  ^^"^*J^  1"^«  the 

®  .|.if  ".f.^.?P*«  T"rr.  &  Gr.     Nearly  glabmus ;  «t  gin^nlo  •  l^.    -,,,  ;         ;  / 
•  T"'  ^^"^'-V  Bossiie,  serrate,  lower  ones  obsc  ir«l\r  It-v  •     T^-  ""^^^-^(^nceolaie, 


Ordbb  70.— COMPOSIT^E.  ^,te 

417 

sr  ^s;;^:LS:iXX^  ^'''  ^^^^  ^''-^  '^'^^  ^^^^^  ^"«- 

ovcd,  grayish  pubescent,  veru  ^lujL^Tma^Z^^^^    ■        ^"^'''^'  ^'^^^^hort, 

into  a  spreadiajf  wrymb      hS  SflnZtn  ®,^  .^*"*"'  ^f  high,  branchin* 

long,  scales  hSf  asTong^     Augt Zt^J'  TL'S^  '''■^'''^^  *''"«*^'^'  «nd  3^ 
the  lower  Ivs.  serrata-^tk^''      *^     ^^  ^^'^^'''^  '^  "^ore  pubescent,  with 

above  the  nMdle;Ms!ZtCS^rS^c^"X^rri"^^ 

soft-villous,  obtuse,  much  shorter  tiran^  ^^  u^?^.^"^'.  ^'^^  (2"  long) 

to  eacli  end,  subsessile.  oomnklmsh,^ ,Zi^I^ ■  v^  ^^  pubescent,  tapering 
elliptm,  obtuse,  pUbescenr-U^SLn  T,'  ^^^v^-ftow^r^i ;  scaks  8  to  12; 
me?),  It.  roun^TiS;  tt«  Wgh  1^3^;?^^^^"^"",^  ^-  ^^ates  (Plura! 
of  Solida«o  Canadensis;  smaU  oS  often  fa^,?cltl^fh««'i^'^'n"^^^^ 
pound.  Cor.  whitish,  nearly  twice  ilomf^S^  "o  1^  *'"'^;  Co»7mb  com, 
(KuhniaglutiBosaDC.)  ^  *s  k)^g  (5  )    as  the  scales,    ^pt„  Oct, 

'*n?s  cte;Sr«SS'*-„„etlSl^  r '\^.'  -«^.  -«^^  --y,  the  lower 
with  fastigiate,  corya.fL  l^anches^Ce  SLrS^f^Z^r-'.^ '!'  P"^«^«"»- 
ccMfe.->Maas.  to  La.  Plant  hairy  2  to  Vf  wf  ^":f^'''"^^  Mritly  striate,  rather 
rjmb  of  white  flowers.  The  upS'lvs  arf  nfe'  "^^  *"  ^i-mewhat  panicled  co- 
twice  as  many  scales  mTrowT  Closely  alS  Tit'    /r^'.  ^-flowered,  with 

tl.e  Wsr«'nfiTA,'terriS-.  rsmo^tr"'^^'""^  o-^-/a«c.o/«^,  re«nded  at 

Plant  2  'to  4f  high,  in  rS^wL^Ma  es'  toT/'"^  oblong-olorate,  obtuse  J 

branching  at  top  imo  a  corymTwHh  white  flir"^^^--^*-  «J«^°der,  erect, 

from  the  somewhat  truncate  bSe  to  I  lnn«^ ? •  *      ^u^'  ^^''^^'  *«P^""&  regularlj^ 

neath.    Flower-stalks  downy     llJs  5  S?red  wTtf /"""  ''"^'''''''  ^^^'^  ^^ 
rows.    Sept.  '  nowered,  with  twice  as  many  scales  in  ^ 

16  E,  rotundifdlium  Willd      ITovRHniTvn      r., 

pubescent  beneath  •  hd^iahn^^tV^^L      a     ■'  ^^^'^ely  serrate,  scabrous  above, 
>^«..-A  bSy.  compact  spLL^^^^^^^^  "ff '««'«-  -  long  J^S 

high,  roughish.     Lys.  1  to  2'  by  9  to  20^  oht  f««  f  t  '"',1  ^^  ^^^'^-     ^^-  2  to  3f 
ate-corymbous.     Invol.  yery  JuheTJnt  ' ofnTr       lu'^^^.^''''^^-     Hds.  fastigi- 
^bnger  than  cor.     Sty.  mSf  eSerter  VurS^t^  ^^PP"« 

obtuse'ly"''dtrtrro'ugh^Ub'esce^^^^^^^^  -fffe,  rf.-.^-^e^,  o^ate,  ,eute. 

«ca/^  lanceolate,  acute>Kr-Sfer7ATL^^^^  I°7°^-  ^'^""'^  8-«owered 

4f  high,  growing  on  d;y  gSuVdsT  H  to  PeS^^^^^^^     large,  rough  plant,  3  to 
Its  larger  Ivs.  (2  to  3'  by  U  to  2  i  M«    anH  P'stmguished  from  xVo.  16  by 

«ad  Cni,.,  abundant     St  I  to  6f  iS  r„„^3\       i"  ?^?'"'''  "Mdow^  V.  S. 
b.  the  »te.,  and  pUced  a.  r^^r.^^:,  i^y^'r^T^^^^ 


18  E. 


418 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE 


tapering  to  a  long  point,  nnd  both  combined,  aro  8  to  14'  in  length.     lids  about 

ri-flowored,  clustered  in  liirgo,  terminal  corymbs.    Cor.  white.    Aug. The  plant 

is  bitter,  and  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic' 

19  B.  resindBum  Torr.  St.  minutely  tomentous;  Ivs.  lincar-lancoolato,  chscly 
sessile,  Umdnct,  tapering  to  a  long  acumination,  divaricate  witii  tlio  steni,  filigiitlv 
viacidly  re-smoas-glandular  both  sides;  corymb  faatigiato,  compound;  hds.  10  to 
15-liowerod;  scales  obtuse,  hoary-tomontous, — Wet,  sandy  soils,  N.  J  Ponn  St 
2  to  3f  higii,  growing  in  tufts.  Ja-s.  3  to  G'  by  3  to  G".  Aug.,  Sept.— This  sin- 
gular species  appears  to  be  nearly  conilned  to  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J  whuro  h 
was  first  fojiid  by  Dr.  Torrey.  '' 

20  B.  aerdtinum  Mx.  St.  soft-puberulent,  diffusely  branched ;  Iva.  petiolate 
lance-ovato,  acuto  or  acuminate,  sliarply  serrate,  triple-veined,  -nearly  glabrous- 
(Xjrymbs  compoun  1;  hds.  12  to  15-tlowered;  scales  9  to  11,  nearly  alike,  seariouU 
odgod,  very  pubosojnt.— Ind.  to  Iowa  (Cousens),  and  (ia.  (Miss  Keen).  St  4  to 
6f  high,  somewhat  paniculato  above.  Lvs.  4  to  G'  by  J  to  H',  upper  ones  nea.lv 
entire,  scattered ;  lower  ones  oi)po3ito,  with  largo  irregular  sorratures.    Sept.,  Oct. 

21  B.  ageratoides  L.  St.  smooth,  branched;  lvs.  on  long  petioles,  aubcordato 
avate  acuminate,  iXminiQ,  .3-veined,  nearly  smooth;  corymbs  compound-  invol' 
simple,  smooth.—Hocky  hills  and  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  round,  2  to  ifhiirli' 
and  with  tlio  whole  plant  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  large,  ;{  to  C'  long,  2  to  4'  broad 
at  base,  coarsely  to;)thod,  p.-tioles  1  to  2'  long.  Hds.  numerous,  in  small  cluster^ 
constituting  a  compounil  corymb.  Invol.  scales  mostly  in  a  row,  coutaiain<r  l'> 
or  more  flowers  of  a  pure  white.     Aug.,  Sept.  ° 

22  B.  aromiticum  L.  St.  rough,  pubescent,  corvmbous  at  summit;  ^cj.  petio- 
late, opposite,  siibcordate.  lance-ovate,  acute,  3-veinod,  obtusely  serrate,  smoothish- 
invol.  simple,  of  about  12  lance-linear  pubescent  scales.— A  hand.somo  species  iil 
low  woods,  Mass.  .i  La.  Whole  plant  sligiitly  pubescent,  about  2rhigh  Lv.s  "> 
to  4  long,  J  as  wide,  on  petioles  less  than  an  inch  long.  lids,  of  the  fis  lariit^ 
10  to  15-fiowerv3d,  white  and  aromatic,  iu  small  corymbs.  Scales  about  eaual' 
Aug.,  Sept.  ^ 

23  B.  incamatum  Walt.  Alinutely  scabrous,  diffusely  branched ;  lvs.  deltoid- 
ovate,  long-petioled,  pointed,  coarsely  crenate-toothed,  truncate  or  cordate-  hds 
on  slendor  ped.,  about  20-rtowered;  scales  12  to  15,  linear-acuminate,  fiiintlv  "^ 
striate,  glabrous;  cor.  lobes  pale-purpl:.~T>amp  soils,  N.  Car.  (Shriver)  to  Pl"i 
(C.iapmm)  and  Te.Y.  Height  2  t)  3f.  Corymbs  very  loo.se,  paniculate.  Sent' 
iNov.    Approaches  Conoclinium,  but  readily  distinguished  by  its  short,  blunt  styles! 

11.  MIKA'NIA,  WilUl.  CuMBiNo  Boneset.  (In  honor  of  Prof 
Mtkan,  of  Prague.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  ^  ;  involucre  4-loavecI,  4-flow- 
ered;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  capillary,  simple,  scabrous;  authors 
partly  e.\serted ;  achenia  angled.— Mostly  climbing  herbs.  Lvs  oppo- 
site. ^  *■ 

M.  scdndens  Willd  St.  smooth;  lv.s.  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate,  the 
lobes  divaricate,  rather  unequal ;  hds.  in  pedunculate,  axilh.ry  corymbs.— A  beau- 
tiful climber  of  wet  tiiickets.  Mass.  to  Ga  (Miss  Keen)  and  Lu.,  rather  rare.  Every 
part  smooth.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2  ,  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long,  iipe.x  tapering  to  a 
long  point  Branches  short,  nearly  naked,  each  bearing  a  small  corymb  of  white 
or  pink  colored  fls.,  almost  always  4  in  a  head.     Aug.,  Sept. 

12.  CONOCLIN'IUM,  DC.  (Or.  KCovog.  a  cone,  kUvt],  bed  or  recepta- 
cle.) Heads  many-flowered  ;  receptacle  conical,  character  otlierwisc  as 
in  i.upatonum.— y  Herbaceous  or  suffruticous.  Lvs.  op])osite,  pctio- 
late,  serrate.     Fls.  blue  or  purple,  in  crowckd  corymbs. 

C.  CQBlestinum  DC.  Herbaceous,  nearlv  clabrnns  mun}i.brpn"h°''  lv°  deltnid= 
ovate  truncate  or  subc(  -date  at  base,  tapering  to  an  obtusish  apex.'  erenate-ser- 
rato,  3-vemed  petiole  slender,  about  half  as  lonsr  as  the  lamina;  corv  nibs  nunicr- 
S„^"qwi  '/w^'o   "'™^™'"'  Jinear.-Hedges,   thickets,  roadsidos,  Ac. 

Penn,  SouUiem  and  W.  SUites.    St.  ^  to  2if  high,  terete,  with  opposite  branckW 


OttDEH  70.— COMPOSITiE. 

41V 

«.,worocl;  flowers  of  th.  ray  f,  thosc'of  tHi      tv£  ''.a': 

^T.'Tatr^';!.'  '■""""  "'"'■"'"•^-^f  W  radical.     F,..  jXtft' 

T.  fi^rfara  L.     A  low  plant  in  wot  nlaops  brf>otyi,lo<.  \r  „„,i  \r  c.  .. 
certain  indication  of  a  clayey  soil     ErmH^Lw  I  «!  ?"    ^^  ^'^''®^  ""''  '^  a 

will,  itsflinglo,  terminal  2yr  ye.    yi^r  %'!'.  simple  appearin,r 

a  loaf  i«  to  bo  soon,     ik  arfsing^aLrJlrtlowll  "  wrther:r'5li"8''  t%\lT 

14    NARDOS'MIA   Cass     ((;,-.  vdp<hg,  spikenard,  ^au,;.  s.nell  •  fro.n 

ox  uic  i.i^    !^  ,  ot  tlio  (li.sic  <^  ,  but  abortive  in  tho  Nterilo  Tilunf  •  i,„,^i. 
swuple  ;  rocoptaclo  flat,  naked  ;  pappus  capillar^-  ^  T-  mil  T  C 
j;pn.c      'Ihc  ray  flowers  of  the  sterile  J.elds  are  in  a  sing  e  row     of  thj 
IcTtile  heads  in  several,  but  very  narrow  fc.  ^  '"^  ,  or  in*. 

i'»i,av„„.  v..  (Wbin,r8uS;;d '  Mriss,'tnLY',3>r°r'' 

rant,  numerous,  with  obscure  rav«  il.o^n  r,f  f  1  »  ^,       ■'^'"'  '*''''*'^'*  "'"•^  ^"F- 

«U3.     May  ^  '      °'*'  °^  *''°  ^^"^"  l''^°ta  almost  iuconspicu- 

ar,  .„b„l„,.;  flow™ „f  tl.o  .nargin  J , '„f  „,„ Zkll  scTo  '„ f  t  i  r 
I.™  equal,,,,  one  series;  reeeptacle  ..aked;  cvptela  e  .av,"te  beari'^ 
striked  gland,  above;  papp„s „o„e.- 2f  Neai'lv ia,,lesce  ,t  witt  ".7 
nato  Ivs.  a„d  «,„ali,  paniculate  I,ds.,  also  gland  bca.-iu,.         '  '"" 


Tkibe  3.     ASTEROIDE^ 


i7.  SfcRlCOCAR'PUS,  Nees.     White-tipped  Asteh      /Tr    ^       x 

Xo  w,>}/^      '  ^  '    inyolncre  oblong,   imbricated;   scales  appi^cssed 
^h,tc,  >Mth  green  spreading  tips;  receptacle  alveolate;  acheniun/Tbconic; 


*20  Ordkii  70.— COMPOSITvE. 

vory  siRyipappuH  simple- 2;  Herbs  with  altorimto  Ivs.  nml  cIuhc 
corynilts.     li.iys  wliit«\  ^^ 

'  S"  ■o"^«8f"eii«  Noos      S.nootli;  Iv.f.  linmr-ohlanreola/,;  nhtm,,  entire  h-msII,. 

consp,.-no„.sKro..nt.ps.  Hays  lon^,  whito.  Jl.,  An^.  (AhUt  Holi.Sgi^i  m'v' 
2  L.  conyzoidoB  Nl-oh  St.  Homi.what  pubosc-nt,  Hii„pl„  corvn.bus  «t  ton-  //;, 
oml-lnuceoluf,,  Hmc.-tl,  .onoath,  »li^.htly  a-vci,..,!  narrom..!  'at  humacute  o 
lp..ro,K.sHosml..  nearly  ot.t.ro,  /A«  i<>„-«r  narn.wo.l  iuto  tl.o  puti,,ir;Trr.  " 
vol.  cyl.n.lru-al,  tl.o  scalos  oval,  obtu.so,  approsH..,],  Hli^l.tly  r.^lcxol  «  m  ,,'„  ' 
mys  5.  HluTt  pappus  rusty.~Oo,„„u„»  in  w,h,.1s'  an'l  tl^i.-k  't'  Muhh  to  K  / 
Sto,ns  .sonunvlmt  5-anghMl,  l--»rhiKh.     Loavc.  Ko.nowluU    fio.s  .y      H„y  ,L    ' 

Hhort  .,blo.,g.olH.vat.>,  Bossilo,  tuusfrd  to  a  vertical  pas  (ion: iuni  bothS'.lko 
nunuoly  nc-abrons;  Kcalos  rogularly  i.nbricat.Ml  i,/ n,a„y  V'.wh,  t  b  '  k  .  a  t 
«igh  lyspavyhng  ;,,,,;>;,,,.  ,,,/N7,.._I)ry  wood..  a...l  bam.,^.,  Va.  to  Fla  ar  1  I^ 
HoiKl.t  about  '2t,  oft,-,.  brauHicl  b,>low.  Lvs.  8  to  12  '  lonir  obtuso  or  uonto  II  !* 
largtT  than  i>i  tho  othtrs,  about  5  '  loug.     S*,pt.,  Oct.        ^'  "''"• 

18.  ASTER,  L.  {C,r.  anri'ip,  n  8tiir ;  frotn  tlu«  radintod  flowers  )  IhU 
mhato;  myolucro  <,l.|,»,,u^,  i.nl.ricato;  ...aU-s  l.,oso,  often  with  jrroon' 
t.ps,  tho  outer  sproa,h..g;  disk  tiowers  tubular,  ^  ;  ray  flowers  ?  ,  in  oii,> 
row  ijonerally  l.w  ((!-100),  ligulato,  oblong.  3-toothV<I  nt  apex  finally 
rovoluto;  re-eptaelo  flat,  alveolate;  pappus  ..in.ple,  eapillary  ^cibro  ' 
aehennun  usuallv  eon.pre.s.sed.-A  largo  p-uus  of  2^  t.erb.s  very  ab.n,: 
(laut  m  t^^.o  U.  h.,  floworu.g  in  late  summer  and  autunui.     ui  altor- 

wi!:;;,  noii^iS'"'  ''"'^"° '' '''''''' ""'  '^"""^  ''"^'  1'"^!''^  - 

I  I. Ai.i.UNTRiiM,  1    *  (}.     h,-,il,..H  l.xisoly  imliiiciii.Ml,  with  iri-.'i'ii  .s|.r.-!i<lliiir  tli.s      H  .„u  ' 

a  1a>,ivo...  pl,i.s|,ln-  with  a  foiulato  ..r  luiriciilatV  has,-,     (b) 

a  Lonvi.»(.psj<ik.  ,.r  potiohit...  iioiio  of  thi'in  oidalo  or  iiuricul.-»fp    <d) 

a  Leaves  |.ftiol.itc-,  tho  Unwr  c<.r.lut.s-evi.l..ntly  mm  rato. . . .     .". . jjob  S  0 

Leaves entIro,-verv.MmII(l  to  .M"  h,,,.-),  e.rot  or  rVtl.xH...;. N  «     -F  4 

-iiii.1.110  size  (I  t,.  3'  U)iiu').-Aehoiilii  .silky \\'.'.'.'.'£i   \r>~U 

bT„.„  .    ,  — .Vclioiiia  Miioofh "  Nos  <h)  •« 

lAJnvesscrrat«{moroor  les.s)._Spah^s  sprpa.lfiiu',  0(]iu.l,  in  2  rows.  ......;.".. No  is 

^  T.  ...  .  — Spjilos  linhii('«t«'<l.  ill  3  to5  rows .".'.."  N«isl<t--'>i 

0  Leaves  silky  on  both  sMes  nllkp.     Pappus  tawnv n,',;  yo  m 

O  Leaves  not  silky.—fnvolncre  ciosoly  iiohrlcato.l'.  (d)  

.  ,  „      —Involucre  sqimn'ons,  the  ccnlps  sprendinir.  (e) 

d  Leaves  all  entire.— S.-ales  of  tho  Involiioro  obtuse No.").  ?4.  2.") 

■,  f  /,         ^     ■- ironies  neute  or  iiMirroniite Nos  2(1-1."H 

a  Loaves  (lower)  sharply  serrate.— Heads  larger  (4  to  C"  lonjt) Nos.  29,  «0 

^  o     1       V.         ,  .       —Heads  .small  ('i  to «"  lonp") Nos".81,'ii2 

e  5*pa  es  obtuse,  in  several  row.s,  uneqtml.     Leaves  also  ohtuse.  .Nos.  .S!l,  iU 

e  Scales  acute,  in  several  rows,  unequal — Pappus  tawny Nos.  '!.V-!!r 

^01  .    .  .     ^        —Pappus  brijfht Nos.  88— 4(» 

.  o^.  o     ,     6  ^•""•'•■''"''"te.  in  one  row,  equal.    Lenre«  linear.     Heads  solifjirv      No  41 

Kreen  tips.     (tS      '  '' .!>..rs!n,T   fina   ticstiiuu-  vi 

f  reaves  Inneeolate  broadly  or  narrow! V.    Scalesratherobtn.se.   ..  Wn.  49—41 

Leaves  subulate  or  linear.    Scales  very  acute  —Meads  larse.  few .\\V.V.\\  Nos.  A4ii 

—Heads  small,  many.. ..........  Noa.  47,'  ii 


nntl  cl«wc 


•ntirf,  hcnhII,., 
'•  "KKroKiilo, 
w  whi(e.~\,i 
bout  2niijf|,. 
ScalcH  with 
piioidon  Mx.) 

I  lit  top  ;    /„,,. 

90,  acute,  till) 
wrrate ;  in, 

at  HUiiiinil; 

iiHH  to  Kior. 
Hay  yliort, 

anyzu  aster- 

ftbovo ;  Ivs. 
Ii  nitit'H  aliko 
'  K'"t'«"U  lipH 
la,  and  Ln. 
icuto.    lids. 


•8.)        Hds. 

ith  groi'ii 
? ,  in  Olio 
ex,  finally 
scabrous; 
cry  abtiii- 
Lvs.  altor- 
purplo  or 


Nos.  1, 3 

plKS 

. . .  Nos,  8— S 
....Nos.  0,7 
ll.ls. 


. .  No8.  S,  !> 
Nos.  1(»— IJ 
.No8.  !«,  14 
Nos  1,">— 17 
.Nos.  20,  ;W 

No,  IS 

No.M.  Ilt—'.'l 
.Nos.  2'J, '23 


Nos.  ?4,  2.1 
Nos.  2('^2H 
,  N<is.  2it,  HO 
.Nos.81,.'i2 
Nos.  i»,  34 
sjos.  .'!.V-!!7 
Sos.  88—4(1 
y...No.  41 
of 

Jos.  42—44 
Nos.  4.1,  4(i 
No8.  47,  4d 


Oaosa  70.— COMPOSIT.'E. 
g  1.  BIOTIA,  DO.    CoRY.\rBEn  Astern 


421 


1  A.  OOrymbdBUB  Ai  .  Ht.  corymbouH-fttfltiKiato,  noarly  smooth,  bmnchc.<i  nu- 
beHco.it,  lv<i.  hm,  ovate.-iw.uminal.e,  serrate,  with  nharp  spreading  LeAK  tl.(»  lower 
cordato  poliolatM  tl.o  ;>e<.ofc^  wingl^, ;  invol.  obiou^,  «  to  iray.d,  i.ubric-alo 
w.th  d(.,s..prc.H«o.l,  aeuto  Hcalea-Conuaoa  in  dry  woudn,  N.  aad  Alid.  HtuteH 
bt.  Jf  l.iKb,  olk-.i  ro.ldi.s  .,  lauroor  kus  llexiious.  Ijvh.  large,  n.oHtly  B.aootii  tlm 
up|K,r  beeu..n..K  lancooluto,  m.SHil...  Hd«.  4"  lunK,  iu  a  broad,  fiat,  opor  «  m  b 
w.ti.  about  0  obloag,  wl.ito  or  rosoato  ruya     Aug.     (Kurybia  coryrnbo.sa  Ca^s     ' 

2  A  macrophyilua  Will,L  St.  rouKh-pubescent,  widHy  bra„eho<l;  Ivs.  ovate 
petiolale,  serrate  with  .hort,  dejyremed  teeth,  rough,  tho  upper  ovato-lanoeol  - ' 
Heasde,  .,«'er  cordaUs  petiolate,  i.^tU>l..s  somewhatn,Lnged ;  invol.  cylin.lrirHo S; 
unbncato  w.tii  c^.long,  acute  Heales;  rays  8  to  15.-WoodH  N.  States  a  .d  Sf 
hL   urrowed,       to  2Hngh.     Lvh.  oden  very  largo  (0  to  10' by  3  to  G").     Hays 

.       wh.to  or  palo  blue.     IRs.  G' long.    Sept.     (Kurybirl  corymbose  Ca-ss.)  ^ 

§  2.  CALLIASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Violbt-Flowehed  Astrk.s. 

3  A.  mlrabilia  Torr.  A  fir.  Scabrous,  si.nplo  below;  Ivs.  ovate,  serrate  the 
hwest  petiolate,  the  others  Hossile,  t/u,.se  of  the  l,ranrMs\oandish,  snu  H^  nvoL 
licn.sp  lencal,  Hhortor  that,  tho  disk,  scales  imbricated,  in  4  or  5  .series  sucJes- 
H.vely  shorter,  y^^ih  obtuse  i/reim,  recurved  Up, ;  rays  about  20._Colu.nbia,  S.  Car. 
(I  rol.  (ubbs  u.  N.  Ani.  Flora  II.,  1G6).     Wo  liavo  not  met  with  tliis  species. 

r7wn'!rT<?\?.  ^'}  7''T^'  '*'"]'''*'  Y^"""^^  ""f?"^":  ^"'-  l"«'«"l"to,  acuminate,  nar- 
rowed  to  tho  Hesailo  base,  sluirply  serrate,  rugous  and  rmgh ;  invol.  imbricate 
squarrou^  w.th  the  .Jujrt  spreading  green  tips  of  the  sccdei-Uoint  g  ov  ^  and 
he  gc^s,  Mo.  to  I'enn  Height  i  to  :u;  remari^able  for  its  straight,  snTooth  8t?m 
t  II,  sharply  «errato  Iv.s.  Jirai.ehes  nearly  lealles.s,  Bimplo,  each  bearing  a  single 
large  head,  rarely  more,  with  20  palo  violet  rays  spreading  ]|'.     Aug.,  Sept 

5  A.  speotibilia  Ait.  Krect,  rough-puberulent  abovo;  Ivs.  roughi,sh,  oblonu- 
aiKieolate,  sess.le,  .;^,re,  the  lower ob.seurely  serrate;  branclie.,  corymbJd    i  vol 

heimspheneal.  with  s,juarrou.s,  .spreading,  cMate  scales.-A  low,  handsome'  Aster 
ot  pine  barron,.,  Ma.ss.  to  N.  J.  and  Ky.  St.  1  to  2fbigli,  branching  above  ir.  to  a 
nearly  sunplo  corymb  of  10-15  largo  and  showy  Loads,  laeh  with  about  lolon. 
violet  blu'j  rays.     Sept. — Nov.  ^  >  ^'^  '<>  ^u  xun^ 

6  A.  aurculdaua  Mx.  Sts.  arising  from  a  knotted  creeping  rhizmne,  low,  slender 
mmplo  or  corymbous  at  top;  hs.  linear-la^iceolate,  entire  or  8ub.;Trate  upS 
h.ear,chusp.ng;  bds.  1  tor,;  neales  linear-oblong,  ciliate,  inner  obtuse,  outer  Ki 
green  spreading  tips;  rays  about  20.-Wet  pino  barrJn.s,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car  Tnd 
leim.  Sts.  smoo  lush,  12  to  18'  hiol,  R,.4v.s.  spatulate,  4  to  6' lon^  iS 
large^  obconic,  with  violet-purplo  rays.     Sept. 

fi.  OR.vciLis  Gray.     lld,s.  smaller  and  more  numorous  (3  to  12),  with  tho  invol- 
ucro  more  close,  and  the  rays  about  12  (A.  gracilis  Nutt). 

7  A  paludoBua  L.  Slender,  glabrous;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  rigid,  margins  scarcely 
rough,  cla.sp,ng  at  base;  bds.  1  to  G,  hemispherical;  scales  green, Tnce-h.Sr 
somewhat  spreadmg;  raysabout  30,  longer  than  the  (G")  involucre^--;CampsTi; 
pme  fiarrons,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Sta  2  to  3f  high.  lids.  verTlama  wi  h 
violot-bluo  rays  spreading  IJ  to  2'.     Pappus  tawny.     Aug.-Oct.  ^ 

o  A  ^.,,       ^  ^'  •^S'^^K  proper.     Panicled  Asters. 

8  A.  cordifdliua  L.      St.  paniculate,   smoothish;    lower    Iva.   cordate    hairv 


Petioles  more  or"  less  winged'  li7rrTlZ"fl,^l''''''°-'  ^"^'''  ^^^^'^i^- 
tn  o,,..jU  „„  ,v.;r„.^  1  "'"t.^")  "airy.  AOove,  tho  leaves  aro  [rrarlija]iv  rofh^r-rl 
....  ,,1,,,!,!  .->;•  hiinutc  br;icts.     Sept.  "    —     -^  '^^"'^"C^a 


ra<lic,l  o„™  ovate,  oblonftSn't^ '-.Ttrt;™    '  ^"T".'"  '°  "'°  '"''''"». 


4aa 


OiU)KU  70.— COMl\)SIT,«;. 


with  alKMit    I J  riu's,  wl,i..h  aro  wl.it  o  „.•  willi  varioui  8   «c>h  uf    1,,^    i         ' 
lMV..,ui„K  «"mllor  al..,vo,  la.HH.,>luto  un.l  ovoi»  liuoar.     yopt!  "'"' 

H    n„K  namm-ovat-  an.l  olaspin^,.     Fls.  pul.Al„o,  «<•!  Inry  or  a o  uo w    U  c  ^ 

torod.  It.niimK'  a  lotwi.,  ra.<.>iii,)us  p;«u(.li>.     An  '    Sopt  »<'»i«wimi  ciis- 

^/  l.iv..;u.siK.\,,rs.     VorvHloiuior:   Ivs.  Klu.rt.Viu  .mp„rt,i.,„,  ov,,t.,'  nn.l  oblon- 

bra..d....s  HloM.!..;  Mlow.Mv.l.-Sonth  (l«o,..l.)   '(A'.liv.rsifolius,  ;',"A"'^'""''' 

Hi  A.  andinalua  V.ug.    I.vh.  ns  in  Xo.  11.    I.ivol.  with  Kmso  rcciimxl  «„...ino 

"ulm.,?  °f  1 .1  !       /;'<"'•''"'•  ""-I  noarl.vKlabmus,  si,npl.>  or  .sonu>what  br,.nd,...I 

OHM  m.ssil..  «„.l  „      so  a    huso;  b.l.s.  n.i.|.llo-si/...  nu-ou.ou.s  or  rao oinou.™     , 
a.o    ra.u-r  uum«.rou.,:   i-vol.  bn.,.l-.vm,pau..lalo;   snUr.  xrario,^,     iZ^Z, 

b  ...ks  o  .siron.ns.  Oluo  to  Ark.    Sto.n  »  li„lo  llox-uuu.s,  2-.(f  l.Lrl      iX't  h    v  m 

i;;;;';.;i  ;;L:i:  ^4'";^j;'u:;r'^'  """""^ '  -"^^''-'^  '^ '"^^  "•-^^^^•- 

13  A.  8quarrd.U8  A\-alt.     Vory  sI.Mulor.  scabrous,  wiilv  lon^^  .simple  brani-hos- 
.  vory  su,all,  InanKuiar  oonlat.-a.Mploxioa.U,  rr,lr.:U..„uui>us ;  h  R  .m  i  n  ■ 

put,  scviit.— N.     ,ir.  to  1<  iu  m  ,iry  .moiI.     A  ViTy  singular  A.«*ti-r.  •.'for  u  oro  iiid, 
•Kul  s brubby  at  b.«o       .nvor  Iv.s.  r.Mnot-s  I  Iook'.  nmMIo  and  up  o    -nnv  '  ' 

Ki^rnS';;.i-:;;  ^::;:fi-^:::^-  """'"^^  ^i-.  wi.inu-ar.o«,.iiyMuor:;i 

/.•.*  oblon,^.ov  ,.to  or  huuvolato.  appn.xin.atv,  .nn-t.  anl  u.ih-r,;U  lotl  i  ,   J    i 
»..f..^.  ,1,0  sunnn.t  bduj:  tKv._A  still  n.oru  ouriou.  spooios.  MinVut 

^•ni:"unE'%;;:^ov.  "  "■  ''^''-     •'^■^-  -  «^"''''  -  -  ^^'^'  '^'^^  "^'-  -'! 

^^n  .^■,  ^**!Jf !"  V  •^'-  '""/•''"•  r'"»^'"l'il^^  'ilx^vo,  i.ubasoi-nf ;  Ivs.  oviito-ohlon.' 
aou.o  a,r.,.i,o.olasp>M,v'.  scab.-,MKH  on  i1k>  n.uyiu  ,mi..soont .-  pan.  l.>„s,-  M.wl'- 
"Hul  on  tbo  branohlot.s;  ..oulo.  in-hric-at.,  la.uvolato,  lax.  o,l„  tlL  poln^  t  ,. 
m^«.v.--umw..  u,  ,no.st  K.x>.aui.H.  Ma.s.s..  N.  Y..  to  tia.  (l-Vav.  Tond.)^  St  /  o 
Ia.;,'h  sl.MhW.  bnuiolnnjr  abovo  into  u  loo.v  k  .nvuiin^'  .  aniolo.  I J  \  t  i'  lor, 
d  to  A  ;,s  xvukv  IMS  lar^o.  with  UO  ,o  ;!0-violot-u.io,v.l  ra  s.  p;.,  p  u  v  v' 
Au-      ^ov.-^  anablo.    (A.  nnipU.xoauli.-*  Willd.T  • 

l1.    PHUUimM.ua     Sin.plo  or  nviHMuous.paniciilato;   Ivs.  lancH-ovato    rordal.: 
<|.nn^.,^.,   v.ry  „.,t.,   od.n^s   oiliato;    hds.   larj^o,  sproadin^  10     '  i>,u     '. 

vunoulato:  Ivs.   hnoar-lanooolato,   amploxiouul.   .Huriouiato  at  bio    ;,aW  o 

!:::!Jrr;!:!;:::?':ri^'-T.!T^"  ""• ""  'l'^'- '''"'  '''"•  ->-^^^^^'^~^ 

7n.T\r"^r.V  1  t.  -^T'^V  ,'  "^  ""^•■*""''""'^*  '''"'^'^•^  tnoreconunon  in  the  il, 
and  W  btatos  than  in  N.  lu.g.  St.  4  fo  Gf  high,  straight,  irec-t,  vi^i-idlv  ^.uirv 
colon^d.     Lvs.  rory  nnniorvms,  entiro.  with  2  aurioular  app^ndaj^a  at  bS      VU 

^..)t.>10u).     rappu;MKvply  tawny.     Aoh.  h.nirv-.     Sept.  f    '^  *     *    ' 


OniJKK  70.     CO-Ml'O.SIT^].  403 

Moist  H.,ilH.  Ms  (l)r.  uSsTtcoTo     IMMrTwnr^^  '^^^'.  "'i'^-  '^'"^y- 

(■<Hial  Icnj^th.     Snpt.  ^^u"uiJ8  Utstr.  m  its  scales  which  an  vol  o( 

N.  Status  and  Can      St  i  to  Gf    1,^^     '  ''^'''"'''  «""'^'t'n't"8  in  dry  wilH, 

furrowed,  hispW      Lvh  roueh  o<J^  ?  nn*^!  r'Z  r'n'"^    li''  '^"''^*/'"  ^''"  ''''^"t''  "'^^') 
rowod  at  ImsJ.    Ravs'()-(S    3  acum  nato,  and  Romo  nar- 

>•.  FUtMUS.     Low  (2-3r.)  scabrous,  s.out;  Ivh     Mok  m Stim      T^^'""^- 

"  ^  is^"^*i;°^:sts.o^s.;^        «>^;nb:„.pan;^:: 

linoar.  jfroon-tippcd.  H;.rca.li,.^  „cX  _n?ow  '  i     i  "'^'"""^""^  «'''/'■  '^^''^^"^  'O"'*  «f 
:i-;!r  hi.h.  Willi  a  l^>v:<un.\,a^^'^^  ^-  Y.  to  Ky.    Stcn. 

clcs.     iJays  8lu,wy,  p:,!o   bhn     L  u  w  xv"        I    "^ '/ -^^  ''"^^^  <"'  short  pidun- 

<'Iod  at  haso;  invoi.  Vlosely  indSt'     i  o  <;iro«  If'    .■•"'«-«'"to,  upper  auri- 

'':''iI'^'rlKuv.,usHtt!u,npc^v:  .^^^^^  'f'  broadly   iMoar,  rigid,  thickened 

rM  sh;,wv,  with  r.uM.ro.n  rZ^J•^PnTn^^^'  '' '":'"''"'  l"-""'^-     I"!*^-  large 
(A.  nnuahilis  L.  A.  aaiplcxicaulis  M.dd'  "        "'"'"^'  ^'"'■^^'''"-     ««P^-^^ov. 

^indvSi:tio'';4;;:!.ia;ly;h:^!;s  (•^-  ^^--^  ^m  ^oau. 

21  A.  concfnmis  AVilld.  not  of  Ncca.     Sf  ^hruU  «^„'    ;  . 
rr-'^;  Ivs.  lanccx,lato  and  Jiuicc-linci^ nn-rL  ,^^^  i'"''^'^- 

.v-m,^.,  upper  onus  entire.  J  m.L  do  o  H  .  ^l  '"  "*  "'°  ^''^'^'  ''^''""^"^y 
W-ood,.,  xV.'  States.  A  ^londo  s poeie  f  T  "]  ''"  f  ^";*^""  ^^  ^ ''«  tip.- 
rathor  short  and  ro,„ot>  Lv,  •{'  V  1  ^*  '^  '".^'''-  l^'-'irK^I'^s  tf  tho  panicle 
width,  s  nooth  oxvejt    ho  n  i  Ivei    Vl  ^"S  "HTl^'f'  'f  ^'"«  '■'•"'^'  ^  ^"  1''  >'" 

ii^.  n.idd...i.,  .,ti  10  to  i^o;j:^:;r;^^:'%^_^^j' '"-"  --"- 

oent  (onuM.tuin.  l:,ne,>-„l,k,„„    ontir     ^nV  n    i  '  ■'*PP''''^««''-  silky-eanes- 

caneseent  like   tho  ivs.,  snreidin.  ,,t  ii,T    ,  .,'   «C"'™  l"'H'eo'., to,  silky- 

Aster,  with  shi-n,,^,  sii;o;y  h  i";  "'.iS  ■  n  d  ^7f~i^  ^^^'"'"^'y  ^'^^««"« 
II.ss.     St.  I  to  :'(•  hi;;!,.     Lowe.  h;^2    ,,  ■>   I*  It   '"'  ^'"''^^  ^^'«'^-  «"d  Iowa  to 
liays  deep  violet-bh^     Pap^  ,'  ^  ,  :„tl"    xZ-Ocl^      V  "'^P*^'  '""^'''  ""•■'"^•••• 
23  A    c6ncolorl       ^f    oi    •      ,  -^"J?— ^ct.  f      A.  argenteus  Mx.) 

"H.c.n.nSrSS  .S;  r:;;3:!%r:;,f-'^r"V  ^  .lance-oblon^  entir. 
Kated;  .cdes  laneeolater^drLXra  UZ^'  "^««"'«)v''at   eorr.pound,  elon- 


424 


OiiDER  to.— COMPOSITE. 


t  .f"  *"'^***»^/l"f  I^""  '•     S"'"f>ti'  or  slightly  Fcabrons,  branchoa  nnd  l^ranclilon 
yory  sloiuior;  lo.  Umceolak,  tapering  to  e^ich  end,  acute,  slightly  claspinK,  on  iro 
mvul    dayato.lurl,.n.Uo,  acuU^  at  L,aso,  as  long  a^  tl.o  disk  lU  (G ') ;  scdo"  im 
bniutoa   m   many  rows,  hnoar,  oblUHo,  witb  short  gmoii  tips.— Woo. Is  and  riv  ,■ 
b„tt,.r„s,    II     (Mc.«d.)    Mo.,    etc.,   to  La.     Sts.   2f 'higi^  ^^.n.^whl  «^^^^^^^^ 

HJs.  nuddb  size,  with  bluo  ray.s  and  brownish  pai.pus.     Sept. 

25  A.  dumdsusL.     Smooth  or  puborulont;    brandies  raconious-paniolod    Ir, 
n....u.rous,    amoo  h,    hnear    sessile,  c.tiro  or  tho  lowest  sub.serrate,  those  of   1,,: 

About  2    1.  gh    m  dry  shades  an.l  borders  of  woods,  U.  H.     St.  much  branched 
voryloaty  tho  lower  Ivs.  2  to  3'  long,  tho  upper  smalle'r  and  becomiuK^ry    in^^^^^^^^^ 
?v t./^r  ;  T^'  '''°"'  24  purplish-whito  rays.     Quito  variublo  iu  respec    to      1 
oxton   of  Its  branching  mllorescence,  tho  aeutencssand  size  of  its  Iv.s..  tho  obtus 
uossot  its  scales,  etc.     IU.  Ivs.  1  to  :V  lon>,,  st.  and  branch  Ivs.  2  to  12''lonr  Se  t 
li.  COUlDiKOLlus  IS  a  starved,  attenuate  Ibnn,  very  slender  every  way. 

26  A.  cArneus  L     Smooth ;  st.  dividing  into  many  Ktraight,  paniculate   leafu 
hnv,-f^s;  Iva  umorm,  linear-lanceolato,  acuminate,  entire,  tho'  iLor  ones't  pS 

L/  n  sossdo  base,  the  upper  a.,iploxicaul ;  scales  ratlm-  acute,  chsVm^-h 
shorter  than  the  dtsk.-l\o\.t  fields,  E.  and  W.  St.  2-3f:,  often  purple.  Lvs  5' 
tor,.     Hds.mm.y,mKl.ile«izo.     Rays  20-30.  purple  to  rose-colored.    Sept.- 

26i  A.  mutAbilia  Willd.  St.  smooth,  panieul.nle-brnnebed  from  ba,se  dense- 
flowered;  vs.  hnear-Ianeoolate,  serrulate,  thickish,  all  clasping,  uppe;  InJe 
.  blong,  entire :  hds.  medium  ;  scnios  loose,  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  S 
d^^k  ;  raj-s  p.^e.  Wet  .soils.  III.  2-3f.  Varies,  with  Ivs.  serrate  bds.  few!  e!c 
1  ,r""  ®y*f  °*^®*  ,^-.  S'noothish :  branches  virgato,  branchlets  secund.  1  -headed  • 
Ivs  spntulate.  and  Imenr,  and  subulate:  hds.  small;  sc.  as  long  as  the  disk  S 
subulate,  mucronate,  spreading  tips.-Rocky  fielda    Stem  l-Sf  high       ' 

28  A.  raoemdsua  Kll.  Hmtffh-pubescent,  with  m&ny  erect  hranches;  Ivs.  linear 
and  linear-subulate,  very  acute,  margins  very  scabrous;  hds.  spieato-racomed 
au>i  crowded  on  the  upiw  part  of  (he  hranches;  .seniles  very  acute,  as  long  ixs  tiu« 
disk  somewhat  spreading,  rays  very  short. -^.  (Jar.  to  Fla.  on  the  islands  and 

sH    (>t         ^'*  '^'''"  ^""'^  ^"''*"  ''""'^^  ^^"  ^"""^^  ''™  "^'"''''  ^''>'''-"«'''- 

29  A  simplex  Willd.  Glabrous;  st.  CQrymhmts.paniculate  al)ovo;  Ivs.  lanrenlah- 
aeumnmte,  entirc  the  margin.s  scabrous,  lower  ones  8-«rrut,>;  »:aU-s  loose!,,  imhri- 
aUed  hnear.subulate.-AiuHher  variable  species  in  low  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can 
bt.  1  to  61  high,  somewhat  corymbous.  Lvs.  2  to  -r  bv  5  to  10",  very  smootli 
botli  side.s,  tapering  to  a  slender  point;  those  of  the  branches  and  braueidets 
proportionately  smoiler.  Hds.  rather  few,  middle  size  (1  to  5"  long),  on  tlie 
short  brnneblets.    hept.    Sometimes  low  with  smaller  lids.,  again  tall  with  larcer 

,d.  DIVEUGKUS.  Brandies  dittuse,  loosely  racemous,  pubescent  in  lines;  4— Of 
29 J  A.  Bubasper  Lindl.?  Pube.scent  above,  racemous  branched,  branches 
short  dense-llowered;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  aitenuate  to  a  siiort  petiole 
rough,  appressed-serrate,  the  upper  reduced,  entire,  sessile;  invol.  doseiv  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  purple.— Dry,  poor  soils,  III.,  scarce,  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.)  3_-Jr  i,i,ri, 
strict.     Lvs.  (i'-G' .     Diflew  iVom  Liiidley's  in  its  broader  leaves.     Sept.  " 

30  A.  tenuifdliua  L.     St    smooth,  erect,  panimlate-hranchiug,  with  l-fhwen-d 
Imvichkts;  los.  hnear  and  linear-hmceolate,  tapering  at  each  eiitl,  long-acuminat. 
entire,  with  roughish  margins,  the  lower  ones  often  .sernito  in  the  middle  •  invol 
sca^^s  very  s  ender    erect,  acute,  slightly  longer  tfuin  the  (//^vt. -Grows  in  inoi.<t 
fields.  h.andVy.  2-61.     Lvs.  5'-!  .     Rays  20-30.  long,  pale  purple.    Sept. 

ti.  KKLUDIFLOKUS.     Lvs.  scabrous,  subdasping;  scales  rather  loose    Western. 
}.  DKsncnus.  Lv8.  and  strict  branches  in  2  row.s,  Lvs.serrukte.  l!!,(Mr.J.Wolf} 

31  A.  Tradescinti  L.  Smooth  or  smoothish ;  branches  virgate,  paniculate ; 
lvs.  lancc-linoar,  tho  lower  remotely  serrate,  sessile;  invol.  dasely  imbricate; 
sodes  Imear-tlliform,  .scarcely  equaling  tho  disk.— A  fine  species,  with  numerous 


1(1  branclilot.^ 
ping,  ontiru ; 
;  scalos  im- 
lis  and  river 
corynib()u<. 
to  tlio  scali's 

>aniclo(],  Ivs. 
tlioso  of  tlU! 
J8  obtu^. — 
ill  brauchoii, 
very  minute, 
spect  to  tlio 
tho  o))tiiso- 
long.    Sept. 

Julato,  lea/tj 
onus  tupor- 
close,  much 
le.  Lvs,  5' 
i.    Sept.— 

ase,  donse- 
iper  lance- 
r  than  the 
is.  few,  etc. 
,  1-liendod; 
I  disii,  with 
h. 

lvs.  linear 
to-raooinod 
ong  ixs  tiu> 
-lands  ami 
Kst  raylcss. 

hmrcnlatt; 
selif  iinbri- 
i.  and  (,'an. 
Ty  sniootii 
brancidett) 
ig),  on  tlio 
'ith  larger. 
ea ;  4— Of 

brandies 
rt  petiole, 
ioly  imbri- 
-•Jf.  iiigh, 
)t. 

l-flower,d 
lainiinai.; 
llo ;  iiirol. 
s  in  moist 
)Ie.    Sept. 

Western. 
r.J.Wolf) 
miculate  ; 
imbricate ; 
nuIneron^^ 


Obdeb  70.  -aOMPOSITyE.  4-25 

Iva  growing  in  field!^  Mass.  to  La.  St.  rigid,  brownish,  2  to  3f  higi,,  torote 
witli  numerous  small  lids,  densely  racemod  and  somewliat  l-sidod  on  tlio  ercct- 
Hpreading,  slender  branches.  Lower  st.  lvs.  i'  long,  gradually  reduced  iu  ^m- 
upwards.     Rays  pale  purple.     Aug.— Oct.  o.  e  j 

/y.  FKAOiLiH.     Caulinolvs.  serrulate  or  entire,  short;  hds.  much  scattered  on 
tiie  brandies.     (A.  fragilis  Willd.) 

32  A.  miser  Ait.    T.  &  0.    Stauved  Asteii.     St.  racemous-paniculato,  hairv 
or  pubescent;  lvs   scssilo,  la7iceolate,  sharply  serrate  iu  iho  middle;  iuvol.  imbri- 
cated with  lanco-lmear,  acutish  scales ;  rays  short.— A  very  variable  suedes  com 
mon  mold  fldds,  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Cm.     Iu  height  it  varies  S,>n  G  to  30'  a" 
in  luxunanco  proport-nalely  to  the  moisturo  or  fertility  of  the  soil      Tho'st  i  ■ 
very  branc  img  or  iieany  simple,  bearing  a  largo,  compound,  racemous  panicle  "or 
a  ow  sunplo  racemes.     Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  or  broad-lanceolate,  always  ser- 
S,  I.         ?       '^^l\  ^^'}f  "'?'''"^  numerous,  small,  witli  small,  white  or  pur- 
plisti  rays.     Aug.— Oct.     (A.  miser,  divorgcns,  diifusus  and  pondulus  Ait.) 
/:A  DiFPUSus.     Brandies  spreading,   dilluso ;  Iv.s.  elliptic-lanceolate,  more  or 
less  narrowly  so,  midvein  hairy  beneath ;  hd.<.  often  sessile,  forming  short 
crowded  spikes,  or  long,  virgato  ones.  »      ""-. 

y.  iiiRSUTrcAUMS.  St.  iiirsuto;  lvs.  long  and  narrow,  midvein  hirsute  •  hds 
racemous  or  spicate,  upper  ones  in  sliort,  den.se  branches ;  scales  linear  (A.' 
hirsuticauhs  LmdI.)  ^ 

33  A.  multifldnia  L.  Grayish,  pubescent;  si.  diffusely  hranch-.d;  lvs.  linear 
entire,  sessile,  obtusc-mucronate,  margins  subciliato ;  hds. small:  invol.  imbricate' 
8quarrous,hnearorspatulate,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  dliato  scales.-A  very  bush  vA^^ 
tor  If;  with  very  numerous,  small  lis.  crowded  on  the  racemous  brandies, —each 
with  about  1 2  Avhu.  rays  .spreading  5  to  G".  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  obtuse,  veiy  narrow 
diminishing  upwards  to  tho  scales.     Itoeks  and  dry  fields,  U.  S.    Variable     Sept 

^1:^',  f  f "'^^*^?"f*  h     ^\''"'^'''  '^'^'^  ^^^  '"^••''^;  «t.  rigid,   branched,  branches 
somewhat  coryMaud  l-Jhioered;  lvs.  linear-spatulato  or  linear-oblong,  small 
Ob  use,  rigid,  subclasping;  hds.  veryhmjc;  iuvol.  squarrous,  of  numerousfoS 
LvsT  o^vt';'  'In  ""''T-  ^^.'''/;-L"-^.  >"^ky  places!  Va.  to  Ga     About  2f  high: 
blue-purpL     h>t.-Xov.'""    ""''  "^'"^"'^    ''''''  '''''''''  ''^i"^*''°^  ''  *«  ^'^  ' 

35  A.  Carolinianus  Walt.  Rough-pubescent,  divaricately  branched-  lvs 
lanco-ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  entire,  clasping,  the  base  abruptly  produced  into 
small,  aunculato  lobes;  hd.s.  very  large,  scattered;  scales  imbrimtS,  with  sqiar' 
ous,  spreading,  green  tips.-A  sliowy  Aster,  very  tall,  but  slondcr  G  to  13f  1  iLdi 
m  damp  thickets,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Lvs.  1  ti  3'  long,  3  to  9'  So  rLI  X 
purple,  numerou«,  spreading  15".     Sept.,  Oct.  -iva^s  ro.st 

^^.n'f^;  r ''^°"f^^?^*"*  ^""-  ^'-  ''^''^'  '^'""««ly  branched,  hairy;  branc^hos 
Z  f^  ■^''\'  '^r'""''""'"""^'''  brancl.lets;  l,s.  obloayla^lceolate,  '^outo,  mu' 
croiato    partly  dasping,  cnirre,  rougi,.edgod,  or  tho   branches  and  brand.lets 

TS/1h'^11'\  ''"pW-  'T"'1''  'T'^^""^'  'P'"^"^^  ^'■afe.-Prairi's  &c! 
\ .  btates  1  lant  1  to  21  high,  often  glandular- viscid.  Caulino  lvs.  12  to  20"  by 
J  to  u  ;  those  o  tho  branches  0"  by  2  ',  of  the  branchlets  3"  by  A",  indisthi- 
guishable  from  tlie  scales.  Rays  purple.  Pappus  brownish.  Sept,  Oct.  1 
oblongilohus  and  A.  graveolens  Nutt.)  ^    '  '■ 

^Ltl.^Jmf^f  1  '^'"'■'-  f  n '•  ^"'^'■"'"'  ,'*°"'  '■  "*•  ""S^^'-^"-'  '^'*-  «'«/''-'-  lanceolate, 
^^thul^^  ^     '  auncled),  HL^rate,   with    remote,  small,  appressed  teeth ;  hds 

tMe,  wit!  spreading  or  rocurved  greenish  tips—River-swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Ga 
A  very  stout  Aster.  2  to  4f  high.  Lower  lvs.  G'  to  8'  long,  narrovved  to  a  wino^^d 
petide.     Rays  narrow,  briglit  purplo.     Pappus  tawny-white.     Oct.,  Nov.       ' 

38  A.  virgatUB  Ell.     Gl<ibro>i.i  •   *■/■  nr^d  h-a'irhrt  rir-jn'^    <,*».•,/  3     • 
huear-loiiceolate.   entire    balt:cUisping:  margr^ohliSrS;    tT^S^  S 
luecd,  becoming  subulate,  erect,  nurm:rous  on  the  branches  and  peduncles -bI-xL 

^^^^T'loti  the  outer  loose-spreading,  graduating  into  the  ifrS^  tv"  " 

^ini";  Sent  0.4  P  y'\  ?  '''*'''•  ■  ^'''%  ^'-''°^^-  '""  ^"  ^'  ^^  ^  ^^  G'\  Arm  and 
unming.     bept.,  Oct.— Probably  passes  into  tlio  next. 

39  A.  Novl  B^lgil  L.     Nkw  Yonic  Asxeb.    fc't.  terete,  stout,  often  elaucou:^ 


420 


Order  70.— COMPOSIT.^. 


(he  branches  pubescent  in  lines;  Iva.  subclaspin^',  lanceolate  anfl  lanco-linear,  taper- 
pointed  or  very  acute,  coriaceous,  rough-edged,  the  lower  subserrate;  hds    larte 
racoined  or  subcorymbod ;  scales  about  3  rows,  subequal,  acute,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  disk;  a':/i.  pubescent.— N .  Eng.  to  Va.  (Pursh),  more  common   westward 
to  Wis.  and  Iowa.     Coinprehouds  nmiiy  smooth  and  elegant  varieties,  which  we 
vainly  try  to  separate.     St.  2  to  4f  higii.     Lower  Ivs.   3  to  5'  long.     Pays  blue 
expanding  9  to  12".     Aug.— Oct.     (.\.  laxifolius  Nees.     A.  a-stivus  Ait.) 
/i.  L^KTiPLoitcs.     Slondor;  brandies  divergent;  Ivh.   rigid,  long  and  narrow 
scabrous;  rac.  loose,  the  ped.  nearly  leafle39.—Oiiio,  Wis.      Beautiful   witli 
long,  pale  purplo  rays.     (A.  salicifolius  Willd.)  ' 

y.  PiiJK\hrvs.     Strict,  with  erect  branches,  bearing  the  leafy  clusters  near  tho 
summit ;  Iva  very  narrow,  elongated,  cilio-serruluto  on  the  margin.— N.  H 
to  Wis.     Ilei^^^lit  3  to  4f.     lids,  somewhat  smaller.     (A.  piicaltus  Poir.) 

40  A.  longifoliua  Lam.  Glabrous;  st.  very  branching,  branches  spreading 
many-liowered;  Ivd.  subamploxicaul,  linear-lancoolato,  entire  (tho  lowest  rarely 
subserrate),  very  smooth ;  scales  lanceolate,  nearly  ei.naling  the  disk,  the  outer 
loosely  squarrous-spreading;  arh.  sinaHh—YiehU  and  tiiickets,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  to 
Car.  St.  ."if  high.  Lvs.  pale  below,  shining  above,  smooth  both  sides,  the  lower 
ones  4  to  6  long.  lids,  numorous,  showy,  with  25  to  30,  light-blue  rays.  Aeli 
twice  longer  tliaii  in  the  last.  Oct.,  Nov.— Some  specimens  are  niinulely  pubes- 
cent at  the  toi)3  of  tho  branches.  Others  have  tho  outer  scales  quite  leaf-like 
(A.  liovigatus  Ph.     A.  laxus  Willd.     A.  clodes  T.  &  G.) 

41  A.  graminifdlius  Ph.  Subpubescent;  st.  slender,  branches  filiform,  erect' 
lower  Ivs.  very  numerous,  narrow-linear;  pod.  slender,  Mloweved;  scales  linear- 
subulate,  loose,  ill  ono  or  two  rowa  equal,  ttually  reflexed.— N.  11.  (Eddy )  High 
chfls,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt. ;  also  on  an  island  in  Wait's  River,  Bradford,  Vt 
1860.  Branches  simple,  leafy,  naked  at  tho  end,  1 -flowered,  somewhat  corymb- 
ous.  Rays  15  to  25,  much  longer  than  tho  disk,  purple  or  rose-colored.  Jn.,  Jl. 
— Raro  and  interesting,  very  different  in  aspect  from  any  of  the  foregoing. 

§  4.  SCARIOSI.    White-scaled  Asters. 

42  A.  acumin^tUB  Mx.  S(.  simple,  flexnous,  angular,  branching  into  a  corymh- 
ous pamch  above ;  Ivs.  broad-lanceulate,  narrowed  and  entire  at  tho  base,  senate 
and  acuminate;  mvol.  scales  lax,  linear. — Mts.  woods,  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  Stem 
a  foot  high,  rough,  downy.  Leaves  largo,  unequally  and  remotely  serrate  above, 
and  ending  m  a  long,  acuiniuato  point.  Panicla  corymbous,  terminal  fow- 
llowered,  nearly  or  quite  luikod.  Tho  leaves  are  mostly  situated  just  below  tho 
corymb,  sometimes  scattered.  Heads  ratlier  largo,  with  about  15  long  white 
rays.     Aug.  *" 

43  A.  nemoralis  Ait.  Branches  ca-ymbed  or  0 ;  ped.  1-flowered,  nearlv  naked, 
hlilorin  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  lanceoUUe,  acute  at  each  end,  veinless,  sttbentive ;  scaler 
very  acute,  loose,  shorter  than  tho  disk ;  rays  long,  about  20.— A  handsome  plant 
m  swampy  woods,  N.  H.,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  Rather  rare.  Stem  slender,  10— 2o' 
high.  Leaves  numerous,  10—18"  by  2—4",  rarely  subdentate.  Heads  large, 
lew,  often  but  ono,  terminating  tho  simple  axis  or  branches.  Rays  large,  white 
or  pale  purple.     Sept.,  Oct. 

44  A.  ptarmicoides  T.  &  G.  S/.  corymbous-fastigiate  above  ;  hs.  linear-lanceo- 
lute,  acute,  rough-margiaed,  entire,  lower  ones  dentate,  attenuated  into  a  short 
petiole ;  rays  short.— \  very  distinct  Aster,  low  and  leafy,  found  in  rocky  soils, 
by  streams  and  lakes,  Yt.  (Robbins)  to  Mo.  Rare.  Steins  clustered,  simple,  each 
bearing  a  spivading  panicle  of  heads,  which  are  below  tlio  middle  size,  and  fur- 
nished with  snow-wliitu  rays.     July— Sept.     (Heliastrum,  DC.) 

45  A.  flezudsuB  Nutt.  St.  branching,  skyider,  flex^wu.^,  very  smooth ;  Ivs.  long 
and  sneiMilent,  tlio  lower  ones  sublanceolate-linear,  upjjer  ones  subulate;  branches 
icaty,  l-ffowero(i ;  invol,  ^cah^s  lanceolate,  aeiiminato,  apnres.sed  *  tuvs  numerous, 
shorter  than  the  involucre ;  ach.  subimhesrent.—VtTovf^'m  salt  marshes,  Mass.  to 
Flor.  The  whole  plant  very  sm(X)th,  If  high,  with  large,  purple  flowers;  disk 
yellow.     Aug. — Oct. 

46  A.  Cliapmanii  Torr.  k  Or.      Glabrous ;  st.  strict,  slender,  corymbous  at  sum- 


mit: 


branches  filiform,    1  flowered ;  Ivs.  liuear-subulate,  appresaed,  numoroua ; 


Orueb  70.— COMPOSITiE. 


427 


white 


scales  in  5  or  6  series,  closely  imbricated;  rays  hnjer  than  IKe  tnvol. ;  ach.  nlah^ 
!:^--^^'*™Pf'  *'•»•  (9'apman.)  A  curious  Aster,  very  slender,  with  large  i  ds., 
20  to  30-rayed,  spreading  2 ,  purple.  e        ->•> 

47  A.  liuifdUus  L.  Sea  Astek.  St.  paniculate,  much  braMchod  from  the  base- 
Ivs  Jong  linear,  very  acute,  the  uppermost  subulate;  invol.  cylindric,  with  subu! 
lato  scales  in  about  3  rows;  rays  minute,  in  two  serie.%  scarcely  exserted  — i\.. 
;iiiiiual  species,  found  in  salt  marshes,  Mass.  to  Car.  St.  12  to  18'  hich  vcr-' 
•smooth,  thick,  reddish.  Lvs.  smooth,  sessile.  The  plant  i.s  very  branching'  wit', 
umnerous  small  lids.,  almost  discoid  from  the  shortness  of  the  rays.     Aug. 

48  A.  Bubuiatus  Mx.  Annual ;  slender,  mucli  branched,  glabrous ;  branch*- 
corymbod,  slender;  lvs.  linear-subulate,  scabrou.^,  long-linear  below;  scales  lanco- 
imoar,  acute,  m  2  or  3  series;  rays  numerous,  narnm,  longer  than  ike  disk,  in  onv. 
rn^.T„  r^  grounds  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high.  lids,  small,  witli  about 
20  blue  rays  longer  than  the  disk.     Sept.,  Oct.     (A.  divaricatus  Nutt.) 

d.  fixiijs.     Taller,  with  fewer  branches,  corymbed  ;  hds.  racemed  or  solitary 
Kays  pale  purple.— Columbus,  Ga.     (A.  cxilis  Ell.)     Height  2  to  4C  ■ 

1  ^?i  ^^Pf-OPAP'PUS,  Cass-    DouBLE-anisTLED  Aster.    (Gr.  di-nXooc 
double,  ^o.Trno<;,   pappus)     Heads  many-flowered;    ray-flowers  aboiit, 

12,  ?;  disk-flowers  ^;  involucre  imbricate,  scales  narrow,  destitute  of 
green  tips ;  receptacle  flat,  subalveolate  ;  pappus  double,  the  exterior 
very  short  (about  i'  long),  interior  copious,  capillary;  achenia  com- 
pressed.—2^  Lvs.  entire,  alternate.     Rays    cyanic.     Disk  yellow. 

SUaysvioIot.     Achenia  silky,     r.ilstlos  of  tlio  innor  p.nppns  alike '  Voi' 

fe  Uay.s  wh.t,.]..     a,„„o  of  tlie  longer  bristles  clavellatL-.V..!!.  Mtu-ouiiVl, .  .V.; :::::: N.^  ij  ' 

— Ach.  villoiKs No.'  4 

1  D.  linariifdlius  Hook.  St.  straight,  roughiah;  oranclics  1-floweied,  fasti-i- 
ate;  scales  imbricate,  carinate,  as  long  as  tlio  disk;  lvs.  linear,  entire,  1-veined 
mucronate,  carinate,  rough,  rigid,  those  of  the  branches  recurved.— A  handsome' 
species,  m  dry  woods,  along  stream..,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stems  subsimple,  purplish^ 
about  a  loot  high.  Leaves  numerous,  obtuse,  with  a  small,  mucronate  point,  shin- 
ing above.  Branchlets  near  the  top,  leafy,  each  with  one  rather  large  and  showv 
violet-colored  head.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Aster,  L.)  ^        ubiiowj,, 

^  i?;„T^f"^,*"*  V''°^-,  '"^*-  "'"'''*"''  '^'■"•^'^^*'  «™I'^°;  ''*•  'n^rnerms,  in  a  level 
corymb,  vs.  long,  lanceolate,  smooth,  acuminate  at  each  end,  rougli  on  the  mar- 
gin; invol  scales  obtusely  lanceolate;  a^h.pube.icent  m  lines.— Low  Ki'onudH  river 
banks,  holds.  In.  Eng.  to  La.  St.  3  to  4f  high  (in  dry  fields  but  1  to  2f)  pur- 
plish, channeled,  braucliuig  at  top  into  a  large,  level-topped,  compound  corymb 
Lvs.  narn^w  entire  4  to  U  iti  length,  those  of  the  branchlets  smaller.  Rays  about 
1-,  white.  Disk  yellow.  Aug.,  Sept  (A.  amygdahnus  Mx.  A.  umbollatus  Ait.) 
fS.  AUYCrDALiNua  Si.  roughisli  above,  green;  branches  of  the  corvmb  divari- 
cate ;  lvs.  broader.— Lower  and  less  elegant  than  variety  a.    Common. 

3  D.  cornifolius  Less.  St.  smootli  below,  scabrous  and  slightly  paniculate 
ixbove,  few-jlowered :  lvs.  elliptical,  ihin,  hng-acumimte  at  both  mefo,  entire  with 
•scattered  hairs,  rough -edged,  invol.  scales  imbricate,  .shorter  than  the  disk,  ol^tuse  • 

nrt^^  f r  o'm       l'"*""'?  '"  '^T*^',  ^-  "•"*  ^-  ^^''^''^      ^^■^"'J"   P'""'   "^'"riv  smooth', 

erect,  I  to  2f  h  gh.     Lvs.  paler  bonrath,  on  very  short  stalks  or  sessile. '  FIs  few 
large;  outer  scales  very  short     Kays  about  10,  white.    Jl.,  Aug.    (Aster,  Muhl.) 

4  D  obov^tus  Torr.  A  Gr.  Cinereous-pubescent,  corymbcus  above;  lvs.  ohlonf- 
obovato  or  elliptical,  a^Mite,  sessile  or  tlie  lower  or  short  petioles,  tomentoua  b- 
«.h  ai'lif  MI*  >«o«^N  ''"e'>'--«»»^Vl"te,  acute,  in  about  3  rows,  downy,  rusty  yehow; 
a^-h.silky-villous.--Damp  shades,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Height  2  to  3f  Lvsf  longer 
nian  tlie  mternodes  (2  to  3),  rarely  with  a  i^w  leeth.  Invol  bro-Hh.  o»^conic 
Kays  narrow,  white,  spreading  1^'.    Pappus  rusty  white.    Sept.,  Oct.  (Aster,  Ell.) 

20.  ERIG'ERON,  L.  Flea-hanr,  White-weed.  (Gr. -//p,  the  sprint', 
yt/)6ji/,  old  man  ;  because  it  is  soon  lioarv.)  Heads  many-flowered,  sub- 
Uemisphencal ;  ray-flowers  $,  very  numerous  (40  to  200),  narrow  lin- 
ear ;  flowers  of  the  disk  ^  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  scales  of  the  i-.vo- 


428  Obdeb  fO.— composite. 

lucre  nearly  in  one  row  and  equal ;  pappus  generally  simple.—Hc.rbs 
with  alternate  Ivs.     Rays  cyanic.     Disk  yellow. 

§  Rnys  ininiitp,  »]iortor  tlmn  tho  cylindrlcdl  involucre.    Pnnnns  simple. ...  No«  1  q 

Miuy.s  huifx,  s  lowy,  80  t,>  40.     Piippus  simple.    Loftvcs  all  ni.lical . . . . .     .     No  q 

§  Kays  loiif,',  sliowy,  60  to  200.— I'lippus  «iin|.lo.    Loaves  clasping ".■.■■.■.    Nos  +-« 

—Pappus  double.    Leaves  se-sslle,  &c ...'!!!!  !nos.  7—9 

1  E.  Canad^nse  L.  invol.  oblong;  rays  numerous  (40—50),  crowded,  miniito- 
puppus  siiiiplo;  St.  hairy,  paniculate;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  ones  sub-serrate  —  V 
very  corainon  annual  plant  of  no  beauty,  growing  by  roadsides  and  in  fields 
throughout  N.  Ani.  Stem  i— 9f  1  high,  branching,  hairy  and  furrowed.  Leaves 
very  narrow,  with  rougii  edges.  Flowers  white,  very  numerous,  small,  of  me.in 
appearance,  irregularly  racemous  upon  tho  branches,  and  constituting  a  largo  ob- 
iong  panicle.  Tho  plant  varies  greatly  in  size,  according  to  tho  soil.— A  starved 
lorni  is  E.  pusillum  Nutt. 

2  E.  divaric^tum  Mx.  Decumbent  and  diffusely  branched,  hirsute ;  Ivs  linear 
and  subulate;  lids,  very  small,  loosely  cory.!ibouH;  ravs  minute.— Dry  soil  W 
btates  h.  to  La.  Plant  of  a  greyish  or  bluish  aspect,  3—6'  high,  but  at  leiicth 
spreading  l—2t.     Leaves  4— 12"  by  |—1".     Rays  purplislu     Juno— Aug. 

3  E.  nudicaiile  Mx.  Glabrous ;  Ivs.  obovato  or  spatulato,  nidical,  rosulate  en- 
tire ;  one  or  two  sessile,  bract-like  on  tho  simple  stem  or  scape ;  hds  fow  corynib- 
ous;  invol.  hemispherical;  rays  narrow,  30  or  more,  conspicuous.— Pino  barrens, 
Va.  to  Ma.  ;  rd  La.  Lvs.  about  2'  long.  Seapo  18'  high,  verv  slender.  Ravs 
white.     May,  Jn.  °  '       - 

4  E.  bellidifolium  Mulilenb.  Robins'  Plantain.  Hirsute ;  radical  lv3  obo- 
vate,  obtuse,  subS'.i.!T;jte ;  st.  Ivs.  remote,  mostly  entire,  lance-oblong,  acute,  clasping  • 
hds.  i?— 7,  in  a  clo^v,,  terminal  corymb;  rays  50  to  GO,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the 
involucre,  lmear-spaiulate.—Bry  lields  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  erect 
simple,  sometimes  stoloniferous,  1— 2f  high.  Leaves  2—3'  by  &— 9"  mostlv 
broadest  above  tho  middle.  Rays  bluish  (rarely  reddish)-purple.  This  is'our  ear- 
liest species,  flowering  la  May  and  June.  Resembles  tho  following  (E  milciiel- 
lura  Mx.)  ^   ■  ^ 

5  E.  Philadelphicum  L.  Pubescent  or  hirsuto;  lvs.  thin,  lower  spatulate,  ere- 
natcHlemate,  upper  oblong-oblancoolato,  n:.rrowed  to  tlie  clasping  (sometimes  cor- 
date-auneulate)  base,  subserrato;  hds.  few,  on  long,  slender  ped. ;  raws  150  fo 
200,  filiform,  more  than  twice  longer  than  tho  invol.— Woods  and  pastures 
tliroughout  N.  Am.  St.  slender,  1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  G  to  9^  lower 
much  attenuated  at  base,  upper  acute.  Rays  reddish-purple  or  flesh-colored, 
nearly  aa  slender  as  hairs.     Jn. — Aug. 

f3.  KiCAiiDi.     Caulino  lvs.  cordato-ovato.    Meridon,  2f.  H.  (Rieard). 
>'.  St.  stout,  with  coarsely  serrate  lvs.,  approaching  the  next. 

6  E.  quercifdlium  Lam.     Pubescent;  rL  lvs.  obhng-obovate,  lyraie-pinnatifid  or 
deeply  smmte-ioothed,  tho  cauliue  sharply  serrate,  clasping;  upper  entire-  lids 
small,  numerous,  corymbous,  with  innumerable  filiform  rays,  twice  longer'  than 
the  mvoL— S.  Car.  to  Pla.  and  La.     Differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  smaller  and 
more  numerous  hds.  as  well  as  its  lvs.     Rays  pale  i)urplo.     Mar.  Jn. 

7  E.  ^nnuum  Pers.  Common-  Fleabane.  Wiiite-wked.  Hirsute,  with  scat- 
tered hairs,  branching;  lvs.  coarsely  serrate,  the  lowest  ovcde,  contracted  at  base 
into  a  winged  petiole,  stem  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  the  highest  lan- 
ceolato;  rays  very  numerous  and  narrow;  pappus  double.— A  common  weed  in 
fields  and  waste  ground,s,  Can.  to  Peim.  and  Kv.  Stem  thick,  2— 4f  high  striate 
terminating  in  a  large,  diff-use,  corymbous  panicle  of  largo  heads.  Rays  white  or 
purplish,  100  or  more,  short.     Jn.— Aug.     (E.  heterophyllmn  Mnld.) 

B  E.  strigdsum  L.  Plant,  rou<jh,  with  short,  appressed  hair.=?,  <  .r  nearly  smooth  • 
lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  ea^h  end,  entire':  or  with  a  few  large  h'-.th  in  the  middle' 
lower  ones  -S-veinod  .  I  petiolate;  pan.  corymbous;  pr.:v,,u8  douWe.-A  rough 
weed,  in  grassy  fields,  Ca-.^  and  U.  S.  St.  aljout  2f  hiKh.  slender,  furrowed,  with 
close,  short,  stiff  hairs,  and  bearing  a  lai^e,  loose  coryra! ,  Lvs.  also  with  close- 
pressed  bristles,  sessile.  Rays  very  narrow,  white.  Jn.-  .'  f.-t 
ti.  St.  simple,  smooth;  lvs.  entire,  pubescent;  fls.  corymU-;;  rays  100  to  150 
(K  integrifolium  13  w. J 


Ordkb  to.— composite.  429 

9  B.  glab611um  Nutt.     Lvs.  smooth,  entire,  spalulate,  long-tapering  at  base,  UDoer 

auceolate  and  lance-hnear,   sessile,  acuminate;  hds.  4  to  6,  corymbed-    iuwl 

hemisphencal,   pubescent  as  well  aa  the  peduncles;  rays  very   numerous,  pale 

mor'^~TrAu  "     ^^  ^  ^^'  ^'^^    ^^''  ^°°^  ^"^^arrow.     Rays   100  or 

21.  CALLIS'TEPHUS.  Cass.  China  Astkr.  (Gr.  Kd)^X^,  beauty, 
.77t0o5-,  a  crown  ;  characteristic  of  the  pappus.)  Ray-flowers  $  ,  numer- 
ous; disk-flowers  ^;  involucre  hemispherical;  receptacle  subcouvex  • 
l>appu3  double,  each  in  1  series,  outer  series  short,  chaff"v -setaceous,  with 
the  setaj  united  into  a  crown;  inner  series  of  long,  fi'liform,  scabrous, 
deciduous  bristles.-nX  Exotics.     Lvs.  alternate. 

C,  Chin6nsls  Ness.  SL  hispid;  branches  divergent,  1 -flowered;  lvs  ovale 
coarsely  dentate,  petiolate,  cauliiie  ones  seasile,  cuneate  at  base.— Said  to  be  oriff- 
inally  from  China.  Stem  about  18'  higli,  with  long  branches,  each  terminated  by 
a  smgle,  large  head.  Rays  dark  purple.  Disk  yellow.  July— Sept.— Cultiva- 
tion has  produced  many  beautiful  and  oven  splendid  varieties,  double  and  semi- 
double,  with  white,  blue,  red,  flaked  and  mottled  raya.   f    (Aster  Chineiisis  L.) 

22.  BEL'LIS,  L.      Garden  Daisv.      (Lat.  hellua,  pretty;    a  term 

quite  appropriate  to  the  genus.)     Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  $  ;  disk 

^;  involucre  hemispherical,  of  equal   scales;  receptacle  subalveolate, 

<K)nicaI;  pappus  none.— Low  herbs,  either  (D  and  caulescent  or  K  and 

acaulescent.     Hds.  solitary. 

1  B.  integrifdlia  Mx.  Annual,  diffusely  branched;  lvs.  entire,  spatulate-obovate 
upper  oblong-lanceolato,  sessile;  scales  lance-ovate,  setaceous-acuminate  with 
8cariou.s  margins—Wet  prairies,  Ky.  to  Tex.  Sta  6  to  12'.  Rays  violet-pur- 
pie,  m  hda.  similar  to  the  next.     Mar.— May. 

2  B.  perenniaL.  Perennial;  root  creeping;  scape  naked,  single- flowered : 
lvs  obovate,  crenate.-U  Native  of  England  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  neari; 
naturalized  m  some  parts  of  N.  England  in  cultivated  grounds.  Scape  3  or  4' 
high,  with  a  single  white  hoai  which  is  single,  double  or  quilled  in  the  differ- 
ent varieties.     Blossoms  in  the  spring  and  summer  mouths. 

23.  DAH'LIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Andrew  Dahl,  a  Swedish  botanist, 
pupil  ot  Linnaius.)  Heads  many-flowered,  rays  ? ,  disk  ^  :  involucre 
double,  the  outer  series  of  many  distinct  scales,  the  inner  of  8  scales 
united  at  base;  receptacle  chaffy;  pappus  none.— 2j:  Splendid  Mexican 
nerbs.     Lvs.  pinnate,  opposite. 

1  D.  variabilis  Desf.  St,  greon  ;  rachis  of  the  lvs.  winged;  Ifts.  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  pubjrulent  or  nearly  sinootli ;  outer  invol.  rtttoxed ;  ray  Jls.  ?  ,  sterile 
or  tertile.— These  superb  and  fashionable  plants  are  natives  of  simdy  meadows 
m  Mexico.  They  have  coarao  and  roughish  lvs.  resembling  those  of  the  com- 
mon dder,  but  the  flowers  are  large  and  beautiful,  sporting  into  innumerable 
varieties,  single  and  double,  of  every  conceivable  shade  of  scarlet,  erimt^cn  puiple 
rod,  rarely  yellow,  blooming  from  July  until  arrested  by  frost.  ' 

if,^  ^'  5'.°°°^"®^  <^a^'-  St.  frosty,  or  hoary,  hollow ;  lvs.  with  iJie  racJiis  r,aked; 
^s.  roughish  beneath ;  outer  invol.  spreaiing";  rays  neuter.— Stems  about  4f  high, 
foliage  rather  glaucous.  Rays  scarlet,  saflTroa-color  or  yellow,  never  puiplt  cr 
white.— The  Dahlias  are  generally  cultivated  by  the  divisions  of  the  tuberous  icotis, 
wliicli,  as  soon  as  tlie  frost  blackens  the  tops,  are  to  be  taken  up  and  prtterved 
through  the  winter  in  a  dry  place,  free,  from  frost. 

24.  BOLTO'NIA,  L'Her.  (To  J.  B.  Bolton,  author  of  "  Ferns  of 
Great  Britain,"  &c.,  1788.)  Hds.  many-flowered  ;  ray-flowers  $ ,  in  a 
single  series,  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  ^ ;  scales  in  2  series,  appressed, 
with  membranous  margins ;  receptacle  conic,  punctate ;  achenia  flat,  2 
or  3-winged ;  pappus  of  minute  setae,  2  (to  4)  of  them  usually  length- 


*^^  Obder  70— COMPOSITyE. 

.r'JlA^ur?  "l"'"'""'  V"™'''""  '""■'>'•     L™.  lanceolate,  e„. 

lon^S,  recurved,  „o.rlytoaeas,intcmptod  roc     A"g_Oet  '      °'°''* 

26.  SOLIDA'60,  L.  Goidenrod.     (Lat.  solidari,  to  nnite  •  fr«m  tl„. 
vul nerary  j,„a hues  of  the  plants.)     Flowers  of  the    ay  Zut'  5  T    1 

w aiternL.  H^i^'s^^Ki^  tl'ir^t^",::  ;;^orsi','r,.:?- 

a     erbac^ous;    u.a.U  wUU.t  rny8,-,lise.,i.l No.  1 

e  Stems «Mm>»s....'. Nos.  T,S.  v 

Infloreacence  terminal,  ^^I•gntc■orVanic■.iI■at;■.■■(n '^'"'•**'  * 

I  OluivtoM  or  i-tic.  erect,  m.t  sociind.      Lvs  feather  vpln»^      /    ^ 

|E^.r;;;;;sr|s„,~s;,r.v,-,L-i;„,u;:^^ f;i5-i; 

k  Loaves  serrate.     Stoinront'liish-pu  he-scent   v^    i-  o,* 

h  Leaves  not  veiny,  thick,  subentire.     Herbs  nland N^    .7''  ^ 


^Ug-r 


Order  YO.— COMPOSITE.  43^ 

n  Rocetnc8  distant,  loosely  If  nt  nil  pnnicU'il . . , Xos.  86,  8T 

n  liaceiims  closi',  furiiiinif  comimct  panicles Nos.  88— 4«» 

a  Infloresoence  terminal,  in  uf:uitij<iiite  corymb,    (o) 

O  Leaves  lanceolate,  auiplc.    Stem  smouth.  ^labroua Nos.  41  42 

O  Leaves  lanceolate,  umjilo.    Stem  rough,  pubescent '.'.'. Nos. '48-I40 

O  Leaves  linear.    HoikIs  small,  scales  close-pressed Nos.  47  48 

1  S.  pauciflosculdsa  Mx.  Shrub,  much  branched,  glabrous,  glaucous  and 
somewhat  viscid;  Iva.  somewliat  lanceolate  and  linear,  obscurely  3-veined,  obtuse, 
sessile,  entire;  panicle  compound,  of  erect  racemes;  hds.  5  to  7-flowered,  witli  1 
to  3  large  rays.— S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  barrens  near  tlie  coast.  A  low  bush,  about  2f 
high,  remarkably  distinguished  among  our  Solidagos  as  a  shrub.  Lva.  1  to  2' 
long,  leathery.     Ray,  usually  solitary.     Aug.— Oct 

2  S.  diacoidea  (Ell.)  Villous-pubescent,  hoary ;  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolato,  coarsely 
serrate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  rac.  erect,  in  a  virgato  or  tliyrsoid  pan. ;  hdn. 
discoid,  about  l2-flowered ;  scales  downy-canescent,  tiio  acute  iierbaceous  tipa 
squarrous-spreading.—Ga.  and  Fla.  (uplands),  to  La.  Plant  3  to  41'  higli,  remark- 
able for  its  rayless  lis.  and  squarrous  aster-like  involucre.  Lower  Ivs.  3  to  4'  long 
gradually  reduced  upwards.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  S.  brachyph;^lla  Chapm.     Rougli-pubescent;    Ivs.  numerous,  appressed-ser- 
rate,  spatulate,  oval  and  ovate,  glabrous;  rac.  secund,  in  virgate  panicles:  scale* 
erect  (not  spreading),  obtuse,  smootli;  hds.  discoid;  disk-floioers  5  to  6.     Mid.  Fla. 
uplands  (Chapman).     Tall  (4  to  Gf),  with  erect  lealy  branches.     St.  Ivs.  1'  long' 
dinjinishing  upwards.     (Allied  to  S.  aitissima.) 

4  S.  squarrdsa  Muhl.  St.  stout,  simple,  densely  pubescent  above;  Ivs.  smoot/i, 
lower  very  broad,  oval-spatulate,  serrate,  acute,  upper  lanceolate-elliptic,  highest, 
entire;  rac.  glomerate,  rigid  and  pubescent;  scales  rigid,  obbng,  squarrous  with 
spreading  green  tips ;  hds.  many  (lowered;  raj/s  10— 12,  elongated. — A  handsome 
species,  found  on  rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Penn.  Stem  2  — 5f  high.  Heads  very 
large,  forming  a  large  terminal  spike  of  short,  dense,  axill-iry  fascicles  or  racemes 
Sept. 

5  S.  equarrulosa  (T.  &  ii.)  Pubescent,  striate;  Ivs.  rouqh,  numerous,  oval  or 
lanceolate,  the  upper  entire,  tlio  lower  serrate,  all  abruptly  "contracted  at  base  but 
scarcely  petiolato ;  hds.  largo  (20  to  25-flowerod),  in  a  terminal,  virgate  raceme  ,■ 
rays  6  to  10  ,•  scales  linear  or  lance-subulate,  with  loose  herbaceous  tips  the  outer 
spreading,  bract-like.— Uplands,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  2  to  31  high  often 
branched  above.  L vs.  1  to  2' long.  Aug.,  Sept.  (S.  squarrosa  Nutt.  S.'petio- 
Jaris  Ait.  ?) 

6  S.  bicolor  L.  Hairy ;  st.  simple ;  Ivs.  elliptical  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  lower 
serrate,  short-stalked;  rac.  short,  dense,  axillary,  paniculate- virgate  above;  invol 
scales  obtuse;  rays  about  8,  whitish.— Wooda  and  dry  hills.  Can.,  N.  Mid!,  &  W. 
States.  Remarkably  distinguished  among  the  solidagos  by  having  white  or 
cream-colored  rays.  St.  2f  high,  a  little  hairy.  Lvs.  hairy  on  both  sides,  mostly 
entire,  gradually  reduced  in  size  upwards.  Axillary  clusters  approximating  above 
into  a  terminal,  interrupted  spike.  Rays  short  and  obscure.  Jl.,  Auo-.  f  Aster 
bicola  Nees.)  .      i       o      v 

/3.  HiusuTA.  Fls.  all  yellow.— :Penn.  (S.  Iiirsuta,  Nutt.) 
7.  S.  Biickleyi  Torr.  &  Gr.  Villous-pubescent;  lvs.  oblong,  serrate,  acute  at 
each  end,  subsessile;  clusters  axillary,  loose,  much  shorter  than  the  lvs.;  ped. 
villous;  scaliis  glabrous,  acuti^h,  rays  4  to  6,  disk-Jlowers  9  to  12  ;  ach.  compressed 
f/ZafcTOKs.- Interior  of  Ala.  (Buckley).  St.  2  to  3f  high  ?  Lva  as  larjre  as  ii'i 
No.  8,  the  hds.  larger.     Oct. 

C  S.  latifdlia  Muhl.  St  somewhat  floxuous,  angular,  smootli  below,  pubescent 
above;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  deeply  serrate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  petioles  margined ;  rac.  axillary  and  torininal ;  ach.  silky  piibescent.~A. 
singular  and  well-marked  species  common  in  dry  woods  and  by  rocky  streamn, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  St  slender,  Piimple,  about  2f  Insh.  L\'s.  3  to  .5'  hv  2  to  4'  witti 
acute,  often  long-acuminate  serratures.  Clusters  very  short,  axillary,  the' stem 
ending  with  a  long  terminal  one.  Hds.  few.  S^pt- Variable.  The  clusters  are 
often  long  and  loose,  and  exceeding  the  lvs.     (S.  ambigua  Ait     S.  macrophylla 

/3.  PUBENS.     Pubescent,   becoming  densolv  so  above,  especially  the  scalca.— 
Mts.  of  N.  Car.  (Curtis)— (S.  pubens  Curtii) 


432 

9  S.  oassla  Ait. 


Ordkr  10.— composite 


^     St.  erect,  round,  Bmooth  and   glaucous,  often  flejriinna.    r. 
an^th,   hnear-lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrato;  roc    axillarv  erS     ,,T       '   l^f- 
pube.c^t.-A  very  elegant  species,  in  tbickorand  T^VJkLVI   a  Ilf'lf  S' 
Stem  2  to  4f  high,  of  a  bluiah-purpli  color,  terete  and  sLIrsomewl.a    .i^..^ 
ous,  snnplo  or  branched.     Leaves  2-5'  long,  ending  in   a  10.^  n^i  f «      ,"' 

axlria,  Ph.)  '  "      "^  ""  ^'"^^'^  "'■  *'^"  "'""'"^^-     ^"«    "s. 

/i.  FLEXiCAUUS.     *%  Ijf.vucnis,  angular;  iw.  ovate-lanceolato,  longer  than  tl>« 

^' cSt'T.  &  go"'  "'""*'  «*"'^'^-'^»e'^I^'-— Mts.  N.  Car.    Height  3  to 5f.  (S. 

10  S.  thjrraoidea  Meyer.     St.  simple,  flexuous,  very  smootli  pubescent  ahr^vn 

upper  subaessUo,  lanceolate;    rac.  ir,,^:!^    .^ii.^uiu.  short-  A<is.   ^aroe    wth  Vln 
Cr  Tp- '  coarse  showy  golden  W  in  woods,  WhUe  m[Cn         W,"" 
oughby  and  Green  Mts.,  Vt      It  is  remarkable  for  the  long  slender  stokVofThi 
rrftoTnVT'  '"'•"  large  hds.  which  exceed  i^.^llu!;u::^: 

^^«f  ^■7!'*^'^w*  ^-  '^-  ''^'''''^  ^""'•>  ^'-  fl^'^^aous,  furrowed,  pubescent  at  ton  • 
St.  ha  lanceolate,  sermto,  lower  ones  oval;  contracted  to  a  ptHiclo  rac  IroPf' 
raj  e  ongated;  hds.  V.r,jc,  about  SO-flowe^-ed ;  'scales  very  thin^a^^  'I^^u^ 
onlyspecjes  common  to  the  two  continents.  One  of  its  numerous  vm-k-  ies  i^ 
seen  scattered  liere  and  tlHjro  on  the  Iowct  summits  of  the  WhirMtrNlI 
Essex  Mts.,  K  Y..  I.  Superior,  C.  W.,  also?  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  The  hds  ^reVew 
^S?nT,r'  ""S'  'Ji'  larger  than  those  of  most  other  species  a^d  of  L  rie^/ 

mmal  flowers.     Aug..-<S.  glomerata  Mx.  whoso  description  answers  well  to  the 
larger  specimens  of  fci.  virgauroa.)  « is wtji  a  w  en  lo  the 

12  S.  htimilis  Ph.  Glabrous;  st.  simple,  erect:  radical  Ivs  fih1.,nnn«i..*„ 
petiolate,  obtuse  and  crenato-ser'rato  at  apex  ;  the  c;u[rn7oblanceokfc  and  t"' 
W.?;;,r*° ';/"'•  ''"^P^'u"^  pamcuiato;  Ms.  middk  size,  about  uJ^Jed' 
Kales  cbhM,  obtuse;  rays  short—Rocks  along  mountain  streams,  Yt  N  H  to 
Newfoundland.    St  6  to  12'  high,  somewhaf  glutinous.    Eac.   slender    strict 

A  TaUer;  hds.  more  numerous,  in  short,  glomerate  clusters,  forming  f  dense 
slender,  mtcrrupted  rao.-Near  the  WiUey  House,  White  Mts.  ' 

^?r,5;v.^.T^i**,  ^^\.  Glabrous,  strict,  vi^gate,  tall,  simply  racemim  at  top  ■  Ivs 
entire,  t  ackish,  oblong-lanceolate,  and  oblanceolate,  rough  edged  the  lowesi 
Bubserrate,  pet.olato;  hd.:  about  Vo,fhw.red;  rays  6  toS  ;  i^VilS- 
Dan.p  pmo  b^xrrens,  N.  J.  to  Pla.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Lowe^  It  3^olTon7 
gradually  reduced  above  to  the  bracts  of  tho.peduncles  3  or  4"  in  lengUi  Rac 
6  to  If  long,  composed  of  ?mall  clusters.     Sept.,  Oct.  ^ 

14  S.  Btrfcta  Ait.  SiiKioth ;  st.  strict,  erect,  simple  ;  cauIi^e  Ivs.  lanceolate 
very  enfre,  rough-edged,  nvlicat  Ivs.  serrate,'  venjhkg;  rac.  i^SJTate  S'cT: 
ped.  smooth;  hds.  about  W:flcmerr.d.-la  wet  woo(is,  N  States  St  (and  ^Sv 
o  her  part)  very  smooth,  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  4  to  8'  by  i  to  i  to  1    lomJ 

of  short,  dense,  approssedra^'.mes.    Ang.  ^ 

15  S.  speoiosa  Nutt.    St.  smooth,  simple;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,  and  scabrous 
on  the  raaiigm,  tliick,  the  radi(>il  and  lower  lvs.,  subserrate,  venj  broad  ■  rac  erect* 
rvMrnem-a^  forming  a  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicle;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  invol' 
pubes^nt;  rays  arg?,  6  to  8.-Woods,  Mass.  to  Ohio  and  Ga.     A  noble  species' 
t'      uj  "■"     -•-•/••••••!•>  -^wn  purpic,  miic^wcd.     Lvs.  ampie,  name  or  them  6'  by 

3  .     Hds.  exeeedmgly  numerous,  about  l.^-llowered,  with  conspicuous  ravs  of  a 
noli  yellow,  m  a  large,  showy,  pyramidal  panicle.     Aug.— Oct 

A  EBEci-A    Panicle  slender,  spicato— With  the  othor;  merely  a  reduced  forax 
(S.  orecta  DC.) 


Order  70.--COMPOSIT^. 


483 


xuous;  Ivs. 
'■h.  minukbj 
^-  and  U.  S. 
wliat  lloxu- 
oitit,  Kessile, 
a  dtep,  ricli 
-^ug-     (S. 

2r  tlian  tlie 
(S.  ilexi- 

3  to  5f.  (S. 

ent  above  ; 
pttiuks,  tho 

with  coD- 
N.  If.,  Wil. 
alks  of  tho 

otlier  spo- 
il lyrse-like 

put  at  top; 

rae.  erect, 
Ihirt  IS  tlie 
fc'iirit'lies  Ls 
ts.,  N.  H., 
i.  are  few, 
of  a  rich, 

and  ter- 
-■ell  to  the 

anccola  to, 
.  and  lan- 
■flowcrtd  ; 
N.  H.,  to 
er,  strict. 
Dg.,  Sept. 
:  a  dense, 

top;  Ivs. 
0  lowest 
>eiicent. — 
•  4'  Jong, 
h.     Rae. 

nccolato, 
te,  erect; 
od  every 
r,  lower 
aniposed 

eabroii!», 
ic.  erect, 
\e  invol, 
species, 
in  6'  by 
lys  of  a 

)d  foritx 


IS  S.  verna  CuJtis.  Iloary  pubescent;  st.  fow-loaved,  branched  nearly  naked, 
loosely  pamcled  ;  lower  Ivs.  finely  serrate,  ovate,  veiny,  on  margined  petioles,  tho 
u[)per  lanoe-ovato  or  oblong,  entire ;  scales  lance-Unuar,  snioothish ;  rays  10  to 
12,  disk  f-s.  16  to  20;  ach.  pubescent.— An  early  fiowering  Solidago  in  pine 
barreris,  ><.  Gar.  to  Fla.,  rare.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  erect  or  sometimes  inclined  and 
tiie  racemes  a  httlo  recurved.  Lowest  Ivs.  3'  by  2',  5-veinud,  tlie  others  partly 
3-vemed.     May,  Jn.  ^  e      j 

.17  S.  pub6rula  Nutt.  Busty  puberulent,  simple  strict;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  atten- 
uate at  base,  tiio  lower  obianceolate,  subserrate;  pan.  spicate,  erect,  dense  but  com- 
pound;  pod.  i^ubescent;  scales lineur-lancoolate,  acute;  rays  about  10,  elongated- 
disk  fl3.  about  13.— Woods,  Me.  to  Ga.  St.  straight,  purplish,  2  to  3f  high  tn-- 
in  mating  in  a  long,  tiiyrsoid  spiko  of  dense,  approssod  racomea  Lvs  verv 
minutely  p  iboscont  both  sides,  tho  lowest  on  close,  winged  stalks.  Hds.  rather 
'argo,  bright  yellow.     Aug.— Oct.     (Also  S.  pulverulenta  Nutt.) 

18  S.  sempervirens  L.  St.  smooth;  Ivfi.  lanceolate,  somewhat  ucculent. 
smooth,  entire,  and  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  suhainple.(.kaul,  obscurdy  3-veined- 
rae.  secund,  paniculate;  pedicels  scabrous-pubescent;  rays  elongated  (■  to  lo  .usk- 
fls.  15  t(^  '.—Marshes  along  tho  coast,  and  river  banks,  within  th.-  i„  i.'uce  of 
the  brau.i.sh  water.  St,  3  to  6f  high,  purplish,  somewhrit  glaucou.-s  w  'h  nu- 
merous long  and  narrow  leaves.     lids,  largo.     Ray.,  showy.     Sept.     (8.  lasvi- 

19  S.  anguBtifdlia  Ell.  St.  smooth,  strict,  branched  or  simple :  lvs.  lance-linear 
thick,  smooth,  entire,  sessile,  sltort  and  erect,  l-veined,  tho  lower  lanceolate  taper- 
ing at  base;  pan.  dense,  erect,  virgato ;  pediceh  glabrous,  slender;  hds.  suuill  15 
to  20-fiowered  ;  rays  about  7.— Brackish  swamps,  S.  Car.  to  Fla  and  Tex  Sts 
2  to  4f  high.  Lvs,  diminishing  upwards,  tho  highest  subulate.  Hda  very  nu- 
merou.s.  partly  inclined  to  one  side.     Scales  acuto.     Sept.,  Oct. 

20  S.  nemoraiis  Ait.  Dusty-subtomentous ;  lvs.  roughish,  acute,  obscurely  3- 
mined,  aWvuuato  at  base,  sub-entire  the  lower  petiolato ;  rae.  secund,  paniculate- 
hds,  small ;  rays  5  to  6,  disk-fls.  5  to  7.— Dry  fields  and  roadside,'.,  Can.  and  U 
b.  A  common,  starved-looking  species,  with  a  grayish,  dusty  aspect.  Height  1 
to  2f.  Lvs.  often  fascicled  i.i  tho  axils.  lids,  with  conspicuous  rays  Pan 
dense,  composed  of  many  short  racemes,  inclining  to  ono  side,  or  often  of  a 
single,  terminal  recurved  one.  Again,  tho  stem  divides  into  branches,  each  bear- 
mg  a  panicle,     Sept. 

/J.  Very  slender,  minutely  puberulent,  terminated  by  a  slender  spicate  Cro- 
curvod)  panicle.— In  woods.     Lvs,  as  long  as  in  S.  ciesia, 

21  S.  nip^stris  Raf.     Smooth,  slender ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  both 
,  ends,  plainly  3-veined,  entire,  or  tho  lower  subserrulato ;  hds.  small    about  15- 

i^.'^n?'^:J'!-V'"l^'  «fe«rf€ri;anjcfc;  rays  very  short.— Ind.,  Ky.,  on  river  banks, 
bt.  2  to  3f  high,  often  branched.   Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  veins  whitish  beneath.    Auk 
Sept,     Too  near  the  next.  *"' 

22  S.  Missouriensis  Nutt.  Glabrous,  tow,  simple,  slender;  lvs.  lance-linear 
tapering  to  each  end,  plainly  3-vtined,  very  acuto  and  rough-odgL- :  lower  ones 
with  acute,  slender  serratures,  radical,  obianceolate,  petiolato;  mo. 'small  rn  a 
dense,  pyrr  nidal,  or  someivhat  corymbous pan. ;  ped.  glabrous;  scales  with  greenish 
tips;  hds  mall,  12  to  \b-flowered.—X  delicate  species,  1  to  2f  high  in  dry 
prainos,  lu.  and  Mo.  Lvs..  smooth  and  shining,  lower  3  to  4'  bv  3  to  5"  tho 
others  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  ininuto  bracts.     Rays  about  8.     Jl.,  Aug. 

23  S,  aerdtina  WiUd.  St.  round,  striate,  smooth ;  lvs.  linear-laneoolato'  ..lourai- 
nate,  slightly  serrate,  obscurely  ^-veined,  veins  beneath  pubescent  ■  rae  secund  re- 
curved, paniculate;  ped.  pubescent;  hds.  small,  15  to  '20-ftowered.—X  smooth 
species  in  meadows  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  3  to  6f  high,  very  smooth 
often  glaucous  or  pu-ple.  Lvs.  3  to  5  to  7'  long,  smooth;  margin  scabrous' 
upper  ciiurc.  Fis.  numerous,  lornniiK  a  more  or  less  compact  panicle,  inclined  at 
summit.  Rays  less  than  I"  long.  Sept.— Variable  and  scarcely  distinct  from 
the  next. 

24  S.  glgantea  Ait.  St.  smooth,  striate ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate  with  sharp 
spreading  teeth,  margins  rough-ciliate,  strongly  3-veined ;  rao.  axillary  and  loosely 
pamcled;  branches  pubescent ;  ped.  and  pedicels  hairy;  hds.  Ij  to  20  flowered--. 

28 


434 


Ordkb  70.— COMI'OSIT.K. 


A  luFKo,  Hhowy  Hpooi.-s,  ill  low.  op,...  Kro.md*  U    M    nii.!  r,».      Q. 

-«,y^"""  ,S!:S.^,  ^;.;l;rr  u..u^  't'""!"'  r'?''-  '•^^""'^•'  —'-'". 

J)r.Kv..a  Ait.)  K'"«'U«H,  4-71  l.igl,.     Luuvoa  (l.stii.clly  ;j-v,,i„o,|.     (S. 

ti"K'uisl,o.l  iron,  tho  la.s.      !l|    a\;.  ^'^     ^^^'-  *  '"  """t^''-     ^^^•'»'''y  <Ji-- 

o..ti.v:   pa...  pyra,..i.|al;   ravs  V       ,    ,  .  .r/     f   ''  "'''"''-.'""••'"■"vhU',  H.s.sil,. 

^°Su°^^rs' silo's  nr^^^Sn's         "r'-  '"-""'''^<>.  -t.-. 

/:^.  KKi'UOKs  V      J  v"  Ii     .?rV         ^  «1  .-^t  llat.oi.  a  Iraxi-ai.t  volatiio  oil. 

j'yra„.i.iai  pa..!.^  's^^i^'?':":::;^^"^ :;''  ^"'r'"'-  ■•"«•  '•-"'•^-'. '"  < 

3-  ion,,  ^.,u.  J  .Ijilias'o  it  1      '&r';.S;  1^'T^"'-  .  .'"'^^7  ^^•^-  ^  ^'' 
saiiica.ioui-^,'.  Xo.  2S?  "''w  uracw.    (hUiott.)     Aug.— Ui-l.— Is  tJiis  tlio 

with  tl.o  flowers  tu.-,,i..j.upwfrr;     S?;,^^H^  ,'"  '''  '•^''^""■^'^  l''*"''-'!^' 

1'^^a.ls,  or  with  niiuerous  Ifc' u Is  •  tho  ll  v       ^'"^^'•*'""^';,  ^^'"^  '"^^v'  and  scattered 

eac^;  S™ SSplvlJi^u^s^Uth  .b^tJ'tdt; J?  "'t  "'*  ^''""''''^  '"''^^'  -■"^'^  -^^ 
hig'h.  '  '^"^  '^'^  ■^"""'-    (I^runmioiid  iu  N.  Am.  Fl.)    St.  1  ti  2f 

^Ihf  sS?ifo"lL^''reTratf^S''f  "'"^'  T^^'.\  ^"'-  o^^iong-spatalate,  tapering  (o 

^     Plant  slender.  1  to  "^f  hicrh'     uL  1     7    '  ''T\  ^^-  ^""'«  (Kngehimn),  to 
Sept.  ^'  •      ^"  -'  '"S^'-     •"•^  «^^^",  crowded,  iu  short,  seeuud  raoemeaL 


OwjRH  70.— cOMPoaiTif:. 


480 


prreon,  aoiiK). 

i  to  7'  Inm, 

H",  oil  Npiimd. 

i,  a''unumt,; 

•IIh.  about  7 ; 
I'VuiiilN'tu 
•linos)  to  Olio 
littlo  llowiiv. 
Auk— Oct. 
T,  and  with 
voiiiod.     (S. 

<:-Ianco()lat(., 
:liius(\;  pnn_ 
'  7,  (liHk-d.H. 
Uoadily  dls- 

V  acrrnlato, 
ulc,  Hos.silo, 
l>arr(!iiH,  N. 
w,  rtiduood 
iraets,  Mimi- 

Into,  (ICUtf, 

iof'l,  r(iU;,'li. 

wooillaiid.s 

JiOHVO.S 

Pniiielo  in- 

'l>as((,  and 

Hpccics  of 

or  UMoful. 

)'«  1,  2  or 
vs.  ucuto. 

Hubontirp, 
I'vod,  ill  a 
ir.  to  Fla. 
!•  Iv.s.  2  to 
s  tills  tlio 

Lvs  deeply 
ucies,  tho 
1  lit'djjes, 
branched 
item  and 
I  ])Uuiclo 
ko.  Tho 
scattered 
serrate, 

acute  at 

>loii(j,  ob- 

1  to  2f 

oring  (o 
an.  con- 
nan),  to 
acemosw 


33  S.  ulmifolla  Mulil.    SI  glahrowi,  with  hairy  bra»r.hf.» ;  Ivfl.  tliln,  elliptio-ovate, 

Horrato,  acuniinato,  simHiTti,  tupwriiiK  to  tli«  b.wc,  Hinootli  iihovo,  vIIIouh  tx-iicath  ; 
nu'.  paniculalo,  iociirvcd-Hpri)adiiig;  pod.  villous;  hdn.  small;  nctUen  acuUi ;  raya 
[I  («•  4,  dtsk-Jts.  ;t  or  4. — In  woods  and  low  KrouiKls,  N.  and  W.  Stat«<H.  A  HjK'cioH, 
ol'HtrikinK  '<"■">.  lil«J  HriichycliiDta,  with  tlio  Hlondor,  arched  brmichcH  of  tho  Kim. 
St.  .striate,  al)imt  31"  hi^li,  rnr^)ly  with  Hcattorcd  hair-<.  Kadictal  Km.  t«porin><  to 
winK«'"l  iwtiolo.s,  and  hairy  Inith  HidcH,  with  coarHO  and  unequal  HeriatnreH,  upper 
ones  entire,  in'.dilUj  oiioH  about  S  by  I. J'.      Kays  do  p  yellow.     Au^.,  Hcpt. 

34  S.  Boottll  Hook.  S!.  ijlahroiiA,  toUh  hairy  hranchcn  ;  Ivh.  ovatu  or  lance-nvnto, 
serrate,  lower  contraeto  I  to  marginal  petioles,  iippi-r  HOHsiln,  iKiiiniinatn  nl  botli 
i>nds;  rac.  ImiK,  re -nrved,  loosely  jmniolod  ;  hdi  middl/f  nizn ;  ncali'ji  ohtony,  oh' 
lu.ie ;  rayn  2  to  T),  disk-fl'i.  H  lo  12. — Sandy  soil.s,  N.  Car.  to  Kla,  and  'I'cx.  I'liint 
2  to  rn'high,  variable,  with  the  Htoni  Hinooth,  or  moro  or  letw  rough-downy.  Aug. 
—Oct. 

35  S.  llnoides  Solander.  Smo'dh  thromjhout ;  st.  Hlondi;r,  Hiinple;  Ivh.  Inneoolnto, 
finely  Herrut"  and  H(!abnius  on  the  margin,  radical  ones  potiolate,  upper  entire; 
lids.  HMiall,  in  Hliort,  h -cund,  at  length  sproading  raconu^s ;  HrahH  oblong-linear, 
oWm.w,  apprcs-siid ;  ray.s  I  to  4,  Hhort,  disk-lls.  4  to  .'»,  hliort.  —  .\  nniall  Hpecies, 
near  lioston  ((iroeiio  in  N.  Am.  Flo.)  to  N.  .T.  St.  12  to  20'  high.  Lv8.  1  to  B' 
hy  ;i  lo  •)".      Pan.  Hiiiall,  usually  turned  to  ono  side.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3G  8.  Muhlenbdrgii  Torr.  k  fir.  St.  furrowed,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  smooth  both  itides, 
Htrongly  and  sharply  serrate,  tho  radi<;al  ovate,  petiolati-,  cauliin-,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late*, acuniinato  at  each  end;  rac.  ni'cund,  short,  remote*,  axillary,  spreading; 
pedicels  pubescent;  lids.  LI — 20-tlow<rfd;  scahis  linear,  obtuse. — In  damp  woods 
and  thickets,  N.  II.  t)  I'eiin.  Stem  2 — :tf  hijfli,  genorally  Hirn[)lo,  bearing  a  long, 
open  panicle.  Leaves  large,  notcli(>il  witii  very  a(!Utj  or  acuminato  teeth,  feather- 
voined.  Heads  iniddlo  size,  with  G — S  rather  large  rays.  Aug. — Oct.  (8.  ar- 
giita  Miihl.) 

3V  S.  p^tula.  Muhl.  St.  smooth,  angular-atriati ;  lvn.  elliptic,  acute,  Berrato,  very 
sculirouH  aliovf.,  Hmo  itli  Ix^iii'Mtli,  lower  onr.'s  ohloie^^-spatulato ;  rac.  paniculate, 
loosely  spreading;  piMlicels  pubesci'iit;  hd).  dhod  12  to  \!'>-/i'iwi'ri;d ;  »cnU:ii  muck 
iinl>ric<Ui'il,  ohhwj,  very  obtuse. — In  \v(!t  jihiccs,  (Jan.,  N.  and  W.  Stat(;H,  not  com- 
mon.  St.  2  to  If  high,  virgate,  often  purple,  strongly  angled,  with  leafy  branches 
at  tho  top.  St.  Ivs.  1  to  2'  long,  Ji  as  wide,  nulical  ones  2  or  3  times  larger.  Rac. 
short,  on  tho  ends  of  tho  spreading  braiuihes.     Sopt. 

38  S.  elliptica  Ait.  Kn.'ct,  glabroufi  throughout,  leafy;  Ivs.  elliptical,  acute  at 
each  end,  obscurely  serrate,  upp  r  ones  Hcssilc,  entire ;  rac.  short,  recurved,  in  a 
depute  pyramidal  panicl'i ;  hds.  middle  sizo ;  ray.s  6  to  8,  very  short,  disk-fls.  G  or 
7  ;  scales  lirioar-oblong,  olitusLi. — Suit  marshes,  R.  lal.  (Olney),  Tiear  N.  Y.  (T.  ife 
G.),  to  Cia.  St.  3  to  r>f  high,  bearing  a  olosp,  sonowhat  leafy  pyramidal  panicle. 
Lv.?.  2  to  4'  by  J  to  1^',  rougli-edg(>d^tlio  serratures  apiiressi^i  and  rather  remote. 
Raj'S  oblong,  rather  large,  palo  yellow.     Oct. 

li  lOLi.ioTTir.     I'an.  moro  widely  spreading. — "outli.     (S.  lOUiottii  T.  &  G.) 

39  S.  argClta  Ait.  St.  strict,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  smooth,  acutely  and  unequally  .serrate, 
with  diverging  teeth,  caulina,  ellljitical,  nasxile,  highest  entire  and  small,  radical 
obloiig-ovatc,  attonuato  at  base  into  winged  petioles,  rac.  secund,  dense,  in  a 
sprendiiKj,  cor yinhons panicle ;  hds.  middle  size;  rays  about  10,  disk-fls.  'J  or  10; 
ach.  smootii. — In  meadows  and  woods,  U.  S.  (from  lat.  38),  N".  to  the  Arc.  circle. 
A  smooth,  shining  plant  3f  high,  with  a  large,  dense,  rorynibous  paiiii;le.  Rac. 
recurved,  a  lingi^r's  length,  tho  comtiound  pedicels  rougliisli,  bracted.    Aug.,  Sept. 

3,  JUXCKA.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  Bubserratc,  upper  entire;  st.  brownish,  striate; 
rays  twice  as  long  an  tiio  invol. ;  pan.  less  dense. — Open  fields.  (S.  juncea 
Ait.     S.  ciliaris  Muhl.) 

40  S.  neglecta  Torr.  &  Gr.  St.  smooth,  striate ;  lvs.  smooth,  acute,  serrate,  with 
diveigent  teeth,  cauline  linnar-laitceulaif,  subentire  highest  linear,  sessile,  lowest 
lancM)lale  (large),  tajiering  to  a  long  petiole  ;  rac.  secund,  erect,  at  length  recurved, 
in  an  abrupt  or  oblique  panicle ;  lids,  middle  size;  rays  G  to  10,  disk-As.  7  to  12  ; 
ach.  smooth. — Swamps  Hanover,  N.  H.  (Ricard,  &c.)  to  Ind.  and  southward. 
St.  3  to  'If  higli,  terete.  Rt.  lvs.  6  to  12'  long,  featlior-veinod ;  upper  obscuiely 
3-veiued.    Aug.,  Sept. — A  handsome  Solidago,  best  known  by  its  peculiar  panicle. 


430 


Order  70.-.COMPOSIT^. 


*\rS^ZV;£!^,  taSg^'^Sici'""  I-   Uvnooolato.  obtn.. 
rupUy  ,u-u.t,,  hchhIIo,  enl  ro;  i2*^„1  Z/i5'  ^o  7^'''' f  ""'';'''"^^ 
loctly  HmoDli  Solidaifo   ''—if  hi.ri.      u»  *"""."  "z^*^*'"'"'  J!^-   i-  to  lud.     A  ixt- 
...0,  aboul,  r  l,y  5  .     ll,..d,  „  Jw'  „.;i;„j""  'SJHi''''.^  "'""'  '"'«"'■  "-M'""."!. 

Elisor  >:i^i^^;„t£s?^T^"i'"^^ 

*  ivf ,sn*:j.ii,S;:i,S''S,'  :;i;;'«  r?-""  'i™?'"  '"•■-"  ■■ 

with  cloHo,  Hhort  mrcMMos,   tho  Ic^M   sn,w        'f  «      ''r,T^'''^^ 

in  dry  HeMH  ..uuf  .'-oeky  ^;'o.t  C     to  M     ,;;;;"  :.r'\f ''7""-^'  ''"i''  I''""^ 
noa     St.  ;{  u,  5f  l.igl/routiil  striato  wi  h  r      i  ;^''"."<iniit  ...  woston.  prai- 

soinotinuvs  near  a  Ll  1™,^    11  s  4   o  fi"T       '''',  "'^- ?'''"''  *''"  '''""^''J  <>'"^^-  "ro 
doo,.-yollo«'.     AuK,Sopt        ''''"•  ^  ^'^  ^    Io»g  and  wido.     lluys  about  3"  by  1", 

(Courtis).     A  low  plant,  grow  ,,.  iu  tuis.'  vS"l.  llt^^r'^T"'*^"  ^^''-  *^»"  J^-  ^'■"• 
aud  iuoon.picuou8  rays.     Aug.^Sopt   ^  ^  "''^"'''  ^'"""^^'^^^  '^" ^  ^'"■•y'nbs, 

*lS;^"Sd*^u^:,^^f  f  l;;;- ^^  I'-ohod;  U..  Uru:ar.lan.eoUU,, 

tonninal   j^-tigiato  ;  ^v.,.  j;;;; '  ^Sh    SU^   "  1^'"  '7'""!'  ""^"'^^ 
Can.  and  U.  S.    St.  2  to  Jf  l.iu-h    «iti,  !..  •'^'    '"  — '"  woods  am   nioadows 

njcda     Fls.  in  tonninal.  crowded  L^    £  hS^^^  TiVf""  ''"'"^1"*"'  *'"^ 
plant  IS  Iragrant.     Sopt.  clusters.     Invol.  ovato.     Tho  wholo 

'^^^uLXt^rXL^^t  ^  ^-\'^  '"-y  fastigiatobranc.lu.s;  ;.. 

ong  as  tbo  disk. -Meadows  n.-ar  tl.o  il,  ^  ,Vi   M    '  '^"^^'^""^  lO.Koarcolv  a. 
I'an..)     A  very  slendor  sptn-ic-s     is/iln   b  >     r  \.   T,  "'  ^""     ^^'«"  ^^''*«-  (J'^'P" 

series.- 21  OiahroL' sl,',„  '  "  7  "     1-   '    I*' '  r."l'P"-Vl'MVtl..,' i„  „„„ 
coo-,nbou»,  ,viU,  .voilmv  iiJaud  colo   d  S  """''    '  '^'-  '"^"siatoly 


Obdkr  70.— composite. 


olnte,  obtiiao. 

'nnrAiulaUiy  ah- 
LT  lurgi?,  ill  n 
liid.  A  por- 
LmvoH  oi'  i\ 
middlo  caul- 

iichcd ;  radi- 
lod,  aii'iiiivto 
iiito,  cntiro; 
id,  fiiHtif^iiito 
5— ;iO-  high, 
'ith  a  Hf.roii^ 
S.  Moxicaiiiv 

'tfi*  hirsute; 

0I\1    HubduM- 

ukr  stnmd, 
!»  about  10, 
H'oring  fioin 

a  few  very 

I'ith  iiiinuto 
li:aiii;uliitt>, 
i<je;  scaks 
i«-igli  piiuit 
Htorii  prai- 
id  ones  iiro 
t  3"  by  I", 

smoothhsh, 
Uinci'okite^ 
of  N.  (!ar. 
I  C'oryiiiba, 

•lanceoUUo, 
:  corymbs 
luoiidows, 
IvH.  whioh 
e<i  ill  the 
'1)0  vvholo 

•hi's;  Ins. 
tlio  axiln 
arcoly  ar, 
'ia  (Lap- 

oxtroiiu 

olton  rc" 


i(>  wcll- 
3  to  4- 

pointoil 

in  ono 

giately 


437 


B.  virgdta  DO.  Smooth  in  all  ita  parts ;  st.  virgatoly  brancibcd  from  near  tho 
baHo;  brunches  corymboiiH-fastigiato  above;  Iva.  narrowly  linear,  1-veiued  tho 
oauhnc  hnoar-Hpatulato ;  scales  glutinoii.s.— Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla  and  Tox'  A 
lilunt  reHembluig  Solidngo  tenuilblia  in  aspect,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvh.  2  to  3'  by  1  to 
2  ',  rather  lirm  and  som«what  remote.  Fls.  bright  yellow,  the  scales  ako  yellow- 
ish.   Aug. — Oct.  "^ 

28.  ISOPAP'PUS,  Torr.  <fe  Or.  (Gr.  Ifjo^,  equal ;  ndrrno^,  pappus.) , 
Ilca.is  nidiHto;  ray  fls.  5  to  12,  o ,  disk-fls.  10  to  20  ?^ ;  scales  of  the 
mvoiiicre  laiicoolate-siibuiatc,  closely  imbricate.]  ;  receptacle  alveolate, 
aclioma  terete,  Bilky-villous  ;  pappius  a  single  row  of  equal  capillary 
I.nstles.— @  llouf,di-liairy,  branching,  with  ulternate  Ivs.  and  loose 
j)amclcs. 

I  divaric^..iis  T.  ft  Gr.  Scabrous,  with  thin,  hispid  hairs;  Ivs.  linoar-Iancoolato 
tapcr-pomtod  at  each  end,  sessile,  nearly  entire;  hds.  on  slender,  naked  pcdic(3ls  • 
niys  about  7,  longer  than  tho  invol,  disk-Hs.  about  12;  scales  slender-pointed 
H,jor..r  than  tho  tawny  pappus.-T)ry  sandy  soils,  Ga.  (Poay)  to  Fla.  and  Tox. 
1  lant  0  to  .Jf  high.  lids,  in  a  ditluso  pariclo,  invol.  2"  long,  rays  3  ',  bright  yel- 
low.      Aug. Oct,  OI         .7  I  t3         J     '■ 

29.  PRIONOP'SIS,  Nutt.  ((ir.  rrQio)v,  a  saw,  54>ig,  resemblance; 
almding  to  the  serrate  leaf)  Heads  depressed,  radiate,  many-flowered  • 
rays  i.i  one  series,  ?  ,  disk  fls.  (^  ;  scales  ind)ricate,squarrons  ;  receptacle 
alveolat(\  flat ;  a(!h.  glabrous,  turgid  ;  pappus  deciduous,  of  rigid,  scab- 
rous, very  rine.pial  bristles,  the  inner  row  longer  than  the  corolla.— 
Leaves  alternate.     Fls  showy,  yellow. 

P.  Chapmanii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hairy  or  downy,  strict,  erect;  Iv^.  erect,  smooth, 
Jance-hnear,  serrate,  witii  ronioto  setaceous  teeth;  hds.  few;  ficales cuspidate.— 
4  bwainp,s  m  pino  barrens,  Mid.  Fla  (Chapman).     Jn .  Jl. 

30.  HETEROTHEXA,  Cass.  (Gr.  ^7^7)0^,  diverse,  0//«7/,  envelope.) 
Heads  niany-flowered  ;  rays  in  one  series,  ?  ,  disk-flowers  ^  ;  scales  im- 
bricated, appressed  ;  receptacle  alveolate,  fringed  ;  achenia  minutely 
oaiiescent,  of  the  ray  without  pappus  (naked),  of  the  disk  with  a  double 
pappus  the  outer  very  short,  scale-like,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles 
U  Herbs  hairy,  corymbously  bvanched,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  vcl- 
low  fiow(!rs.  •' 

H.  scdbra  PC.  St.  erect,  flexuous,  striate;  Ivs.  olilong-ovafe,  pet iolato,  dentate 
scabrous;  petioles  abruptly  winged  as  ifstipulavO  at  base;  hds.  largo,  in  a  loose 
paniculate  corymb;  rays  If,  to  20;  pappus  tawny-red,  the  outer  white.~A  showy 
plant,  in  dry  koiIs  near  tho  coa.^t,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Plant  2  to  3f  liLdi 
MS.  .w  to  .  long,  diminu'limg  upwards,  where  they  are  lunce-oblong  and  sessile. 
1110  ray  aelionia  are  glabrous,  with  a  minute  crown,  those  of  tiio  disk  sUkv.  Rays 
ot  a  neh  yellow,  expanding  9  '.     Sept.,  Oct. 

31.  CHRYSOP'SIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  a:(W<toc,  gold,  (5i/-«?,  appearance.) 
Heads  many-ffowered  ;  ray-flowers  ?  ,  disk-flowera  ^  ;  involucre  imbri- 
cate; receptacle  subalveolate,  flat;  pappus  of  the  ray  and  disk  similar, 
<loul)le,  the  ext(H-ior  short,  interior  copious,  capillary;  achenium  hairy, 
compressed.— 2r  Hairy  lierbs,  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves  and  yel- 
low flowers.  •' 

I  Lrnv...MliM.w,Km,ss-llke.,  ftPhcniullnpnr V™.  i     A 

^  Leaves  liinco-obh.ng  ;  iicli.^nin  ol.ovuU',  i-c.iM|.n.,ss,-.l  (e'.  ...iNos.  1-4 

a  t)!itor  i.ii|,|.u.,  ,sciii.(-tlkf ^„g_  j^  f^ 

a  Oiitur  iiiiiums  bilst.li'-rorni  .'.'.".*.".'...'.'.".'.*.  ...Nos.  7*8 

^  ftiif  *?*"*,?"?  ^""-     ^""^^'"'-e"*  v/ith  long  silky  hairs;  Ivs.  linear,  erect, 
entiii,  giass-hke,  tapenng  to  both  ends,  the  upper  numerous  and  reduced  to  subl 


i38 


OiiDKii  70.— COMPOSITE. 


woods.     Heigit,  lto2f     Hds.  i  fo  «  ..  fi„v  i  i  ,     '        ^^"^-^  "'  <^""ip  piuo 

ing  U  to  17^ appearing  iu  Apr.  ^X        '"^'^  ''""  ''^  ^'^^  ^-    «"3«  'prS 

reddish-brown,  ^/.  ouler  -«^-/4"2^L5r"  SarK  I'l^'^i.^S^^  T^^^"' 

tiigli.     Hd8.  nearly  as  largo  as  iu  No.  2.     Lower  h-H^i,n.f       \  ^^  ^  ^°  -^ 
4  C.  falcata  Ell.      Wl>oUy  an,  villous;  IvlZ^  Z^  ':::^lJf-^ S^l' 

oo,y„*  »„p|„    '.r^  acute,  :S,;i£r,;'°      ™?o'5!"':S£"'^^ 
lanoeolato;  lids,  lar-e  solitarv  ami   torl^.  .i    '^    '^    .    ^^''^'P''' ''^'°''K-l'"^ar  or 

about  ;25  rajs.     Aug -Oct  ^  *''"'  "''°  '"  ^"^^^^  S'   ^'i^*' 

ontth  fl ;  ""'^"'^  ^ '  '^ ^'^"  ^"'^'^  ^  ^"'  '^  ^  -•^^'-  -  -'  -^u  ow  ": 

J.ii\  bn.sties.— Ik-rl).s  cliiefly  tr:)pical.     FIs   yellow  ^ 

tilo;  ac.|K  oblong,  alm^sttS.im-Cnr^^^  "'^^  "''^'^  ^^"  ^^^- 

co.nmon-"  appearance  of  an  EK  Jeron  ''    I  Ilk  t  i     ^  ""l'^^^'''"'""''- 1'.'''-  d'ond), 
iiariovv    12  fo  18' Inn.-      RiA.      '        '    ^'^"'""•)     f't.  a  foot  or  more  iiioi.     Lvs. 

lM.p"s^la1o'l''Urco.or.'Xn-JL"""""""^  ^'''  "■-  """'^'^  '"  -'''  '-'i- 

33.  IN'ULA,    L.      Elecampane.      (Ancient    Lat.    name  1       TTpaf?, 
many-flowered;    involucre  i.nbrieate ;  ray-flowers   nun  m   7    o     n'k 

yellow  fiowel^^"^  '     "''''^'^"  ^'''■^''  ^^''^'^  ^'^^'•'^^to  leaves  and 


Oeekb  70.— composite 


439 


:>mmon  in  (i„ 
«-5  to6'  loug 

ice-linear  and 

ed;  lids,  few, 

11  damp  pine 

Kaj  8  spread- 

reci,  crowded. 
Ilous;  jmppvji 

■  St.  1  to  2f 
Sipt.,  Oct. 
ite,  szibfalcaif', 
'*' ;  invol.  nil- 
<o  N.  J.     St. 

d,  paniculate 
Fli.) 

ntire,  smooth 
rally  obtii.se ; 
mil}-  barren,'!^ 
riR,  silky,  (le- 
>nicwhatum- 
r  peduncles. 

=•  entire,  ses- 
5ng-linear  or 
corynibous; 
St.  1  to  2f 
near,  entire. 

■  Ivs.  oblong. 
Jous;  scales 
in  the  bar- 
J^o.  5,   Willi 

%  glabroa-f 
to  Fla.  and 


plant  was 
I  tubular, 
rows ;  ro- 
of capi]- 

Ijcd,  acute, 
ie,  all  fer- 
!a.  (I'ond), 

i'S'll-        liVS. 

ach  head. 

ITeadfl 

s  with  2 
ives  ami 


Stem  4-  - 


6f  high,  furrowed,  branching,  and  downy  above.    Radical  Ua.  very  lar.'e  (1  to  3f  bv 
Gto  12),  serrate  those  of  the  stem  clasping.     Hd*..  large,   aolitar^,   terminal 
Kays  huear,  with  2  or  3  teeth  at  the  end.    Esteemed  aa  a  tonic  and  eipecto-ant' 
Jl.,  Aug.  §  *^       "'"• 

34.  PLUXHEA,  DC.  Marsh  Flea-bane.  Heads  many-flowerod, 
those  of  the  margin  $  ,  of  the  center  J^  ,  but  sterile  ;  involucre  iinhri- 
catei  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  style  undivided;  pappus  capillary, 
siuiple.— Strong-scented  herbs,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  co-ymbs  of 
purple  fls..  and  copious,  reddish  pappus. 

1  P.  camphorita  DC.     Lvs.  ovate- lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acut-  ses- 
sikor  short-petiohd,   serrate,  serratures  mucronate;  Jii.  i,i  crowded  corymbs —  U 
A  lioshy,  atro!ig.scente4  plant,  native  of  salt  marshep,  Mass.  toFlor.    Stem  a  foot 
high,  thick,  downy,  with  alternate  lvs.  and  axillary  branches.     Fla  light  Durnle 
Aug.     (Coayza  cainpliorata  Muhl.     C.  Marilandica  Mx.)  &     y    V   - 

2  P.  foStida  DC  Erect,  nearly  glabrous,  very  leafy;  lvs.  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  ammmatc  at  each  end,  petioMe,  feather-veined,  obtusely  subserrate  •  A* 
numerous,  la  paniculate  corymb.^;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.— A  stromr-scented 
plant  m  open,  hilly  grounds.  Western  States.     St.  l-2f  high,  subsimple.     Lvs. 

tZ     l,^~^l^^?n    f'''^\"''T^  '^^t^:  petioles  i-r  long.     Hds.  nunier- 
0U3.     Au,'.— Got.     (Bicchans,  L.    Conyza  camphorata  Ph.) 

3  P  bifrona  DC.  Pubescent,  leafy;  Z^;,v.  oval-oblong,  acute,  finely  serrate,  ror- 
date-amplexicaul,  veiny  ;  hds.  in  compound,  corymbous  clusters.— Moist,  low  lands. 
S.  Car.  to  Fla,  and  La.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high,  strict.  Lvs.  2  to  ?.'  long,  1'  wide  FlT 
very  numerous,  as  in  the  other  species,  dull  purple.     Jl.— Sept. 

35.  BAC'CHARIS,  L.  Groundsel  Tree.  (From  Bacchus,  wine  • 
Its  fiagrance  resembling  that  of  wine.)  Heads  discoid,  many-flowered' 
diu3cious  ;  mvoiucre  imbricate,  cylindric,  or  ovate,  with  subcoriaceous! 
ovate  scales ;  sterile  flowers  with  the  stamens  exserted  ;  receptacle 
naked;  pappus  capillary.— Shrubby  plants,  wUh  alternate  Ivsf  and 
white  fls. 

■^  /?  ,^^/™J^^l^^,  }■  Glabrous,  ivMfish-scurfy  ;  lvs.  oho"a%  incimy  dentate  above, 
the  highest  lanceolate  panu^le  compound,  leafy;  fascicle,  peduneulalo,  terminaU^ 
a  deme  pamcle.~Gt.  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  An  elegant  shrub,  S  to  12f  high,  growing  o 
sea-coast  and  river  alluvion.  Every  part  is  covered  with  white  dust.  The  fertil.- 
hds.  growing  upon  separate  plants  are  in  large,  loose,  t(>rminal  panicles,  and  fur- 
SlSrultivS    ""  '^°^'^"''' P'^I^P'^^-     Co"--  ^vl»te,   20  in  each  head.    Sept.- 

^  m;  ^''^T*! -°?'*on^«  •     ^'1^,^''«"-^  '1i«u«^ly  l^'-anched ;  lvs.  linear,  ^ssile,  entire  ; 
his.  snudl    loto   20-flowered,  cylindrical,   axillary,   loosely  panieulate.-S.  Car 
J<la.  and   La    m  the  edge  of  salt  marshes.     A  fine  shrub,  6  to  lOf  high   witi'i 
slender,  tough  branches.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  1  to  3"  wide,  al^ute.     lids.  iS  tha 
2    long.  111  a  dtttuse,  leafy  panicle.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  B.  glomenilifldra  Pers.     Glabrous,  r^inutdy  scurfy ;  lvs.  allohovaie  taperimj 
to  a  short,  petiole,  very  obtuse,  repand-few-cothed  ;  luK  in  sessile  glom&rules,  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  Ivs.-Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  along  the  coast.     St.  3  to  5    high 
pale  green  as  well  as  the  whole  plant.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  »  as  wido.     Hds  thrice 
larger  (3"  long  and  wid.")  than  in  No.  1.     Sc-i)t.— Nov. 

Tkibe  4.    SENECIOXID.E. 

36.  PTEROCAU^LON,  Ell.  Black-root.  (Gr.  tt-^^o^  a  wing, /.avAdi. 
a  stem  ;  ^.  e.,  a  winged  stem.)  Heads  many  flowered,  the  fiulile  flnw. 
CIS  ?  m  several  rows,  the  .sterile  flowers  central  (  !  ),  mostly  (J  ;  scales 
imbricated,  caducous  with  the  fruit,  ?  corollas  ;i-toothod,  M  5-cleft  • 
achenia  angular,  hispid  ;  pappus  of  eiiual  capillary  bristles  Iou-^m-  than 


440 


Okdbb  70.— composite. 


de,«ly  crowded  into  a  woolly  terminal  sp^°    (Con™'-  ^,"^  '^"^'• 
»  ft;.n!?''E;it'VSs  ra^a'^"",:,!-  (»«''i-'«"o  O/'/i^e.^/,, 

wit ,  a  riKid  point-Va.  to  Fll     S?  1    o  3f  &     T      °  , ""  "^"P*-  """PWate 
at^thc  end  ,„.,.„  a  „n,p,a,.„  ^r^^yS^H^L,  ru^i-XSi'T.^!^ 

38.  ECLIP  TA,  L.     Head  many-flowered  •  rav  fl^    o  nn... 
row;    jlKsk  ^  tub„lar,„.ostlv44oothed;aS^  10-12      r'r"'""- 
leafy,   lanco-ovate :    rocoDtacie  flat-   n]  oW  V  •  ♦?  ,      '.  '"    ^  >'^^^^s. 

ansular  or  2.ed<red  •  nanmis  0  JS^     chalf  bristly  ;  adieu Ja  so.newliat 

FIs.  uhitc.     (Fig.  328.J  ""'^  """'^  -tonniual,  solitary. 

^eadfeS  -bBotttj^e^^rnge'Thint^^  *«P-n.-  to 

tlie  lower  joints,  l_3f  omr  w^  '  ,  "'  ^-^"^  ^^«''-  ^^""^  often  rootiiiK  at 
long,  vo.J,  obs^n  rely  t  "  ifvS  '"i^mh!.""'  ^'I^^'.^'"  ■^''''-  ^'^''''  '  ^  2' 
rays.     The  juice  turnVbWk  Th  ;,  1     ?'?"'  ""'"^H  "^'""^^  ^^^^'^''^  '-^"^  sl^ort 

Mi?se;;''whJ"!itu;,  11^:'^"  <^;''7--  ^f  ?„«  of  the  ancient 
volucro  doubles  o  itl'r  of  4  or  ?  o  "".  t'"'"?'^  "^'^^^  ''^^^''^te.  In- 
ioadets,  concave      rav  into,?   '''.T'J'^  r^  '^'^'f '   ^""^'"  «f  ''^^'ont  10 

1  P  V       J,y    .  ^  <-l'"niny  herbs.    Lvs.  opposite.     FIs.  ydlow 

^;aved,   luiryiviscid   plant,  S  V-Sf  ct    N   Y  "tf  Il["^^^^^  ^'•^"'^- 

Steru  witli  opposite  leavos  .,,.,1  .  .'.•.'  ^  ^'^  ^"•'  ""^  'lie  nits,  of  Car, 
ray.  short,  suTrounde^^ty  ti;o  l„Se^,  J'^T^r  ^  *n^""T  ''*^''^-.V^'l'ow.  thJ 
ner  as  to  <brm  a  sort  of  cL  Jkhco  ^nllo  1'^^^  the  double  calyx  in  such  a  n-an. 
long,  and  nearly  as  wide  ?oh',^;.  ,  f  f^P'.  I^^avos  feather- veined,  .^8' 
June.  ^      '"*^''  ^"^^'-^  '^'•'^'I^'^^  ^'^»J^J  and  acuin-aate.     Heads  ^'  diani. 

^tr;S-'i!^chinSiSd"^inoU"-  '?^''  -'to.''— nt  into 
I.i  higiiland  woods.  Strm  Kf  hiJf  V  ',""''''  ^"^^''  ''"*«  ^^"'  ^«r«/«a-«.-,. 
yellow,  the  rayH  obloa<i  obtrJe        1      x^^'  'f  ?'  ''"''^  '"'■*^«-     *'l«"-«'^  '"''g''. 

States.  "^  *"  ^'  ^•'  b"'  '^ot  uucoramon  in  the  W.  and  S.  W. 

^40.  CHRYSOG'ONUM.  L.     (Gr.  rpva6c,.ol^.  ....  v„„„.  ,..  ^.j ,  „ 


t'ery  dens^'ly 
Hds.  sessile. 
Ix.) 

nihtc,  smooth 

plant,  2  to  .'if 

^th,  as  are  also 

lof  Horrkh^ 
? ,  tortile ; 
.  the  cliatf 
lied  pappus, 
yellow  Jids. 

oblanceolato 
>pt.  cuspidate 
ong,  rounded 
nate.    Jn.— 

lerous  nar- 
'i  2  i-ows, 
somewhat 
flairs,  erect 
^',  solitary. 

taperinf?  to 
the  involucre 
I  rooting  at 
avos  1  to  2' 
•s  and  short 
-Sept,    (E. 

le  ancient 
iate.  Ill- 
about  10 
■ece])taclo 
■!.  yellow. 

nate,  lower 
!"se,  broad- 
Its,  of  Car, 
'ellow,  the 
leh  a  nian^ 
ned,  3 — 8' 
Is  ^'  diain. 

rrent  into 
'lolurre.-^. 
•ers  largo, 
1  found  in 
nd  S,  W. 


?  fjoidon 
'Ut  5,  ? , 
c  outer 


Obdeb  70.— COMPOSIT^E.  44^ 

leafy,  the  inner  chaffy ;  receptacle  flat,  cliaffy ;  achenia  of  the  ray  ob- 
cojnpressed,  obovatc,  each  embraced  by  a  chaff-scale ;  achenia  of  the 
disk  abortive;  pappus  a  suiall,  2  to  3-toothed  crown.— 2^  A  little  pros- 
trate herb,  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  solitary,  pedunculate,  bright  yellow 
vernal  tis. 

S.  Virginianum  L.— Tn  rich  shady  soils,  Md.  to  111.,  common  southward  to  the 
Gull.  One  of  the  earliest  flowers  of  spring.  Plant  Hat  on  the  giound,  hirsute, 
at  first  acaulescent,  at  length  caulescent  and  ascending.  Lva.  ovate,  tapering  to 
a  petiole,  crenate.     Rays  expanding  7  to  9".     Pob.— May. 

41.  SIL  PHIUM,  L.  Rosin-weed.  (The  ancient  name  of  some 
resinou.s  plant,)  Heads  many-flowered;  ray-ilowcrs  numerous,  in  2  or 
3  rows,  fertile,  outer  row  ligulatc  ;  disk-flowers  .sterile  ;  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  scales  in  several  series,  leafy  and  .spreading  at  summit ;  recep- 
tacle small,  flat,  chaffy  ;  achenia  broad,  flat,  obcompressed,  crowned 
with  a  2-toothed  pappus.— 2^  Stout,  coarse,  resinous  iierbs.  Hds.  laree. 
FIs.  yellow.  ^ 

*  Stfin  ne.nily  U-nfless,  .-tcape-Hko.    Lvs.  very  Inrpe,  nltornnto,  inostlv  railicnl Nos  1—3 

»  btum  loiity.— Leaved  veiticillato  in  wliorls  of  8.s,  rarely  4s '        .  Nos  4  6  fl 

—Leaves  opposite,  rarelv  tlio  liijfliest  scattered ■.........'... tion  6— T 

—Leaves  alternate  (tlie  lowest  opposite  or  verUeillutL-  or  alternatcV. ! '         No  3 
—Leaves  connu'— perfoliate .....'.'.' .No.'  9 

1  a.  laciniatum  L.  Polar  Plant.  Vmj  rough,  with  white,  hispid  imr.s;  lvs. 
alternate,  pinnatoly  parted,  lower  petiolate,  segments  sinuate-lobed  or  entire ; 
hds.  8i)icate,  distant;  scales  ovate,  ai^)endaged  and  squarrmut  at  apex. — Wcsteni 
States  to  Tex.,  producing  columns  of  smoke  in  the  burning  prairies  bv  its  co- 
pious rosin.  Stem  3—1  Of  high.  Lower  lvs.  1— 2f  long,  much  divided,  resem- 
blmg  those  of  some  thistles,  Jleads  4—8,  very  largo,  with  large,  yellow  rays. 
Jl. — Sept. 

2  S.  terebinthindceum  L.  Prairie  Burt^ock.  Si.  and  ped.  glabrous ;  lvs- 
mostly  radical,  ovate  and  ovate-oltloug,  cordate,  dentate-serrate,  ohtuse,  scabrous,  on 
long  petnles  ;  hds.  few,  paniculate ;  scales  roundish  and  oval,  glabrous,  ruys  about 
20.— Prairies,  Western  and  Southern  States.  Plant  exuding  resin.  Stem  4—8? 
liigb,  nearly  naked  and  simple.  Leaves  1— 2f  long,  7—16'  wioe.  Involucre 
globous.     Hds.  1' diam.,  rays  r  long.     Achenia  narrowly  2-winged.     J].— Sept. 

/3.  PINNATIFIDUM.     Lv.s.  moro  or  less  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatilid. — Prairies  eto 
with  the  othek'  form.    (.S.  pinnatitidum  Ell.)  '     " ' 

3  S.  comp68itum  Mx.  Glabrous  iJ.roughovt;  st.  slender,  almost  i:aked,  glau- 
cous ;  lvs.  radical,  on  long  petioles,  deeply  simuite-2nnnatijid,  the  segments  sirmate- 
lobed  or  toothed;  hds.  corymbed.  on  long  peduncles;  scales  oval,  obtuse;  ach. 
roundish-obovato ;  rays  about  10.— Barrens.  N,  Car.  to  Fla.  (Feay).  St.  3  to  6f 
liigh.  Hds.  7  "  diam,,  about  10-rayed,  rays  about  as  long  (4')  as  thv;  involucre. 
June. — Aug. 

/;/.  REN'iFORME.     Lvs.  roundisli  or  reniform,  cordate,  slightly  sinuate-lobcd  or 
toothed.— Upper  districts  of  Ga.  atid  Car. 

4  S.  trifoli^tum  I>.  St.  glabrous  and  oilen  glaucous,  terete  or  6-sided ;  cauline 
lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  Bcabrous  above,  smooth  below,  re.:;c:.,>!y  dentate,  on  very 
£hortpetioles,v>:'ir.,-[:-..,lf,iji-igf)r4s;  upper  ones  opposite;  hds.  loo.-cly  cymose, 
on  rather  long  pt-dnnces;  scales  broadly  ovate,  ratiier  obtuse,  smooth;  ach.  oval, 
with  2  short  teet'i— Dry  woods  and  prairies,  Ohio  and  Southern  States.  Stern 
4— 6f  high.— Le.-ives  4—6'  by  1—2'.  Rays  12— 16,  expanding  about  2i'.  Ach. 
3  to  4"  long,  2  to  3"  wide.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  S.  integrifdlium  Mx.  Scabn^Mi ;  st.  quadrangular,  striate,  simple;  Iv.".  oppo- 
site, ,sftv,s/fc,  omte-Zan^^eoiofe,  entire  or  slightly  denUte;  hds.  in  a  dose  corymb; 
scales  fitjuo/rrous ;  ncii.  roundish,  hroadiy  wii.^.l,  -u^Uh  2  tmig  ieelh.—Western  States 
S.  to  Ga.  Stem  very  rigid,  3— 7f  high.  Leaves  rigid,  broad  and  clasping  at 
base.  Heads  middle-size.  Rays  12—20.  i'  in  leugth.  Ach.  4  to  5  lonir  4' 
wide.    Jl.,  Aug.  ^' 


442 


Order  TO.— COMPOSITE. 


/ITEHNATUM.     Bt  G-Bided;  Ivs.  iernaidy  verticUMe.-TTaWio^    vrith  the  rnn, 

^  ^m?^^  J^^^  JS^  tLS^Cf .  ^'^'^.  oval  somewhat  pointeC, 
entire    scak3  ciuL-lrruC  souarro^m    « %  ^^^'^J'^^  "PP^""  ^-^^seHsile 

or  more,  spreading  2'.     Ach.  G'  long.     Aug.  Sept  ^'      '^'""•'  '"^^  "^ 

^ubsS?t;;^wStpoS'tl^lS'^^^^^^    ';"•  ^PP?^'*^-  ">ic-k.  lanee-oblon., 
base,  l,i.rhest  cord.tP   Zi!„  petioiato,  upper  sessile,  with  an  abnin 

somewhat  4-angled.     Hds   sma  I    Zr[Zh.T  an.l  Ala.     St.  2  to  3f  higl,, 

long.     Aug.,  Sept        ■^^'"-  ^"''*"'   ^^^rymbed,  rays  spreading  1  J'.     Achenial' 

lii"-h  L'enenllv  nnrni.r    t  "^      T"     , '  ^"  ^^^-  ^"'^  ^^-i  common.     St.  2  to  4,' 

iiio'i,  feenuaiiy  purple.     Lower  Ivs.  (rare  v  wliorled)  4  to  7'  Innrr      tt.Io  r       , 
broad,  wall  12  to  15  rays,  1'  in  kn?  h      A,.|,    i^  i"  i  t  ^"    ."'^^-  '®^^'  ^ 

bu     .stenle ;    .sea  es     u  3  scries,    leafy,    subeqtial ;    receptacle'     1  affv  • 
pales  obtuse;  achenia  all  marginal,  in  one  row,\,bcomPcied    vh  .-' 

^wns^;;^te""2?'n  n""'r'f  '^  ''^^  ^""^^  iaicsof^hei:';^;  ^; 

S  t^o.t.  7i!^       '■"  vc^vety-canescent,  with  alternate,  cordate 

pi'tiolato  Ivs.  and  hds.  with  yellow  rays  <-<Jiuaio, 

"ertil     disl'fl,  w^,  f  T'r  7T''.  '".'"''won,  0,  somewhat  ligulat., 
lertiic,  disk  flowers  tiibuiar.stonle;  involucre  liemisnlierical  scdcs  i, 
S  senes,  outer  ovate,   inner  orbienlar;  reeeptaelo  co.Jcat    Irfy    aH, 
Z^-JZ^:  ""•'""'S  ''"'  '  «""«^'"°'-  Pales-A^eriiu  Wrbs 
1  P.  integrifdlium  L.     S/.  mbe-seent,  Ktriatn  .^.,./.  i...   t.;-„h  =--         , 


with  tlie  com. 
from  which  it  ia 

lewliat  pointed, 
pper  aubscHsile, 
dly  winged,  with 
'  diam.,  rayn  20 

Ic,  lanco-obionc-, 
vitli  an  abrupt 
ous;  ach.  oval, 
It.  2  to  3f  higli, 
.     Achenia  -4 ' 


osite,  connatf*- 
i.  in  a  trichot. 
acli.  broadly 
,  plant  coarsa 
airs  forming  a 
Ach.  6"  long. 

^tanical  col- 
es  ;  disk  Js 
clc  chaffy  ; 
!ssed,  -winrr- 
3  involucre; 
to,  cordato, 

t  tomentum ; 

1  and  green 

St.  1  to  2/ 

contrasted  in 

nt,  roughish 
late-toothed : 


ifs  medici- 
at  ligulate, 
[,  scales  iu 
iffy;  aclic- 
icau  Ijorbs 

roup,  lance- 

feasilo,  Jids. 

rigid,  3  to 


Okdeh  70.— composite.  443 

5f  high.     Radical  petioles  If  long.     Lvs.  4  to  12'  long,  \  as  wide.     lids,  white 
with  5  very  short  cucullato  rays.     Jl. — Sept. 
2  P.  HyBter6phorus  L.     Annual,  puberulent,  decumbent,  tower  lvs.  bipinnatifid, 
upper  linear ;  hds.  numerous,  very  small,  in  a  diffuse  panicle.— River  banks,  Fhv. 
to  La. 

44.  rVA,  L.  Marsh  Eluek.  IIiohwateh  Siiuuij.  Heads  dis- 
coid, monoecious,  involucre  of  3  to  9  scales,  distinct  or  partly  united; 
iiiarginal  flowers  1  to  5,  fertile,  the  others  sterile;  receptacle  chaffy ; 
achenia  obconic,  obtuse  ;  pappus  none. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lower  lvs. 
opposite. 

1  I.  frutescens  L.      Shrubhij;  lvs.  fleshy,  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate;  upper 

lunce-liutiar,  entire ;  lids,  axillary ;  scales  5,  distinct,  rounded ;  ach.  5. — Borders 

V  salt  niarslies.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  common.     St.  3  to  8f  higii,  witii  numerous  op- 

(osito  branches  and  lvs.     Hds.  small,  green,  drooping  on  short  stalks,  in  leafy 

laniculate  racemes.     Jl. — Sept.  ' 

cili^ta  Willd.      Annual,  hairy;  lvs.  ovate,   acuminate,   petiolate,   coarsely 

ootlied,  upper  lance-ovate;  hds.  spicate ;  scales  3,  distinct,  roundish,  ciliaie;  ach. 

;3.— Wet  grounds,  111.  to  La.     A  coarse  plant  of  no  beauty,  3  to  7f  high.     Lvs. 

3  to  4'  long.     Spikes  dense,    3  to  5'  long,  immorous,  panicled,  green,  like  a;i 

Ambrosia.     Aug. — Oct. 

I.  imbric^ria  Walt.  Herbaceous,  terete,  glabrous;  lvs.  fleshy,  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3-nerved,  tapering  to  the  sessile  base ;  hds.  axillary ;  invol.  of  6  to  9,  fleshy, 
obtuse,  rounded  scales  in  2  rows,  their  margins  scarious,  lacerated ;  ach.  2  to  4.— 
n  Sea  coast,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Plant  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2' long.  Hds. 
drooping,  on  short  pedicels,  in  leafy  clusters  or  racemes.     Jl. — Oct. 

45.  AMBRO'SIA,  Toum.  Horse-weed.  (Gr.  dujSpoota,  food  of  the 
gods;  a  term  strangely  applied).  Hds.  heterocephalous.  Sterile: 
involucre  of  several  scales  united  into  a  depressed,  hemispherical  cup, 
inany-ilowered :  anthers  approximate,  but  distinct;  receptacle  naked! 
Fertile;  involucre  1-leaved,    entire  or   5-toothed,   1-flowered  ;   corolla 

0  ;  styles  2  ;  stamens  0.  — Herbaceous  plants  with  mostly  opposite  lvs. 
and  unsightly  flowers. 

§  sterile  Iicads  sessile,  densely  sphate,  chnffv.    Loaves  alternate No  4 

S  Sterile  heads  pudicellate,  nicemed,  not  cliairy.— Leaves  opposite !!".."!!!!! !  !No!  ! 

— Leaves  alternate Noa.  2,  8 

1  A.  *rffida  L.  Ilairj-,  rougli;  lvs.  3-hbed,  serrate,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolato, 
acuminate ;  fr.  Virith  6  ribs  ending  below  tho  conical  summit. — 't^.  A  very  tali 
herbaceous  plant,  along  streams,  &e.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  common.  ^Stom  5— lOJf 
lugh,  erect,  branching,  furrowed.  Leaves  opposite,  in  3  large,  deep  lobes,  with 
long  ijoints  and  close  serratures.  Flowers  mean  and  obscure,  in  slender,  leafless 
terminal  racemes,  tho  fertilo  in  axillary  glomerulus.  Aug. — It  is  greedilv  eateu 
by  horses. 

li.  INTEGRIFOLIA.     Lvs.  ovatc,  acuminate,  serrate,  bristly  on  both  sides,  ciliato 
at  base,  often  some  of  them  3-lobed.     (A.  integritblia  Muhl.) 

2  A.  artemisiaefdlia  L.  Hog- weed.  Lvs.  twice-pinnatifid,  nearly  smooth;  petioles 
cihaie;  rac.  terminal,  panicled;  st.  virgate.— X)  A  common  and  trou'.Jesorao 
weed  of  the  gardens.  Holds,  &c.  (Can.  to  Ga.)  far  more  wortliy  of  its  English 
than  Its  Latin  name.  Stem  2— 3f  high,  brandling,  pubescent  wlien  young. 
Leaves  witli  segments  acute  and  parallel,  i  arren  flowers  sTaall,  green,  in  ter- 
inmal  racemes,  tlio  fertilo  c^ies  sessile  about  Hit  axils  of  tho  upper  leaves '  Au.' 
Sept.     ^A.  elatior  Ph.)  "'' 

3  A.  p^ylostachya  DC.  Whitish  with  oppressed  woolly  hairs,  branched ;  lvs. 
crowded,  ^rigid.Jho  lower  opposite,  bipinnatitid,  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  pin- 
iinthd ;  sterile  hds.  m  spicatu  racemes,  fertile  cliislerod  at  tiie  i>afe  of  the  sterile 
spikes,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  fr.  hairy.— (f)  Prairies,  Wis.  to  Tex. 
Stem  1— 5f  high,  at  length  very  branching  and  leafy.     Aug.,  Sept. 


444 


ohdeb  ^0.— composure. 


4  A.  bldentata  Mi,    Very  hirmf^  •  at  u,      u- 

terminal  spikes.    J]._Sept        ^^^^'^^>  ^"^  numerous  leaves  and  very  dense," 

^^^X^ngiJ™^^^  Heads   heterocephaloua. 

n^atebnt  distinct;    receptacle  'i,^^^^^^  anthers  opproxi- 

clothed  with   hool-d   n;iik'es    1    n7ou\'  involucre   2-Ieavcd, 

stamens  0.-a)CWse  weeds  ^JithXrnX''   ^"^'^^^"^  '  ^^^^  ^ 

w.th  2,  spreading;  straigl^rSs  IT  col  s  Sfni  'f";  *'??^  ""^  «"S 
Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  Stem  hran^hS  uPJ^^  P'^'!''  '"  ^''^  "'^'ds,  Ac.,  N 
arge,  on  long  stalks,  rigid,  t  Fls"  w  V  5"^'  'P°"^^'  ^-^f  high.  Leaves 
I"  se.ssile,  axillary  tuW  Fruil  a  iJrd  o  cZ'u  *'™'"'^  ^'°b"'^^'  g-'een;  5 
with  stiff  hooked  prickles,  w  hich  '  k'o  ;•  of  Z'  "'"'  ""  'f'^  ^"^"^  '^^^^'''^d 
disperse  the  seeds.  Aug.— Yariab In- fmii  "  u^°  common  burdock,  serve  to 
thorns  very  close  or  somewJ  a  scaite  d  Z^^^"  ''  '^'^  ^<^^^  *''^"  1'  >^  lengtl 
echmatum  Murray.)  scattered,  horns  spreading  or  incurved,      (x! 

^  5niTbt"?ru;ele2?^^^^^^  ^^-f-.  -«/«,-,.;,.>., 

petiolate,  3-lobed  or  dentate  fr  eSunder%^r^^^''"'?"'^'^'  '^"neate  at  base 
twice  longer  than  the  spines;  invor'obW  Jrl?'°,  '"^^  "'"'"^  ''^^^^'^  ^'^^''ti^'' 
Eoadsides  and  fields,  Mass.  to  Penn  and  r'n  pi  f  l""'  ""'^'""''^^'^  'horns.-: 
sp«3uousIy  armed  with  straw-colored  spikes  f-l'  Ton"  ""m"'.^^  ^'^'''  ^'^''y  «°»- 
the  upper,  fertile  in  the  lower  axils.    Sept.-Nov.  ^''^'"^'  '*^"'^  '" 

series;  rocoptacle  chaffv  the  nil!/  !',^ '•  ''^^':'  '"^  ^  subequal 
achoniashort,  truncate  "n  Jar.  r  ^'^'■*'/  ^'^^''^^'"^  t'^«  lowers; 
or  bristles.- if  Herfs  'rSf  ^^^^  f  ^  -'""te  caducous  awns' 

veined    Ivs.  and  lo.u.  pedu  dJd  hd^^     n      "1'?  ^^P^^'^^^'  P^tiolcd,  3- 

ped  with  a  white  appe^ida^;^        ^''     ^'''  ''^'''-     ^"^h.  black,  lip- 

M.  hastSta  Mx.     Lvs  haqtnfoi,,  q  i^u  i 

scales  ovatedanceolat;,  acumfnato ^^^^^^^   acuminate,  dentate,  on  slender  petioles- 

to  Fla  and  La.    Sts.  3    o  6fSf  hif  It  .7^"^'  .^»«P-Pointed.-Dry  soils  sS 

slender,   erect,  fewlflowered  ^'tsXp"^:""^^*"'  "'**'  Purple^  the  t c'  s 
upper  smaller.     Hds    near  <^eep  ereen.    v<^r^  r^„„K    .   ._ 

colors.— Jj.— Sept. 

155?./}Stdt*te-^r^^^^  ^'"^'    ''^   «^'^"^«n   Wanist, 

oval,  margined,  iXica  e^  reeVnttio  Z^'^-'  ^  '  «?-'««  ^^  the  involucre 
disk  of  f  or  2  erec  &  awn  S^  a"^^-'  '^"^^  '  P^PP»«  of  the 
entire  Ivs,  nnd  solit  ry  tertLThdT^^Rt'"'K'-T/'[^^'  ''^'^'  «PP««>te, 
Z.  multifldra  L     Lvs   ov.n  ,  ^'  ^"^'^'*  ^^^^'■'^^'  ^'iowy. 

on  peduncles  a^  long  a\     ett%lT;blu7i  ?•  '"%^^^^^^^^^ 

B^s^b^,  ov^,  scarl^ii;;;:-.eS  wi;!^^^?  ,^r "'  ^^"- 

longer  iharf[,?'4pa{::%eltd-'aS''oV:f''l,n™P'^^^  ^ds.  on  ped. 

Plant  tail.  el,.a..a,.r   i^...^  ' ,  „  .^7^  .'^.'  ."^j?:.  ^^  the  disk  with  2  awns.— aarden«  ■ 

acariet,  chmsou:i,uiile;  vld^/^^d  whS!''*^,,^^^'^^;:^.-^-.  "^  """"^^ 


•     Lvs    deen  crrZl^^  "'  T'^'^P^*''  *he  branches 


' ;  Ivs.  orowdoil, 
'i  with  a  single 
'•y  spicate,  fer. 
i  short  spinea. 
nd  very  dense, 

rocephaloua. 

ers  opproxi- 

re   2-Ieavcd, 

2  flowers ; 

3ed,  3-veined, 
3,  and  ending 
tields,  Ac,  N. 
igli-  Leaves 
ir,  green ;  $ 
ong,  covered 
ock,  serve  to 
1 'in  length; 
urved.      (X, 

ciliary  spines, 
eate  at  base, 
ove  whitish, 
te  thorns. — 
h,  very  con- 
le,  sterile  in 


(hera,  an- 
subequal 
flowers ; 
coiis  awns 
etiolctl,  3- 
black,  tip- 

er  petioles ; 
ails,  S.  Car- 
le branches 
j'  long,  the 
contrasted. 


botanist, 
involucre 
IS  of  the 
apposite, 
'wy. 

oled;  hds. 
^  with  one 
simple  or 
Is,  hollow 

on  pod. 
•Gardens .; 
iS  orange, 


Obdeu  70.— composite.  ^g 

3  2.  pauciflonim,  with  bright  yellow  flowers  is  sometimes  cultivated. 

49.  HELIOP'SIS,  Pers.     Ox-eye,  (Gr.  7]Xiog,  the  sun,  dxpig,  appear- 
ance ;  flowers  radiant  like  the  sun.)    Hds.  radiate  ;  involucre  imbricate 
withovate,subequal  scales;  rays  linear,  large,  $  ;  disk  ^  ;  receptacle 

chaffy,  conical,  the  pales  lanceolate;  achenia  4  sided ;  pappus  0. U 

Lvs.  opposite.     lids,  large.     Fls.  yellow.     (Helianthus,  L.) 

H.  l^vis  Pers.  St.  smooth ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate  3- 
veined,  smooth  beneath,  upper  ones  usually  lanceolate,  lower  ones  more  or'lesa 
truncate  at  base.— A  large,  symmetrical  plant,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  U.  S  St 
angular,  striate,  di-  or  trichotomously  branched  above,  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  2  to 
6  by  1  to  4',  acute,  distinctly  3-veined.  Jiranches  thickened  at  the  summit  each 
terminating  with  a  large,  solitary,  yellow  head.  Rays  lanceolate,  broad  at  base 
and  obtuse  at  summit.  Jn.,  Jl. 
/?.  GR.(ciLis.      Small  and  slender;   Iva   scabrous,   ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at 

base.— 2f  high.     (H.  gracilis,  Nutt.) 
y.  SCABRA.     St.  and  lvs.  scabrous  and  yellowish-green;  Iva  somewhat  deltoid 
distinctly  truncate  at  base.— 6f  high.     Common  in  Ind.     (II.  scabra  Hook  ) 

50.  TETRAGONOTHEXA,  Dill.  (Gr.  rerpa,  four;  yovv,  angle;  Omn: 
envelope.)  Heads  radiate ;  involucre  double,  the  outer  of  4  leafy  bracts 
united  at  base,  the  inner  of  8  small  scales  similar  to  the  chatt"  of  the 

conical  receptacle;  achenia  smooth,  truncate,  destitute  of  pappus. 21 

Herb  clothed  with  viscid  hairs,  opposite  lvs.,  with  yellow-flowered 
large  hds.  ' 

T.  helianthoidea  L.  Sandy  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  A  stout,  coarse,  un- 
sightly  herb,  2f  high.  Lvs.  ovate,  sessile,  repand-toothod,  3  to  5'  lono-  Hdg  i 
or  few,  on  long  peduncles,  the  rays  spreading  nearly  3'.  Cor.  stronelv  veined 
Apr. — Jn.  ^  •' 

51.  ECHINACEA,  Ma-nch.  Purple  Cone-floweu.  ((ir.  iytvoc 
the  hedgehog ;  from  the  character  of  the  pales.)  Heads  radiate ;  invo- 
lucre, scales  in  2  rows ;  ray  flowers  neutral ;  disk  flowers  ^  ;  receptacle 
conic,  with  rigid,  mucronate  pales;  achenia  4-angled;  pappus  0.— 2f 
Lvs.  alternate.     Rays  purple,  pendulous.     (Rudbeckia,  L.,  Nutt.) 

1  E  purpiirea  Maench.  Very  rough;  lower  lvs.  broad-ovate,  5-vemed,  attentate 
at  base,  remotely  toothed;  cauline  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire-  ravs 
12  to  la,  very  long,  defloxed,  bind.— Thickets  and  barrens,  W.  and  S  States 
llaut  showy^4f  high,  branched.  Lvs.  4  to  8'  l.ng,  rough  with  short,  stilF  bristles,' 
*J-yeined  Hds.  urge,  solitary,  on  long  ped.  Disk  thickly  be.set  with  the  stilf 
pointed   brown  cliaff.     Rajs  2  to  3'  long,  pendulous,  rarely  varying  to  white! 

2  ,^-  anguBtifdlia  DC.  St.  hispid,  subsimplo,  slender,  naked  above;  lvs.  entire 
Inspidly  pubescent,  3-veined,  lower  lanceolate,  petiolate,  upper  lav^e-linear,  sessile- 
scales  111  about  2  rows,  short;  rays  12  to  15,  slender,  drooping.-Prairies  and 
marshes  11.,  Mo.  to  lex.  Plant  of  a  more  slender  habit  than  the  last  2  to  3f 
Hh.  Hds.  on  ong,  naked  ped.  Rays  1  to  2'  long,  purple,  varving  to  white. 
iJisK  orov.'n.     May — Jl. 

52.  RUDBECKI'A,  L.  (To  the  celebrated  Olaus  Eudbeck,  Professor 
of  iJotany,  at  Upsal,  Sweden.)  Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  scales  nearly 
equal,  leafy,  in  a  double  row,  0  in  each  ;  rav-flowers  neutral  ;  disk  per- 
fect; receptacle  conic  or  columnar,  with  unarmed  pules  or  chaff"- 
achenia  4.angled  ;  pappus  none,  or  a  lacerate  or  toothed  marffin.— 2£' 
Lvs.  alternate.     Hds.  large.     Rays  yellow. 

Kiiys  largL',  droopins?.    Disk  coluinnnr,  at  least  in  fruit w„,  i  o 

Kays f;i>rf lit! rii-      Disii  dark  purpie,  c..nloiil  or  n.iiii.ieil.     i*)  "■*         •---■-.  ^ 

•  Lt'iives  deeply  lobcd  or  partt-d,  the  upper  undivided. •       vr.„  o  . 

•  Leaves  undivided.— P.-iles  of  th^  disk  wliltlsli-downy . Nom  fi  « 

—Pales  dark  purolo  as  well  as  tlie  Uowers '.V.V.'.'.'.'.'.VNos.  7-9 


446 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


1  R.  nftida  Nutt.     Glabroua,  shiuing,  subsiinplc,  Ivs.  thick  lanrmlat^  «/.,,(«  fi. 
ower  subaerrulate,  petiolate,  upper  sessile  or  cLping;  hds  few  or  sSiS  wS 
Joiig  droopmg  rays;  ^a;,;,«,  coroniMm,  lacerate  atJrnmU-G^  Fla     o  [k.     a 

ana  vein  an.     Hda.  on  long  nuked  peUunc  es.      Rays  9  to  12  near] v  9   i,. 
Disk  dark  purple,  obiongH^vato  or  spicate  in  fruit.     Jn.,  JL  '  ^  ^   ^""»- 

2  R.  lacinidta  L.     Glabrous ;  lower  Ivs.  pinnate,  sestnenta  q  Inhf«l  , 

ovate;  pappus  crenate.-ln  the  edges  of  sLmp^s  auTrteTes,  S  id  U% °"T 
tall,  showy  plant,  resembling  lleliantbus,  from  which  however  i?"  i?!,-.  ,-'^ 
tiogmshed  by  its  conical,  at  length  ovate  disk      S '   rZ?7\       1  ^""^'^^  •^''^- 

oblanceolate,  bnght  yellow,  spreading  or  droo^ping.     Aug:     (R^a^vitaia  Ph     ""' 

to  5f  high,  angular,  marked  J^^h  brown  'lines      Lvf?  ^fA  ^-  '''^'''-    «'•  ^ 
to  24"  Jung.     Rays  orange  yellow,  aK  I'Tong.     jt  Aug        "^*  ""^  P'""'"'  ' 

*  mostlf3tbed,^oa'^^':4rat'°'^^^^^^  '°^<^'-   <^«""no  ^s 

claspi^ng,  BerraierSeTmdtlTn^s"^^^^^  ^^"^''^'^^'^^^"  j— -^^^ 

inciselj  lobed,  petiolate  :    hds    rathTsm«n  %?z  "J'-'l.  ^otuse,  crenate-dentate  or 
rays  8,  broad-oval,  mther Cirer  th^nS  ' i^       aark  purpk-  at  lengtli  ovoid; 
and  W!  States.     A  l^ndsomf  snecie,  2  1  f/f  •'  T^'^'^'l  ^'^'^J'^'''— Fields,  Mid 
4'  long,   3-vc.inod.     I  ayrdTep  SJ  VL  lo'tn  ^  to 

tlute-awned  at  tiie  summit.     ASgfsepI'  ^'  *  ""^  '^"^'''     ^^"^  '^"'^P'' 

^  i^;  I'^ctles'  Ibear  Sit  reflSc^rrTv.l  .T7n'^'^;  °''''"^'  «-«^<^  ^  ^W" 
pie  except  the  canesceS  plL      ^f  o'a     An  Li^^^^^^^  ^'l  "^'"'^  P"' 

to  a  narrow  limit     Plant  whir^n  Ji  I.  wf"  i        "itercstmg  species,  confined  as  yet 

Aug.,  Sept.  "  ^"""'  ^''^  ^"^■^'■"^^  Jongpetioles.     Pappus  scarcelyany. 

"^  ^^^s':v2:^^lZiS^i-f)  ""^'1?  ^''  ««™e-hat  branched;  ped. 

^  /S.-  s'SL^us'l^iLi^  t^S'Slf  i-i;:^ ;  branches  ..lender,  naked  above  : 

lance-oSong,^taperin"  to™  S2s.t  S'/  ''"  ^""^'^''''  "^'«'^'  ^■^"■"«^-  ^'-^^Hn^^ 
long  as   thS  sprSdhJ  r'v^     w^      'f^'^^^  scales  oblong,  spreading,  as 

Pe?n.  to  Ohio  aM  g7  S?  l'  t^o  ff  S^^^i  ^^«-r-oW.„,,  o6/....J:Mountain.. 
the  leafy  involucre,  deep  oran4-yeio  f '  J."'^v^  •  V.^'  f^arcely  longer  than 
spatulata  Ph.)  f  uran^o  yeiiow ,     JL— Jct.  j     (R.  chrysomela  Mx.     R. 

on   long  petioles,  ca^Iine   oval  r/  latltte  sT^^^^^^  ^''^'^i  '"'-^"^'"^'^ 

lance-Unear,  much  siiorter  than  the  soreaZi  rlo  ;  '  ^^'^'''  '''"'°;  '^^^^^'^ 
Borders  of  woods.  111.  (Jennev°  OlL T.Tv!,?  '^{^1^^''  Ui^far-ohlong,  acute.- 

^to^fhigh.    Lvs.  rather  thh,  radical  to-.' b;3'tS:'^S;;SrSSr: 


ife,  aculG,  the 
solitary,  with 
K.,  to  La.  A 
niirient  voina 
3arly  2   long. 

,  upper  ones 
ndU.  S.    A 

readily  dLs- 
ling,  6  'to  8f 
est  variously 

to  2'  long, 
ata  Ph.) 

s.  petiolate, 
er  deeply  3- 
>0U3;  scales 
•bous;  palea 
iites.  St.  3 
1  petioles  1 

laulino  Ivs. 

'  somewhat 
5-dentate  or 
igth  ovoid; 
Fields,  Mid. 
Lvs.  2  to 
/haflf  cuspi- 

le  or  clasp- 
c  dark  pur- 
itied  as  yet 
lalL     lids. 

.  5-veined, 
>sk  conical, 
A.la.  Plant 
arcely  any. 

;hcd;  pod. 
les  sessik', 
ows;  ray.s 
'.  to  Fla.. 
•ancii  leal- 
M  yellov,- 
irk  brown 

id  abovo: 
'd  caulinj 
eadicg,  a.s 
fountains, 
ngcr  tliaii 
Mx.     R. 

ed,  naked 
6- veined, 
q;  scales 
,  ocu^e. — 
Y  .species, 
ronulate ; 


Ordbk  to.— C0MP0SITJ5.  ^^^ 

petioles  6  to  10'  long.     Rays  about  18,  oblong,  linear,  bright  yellow.    Aug.— 
Oct.  f  *■ 

53.  LEP'ACHYS,  Raf.  Heads  radiate;  involucre  in  one  series  of 
linear  scales;  ray  flowers  few,  neutiil,  disk  perfect;  receptacle  col- 
umnar, chatty  ;  chatF  obtuse,  and  bearded  at  apex  ;  pappus  0  •  fer- 
tile achonia  compressed,  1  to  2-winged.— 4  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately 
divided,     lids,  of  fls.  yellow,  with  long,  drooping  rays. 

L.  pinn^ta  Torr.   &  Gr.      Scabrous;    lvs.   all   pinnate,    the   divi.sions  3  to  7 
some  of  the  lower  ones  2-parted,  the  rest  undivided ;   rays  oloneated  —In  drv 
soils,  Western  xV.  Y..  W.  and  S.  States.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  slender,  furrowed  and 
hispid,     lids,  very  sliowy.     Rays  yellow,  about  2'  in  length,  pendulous,  the  disk 
ovato,  purple.     .In.— Sept.     (Rudbeckia  Mx.     Obdiscaria  Ca.ss.) 

54.  HE!  lAN'THUS,  L.  Sun-flower.  (Gr.  ?}a<oc,  the  sun,  drOog 
flower.)  ]  ads  radiate,  ray-fls.  neutral,  disk  ^  ;  scales  of  the  invol- 
ucre inibncatcd  in  several  series;  receptable  flat  or  convex,  the  chafi" 
persistent,  embracing  thoachenia;  pappus  of  2  chaffy  awns,  deciduous ; 
achenia  compressed  or  4-sided,  not  margined.— Herbs  mostly  If,  rough! 
L\s.  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate,  mostly  tripli-veined!  Kavs 
yellow,  disk  yellow  or  purple. 

§  Disk  (its  rorollas  nnd  pales)  dark  purple,  tnoatly  convex,     (a) 

a  lieibs  iinniial.    Leaves  chiefly  nUeinate Nns  l   o 

a  Herbs  poreiini.al.     Leaves  opposite.— Scales  aciiniiiuUuV.'.'.V.'.'.V.'.'.'.V.'.V.'.V.'.'Nos  8-.5 

„,-,.,     ,,  ,,  ,  — Scales  obtuse tCns  fi  T 

§  Disk  (its  corollas  and  pales)  yellow,    (b)  ' 

b  Leaveselilefly  alternate  and  feather-voincd v„,  «_ii 

b  Leaves  ehletly  opposite  and  8-veined  or  tripliveined.     (c) 

C  Scales  erect,  closely  imbricated.— Plants  preen,  rough Nos.  12  13 

_     ,     ,        ,  — I'lants  whitisli,  downy Nos   14' 15 

C  Scales  loosely  sprpadlnsr.    Heads  laise,  9  to  1,5-rayed.    (d)  " 

d  Scales  lanci-iinear,  longer  than  disk.     Leaves  thin Noa  16  17 

d  Scales  lance-ovate,  as  lonf<ns  the  disk.     Leaves  tliick ""NosIS-IsI 

C  Scales  loo-^ely  spreading.     Heads  stnall,  5  to 8-rayed .'.,', x„s.'  22  -25 

1  H.  dnnuus  L.  Erect,  stout;  lvs.  all  cordate,  veined,  only  the  lowest  op- 
pasitoj  ped.  thick;  Ms.  large,  nodding;  oc/j.  glabrous.— T\m  stately  annual  is 
from  S.  Aincnca  It  grow.s  in  any  soil,  but  its  nia^^nitude  is  in  proportion,  varv- 
ing  i^roin  li  to  0,  or  even  15f.  The  enormous  si/.c  of  the  flowers  with  their 
broad  ra.ys  of  brilliant  yoUuw  aro  too  well  known  to  require  description  A 
variety  occurs  with  the  flowers  all  radiate.  J].,  Aug.- An  edible  oil  has  been 
expressed  from  the  seeds. 

2  H.  debilia  Nutt.  Dtcumbent,  slender;  lvs.  ovate,  serrulate,  petiolate,  mostly 
alcernato ;  hds.  small,  solitary,  podunculato  ;  scales  narrow,  sleudc^r-pointec  •  ad 
j,ubescmt-^:f)  i'la.,  La.  (N'ot  within  our  limits  ?).  Sts.  1  to  2f  long.  Hds'.  half 
an  inch  diam.     Rays  about  12. 

3  H.  Radula  Torr.  &  Gr.  Erect,  hirsute,  simple,  bearing  a  single  head;  lvs 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  roundish  obovaie  or  omfe,  oZ*/mw.  opposite,  crowded  below- 
scales  and  pales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  erect,  dark  purple;  rays  1  to  10,  rarely  none' 
—  U  Barrens,  Ga.,  Ala.,  Fla.     Sts.  often  clustered,  I  to  3f  hi.rj,.     Lvs.  very  roucli 

(l^uil'TeckiTph.r''''""'     "'^'"  ""'    ''  '^''°''  '^''^   "^"'^  P"'^^'-     ^"^•'  ^^P'  t 

4  H.  heteroph^Uus  Nutt.  Sliglitly  hispid,  slender,  bearing  a  single  head-  lvs. 
opposite,  entire,  subsessile,  the  lower  oval,  upper  linear-lanc.olalo,  scaZes  acumi. 
nateerec,  cihaie ;  pales  acute;  rays  12  to  18.— y  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St  1 
to  M  lugli.     Md.s.  G    diam.,  rays  expanding  2J'.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  H.  angustifolius  L.     Erect,   slender,   scabrous  or  hispidly  hirsute ;  lvs   ses- 

^1  p'rn.r  fT'  ^"•''''?'!^  ^^*  ^""^  P"!'"^'  l-^<^»'°d,  rigid,  opposite,  the  upper  often 
alternae,  subdenliculate,  often  revoluto;  hds.  pedunculate,  few;  scales  lance- 
linear,  the  long  point  spreading ;  pales  linear.  3-toothed.—Rmr\v  nr  mo].-^  places 
•,  :  '^W^^^r  ""/'  '"^-  ^^^^'^^'  '-■ommon.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  subsimplo.  Lvs.-2'to  5'  bv 
^  to  0  .broadest  at  the  abrupt  base.  Raya  12  tol8.  expanding  about  2.  Disk 
flowers  brown  at  the  summit.    Aug.— Oct 


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448 


Obdeb  70.— composite. 


;  I 


iS"  ,^!r^  ^f  x}^-  "?"^  ^"°P'^  °''  ^'*^  ^®^  branches,  scabrous  or  smooth- 
ish,  nearly  naked  above;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  petiolate  mS 
opposite,  tnph-veiaed,  serrulate  or  entire,  rigid,  Icabrous  boU    sSs    hds  ?eS 

?v«  ?^7  h^'i?'  f°-'  ^^-  i^P^'^^)'  to  Mo,  La,  Ac.  Plant  2  to  4f  Sf 
catus  VJ^JfT.9\'  ""'"^  "^"g^^'t''  Papillous  haira,  but  less  so  than  H.  divar: 
catus     Rays  12  to  20,  expanding  2  to  3",  light  ycUow.     (H.  scaberrimus  Ell ) 

hZ'  **";°"^Dens  L.     St.  with  few  long,  naked  peduncles  above  hirsute  behnv 

ouror'h?Lri  "'•"*?•  «bj-»P%  contracted  i^nto  winged  petSl       sleSl' 

m.tly  near  the  base,  large.  ^Hds.  small,  few?  wTth  f/t'o  ifrly'^fA  i^.' 

S  nSliSf  IS^U  ^fr  «^  lan^olatelear.  ciliate:';Tpi1f'2Tho"^^^^^^^^^^ 
3  «„!.  r  uT       u-*'  ^'^^-  "^"^  ^y-'  '"  ^o'«'  grounds  and  thickets.     Stern  l—fif 
Werjf^? b/r.!'"^  '''"•f  '"'^  ^coT^bpus  panicle  of  large,  yellow  flotlrf 
vtrLble  ^  ^   '  ^^'''      °''  "'*''''^*^  '"^  ''^"''"^  ^^g''^^^'    Rays  12-20.' 

"  Vr^r^"    "^^^"  "^"""'^  ''^  opposite,  sessile  and  rounded  at  base."-L.  I. 
9  H.  tomentdsus  Mx.     ,S^;.  stout,  pubescent,  branched  above-  Ivs   mnqtw  «itn, 
nate  acuminate,  nearly  entire,  scabrous  abov'e,  tomentoufor  nearly  glab  Jus  be 
c2te-7ol??  "^'^^pP^^^olate,  upper  long-lanceolate,  subsessile;  hdXnS^^^^ 
culate ,  scales  lance-hnear,  long-acuminate,  villous    sauarronq    rliAff'  p  fi^*k  ^ 

late,  about  IS^'long^  Aug!locrt''''™  triph-veined.     Rays  elliptLl  lanceo- 
/?.  Lvs.  oval,  mostly  opposite.— Ga.    (H.  spatulatus  Elly 

In^^n^ffZ^i^^"^^^  ^^'"*^''''  ^^'  ^"'^  ««^ ^^«^°«« ;  i^^.  mostly  alternate 
InT  it'  ^f '^^-oyate,  to«^.acMmi«afe,  ^Aar^iy  ^^ate,  s^brous  above  Wrv 
W      ?^  Pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  inti  naked  petSs-  2 

ind    111    to  La.     Allied  to  H.  giganteus.     St.  4  to  6f  high      Lvs  G  to  9' Wit?, 
2,  broadest  near  the  base,  lower  ones  rather  coarsely  se^ratV    Ravs  15  to  90 
expanding  near  3'.     Aug,  Sept.  stiraie.     itays  15  to  20, 

^\  ^JnS^^n.tT'i  ^-  -^^^USALEM  ARTlcnoKE.  /?oo<  bearing  oblong  tubers  •  lvs 
nZn  ?"  .^  ;  ^"'m^'  °"^'  °PP°«**^'  oordate-ovate,  upper  ovate  ^rminate' 
alternate;  petioles  ciliate  at  base.— if  Native  of  Brazil      Tho  nW  L!  i  , 

r  kf,  =^  r/„  tsi.  ^  y-f  XiSc.r' "°  "^' "° 

^^sitf  ■ovS°lcrrol"\^''^'^f  •     ^^-  *'^'"*'''  ^^'"^^''''  "««^^2/  ""-ted  aJ«;e;  lvs.  oppo- 
fmlr  nn'o         n    '  obscurely  serrate,  contracted  at  base  into  long,  hairy  p^tX 

ffi  prar  es'^W  '^07'  ?f".';  '?/  f^^"^'^'"*'' '  «««'^«  lance5>vaTappSed: 
oana  praines,  W.  btates.     St.  3  to  5f  higli,  scape-like,  slender.     Lvs  3  to  5'  bv 

ye5?ow:  Tlse^pT.  t  ^"'-     '''^-  '""'  "^''^^  •^^^-     «^y«  l"to  15,  ligSi 

^1nf'en*Srt"or  L'b^^rrf^  I''""'' 'v  '''•''"'"'  acuminate,  sessil,,  cordate  and  dusp- 
w^,  entire  or  subserrace,   tomentous  canescent,  opposite,  upper  ones  sometimps 

Sr-:  irbSrerSfn  7^-r"'^-''-  ^«  A.>c  acTaU^ir^at: 
rraines  and  bairens,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Mo,  common.  A  hoary  and  villous  snecies  2  fn 
4f  high,  nearlysimple  Lvs.  3  to  5' long,  |  to  f  as  wSe  "  Vajs  iVfo  25  'i  o 
*  "/!•    or    bept.     (H.  canescens  Mx.) 


OansB  70.— COMPOSITE.  ..^ 

449 

lanceolate-linear,  subciliate  spreading,  nLTequal  X^TSf  19^'*'!'^''';^^^^ 
Copses,  along  streams,  Can/N.  EnJ  and  Se 'stTtes  St  s'i^t  llT^- 
phsh.     Invol.  varying  in  all  degrees  of  leafiness  h«^™   f.  '^  '"^'''  P"""" 

the  variety  following     Aug  f  meanness  between  the  present  form  and 

A  FBONDOSUS.    Outer  scales  larger  and  loaf-like.     (H.  frondosus  L ) 

"h?l^':^°th""s^^^tript^^^^^^^^^ 
lower  ones  ovate,  middle  W Cate  ^^^^^^^^^^^^  Pefolate, 

uate-acuminate,  longer  than  tlia  ri!«l  i^^Li  f-  '  scales  lance-lmear,  atten- 

tocthed;  rays  12  L^r5-TjZndiJ^^^^  '"'^*«'  chaff  slightly  3- 

St.  purplish,  3  («  8f  high     Lvk  3  to  G'T'nl"    ^f^'^'-t^  ^*"°  *«  ^^^-  «°d  Tenn. 
dor,'suLrect  branches^    Ray^  expanding  f  to^' ''  ™'''^''  '"''  '*  *°P  ^^  *^«  «'«°- 

"  L?rj;;.!^xL^s-an^sr^^^^^^^^^^  s^i^^s^^^v/--  ^p^--^^' 

tripli-veined,  serrate,  veiy  scabVus  abovp  '«Zltv,      /  "^^'^'''"'''  ^''""^inate, 
lance-linear.'ciliate.  /-.^li'.S?  k^HrLTs'l^^^^^^^^  ^f^ 

St  Poiiphkeepsie,  N.  Y.  ^W  R  Gerard  \  s<-%   Vf    t     T     .^,     ^-  States.    Also 
i  to  V  long.     Rkys  ver7Bhow?,"lS  2?'  tVlto^^'  '^^^y'  *°  ^'=  P^^-^- 
^:^rye^Tbaht^.  f  radiate.-aardeJ.    A^bandtmollter,  somewhat 

tomentous-canesceot  beneS  S  few  ^bon.?  f '  '''^^''°'''  ,^^^"'  «""°"»  «* 
<Ae  disk,  squarrous-spreading  at  tiD-5  ?Sw<,  ^  ^^''^ '  ""l^  '^*'^^'  '^ualin^ 
St.  3  to  5f\igh,  erec\  b?an?h4  Io7.^  LrpeLX  w^thtao;?'  ''^^  P*  'i 
close  serratures,  the  lower  surfaca  vnrvino.  ;,;  fi  ^  '  .  ^"  ^^^^  P°"it  ^^^ 
bright  yello.,  an  inch  or^mo^rfrj^'  B.£i.tT  jf  '"'""'^"-    ^^'^ 

nate,  very  scabrous  above  MrJteZneJh^-tnfT    T)  °^*"'°  "*'  ^'^«'^'  ^"™i- 
*ate,  as  Jong  as  the  disk    ravsnl-ll^V  ^  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hir- 

Stem  4-7f  high    with 'irSil.r^l.T?  ^v'"'''''u^'^'*^''»  «"*i  Southern  States. 
netinlPQ  J     I'  1^,^'      D    "^'^®&"'»'^.  alternate  branches.     Leaves  3—10'  hv  l     r 

^Ss%'  '°'^°-    «^y«--y«l^owy,  15-18' by  4-6'.    Jh-Sept.''^  i^^e^l 

.<.«/«.  o7ate"lanSa£,  S-tinTd  i'^fS  1  ^''^^^^^^  «PP«^'*«' 

tomous,  slender,  few-flowered -RoXw^Sk  ,^/'^^^^^^  ?'*"'«'«  t™ho- 
Stem  5f  high,  g^aucoi^TeaVes  rather  Zm;  ^f°^'^-^"^««'  U-  S.  and  Brit  Am. 
point,  win'obt^se  so  ratiiitr llo^^ i^^^^^^^  ''^T^?  *?  ^  ^on^-  acute 

yellow  and  showy.     The  pauielel^X  Tor  3 tS  '  Aul' w'  '"'"'  ''"' 
^^  ^^^.^^:^:L^i^^^^^^A.^^.  op- 
'la?,  SSl^arr/5*S:^f  r;^^         oPr ^^e,  «.„,  oblong-W. 

^^5^10,  ts.i\r4"s;\s?^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^- 

4h!btri"nSf  J°it?«n.^^^^  r  ^PPresse^^^^tly  Hairs;  Irs. 

'"  the  upland  countier^m^af  canescmt  beneath,  otherwise  as  in  No.  22.— N.  Car 

and  downy  cloSg.  ^'  ^^  '°^''^°««Phalus,  except  in  its  rough 

24  H.  l^vigatua  Torr.  4  Gr.     Smo^k  tHrou,hout;  st.  slender,  nearly  simple; 


450 


Obdeb  'ro.^-COMPOSIT-ffl. 


Character  otherwise  as  in  that  speciea-~ 


bds.  small,  but  larger  than  in  No.  22. 
AUeghanies  of  Va.  and  Car. 

25  H.  longifdlius  Ph.     Very  smooth,  often  clustered;  Ivs.  chiefly  opposite  lona 

lance-hnear  aaxte,  entire,  obscurely  S-veined,  sessile,  the  radical  sbme^Jljat  serrZ 

.       P*'^™:  «<:«^  ovafe,  acute,  the  outer  with  spreading   tips;  rays  8  to  10 

short—Western  Ga.     St.  4  to  7f  high,  smooth  and  dark  purple.     Hd.  not  lan^e^ 

than  in  No.  22.— A  rare  species.  ^^ 

55  HELIANTHEL'LA,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Lat.  diminutive  of  Helianthus ) 
Involucre,  flowers  and  pales  as  in  Helianthus ;  achenia  compressed  4- 
angled,  one  or  more  of  its  angles  slightly  winged  and  produced  into  a 
persistent,  awn-like  or  chaffy  appendage. — %  Lvs.  scattered. 

H.  tenuifdlia  Torn  A  Gr.  Rough,  slender;  lvs.  narrowly  linear;  scales  lance- 
subulate,  spieadmg,  hairy;  rays  10  to  12;  pales  3-lobed;  ach.  2-toothed  at  the 
summit.    Sand  hills,  Gadsden  Co.,  Fla.     (Chapman). 

56.  ACTINOM'ERIS,  Nntt.  (Gr.  dKriv,  a  ray,  n^poq,  a  part;  par- 
tially  radia'  ;.)  Heads  many-flowered,  ray  flowers  4  to  14,  rarely  0- 
involucre  scales  foliaceous,  subequal,  in  1  to  3  series;  receptacle  conical 
or  convex,  chafty  ;  achenia  compressed,  flat,  obovate,  mostly  winged  £ 
awned.— 2r  Plants  tall,  vith  3  veined,  serrate  lvs.  Hds.  corymbous 
Rays  when  present  yellow 

♦  Stem  winced  with  tho  decnrrent,  ftltern.ite  leftvcs Nos  1    q 

•  htein  not  at  all  winged,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves '.'...'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..  ...'^o^ 

1  A.  helianthoides  Nutt.  St.  hirsute,  winged  except  near  the  base;  lvs  alter- 
nate, ovate-laneeolate,  decurrent,  acuminate,  serrate,  hirsute  and  scabrous  •  co- 
lymb  contracted ;  rays  6—14,  long,  irregular;  scales  erect.— In  barrens  and  prai- 
ries. Western  States,    It  is  a  rough  plant,  with  the  aspect  of  a  Helianthus     Stem 

■  r  T,  "^;Vr  f'eave.s  2—4' by  G-^14",  grayish.  Rays  1' long.  Fla.  aU  yellow 
Jn.,  Jl,     (Verbesma  Mx.) 

2  A.  squairosa  Nutt.  St.  tall,  winged,  branching  above,  somewhat  pubescent  • 
lvs.  alternate,  often  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to  each  acute 
or  acuuiinato  end,  scabrous,  decurrent;  hds.  small;  scales  spreading  or  reftexed- 
raysA~%;  regular,  short;  receptacle  very  small— Dry,  alluvial  soils,  W  N  Y 
and  W,  States,  common.  An  unsightly  weed,  5— lOf  high.  Leaves'  6—14'  by 
1---3 ,  sharply  serrate,  especially  the  lower,  Rays  i'  long.  Fls.  all  yellow  Auk 
—Oct.     (Coreopsis  alternifolia  L.)  *' 

3  A.  alba  Torr,  A  Gr.  St.  narrowly  sv'inged,  rarely  wingless;  lvs.  glabrous  but 
rough,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acutt)  at  each  end,  finely  serrate;  scales  lance-linear 
few,  in  about  2  rows ;  rays  none;  ach.  broadly  winged,  with  2  spreading  awns' 
cor.  white.-— '^  Car.,  Gji.  to  La.,  common  in  moist,  ricli  soils.  St.  4  to  61  high'. 
Lvs  5  to  8  long,     Hds.  in  small  corymbs,  globular.    Aug.— Oct.    (A.  squarrosa, 

4  A.  nudicaiilia  Nutt.  Rough,  hairy ;  st,  Avingless,  naked  and  branched  above; 
lvs.  ohlong,  unequaUy  serrate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  bract-like ;  hds.  pan!, 
culate,  corymbed;  scales  pubescent,  in  2  or  3  rows;  rays  7  to  12,  linear-  afh 
broad-obovate,  narrowly  winged.— Ga.  (Feay,  Pond),  Fla.,  Ala.,  in  sandy  soil. 
bt,  2  to  Jf  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Ach.  1"  long.  Awns  erect.  Fls.  all  yellow. 
Rays  1  to  If  long.     Sept.,  Oct. 

57.  COREOP'SIS,  L.  Tick-Seed.  (Gr.  uopi^,  a  bug,  orpig,  appear- 
ance;  from  the  concavo-convex,  2-horned  achenia.)  Heads  many- 
flowered,  radiate,  rays  about  8,  rarely  0;  involucre  double,  each  6  to 
]2-leaved;  receptacle  chaffy  ;  achenia  obcompresscd,  cmarginate,  each 
commonly  with  a  2-toothcd,  upwardly  hispid  pappus,  sometimes  with 
none. — Lvs.  mostly  opposite.  Rays  usually  yellow  ;  disk  fls.  yellow  or 
<lark  purple. 


Oedbr  70.— composite  .^^ 

S  Corollas  of  the  disk  dark  purple,  (a) 

Corollas  of  the  .iisk  Ld  ray  a"  /elir  Srl^lTirhrN^       >bV ^■"*-  «>  ' 

J.O  .«.ttre,  never  serrate.—pinnate  with  lance-llnear  segments  Nos  12  it 

b  L»v..  p.,,.,.,.,  «™..d.-.,„7.'ravs  ™,ir  xs  ''^"''-  ■  •  ss  if!? 

tootlied.— B  From  Teiaa.    St  In  i„  5n'  ?' i    '  ?.     "f"'™'*.  incurved,  scarcely 
pie  .pot  at  ba«,  f    ^Sp4  CT  *  '         ^''  "^  ^'"'°'''  ""'"  '  '"^ 

Hoils^  in  barrens,  N.  Okr     o  Fl^  amf  T  f    T"^'/^",  ^  ^'T'"  ^^^""^  sl-ort-Moist 
cor,.bed  witi;ther^\%!rob!^ar^^^^  Hds.  several, 

always  opposite.     JJ.  Aug.       ^^- ^^  ^'^h.     Lvs.  rather  thick,  entire,  the  upper 
shady  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla   near  SavaL/h^n  1/  Er    T  ^  -^  P"''?"^  species,  iu 

^ya  ™e  color,  vaiyi-.^oSS'^  « thf^Sr^^^  '"'■  «"-•  "-"• 

obluse;  Java  oval"bW  mii^     SlT      i  =?»'''=. J""**'  "■'*:  »«"'>»  ""W 
1^^'«;«  i«a7."t.rL^Hjbf  5ow^  ?  iCTo-rollS-  ■, 

/^s-i*;..  ^t3'°S75is.';r'  ».03.i..i.b™.-K,.  .„a 
«a^«>d  Ala.  a . .  rbi-r'ffi  ?!;?^£^;  /r  j^b^^-s  ^^£ 

10  C.  vrtlcUUta  1.    Glabreu.  bmehd  Iva.  a^vlded,  clo»ly  «sile,  *.«,« 


402 


Obdbb  70.— composite 


pinnaMy  or  btptnmtely  parted,  segments  filiform,  linear,  obtuse;  fays  acute  or  fiti 
cnltivatjon)  obtuso  and  2  or  3.toothedf  ach.  oborate,  aUgbtly  2.toothed— Sr 
Moifit  places,  Md.  and  Western  Stalea  Stem  l-3f  high.  Leaflets  apparonth- 
Terticillate  in  69.  Heads  with  bright  yellow  rays,  near  1'  long.  Outer  scales 
oWong-lmear,  obtuse,  united  at  base.     June— Aug. 

^^  ^-P"!™^^*  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth;  st.  branched,  angled  and  striate,  very 
eafy  to  the  summit;  Ivs.  sessile,  deeply  -A^le/l  (to  below  the  middle),  rkcid.  ]obi« 
linear  acutish,  entire  orugab  cleft;  ray»  obovate-oblong;  ach.  linear-dliptic  in- 
curved.-Dry  prairies,  W.  Slates.  Stem  l-2f  high,  sometimes  mocb  branched. 
Leaves  1—2^  long,  aorao  of  tiiem  undivided,  lobes  2—4"  wide  Heads  1  or 
several,  with  yellow  rays.  Outer  scaks  linear  oblong,  obtuse.  Ju.,  JI.  (Callion- 
sis,  Spreng.)  '         ^       ^ 

12  C.  trfpteria  L.  Glabrous;  sL  simple,  tall,  corymbDUs  at  summit:  Ivs.CDriace. 
ous,  opposite,  petiolate,  3-5-divided,  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute- 
hds.  small,  on  sliort  peduncles,  rays  ohtuse.--.A.  tall,  smooth,  elegant  sp^ies  in 
dry  soils,  Southern  and  Western  States,  common.  Stem  4—81'  lilirh  slender 
terete.  Divisions  of  tho  leaves  3-5'  by  3— 1^'.  Rays  spreading  i'  long.  Outer 
scales  linear,  obtuso,  spreading,  much  smaller  than  tho  inner.  Jl  —Oct  rChrv- 
sostemma,  Less.)  '    ^     ^ 

13  C.  grandifldra  Nutt.  Glabrous ;  st.  low,  simple  or  branched;  Ivs.  petiolato 
lanceolate,  mostly  pinnately  or  temately  divided,  segments  lance-linear  or  linear- 
hds.  solitary  on  long  peduncles,  large;  rays  4  to  ^-cleft  at  apex.— Mo,  to  Alal 
and  Tex.     Plant  If  higli.     Hds.  much  like  No.  14.     Jl._Sept. 

14  C.  lanceol^ta  L.  St.  ascending,  often  branched  below;  lower  Ivs  oh- 
kinceolate,  potiolate,  tho  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  all  entire,  with  scabrous  marmns' 
hds.  solitary,  on  very  long,  naked  podunclcs;  rays  4— 5-toothed  at  apex-  acii' 
suborbicular,  with  2  small  teeth.— 2f  Native  of  tho  Southern  States  Heads 
siiowy.     Rays  about  8,  1'  by  i'.     Jn.— Aug.  f 

15  C.  auricuiata  L.  Pubescent;  lower  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate  some  of 
them  ivith  2  small,  lateral  segments  at  base  (auriculate),  the  upper  oblong  nearly 
or  quite  sessile ;  hCs.  few,  on  long  peduncles ;  outer  scales  oblong-linear.— Bry 
soils,  Va.,  Ky.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Plant  1  to  3f  high,  variable.  At  first  (May,  Jn ) 
It  has  divided  Ivs.  and  very  long  peduncles.  Later  (Jl.,  Aug.),  it  is  tall  the  Ivs. 
ah  entire,  the  lower  having  perished.     Hds.  similar  to  No.  14.     May— Aug 

16  C.  latifdlia  Mx.  Very  glabrous,  tall;  Ivs.  thin,  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate, 
unequally  toothed,  petiolate,  the  upper  ovute-oblong ;  hds.  small;  rays  5  to  6  en- 

,   itr§;  outer  scales  4  to  5,  linear,  spreading.- Mts.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.     Plant  with'am- 
•  jple  fvs.  and  few  large,  yellow  rays.     Aug. 

17  Q.  ftrg;Clta  Ph.  Smooth  or  neariy  so ;  sts.  strict,  striate-anglcd ;  Ivs.  of  tho 
Stem  simple,  petiolate,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronato-serrato  • 
hds.  few,  lafge,  on  slender,  naked  peduncles ;  outer  scales  about  8,  as  lonir  as  tlio 


18  O;  ftilrea  Ait,  Nearly  glabrous ;  lower  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  upper  ternatelv, 
or  simple}  divisions  ovate,  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate ' 
outer  scales  about  8 ;  linear  a«  long  as  tho  inner ;  rays  about  8,  obtuso ;  'ach.  teeth 
very  ehort-^'^  Pitches,  etc.,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  An  untidy  weed,  2  to  4f 
high,     Hds.  small,  corjnjbed,    Ach.  2"  long.     Aug.,  Oct. 

19  C,  arietdsa  Mx,  Spariogly  pubescent ;  ivs.  pinnately  6  to  9-parted,  segments 
lame-linear,  ineisely  serrate  or  pinnatifid;  hds.  small,  with  conspicuous  ruy.s;  outer 
invol.  of  10  to  12  linear,  green  scales  longer  than  the  inner,  villous  at  base ;  awns 
slender,  spreading,  about  as  hng  as  tlie  adienium. — '^  Low  woods,  W.  States.  St. 
obtusely  4  i^gled,  2  to  3f  high,  Lvs.  thin,  4  to  6'  long,  petioles  I  to  1 '.  Rays 
8,  orange-yellow,  e^p^pdiog  l^'.     (C.  involucrata  Nutt.) 

20  C.  triohosp^rma  Mx,  St,  glabrous,  square,  dichotomous ;  lvs.  pinnately  5  io 
^parted,  briefly  jpetiol^te,  segm,  lanceolate,  incised  or  serrate;  scales  of  tho  outer 
invol.  ciliate,  linear,  long  as  tho  inner;  rays  entire,  large;  ach.  narrow-cuneate, 
with  3  efwrt,  stout  .owns.::F<^  ;,p  wet  grounds,  N,  Y.,  Mass.  to  Car.    A  smooth, 


Ohobb  VO.— composite 

twice  longer  tl,an  tlio  2  eiSTwTwhirh  "v''°  ,•""='"  i"*^''-  liMritong, 
Stem  and  branches  nnrnfeh     rlmj.!  l„n  ,  T''.°r"^"-<r  Ohio  to  l5^ 

»o,„ewi,at  .i.i,.r/„r  ttoluf  foli  tt  i  ;     "f/ll"?':  '  '7'™ 

S  Aclienia  linear,  somewhat  4-nn<ri«,i  a  ♦„  ^  j^ 

§  Achenla  flattened,  bro^^J :^t^;i^fZ:::'^-  ^Kuys  rew  or  none ^o.  1 

1 B.  bipinnata  L.   Spanish  nkIvl^:"' TZ'^  7"i-.-:: ;. ■.•;;::::::::^N":.'57a 

late,  pinnatifid,  rays  very  S  or  none  oulrtv'ol  ^'h^'f^T^  .'^'-  ^«"«^°- 
ach.  slender,  elotigated.A-)  Grows  in  waitfinnLi  7.  ^^'^  '''°»'^  ^^  t'^®  '^er; 
St.  2  to  4f  l,igh,VanclS^  sLooth    Tv^^  ^?"".V  ^-   ^-  ^««t    '«    "L 

lids,  of  flowers  on  long  podrcSfeach  with^-jT^^^^  "^"'"1°^  "^^-"'^  «™«>tl»- 
yellow  rays.    Jl.-Sc^pt.  ^  ^''  ^  ""^  ^  (°''  °o°e)  obscure,  obovate, 

nte;  acA.  2.a«;;ied-fD  A  oomrnonvS  In  "P^^,'' ^^^^  ternate,  lanceolate,  serl 

co«;afearL?,l<,we?one™t?vSl.^!f,?"''  ^^^.  /a^ceotofe,  .serrafe,  s?i^7j«y 
acA.  «;.YA  3  aj«.._a)  ?„' g™^,  anf^J^  scales  longer  than  (he  head,  leafy- 
bigh,  smooth  andTyurrled^Eor^S'f'  ^''J"  ^^  ^^"-'  *«  ^«-  ^t.  i  to  s/ 
often  all  undivided.     HdrS^^^TnLlx^^^^^^^^  taper-pointed, 

4  B.  c^rnua  L.    lids  inhrn^i/n,/       "^  ^^'^^^  a  ray.     Aug.  (B.  tripartita,  Bw.) 
aa  simple,  ^ntoZalfsubcSe  'rnlT'^"  '"'"'  "^  '""^  «^  ^^«V««r,.  ^ft;,. 

5^en.  ilnalSf..., -^--;-^^  ^.^^ 

arge  yellow-rayed  flowers,  in  ^37?^^  ^"^  '"^'  ^'^"'^  ^'''^^ 

round  and  amootli.     Leaves  smonth  l-hA.  c  "  ^'  ^     ^^'■'»  6~20'  liigb 

with  narrow,  connate  CI      Swe^"comI„nr"''  *^''^"' "^rrow,  oppoJe 

<^-.  lrooLt\"connaf;.'acS7;:^  ^.sed 

th-ui  the  involucre.-2I   In  w.4r  N  V  /ij    m°i  '^^•/adiato;  rays  longer 

-rate.     Head  soHil^^rS^^Sv  ^ '^^^^^^^^^^         '^^^'  *  ^  ^^^  ^-^f; 

59.  ACMELXA      T     /Pn    '     - 

"    -^'-"^^tl-',   9,<iisK  5  i  acbenia  compressed,  those  o1*  tho 


454 


Order  70.— COMPOSITES. 


ray  angular,  mostly  awnless. — (J)  Herbs  with  an  acrid  tJistc,  oppositcj 

Iv8,,  solitary,  yellow  heads.     Tropical. 

A.  rdpens  Pers.  St.  documbent,  rooting  at  the  lowor  joints,  diffuse ;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  petiolate,  more  or  loss  serrate ;  hds. 
solitary,  on  axillary  and  terminal  pedunelos;  soalea  lanco-ovate;  raya  10  to  12.— 
"Wet  places,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Spilanthos  Niittallii,  T.  &  G.) 

60.  VERBESrNA,  L.  Crown-bkabd.  Heads  few  or  many-flowered ; 
rays  $ ,  few  or  uone,  disk  $  ;  scales  in  2  or  more  series,  imbricated, 
erect ;  chaff  concave,  or  embracing  the  flowers ;  achenia  compressed, 
9-awned. —  U  American  plants,  sometimes  shrubby.  Lvs.  often  decur- 
rent,  serrate  or  lobed.     Hds.  solitary  or  corymbous. 

1  V.  8legiBb6ckla  Mx.  St.  4-winged ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate  or  lance-ovato,  serrate, 
acuminate,  triple- veined,  tapering  to  a  wimjed  petiole,  hds.  radiate,  in  trichotomous 
cymes;  rays  1  to  5 ;  acli.  wriugless;  Jls.  yellow.— Roadsides  and  dry  fields,  W. 
:md  S.  States,  common.  St.  4  to  Gf  high.  Lvs.  6  to  8'  by  3  to  4',  thin.  Hds. 
about  25-flowered,  with  yellow  corolla.s,  and  yellow,  lanceolate  rays,  tlio  latter 
about  9"  long.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Coreopsis  alata  Ph.  Actinomeris  alata  Nutt.) 

2  V.  Virginica  L.  St.  narrowki-winged,  pubescent  above ;  lvs.  alternate,  lanceo- 
late or  lanee-ovate,  subserrate,  scabrous,  acute  or  acuminate,  tapering  to  the 
sessile  base ;  lower  ones  decurrent ;  corymbs  compound,  dense ;  rays  (oval)  and 
disk-fls.  white  ;  ach.  winged. — Dry  woods,  Ponn.  to  La.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  and 
leaves  beneath,  often  more  or  less  tomentous.  Heads  about  20-Howered,  tlio  3  or 
4  rays  scarcel/  J'  long.    Aug.  Sept. 

3  V.  Binudta  Ell.  St.  wingless,  striate-angled,  pubescent ;  lvs.  alternate,  ovate, 
acuminate,  contracted  to  a  long,  slender  base,  irregularly  repand-toothed  and  some 
of  them  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid;  hds.  corymbous ;  rays  3  to  5,  oval,  and  with 
the  dish  white ;  ach.  broadly  winged.— Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Feay),  Fla.  St. 
2  to  4f  high,  with  ample,  coarse  lvs.  Hds.  similar  to  the  last,  about  12-flowered. 
Ijva.  feather-veined.    Sept. — Nov. 

61.  DYSO'DIA,  Car.  False  Dog-fennel.  Heads  many-flowered ; 
rays  ?  ;  disk  $, ;  involucre  of  a  single  series  of  partially  united  scales, 
usually  calyculate  ;  achenia  elongated,  4-anglcd,  compressed  ;  pappus 
scales  chaffy,  in  one  series,  fimbriately  and  palmately  cleft  into  bristles. 
— <T)  Herbs  with  large,  pellucid  glands.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite  and 
pinnately  parted  or  toothed.  Hds.  paniculate  or  corymbous.  FIs. 
yellow. 

D.  chrysanthemoides  Lagaaca.  St.  glabrous,  much-branched;  lvs.  pinnately 
parted,  lobes  linear,  toothed ;  hds.  terminal  on  the  short  branchlets ;  scales  united 
at  base,  scarious,  obtuse,  with  large,  oblong  glands ;  outer  scales  7  to  9,  linear ; 
pappus  bristles  slender,  as  long  as  the  involucre. — Prairies  and  roadsides,  111., 
Mo.,  to  La.  An  ill-scented  plant,  about  If  high,  with  finely  divided  lv.s.  Aug.— 
Oct.    (Tagetes  papposa  Vent.) 

62.  GAILLAR'DIA,  Fougeroux.  Heads  radiate ;  rays  neutral ;  scales 
in  2  or  3  series,  acute,  leafy,  spreading,  outer  largest ;  receptacle  con- 
vex, fimbrillatc  (naked  in  the  following  species);  rays  cuneiform,  3- 
cleft ;  achenium  villous  with  long  hairs  from  its  base ;  pappus  of  6  to  10 
long  awns,  which  are  membranous  at  base. — Lvs.  alternate,  entire, 
ofken  dotted.     Hds.  on  long,  naked  peduncles. 

1  G.  lanceo:  \ta  Mx.  Pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile,  the  lower 
petiolate ;  scales  as  long  as  the  disk ;  diak-fls.  with  long,  subulate,  pubescent 
teeth;  receptacle  smooth,  {not  fimhrillate  1).-^  Barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
St.  1  to  2f  higli,  slender,  ending  in  long,  naked  flower-stalks.  Lvs.  1  to  3  long, 
rather  oblong.     Scales  and  disk  purple.    Rays  yellow.     May— Aug. 

3  Q.  pulohella  Fouger.      Pubescent ;  Iva.  lanceolate,  the  lower  short-petioled, 


.Order  70.— COMPOSITE  .„, 

400 

violet-purple,  wifh  ^eUow  teeth  ^"      ^-  ^  ^'^  ^^  '^"*™-     "'^^'^  10  to  12, 

Jf  "^O^y.f' TERIS,  Nutt     (Gr.  noXvg,  many,  Trr/por,  a  win.r  •  fro.n 
the  feather-hko  pappus.)     Heads  discoid;  flowers  all   pirS  tub.r 
and  «nn.lar;  scales  flat,  scarious,  in  2  or  3  series,  appress^^d    receSo 
naked;  achen.a  4-angled,  slender  at  ba3e;  pa^p.fs^f  6  10  12^'! 

lUDiua  ,  scales  6  to   12,  in  2   series,  oval,  obtuse,   nu'mbraniron.,« 
colored;  receptacle  small,  naked  ;  anthers  exserted     aXdl^Sa; 
«.e  summit,  attenuate  to  the  base;    pappus  of  many  short   obtt^ 
membranous  scales  in  one  scries.-^  ^or^?f  North  Am eS,  villous' 
herbs,     ht.  grooved  and  angled.     Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately  divided 

65.  HELE'NIUM,  L.  American  Sneezewort  /'N'omnri  ^^«  +1 
cclebratod  ^A„,  „1,„  u  said  to  have  aval  c7ir;,,ol  rfiL  ™1 ' i" 
propcrt,os^  Involuoro  do„blo,  tl.o  outer  of  ]eafy,  narrow  sX  the 
.nncrchaU,.;  ray  pistillate ;  pappus  of  five,  one-awnod  ehaffv  eav^,- 
reccptac  e  Rlobou,  uated  i„  the  disk,  and  chaffy  in  the  ray  only  r'j 
.lowers  halt  3-cIeft;  seed  villous.-Lvs.   alternL,  deeurrlt!  ^  KaTs 

lKK:M.S'j.uK3.?s2;fi?i'^ K«,^ 

large  as  in  No  1      Di-slr  .»i«h,^.,=    i  .u     v^;"*"^'-J     Heads  about  lia  f  as 


466  Order  70.— COMPOSITE 

branches  uprigM.    Lv«.  1  to  2'  long.     Ilda.  4  or  5"  diam.     Rays  about  12 
Hprcading  9  or  10".     Apr. — Nov.  ' 

4  H.  quadrideutdtum  Labill.  SmootliiHli,  mucli  branclied ;  Iva.  oblong,  spar 
ingly  lobed  or  toolhod,  the  highest  lanceolate,  ontiro ;  disk  oblong,  longer  than 
the  rays  ;  pappus  scales  obtuse. — Swamps,  Miss.,  La.  to  Ark.  St.  1  to  af  high 
with  solitary,  terminal,  small  hds.  Lvs.  about  l-toolhed  or  lobed.  Disk  Hs.  4^ 
toothed.     Jn. — Aug. 

66.  LEPTOP'ODA,  Nutt.     (Gr.  kem6i;,  slender,  rro^V,  foot ;  alluding 
to  the  elongated  peduncles.)    Heads  niany-liowered  ;  rays  neutral,  cune 
ate»  3— 4  cleft ;  disk  ^  ;  scales  spreading,  numerous,  attenuate  ;  recep- 
tacle conical;  chaff  0;  pappus  of  6 — 10-fringcd  squamae. —  71  North 
American  herbs,  with  the  habit  of  llelonium. 

I  Heads  cory mbod.  on  short  imdiint'lc*.     Pappus  cuspidutc-awnod Uo   1 

^  lli'ttd  solitary,  on  a  long  pudunclc.    Pai)pusa\vnles8.— Aclienia  otlahrous. . . .'. ! .  ...Nos.  2,  3 

— Achenia  hairy .' .'  Inoa.  4,  r. 

1  L.  brach^oda  Torr.  A  Gr.  St.  leafy,  corym'-ous  nt  summit;  lvs.  decurrent 
lanceolate,  subentire,  the  lower  toothed,  obtuse ;  hds.  on  short  peduncles ;  scala 
lance-linear,  about  half  as  long  as  the  8 — 12  drooping  rays :  disk  brownish-purple. 
— Separated  from  Helenium  only  on  account  of  its  sterilo  rays.  In  damp  soil 
from  Southern  111.  to  Tex.  and  S.  States.  Stem  about  2f  high.  Heads  several  or 
numerous.  Rays  broadest  at  summit,  rather  deeply  and  irregularly  toothed, 
t — 9"  by  4 — 6".     (Helenium  quadridentatum  Hook.) 

2  L.  Helenium  Nutt.  Smooth ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  lance- linear,  entire  or  re- 
motely denticulate,  mostly  slightly  decurrent,  the  lowest  tapering  to  a  petiole ; 
pappus  awnless,  lacerated;  ach.  glabrous;  rays  20  or  mare  in  one  row.— Moist 
soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  About  2f  high,  leafy  below,  ending  in  a  long  naked 
stalk,  bearing  cmio  hd.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long.     Disk  6  to  8''  broad.     Mar.,  Apr. 

3  Ii,  indsa  Torr.  &  Gr.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  not  decurrent,  sinuato- 
pinnatifid  or  incised ;  pappus  awnless,  lacerated ;  rays  about  40,  in  2  or  3  rows  ■ 
ach.  glabrous. — Ga.  (Le  Conte).  ' 

4  L.  pub^rula  Macbr.  St.  clustered,  tomentousor  downy;  lvs.  lance-linear,  oc- 
casionally toothed  or  incised,  wof  decurrent;  ach.  hairy;  pappus  scales  obtuse.— 
N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  usually  many  from  one  root.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long, 
half-clasping.  Rays  20  to  30,  broadly  wedge-shaped,  spreadinjr  1,V  to  2'  Aor  ' 
May.    (H.  pinnatifida  Nutt.)  ^ '' 

5  L.  brevifdlla  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous ;  lvs.  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  caulina 
decurrent,  the  lower  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse,  highest  lanceolate,  acute;  ach. 
hairy. — N.  Car.  to  Ala.  St.  1  to  3f  high,  occasionally  branched,  and  with  more 
than  1  head.     Ed.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  4.     May,  Jn. 

67.  BALDWIN 'I  A,  Nutt.  (To  Dr.  William  Baldwin,  one  of  our 
pioneer  botainsts.)  Involucre  scales  imbricated  in  2  to  4  rows,  appres- 
sed,  shorter  than  the  disk,  inner  acute  or  acuminate ;  receptacle  con- 
vex, deeply  alveolate  with  horny  walls;  rays  8  to  2C,  neutral,  in  one 
row,  narrow-cuneiform,  3-toothed ;  disk  flowei-s  ^ ,  tube  horny  below ; 
achenia  immersed  in  the  cells,  silky-villous,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of 
9  to  12  oblong  scales. —  21-  Herbs  simple  or  corymbed,  naked  above, 
with  alternate,  linear,  punctate  lvs.  and  yellow  fls. 

1  B.  nnifldra  Nutt.  Fuberulent,  simple,  l-Jhwered;  hd.  about  20-rayed ;  pappus 
9-leaved. — Open  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  near  the  coast,  riant  1  to  2f  high, 
striate-angled.  L^s.  thick,  linear-spatulate  below,  linear  and  bract-like  above. 
Disk  7  to  8  '  wide,  rays  narrow,  spreading  nearly  2'.  Cells  of  the  receptacle  just 
like  a  honey-comb,  2  to  3"  deep.    Jl. — Sept. 

2  B.  multifldra  Nutt.  Glabrous,  much  branched,  with  a  corymb  of  fls. ;  lvs.  very 
numerous,  narrowly  linear ;  rays  about  10  ;  pappus  12-leaved;  ach.  marked  with 
12  raya  on  its  flat  summit. — Sand  hills,  Ga.,  Fla.     Plant  1  to  3f  high,  slender, 


OUDEn  TO.— COMPOSITE, 
roua     Aug.,  bept     (ActinoHpemium  ungustifolium  T.  &  0.) 


467 

Invol.  squ.ir- 


with  ,i„ea.:H.ic.ViesriVe:/all  ir/^^iXtbt  12 

:E    1;  O    ""'  fT>''^^'  l?^PJ'"^  «^  ^  -   «  membranous,  tvnod 
wales.— 2^  Ori.ainontal  lierbs,  sijnple  or  branched   wifh  alw  af 

tire,  3-veincd  Ivs.,  and  solitary  louLr-stalkod    2    ^'T     r      i  ^*'''  ''"" 
bling  a  Scabisli.  ^      ^  ''''  '"'"'  ""^  P"''P''«'^  ^-  rescn,- 

J.lg^  with  a  sleuderpil^  8t!m      iT   h  ";  o^,  ""''°^'''  ''""^^-"^  ?>«"»  ^^ 
Cor.'e  to  r  long,  wi;h•^ai1,^,^i:f  ^^^^^^^      j^^^-  -^icuousl,  3-velned. 

clustered  at  base,  iSigh      Lvs.  a^o  G' inn„  th'    ^  ^eautifu  plant.     Sta.  often 
diminished  to  bri'stloS  bracts     Jn  -Au|  ''""  P'""''''"'  "PP*^"  «h°''^^. 

;rmurd!vrdedi;r^^^"^'  ^^^^'^  -  ^"^^^  Wder.^EurotfnYerU 
^  WWd^tej  ad;.SneT^ii^^a  nLtwf''  1^"^  and  canescont,  segment, 

plant,  somewhat  resembling  the  Mayweed  Tpmo  h  «•„  i  u^  u-'  "'odoroua 
high.  Heads  large,  solitary  on  the  1^,^  ?  diffuse  y  branching,  8— Ift' 
Disk  yellow,  rays  white.     July      §  Eur        ^  "^  '"'""'''  °^  ^'^'^  '^'-'^"'^'^^'^ 

%tS].^tg'mentCattub'^^^^^^^^^^  ^-  ^--Pound- 

ihe  flowers.— U  Grows  wi  d  occa^ona^hfin^I  h^  lanceolate,  scarcely  as  long  as 

Mpoilally  by  roadsides,  m  patelie,  of  ^6^1  o«»n,     S  "^    k^  ",  ""^/T  •»"». 
Flowers  soUtery,  on  terminal,  striated  si  °    The  ota^s  n|  ^*,,f  '^""'°» 


t^qiwi  imbricafed  sea! 


es; 


first  used  the  plant.)     Invohicre  ovoid,  of 
r.ays  5  to  10,  short,  pistillate  ;  receptacle  fl 


■^4 


.m 


un- 
at. 


458 


OUDER  70.— COMPOSITE 


2^  European  herbs  with  much  dl. 


chaffy  ;  rclicnia  without  a  papnus.- 
viiled,  alternate  iv».     lids,  radiate. 

1  A.  Millefdlium  L.  Lvn.  hipinncUiJul,  with  linear,  dontato,  raucronato  sog- 
menta ;  st.  furrowed,  oorymbed  at  top ;  aealoH  obloug ;  rays  4  to  5,  sliort. — Fioldi", 

,  pastures,  &c.,  N.  Eng.  to  Or.  and  Arotio  Aiuerica.  at.  a  l(X)t  high  braiicliiug  at 
top  into  a  dense,  flat-topped  corymb  of  white  or  rose-colored  fls.  It  ha.s  an  agree- 
able, pungent  taste  and  smell.  Jn. — Sept. — Tho  variety  with  rose-purple  Uowew 
is  very  pretty  in  gardens. 

2  A.  ptdnnica  L.  Sneezewort.  Lvs.  linear,  acuminnto,  equally  and  sliarply  ser- 
rate, Hinootii. — Found  in  moist  grounds  and  shady  places,  Can.  and  N.  Y.  (Pursh), 
Mass.  (Nichols).  Plant  alxjut  15'  high,  branching  at  top  into  a,  diBuse  corymb  of 
white  lis.  The  lvs.  are  remarkably  distinct  from  tho  yarrow.  Tho  dried  powder 
of  tlio  leaves,  used  as  snuflf,  provokes  sneezing.  A  variety  with  douS.o  Uowons 
occurs  which  is  quite  ornamental  in  pots.    Aug.  f     §  Eur. 

72.  LEUCANTHEMUM,  Tourn.  White-wekd.  (Gr.  levKoq,  wliite, 
dvOoi;,  flower ;  tho  lieads  liavo  large,  conspicuous  rays,)  Invohicro 
broad,  depressed,  imbricated  ;  rays  pistillate,  numerous;  receptacle  flat, 
naked  ;  aciienia  striate  ;  pappus  none. — Herbs  with  alternate  lvs.  lids. 
radiate. 

L.  vulgare  Lam.  St.  erect,  simple  or  ifew-branched,  with  solitary  heads;  lvs. 
clasping,  lanceolate  and  oblong,  toothed  above,  cut-pinnatitid  at  the  base; 
scales  edged  with  brown. — U  .\  great  annoyance  to  tlie  farmer,  in  fields  and 
pastures,  U.  S.  to  Aic,  Am.  St.  about  2f.  high.  Lvs.  comparatively  few  and 
ttmali.  Heads  large  (13 — 16''  broad).  Rays  many,  ligulatc,  white.  Jl. — Sept. 
§  Kur.     (Chrysanthemum  Leueanthemum,  L.) 

/3.  TUBULiFLoBUM  (Tenney).      Rays  tubular,   elongated,   white,  deeply  cleft 
into  5  or  3  lobes. — Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  (Mr.  W.  R.  Gerard.) 

73.  NATRICA^RIA,  Toum.  Fevek  Few.  Involucre  scales  imbricate, 
many-flowered,  with  membranous  margins;  receptacle  conical  or  con- 
vex, naked ;  pappus  a  membranous  margin  crowning  the  achenia,  or 
none. — Herbs  chiefly  perennial,  with  alternate  lvs.  lids,  with  or  with- 
out rays.     (Pyrethrum,  Smith.) 

M.  parthdnium  L,  Hds.  radiate ;  lvs.  potiolato,  flat,  tripinnate,  the  segm.  ovate, 
cut ;  ped.  branching,  corymhoua  ;  st.  erect ;  iavol.  hemispherical,  pubescent — 
Fields,  rare.  Several  varieties  of  tho  Fever-few  are  cultivated,  and  are  in  great 
favor  with  many  florists,  on  account  of  their  fin©  pyramidal  form,  surmounted 
with  a  corymb  of  pure  white,  double  flowers  which  retain  their  beauty  for  several 
weeks,  f  Eur. 

2  M.  discoidea  DC.  Hds.  discoid;  lvs.  senile,  2  to  3-pinnately  parted,  lobos 
small,  linear-oblong,  acute;  hds.  on  simple  peduncles;  scales  equal,  oval,  obtu'^o, 
with  white,  scarious  margins  much  shorter  than  tho  conical  disk. — (1)  111.  opposito 
St.  Louis,  also  in  Oregon.  Sts.  3  to  8'  high.  Disk  2  to  3"  broad  and  high.  Pap- 
pus obsolete. 

3  M.Balsdmita"Willd.  Enoush  Mint.  Pubescent;  hds. discoid;  st.eret-t; 
lvs.  ovate,  oblong,  serrate,  the  lower  petiolate,  uj^r  sessile,  auriculate  at  base; 
hds.  corymbed;  pappus  none. — hardens.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  The  plant  is  yellow- 
ish green,  clothed  with  loose,  minute  totnentum,  with  the  fragrance  of  spaarmint. 

74.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  {Gr.  xp^aog,  go\d,  avdo(:,  flower.)  Heads 
heterogamons ;  involucre  imbricate,  hemispherical ;  tho  scales  with 
membranous  margins  ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  none. — Ornamental 
plants  from  China  and  other  eastern  countries.  Lvs.  alternate,  lobed. 
Hds.  radiate. 

1  C.  corondriumL.  Annual;  st.  branched;  lv.s.  hipinnatifid  broader  at  tlie 
SUiaulit,  acutu. — .isativo  of  3.  Europu  aacl  N.  Afric;*.     The  vurioty  wilh  double 


Ordeb  70.— COM PO ilTiii  ^.« 

flowers  is  freqiioiiUy  cultivated  ai  n.  hardy  annuil     Rf    .iLnnt  if  t.j  i      .■ 
rru^th,  o«,ct,  w;tU  alternate.  ol..pi„,  Iv/  JKigefLS,  •Li'S^;  X"". 

cultivatoJl  and  i.ighl/ostSedfS;  it«  biautv      V  JZI'  "^  T  "."•'  '""'^  ^«" 

Setts  "A'(/j:i»--tS  r- «~ 

natc,  much  dissectad.     FIs.  yellow,  discouL  i-^s.  altci- 

handso„>e  corymb  of  yelL  tiowZ     Sl^^^'^  '"f>  ^'T^'"^  "^""'^  '"^  «* 

what  totnontous.     nda.  larger  t!ua  iu  Na  rcitfoiyeS  '"^'''  *''"''" 

76.  ARTEMIS'IA,  L.  Wormavood,  Ac  (Probably  from  ^r<«n,* 
one  of  tbo  names  of  the  goddess  Dia;a.)  livolucre  ovoTd  i«lSo' 
with  dry,  conn.vent  scales;  rccepl^icle^  without  pall-  disk-flo^pi: 
numerous,  ^  ,  tubular,  ray  flowers  few,  often  ^vithoutstauen  and  with 
a  subu  ate  corolla  or  none;  ^chenia  with  a  small  <lisk  papZ  0~ 
Bitter  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate.     Cor.  yellow  or  purplish,  d'iseoT 

Uoceptaclo  villous  or  hairy.     Flowers  all  fartll« 

^^fffaJ<;dd';ngi'gbbSoT?^^^  aUkyoa^escen^  Ifts.  linear  aud  3-5- 

roundish,  tJ.e  inuer^Jblon^^^^l-oS  S;^^^^  scales  of  the  in  vol.  cane.sceDt, 

and  westward.    Plant  b.'Seidt"  er^lT2w",,^'^^^^^^ 

ceptacle  hairy.l-2f  Growin*  aTo,t  n!^hw  '  Y'^  h^'n'sperieal,  drooping;  ro- 
Can.  Stems  LgutrCnd.edwfh^^pnf/*'^^  ""f  ^^  roadsides.  N.En^, 
Tho  whole  planti  p  oSX'wt  er  Jnd  J^T'^f  "**:!^'"«'  ^''^""^^  ««^e& 
tonic,  stom^lilc,  &a     §  Eur!  '  ^''"'^'^''^  mediclnul  qualities  as  a 

^tsdyt^rtX«etT^iS^^^      "«^T'  '"^  ''^--''^*^.  J«wer 
^;.  ..e  and  Jso  "^^.^S:^^^-^^^^^,^-  -;;:,- 


400 


Ordeu  70.— COMPOSIT.fL 


hds.  erect,  ovjid,  subsesaile;  invol.  tomentous. — '4- Fields,  roadsides,  banks  of 
streams,  &c.,  ^'t.,  N.  H.  St.  2  to  3f  iiigh,  branching  into  a  panicle  of  spicate 
racemes.  Lvs.  \ery  variable,  but  never  attenuated  to  linear,  now  obtuse,  nov 
acute,  from  the  K.imo  locality  (Hanover,  N.  H.  Ricard.)  lids.  fow-flowercJ, 
purplish. 
5  A.  biennis  Willd.  Plant  erect,  smooth;  lvs.  bipintiately  parted,  upper  ones 
pionatifld,  all  witli  linear,  acute,  and  mostly  incised  lobes ;  lids,  sessile,  arranged 
in  a  close,  narrow,  leafy  puuicle  of  short  spikes. — '^  Western  States  and  north- 
ward.   Also  eastward  to  the  Hudson  R.  (Mr.  C.  B.  Gerard.) 

6  A.  Abrdtanum  L.  Southernwood.  St.  erect;  lower  lvs.  bipinnato; 
upper  ones  capillary,  pinnate;  invol.  dowiy,  hemispherical. — If  A  well  known 
shrubby  pl5>iit  in  gardens,  about  3f  high.  Leaves  a'ternate,  much  divided  into 
very  narrow,  linear  segments.  Flowers  numerous,  nodding,  yellow.  Native  of 
S.  Europe.  X 

7  A  boredlis  Pallas.  C^spitom,  silky-villous  or  smoothish ;  st.  simple ;  lower 
lvs.  pttiolate,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  towards  the  base,  teniately,  pinnately,  or  bi- 

•  pinnately  parted  above,  with  linear  lobes,  upper  linear  3  to  5-cleft  or  entire ;  hds. 
hemispherical,  spicate  or  racemous-paniculate. — %■  Keweona  Pt.,  Lake  Superior 
(Houghton,  in  N.  Am.  Fl.)    St.  G  to  10'  high. 

8  A.  Canadensis  Mx.  Sea  Wormwood.  St.  erect  or  decumbent;  lvs.  pin- 
nalijid  with  linear  segments ;  fs.  subglobous,  sessile,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes. —  2f 
Rivers  and  lake  shores,  N.  Eng.  and  Can.  Shores  of  the  groat  lakes.  St.  2  to  4f 
high,  much  branched,  sulcatc>,  brownish,  mostly  erect.  Hds.  2''  diam.,  numer- 
ous, forming  a  large  panicle  of  racemes.  Scales  witii  a  membranous  margin. 
Aug. 

d  A  cauddta  Mx.  Gldbroics,  simple,  densely  paniculate ;  lvs.  bipinnatety  divi- 
ded, upper  pinnate,  segm.  filiform  or  setaceous,  alternate;  hds.  ovoid-globous, 
pedicellate,  erect. — (§)  On  t]\e  sea-eoast,  N.  II.  to  Ga.  St.  3  to  5f  high,  strict. 
Lvs.  in  many  thread-like  and  somewhat  tieshy  segm. ;  hd3.  Ih"  diam.,  in  a  strict, 
dense  panicle.     Outer  sciles  ovate,  inner  scarious,  elliptlcjal.     Aug.,  Sept. 

77.  SOLrVA  Ruiz.  &  Par.  (To  Salvator  Solim,  a  Spanish  botan- 
ist and  physician.)  Involucre  ot'  5  to  10  to  15  scales  in  one  row ;  re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked ;  fertik  flowers  in  several  rows,  apetalous;  ^fls. 
few,  interior,  with  a  3  to  5-toothod  corolla ;  achenia  obcompressed,  tip- 
ped with  \h<^.  persistent  style  and  no  pappus. — Little  depressed  herla 
with  pinnately  divided  lvs.  and  sessile  hds. 

S.  nasturtiifdlia  DC.  Plant  very  small,  minutely  pubescent ;  lvs.  pinnately  5 
to  9-parted,  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  scales  10  to  15  ;  ach.  obcoiiic,  rugous,  crowned 
with  a  dense  tuft  of  wool  instead  of  pappus. — S.  Car.,  Ga.,  near  the  coast,  baiik-i 
of  the  Ogeechoe,  growing  wit'.i  Sencbiera.  Plant  flat  on  tlio  ground,  forming  a 
dense  mat.  Lvs.  G  to  10"  Jong,  lobes  1".  lids,  disproportionately  large  (2  to  3" 
broad),,  axillary,  dv^pressed.     Ach.  wrinkled  transversely.     Mar.,  Apr. 

78,  GNAPHA^LIUWI,  L.  Cudwesd.  Eveiilaoting.  (Gr.  yrd^aXov, 
cotton  or  wool ;  from  the  soft,  cottony  surface  of  the  herbage.)  Heads 
discoid,  heteiogamous ;  involucre  imbricate  Avitli  scarious,  colored 
scales;  marginal  flowers  subulate,  pistillate,  mostly  in  several  rows; 
central  flowers  ^  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  pappus  a  single  mw  of  scab- 
rous, hair-like  bristles. — Herbs  generally  clothed  with  whitish  wool. 
Lvs.  alternaic,  entire. 

•  Heads  In  terir.iniil  corymbons  fiustovs. . . , ,.,,..,, , ,   ,,,,,,.,  .Nos.  1 — 3 

•  Ut'rtds  in  ii.xilliiry,  Koiiunvlint  spictite  cluster-; N<>».  4,  6 

1  G.  deciirrens  Ives.  Lvs.  decurrent,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  naked  above, 
white  and  woolly  beneath  ,  fis.  in  dense,  roundish,  terminal  clusters. —  2^  A  stout 
species,  covered  with  i  dense,  hoary  pubescence.  It  grows  in  hilly  pastures,  Ac, 
N.  H.  "\'t.  to  N  J.    Stem  2f  high,  with  scattered  leaves  and  spreading  branches. 


-■  w 


■A  -V  I     >.> 


Oedku  to.— composite. 


461 


Scales  whitish,  with  yel. 


Leaves  on  the  upper  side  green,  scabrous  and  viscid, 
low  corollaa     A  ug. 

Juna  ^  "'  ^''^y'  P^rpl'sh  scales  and  yellow  corollas. 

M  stiQs  Of  the  pappus,  which  resemble  antcnnie.)     Heads  dicEcions  •  in 
voao,-eof  „„br,cato,  colored  .calos;  pistillate iorollasfirfom-e'c^p; 
tacle  subconve.,  alveolate ;  papp„s  a  single  row  of  bristles.- J^  VlT 

x.^iio^^S:*'^  (o;™bai{f,i^-^3''^"''-- '^'''-'■''^ -^-"^^i;. 

the  stem,     sf 'iv    ^^7  bnJnr      TH^ -•     ^*;  '"'••  T!,^  '"'■^^'-  ^'^^'^  *»^«««  «' 
white.     I''eb.-May    7'a!  dSL  Br.)  *       "'"'^      °'°  ''"''*"'  ^""'P"''' 

fro?f'lhJ^La?in'  J/""'"-     ^.^''T    ^^"^"^      ^^^^^^^^^-      (Apparently 
Ho  1    1  -^  '"''  •''   ^^'''''"^  '  ^"  '^«*^«'"'t  of  the  cottony  hairs  ) 

fZ/-     ;   '  f  ^P*^'«  columnar,  naked  at  the  apex,  chaftV  at  base 
r'rbr'S-^terat'eS '"''■  '  '"^'y  ^^^^^^".,^-1^ 

outside     JL-oI     §  lur.  ^'^  '     ^"^"^  «trawHX,lor.  with  a  green  lin,! 


4Ca  OunKR  TO.— OOMPOSIT^. 

81.  XERANTHENUM,  (Gr,  |7;pcV,  dry,  av&o^ ;  on  account  of  its  drr 
impeiiihablo  flowers.)  Heads  discoid ;  involucre  hcuiisphurical,  witli 
rafliant,  colored,  opaque,  scaiious  scales  ;  receptacle  paleaceous  ;  pappus 
paieo-setaceous.— (I)  Native  of  S.  Europe. 

X.  annuum  Willd.  Eternal  Floweu.  St.  erect,  branched ;  Iva.  oblonp- 
lancoolatc,  obtusish,  alternate,  entire ;  lids,  large,  terminal,  Rolilary ;  bcjiIos  of 
the  involucre  obtuse,  scarious,  inner  ones  of  the  ray  Rpreadinp,  lanc-eolate,  obtuse 
—A  singular  plant,  half  hardy,  of  easy  culture.  Stem  2— 3f  liigh.  The  radi- 
ant involucre  scales  are  of  a  rich  purple,  but  there  are  varieties  with  red, 
white,  blue  and  yellow  scales.     The  Howers  retain  their  beauty  for  years. 

82.  HELICHRY'SUM.  (Gr.  golden  sun)  is  another  genus  of  fadeless 
flowers,  of  which  several  species  are  occasionally  cultivated.  Tho 
spreading  scales  are  of  vai-ious  colors.  H.  bracteosuin  is  the  finest 
species,  having  yellow  scales,  heads  on  long  stalks  and  lanceolate 
leaves. 

83.  ERECH'TITES,  Raf.  Fire-weed.  (Gr.  ipex'9(^f  to  trouble  ;  tho 
species  are  troublesome  weeds.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  those  of  the  mar- 
gin pistillate,  of  the  disk  perfect;  involucre  cylindrical,  simple,  slightly 
calyculate;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  of  numerous,  fine,  capillary 
bristles. — (T)  Lvs.  simple,  alternate.     Fls.  corymbous,  whitish. 

E.  hieracifdliiia  Raf!  St.  paniculate,  virgato;  lvs.  oblong,  amplexicaul,  acute, 
unequally  and  deeply  toothed  with  acute  indentures;  invol.  smooth  ;  ach.  hairy! 
— A  rank  weed,  growing  in  fields  (Can.  and  U.  S.),  particularly  in  such  as  liavo 
been  newly  cleared  and  burnt  over.  St.  tiiick  and  fleshy,  branching,  3f  higj). 
roughish.^  Lvs.  of  a  light  green,  large,  irregularly  cut  into  many  deep  and  acute 
teeth.  Fls.  terminal,  crowded,  destituto  of  rays,  white.  luvol.  large  and  tumid 
at  base.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Senicio  hieracifolius  L.) 

84.  CACA'LIA,  L.  Wild  Caraway.  Tassel  Flower.  (An  an- 
cient Gr.  name  of  an  uncertain  plant.)  Flowers  all  tubular,  ^  ;  in- 
volucre cylindric,  oblong,  often  calyculate  with  small  scales  at  the  base; 
receptacle  not  c'.iaffy;  pappus  capillary,  scabrous. — Mostly  21-  Smooth. 
Lvs.  alternate,     lids,  of  fls.  corymbeJ,  mostly  cyanic. 

S  Scales  of  tho  involucre  united,  about  12.    Flowers  60  to  80,  scarlet No  S 

%  Sc.ilc3  of  Iho  involucre  distinct,— about  12.     Flowers  20  to  8l),  wlitte No!  1 

—6  only.    Flowers  5.— Lciwes  cordate  or  Uibed . .  .Nos.  2—4 
— Leaves  never  cordate Nua.  6— T 

1  C.  Buavioleus  L.  Glabrous;  st.  striate-angular ;  lvs.  petidate,  hastate-sagit- 
tate, serrate,  sniootli,  green  on  both  sides;  fls.  corymbed,  erect;  invol.  many- 
flowered.— 2f  Western  N.  Y.  to  Conn.  (Robbins),  to  Ga  and  111.  Stems  4— 5f 
higli,  striat.>,  leafy.  Radical  leaves  on  long  stalks,  pointed;  cauliuo  ones  on 
winged  stalks,  l-'lowers  wlutish,  in  a  termin  J,  compound  corymb.  Scales  and 
peduncles  sinooth,  witli  setaceous  bracts  beneath  tho  involucre,  and  benfcath  the 
divisions  of  tho  peduncles.     Aug. 

2  C.  reniformia  Muhl.  St.  sukate-angkd ;  lvs.  palmately  veined,  nearly  smooth. 
green  both  sides,  petiolate,  lower  mies  rcniform,  upper  flabelliform;  corymb  ccra- 
pound,  fastigiato;  hds.  6-fiowcred.— Woods,  Ind.,  111.,  Penn.,  S.  to  Car.  St.  3  to 
6f  higli,  nearly  simple,  glabroua  Lv.-!.  .3  to  12'  by  5  to  18',  repand-dtntate,  lower 
petioles  very  long.     Scales  of  involucre  5,  obtuse,  wliitish.     Jl. 

3  C.  atripllcifdlia  L.  St.  terete;  lvs.  petiolate,  smooth,  glaucviis  beneath,  palm- 
ate-voinL'U,  unijvlurly  lohed  and  dentate,  the  lower  sulxiordato;  fls.  corvmbed, 
erect;  invol.  5-flowered. — N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  111.  St.  3  to  6f  high,  leafy'  Lvs. 
alternate,  the  lower  ones  as  large  as  tlie  hand,  with  large,  unequal  teeili  or  lobes. 
Hds.  small,  ovoid-cylindric,  whitish,  loosely  corymbous  at  the  ton  of  tho  branchesi 
Jl.— Sept. 


t  of  its  dry, 
rical,  with 
s ;  pappus 

Iva.  oblonp- 
l';  scjilos  of 
late,  obtuse. 
The  radi- 
i  with  red, 
ears. 

af  fadeless 
Jd.  Tho 
the  finest 
anccolato 


nble ; 


tho 
i"  tho  mar- 
-',  slightly 
capillary 

;aul,  acute, 
ach.  liairy. 
vh  as  liavo 
g.  3f  high. 
1  and  acute 
and  tumid 

(An  an- 
:ir,  ?;^ ;  in- 
the  base; 

Smooth. 


No.  s 

No.  1 

...Nos.  2—4 
.  ..Nua.  S— T 

itate-sagit- 
'ol.  many- 
ems  4 — 5f 
0  ones  ou 
Scales  and 
3nt;ath  tlie 


ly  smooth, 
•ymb  c'cm- 
,  St.  3  to 
ate,  lower 

aih,  palm- 
conmbed, 
afy.  Lvs. 
1  or  lobes, 
branchesi 


Obdeb  to. -composite.  ^^g 

4  C.  diversifdlia  Torr.  &  Gr.  Plant  not  glaucous;  si.  striale-angled ;  lower  Ivs 
o!;afc^  obtuse,  repand-toothed,  upper  3  to  6-lobed,  somewhat  hastate  ;mL  corymba 
and  fls.  aa  m  the  preceding  (of  which  it  seems  to  be  a  variety).-Swamp3  along 
tho  Chattahoochee,  Fla.     Plaut  2  to  3f  high.     May.  * 

5  C.  tuberdsa  Nutt.      St.  angular-sukate ;  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate,  strongly  5  to  7- 

vemed,  obtuse  or  subacute,  entire  or  repand-donticulate,  not  glacous,  lower  onea 

tapenng  into  long  petioles,  upper  ones  on  short  petioles;  hds.  in  compound  cor- 

yrnbs.-Marshes,  W  Statea    St.  2  to  5f  high,  branched  above.    Lvs.  rather  thicic, 

i  ^         J^'  \  ^  ^'^f'  veins  converging  to  the  apex.    Uds.  oblong,  S-leaved  and 
5-flowered,  white.     May. — Jl.  ^' 

6  C.  ov^ta  EIL     St.  terete;  lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  3  to  5-veined,  ovale  and  oval 
entire  or  undulato-margmed,  contracted  at  base  into  petioles;  corymb  fasti-iate  — 
Macon,  Ga.  (Mettauer),  Ala.,  Fla.,  in  moist  woods.    SL  smooth,  glaucous,°3  to  4f 
high.      Lower  Ivi^   on  long  petioles,  rather  obtuse-   upper  ones  nearly  sessile 
rather  acute.     Scales  broad-linear,  acute.     Jl.— Aug.  ' 

7  C.  lanceoiata  Nutt.  St.  terete;  lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  3-veined,  lanceolate  and 
lance-hnear,  entire  or  with  few  sharp  teeth,  lower  tapering  to  petioles,  upper 
sessile;  corymb  simple.-Wet  grounds,  Ga.  Fla.  St.  4  to  Gf  high^  Lvs  '  below 
4  to  6  long,  diminislimg  upwards.     Scales  linear,  acute.     Aug.,  SepL 

o^,^,?;?®^^*"®*.'^"!'*-    ,Tassel  Flowee.    Radical  lvs.  ovate-spatulate,  cauline 
amplexicaul  crenate;  invol.  ovate-cylindric,  scales  linear,  at  length  reflexed-  ach 
cihate;  pappus  in  several  rows.- A  pretty  garden  flower,  native  of  the  E.'  Ind..' 
Ac.    St.  If  or  more  high.     Fls.  bright  scarlet.    Jn.-Sept.    A  bed  or  patch  sown 
thickly  makes  a  fine  appearance.     (Emilia  aagittata,  DC.) 

85.  CINERARIA,  Less.  (Lat.  cinereus,  ash-colored;  for  its  soft 
white  down,)— Hds.  radiate;  rays  pistillate;  invol.  scales  in  one  row* 
ficarious  on  tho  margin;  recept,  naked,  fiat;  ach.  beakless,  obcom' 
pressed;   papp.  capillary.— Greenhouse  shrubs  with  mostly  alternate 

1  C.  amelloidea  Willcl     Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  smooth;   peduncles  each 
bearing  a  smgle  head  with  blue  rays.-Shrubb>,  2  to  3f  high,     f  S  Africa 

2  C.  Bpecioaa  Schrad.      Lvs.  alternate,   reni/orm,  denticulate,  on  inflated 

^^^^'t^^r't^^ '"""''""  ^"^  ""^^^^'°"'  "'"'^«^^"'  ^^y'- 

3  discolor  Willd.    Lvs.  alternate,  ohlong-lanceolate,   acuminate,  denticulate 
f  Jamaica  '  ^^'y'^'^^^^,  with  yellow  luya—Shrub  3  to  4f  hi^S 

..77  ^  lanata  WiUd.  Lvs.  roundish,  7-angled,  cordate,  «;oo%  beneath;  hds 
solitary  on  each  peduncle;  rays  white  within,  of  a  vivid  purple  outsid..-t  Ca- 
naries.     Very  beautiful.  ^  •     I  vct 

5  C.  populifolia  H.  K.  Lvs.  somewlwit  angular,  cordate,  downy  beneath  tho 
petioles  appendaged;  Ac/*,  corymhous ;  rays  r.d-The  florists  have  pm duced 
fiZ&I  '"^'""''      '"'^'  ^'  "'"  ^^"'y  ^'^'''''  •^^""2/  Lind,  Vicar  %wX- 

86.  SENE'CIO,  L.  Groundsel.  (Lat.  ^m^ar,  an  old  man ;  the  word 
18  synonymous  with  Engeron.)  Involucre  of  many  equal  scales  or 
invested  with  a  few  shorter  ones  at  base;  flowers  all  tubular,  »  or 
usually  radiate  and  rays  ?  ;  receptacle  not  chafty ;  pappus  siuiplc,  Jap- 
1  lary  and  copious.-A  vast  genus  embracing  6U0  species  of  herbs  and 
ehrubs.     Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  mostly  yellow,  exceeding  tho  invol. 

$  Heads  discoid.     Root  annual. .. 

S  Heads  iadlate._R»dicaj  leaves  UD.UvidedV "  Achei.ia  gluV.i'o,;;: V.V.V.:. m  "f  2"  J 

— Uad  ca    oaves  undivided.     AeI.e.ila  rnib.i,cent w"*  7 1 

~  "      "^'"'* '"''''''"''  "=»  ^*-'"  '"  *''«  »;»'iliiic. . . .  NosCj 

amSffi'  \  ?■  P'^»'«»'ate,  erect,  angular;  lvs.  Mnuate-pinnaUfldrdentata 
7^^r^'^J\^r^  grow.ng  about  houses,  in  waste  grounds,  rubbish,  Aa 
Si.  ^uitea.    St.  18  high,  leafy,  branching,  generally  smooth.    Lvs.  alternate,  thlij, 


464 


Order  70.— COMPOSITiEI 


/-a-^M^Kf^.''- 


Fla.  without  rays,  terminal,  scattered, 


bright  green,  the  radical  onea  stalked, 
yellow,  appearing  all  summBr,     g  Eur 

state  of  the  species,  oa  rocky  shores.     (S.  gracilis  Pi,T 

to  Fla  and  T,i      <?<•    i    t^  •'""•  waugiare,  rays  li  to  15    ach.  pubescent. —  if  Va 

BubutbSte."  R?it  vfwitl  "g  e'irtetior"r'  ^t"f  ^'^T  ^^^-^  «^-p!" 
spreading  IG".  Apr-Jn-T  o  11^0'  ^  *r  ^,  ^°"^'  *  *°  ^  ^»d^-  liay» 
Stone  Mf,  Oa.)  isL.  trj^^^^^  ^S^^-gl  ^SS,  ^  variety  ^ 

petiole,  cauL  SnJaZnarrZ'rZff  them  slightly  lobed,  tapering  to  a 

24'  high.  Hoot  Iva  ^'  ^ide  and  witK  ^pe^i^l^s  2  to  aCr^'^f 'f  ^^  I*'  ''' 
the  upper  1 '  almost  bipiunatifid.  Rays  /tK  sFeadingSut  P'  '  May  'jf 
'  tt  ?p^.?i  v"!^"nntl.^^tvidt'r:5^^^^^^  --^li-a^,  lobed  obtuf;^;;::, 
2i  CaZla(Kulm,rS  S  Z\  it  "'"'^^^''^' ^"^''^'""^ '^  rays  ff  to  12.^ 
rather  small.  Jn.-P™iv  our' S  L  ^P^'  ^^'Stncts  of  the  S.  States.  Hds. 
folium  T.  &  G.  ^      ^  ^-  «°°"y"^«3  >3  a  variety  of  this.     (S.  miilo- 

^^ps-g»^sSi^fc-^^^ 

pilL^vi^rstre^^'iT""   r^ol^  ^f^°".^^-     I'--  -'l-^   P'-atiiid 

Lies;  soal^EwwUherrdLttir*!:  ^J^^ifJ. '"vol.   calyculate 'with   Icafv 

A  beautiful  pS  in  <^Stion  ^^^  F^  "«P^- 

purple.     A  vitietv  L  ZCr  w^  .  *''®  '^'"'^  ye»ow,  of  the  rays  brilliant 

white  fls.     Jn  -Aug  t    (f  eleJaiS  L^  "*"""^  """•     ^»"«>«>'- variety  has 

ray^flowm^Pdis^k   .^"/^^^^'-r^.^qj-'^'^ncoolate  scales,  1  or  2-rowed  ; 
A.  mollis  Hook.     Pubescent;  st.  leafy;  Ivs.  becoming  nearly  glabrou.,  thiu. 


Obdeb  70.— OOMPOSIT-rE. 


465 


kI  ^d  •^'.T^"'*"'l^°^*^^  """^  °^^°"&  "''^'^'^  ^"^  ^ta^^,  caulino  sessile, 
hds  few;  mvol  hairy  with  acuminate  scales;  ach.  Aairy.-Rav  nes,  Whit^M  s' 
N.  H  hssex  Mts,  N.  Y.  Also  Rocky  Mta  St.  I  to  2f  high  Lva  2  to  6  in 
length,  the  upper  one  broad  at  the  base,  the  lower  tapering  to  a  winged  olniole 
often  acute,  but  not  acuminate.    Jl.  B  ^"  »  wiugea  pcliole, 

2  A.  nudicaiiUB  EIL     Hirsute;  Ivs.  all  sessile,  subentire,  oval  or  ovate  3  to  5 
vemed  the  vems  converging  to  the  apex,  cauli^  snuxU,  1  or2pairI:hdi  tt' 

soils  Va.  to  Fla     St.  If  high,  scape-like.    Lvs.  mostly  radical,  resemblint-  tlio"e 
Iprni;      "'  ^^^"*'^"^'  ^"'  '"^^'^  ^2  to  3'  long.f    Hays '  ireatlg  UJT 


Tbibe  5.    CYNARE^. 

88.  CYN'ARA,  L.  (Gr.  kvo)v,  a  dog;  the  stiff,  hard  spines  of  the 
mvol.  resemble  a  dog's  teeth.)  Heads' discoid,  homoganCs ;  fnvol- 
ucre  dilated,  imbncate,  scales  fleshy,  emargi.iate,  pointed  ;  reJepLle 
setaccK)„s;  pappus  pi umous ;  achenia  not  beaked.-Natives  of  the  Old 

^  P'-f^^^^V"  ^-     G^HDEN  Artichoke.     Lvs.  subspinose    uinnate  nnd  im 
divided;  mvol.  scales  ovate.- y  Gardens  and  cultivated  ToSs     A  well  kno^n 
garden  esou  ent.     The  parts  used  are  the  receptacle,  thelower  parT  of  theTn 

around^it,  whence  its  petioles  become  crisp,  tender,  and  a;e  Ld  Relery 

89.  TAGETES,  L.     Marigold.     (For  Ta-jr.^,  a  Tuscan  divinity,  son 
of  Genuis  and  grandson  of  Jupiter.)     Heads  heterogamous ;  invo  ucTe 

SI  I'V  "^  '  '"  '^/"''^^^  ^^'"'^^5  ray  flowed,  persistent;  re- 
ceptacle naked;  pappus  of  5  erect  awns.-®  Herbs  of  tropical  AraeP 
ica.     Lvs.  pinnately  divided.  ^ 

lor?  T".®"^^?*^  ^-     ^^«'CAN  Marigold.     >Sr^.  sfou^,  erect;  seem    of  the  lvs. 
lanceolate  c.hatc-sorrate  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  ventricous  and  tl  iekSd  at  the  sum 
S-'m'SIs-S  r;;J  wcifl"'^  twice  larger  than  in  T.  patdi^aldl^'^.    t" 
varieties  t  "''^"  '^       ^''^^   ^  ^'^"^''''   ""'"'"'^  "^''^^  "^^^'"''^ 

90.  CALEN'DULA,  L.    Pot  Marigold.    (Lat.  calenda,  the  first  day 

vnlnnf  'V      '  "'""''  iT"'"'  ^'^''^'"  ^"^^^thly.)     Hcads  radiate  ;  in- 
volucre  of  many  equal  leaves,  in  about  2  series  ;  rays  ?  ,  fertile    disk 

naL'-r'n    '  r''^^^''f  ,"^^'^ '  ^^'^"^""'^  ^^  ^^'^  disk'membranaJeous; 
pappps  0.— An  oriental  genus  of  annual  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate. 

ppr/  '*^°*"i^"' J';  "^'scid-pubescent;  st.  branched;  lvs.  oblong,  acute  mu- 
StnrV-  ach  •  r^*^'"*"*'  ""'^  «cabrous-ciIiate  on  the  martrin  :  ll  terming 
SSiom  s'Kn'?'"'  Tu""""'^'  'r""«^— A  common  and  handsome  gardea 
criuViTnctbSli  n?-  J^  ^'l  '^°"'''"'  l^'non-colored.  and  other  varieties.  Flow- 
tra  largo  and  brilliant,  generally  o.-ange-colored.     Jn.— Sept.  f 

91.  CENTAU^REA,  L.     Knap-weed.     Bachelok's-bctton.      (Tlie 
centaur,  Chiron,  it  is  said,  cured  with  these,  his  foot  wounded  bv  Her- 

30  ^ 


466 


ORDBa  70.— COMPOSITE. 


ciilos.)     Heads  discoid  ;  involacro  imbricate :  rav  (lowers  loiim.r  .1 
he  resMtene,  ofte»  wanting;  receptacle  bri^y    paZro^^fi  i^' ^ 

'SsTi.i\T,issx'^s^.z^^»s%T.'tr, M.' 

ray  and  disk-fls  alikp     Sr  XiZ^^vT'  T-  *'  '''*P»''aiy,  fringed  appeudage • 

showy,  pale-purple  hds.     Appendages  slrawSorf  *  *"■ 

pappus  0.-3)  ®  Va     fV  pu^r  f  Eur  '"'*'  'P"'"'  "^°'^  ^'^'^ ' 

sit'o7o.iE:rrfbeE^witr:uratr"  ^-^ ""  ^'•""-  ™'^ 

flowers.     July-Oct.    (CentaZa?^^^^^     Flowers  purple.     A  variety  has  ^.hite 

2  A.  odor^ta,  fl.  amboracea.  DC.      Yellow  Swept  Sm  taw     t  i 

broadly  subspatulate,  dentate,   upper  Ivrato  at  L?«     hL  I^^^I         "^'''^f  ^''^- 

SirrSvirLj;ir;£i?p  rs  ^^- »".«»"?  s^ 

suaveolens  Willd.)        "^^'^^'^^  scarcely  pmnatifld.    Flowers  yellow,  f    (Centaureu 
^'mmt    ^"'•"^'^'^•^^^P^^'P'^^^t'fi'i;  flowers  purple,  t    (Centaurea  glauca 

93.  CARTHAMUS,  L.  Saffron.  (Avahk,  qorthom,  to  mm  f  from 
Its  colon  iiof  proDertv^  UpirU  rUcnr^i,i .  ;  ^  *""'«>  «-"  paint ,  n  cm 
K,„^+  r  I-  ^  r'^P^'-'.y-;  xieaas  discoid  involucre  iinbricatod  ontor 
bracts  foliaceous  ;  flowers  a    tnhnlai-  it.ri  x     fli  x  ""*'^''^''"»   ouier 

plexicaul,  smooth  and  shininir     Cadiwrrf  wf'-  V    •i."^''-     ^''^^'''^  ^^^^'^^ 
sender  »ower..     The  Ut^i^srerf^l'TiSST Lit  rruS™  ScS 

94.    CWrCUS.Vaill.    Blessed  Thistle.    (Gr.  «WCw  to  Dri«l- •  wpII 

cato  with  doubly  spinous  scales;  ray.flowers  sterile;  receptacle  vcl^r 


Obdbh  10.— COMPOSIT-iE. 


467 


.Nos.  1,3 
..Nos.  8,  4 


from 


hairy;   pappus  in  3  series,,  the   outer   lO-toothed,  the  3  inner  each 
10-bristled. — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  benedlctus  L.  Lva.  somewhat  decurrent;  dentate  and  spiny;  invol  doubly 
spinous,  woolly,  bracteate.^jp  Native  of  Persia,  Tauria  and  Greece.  About  2f 
Ingh,  with  yellow  flowers.  Sparingly  naturalized.  June.— It  was  formerly  in 
great  estimation  in  medicine,  but  is  now  considered  worthless.  |  § 

95.  ONOPOR'DON,  Vaill.  Cotton  Thistle.  Heads  discoid,  homo- 
gamous ;  involucre  ventricous,  imbricate  with  spreading,  spinous  scales ; 
receptacle  deeply  alveolate  ;  pappus  copious,  capillary,  scabrous ;  ache- 
nia  4-angled. — Large,  branching  herbs,  with  decurrent  leaves. 

O.  acanthitim  L.    Invol.  scales  spreading,  subulate ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  decurrent, 
sinuate,  spinous,  woolly  on  both  sides.--®  This  fine  looking  thistle  occurs  natur- 
alized in  waste  grounds,  and  is  about  3f  in  height.     The  whole  plant  has  a  white 
cottony  appoarance.     Stem  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves  which  are  unusually 
large.    Involucre  round,  cottony,  spinous.    Flowers  purple.    July,  Aug.    §  Eur. 

96.  CIR  SIUM,  Tourn.  (Cnicus  L.  Muhl.)  Thistle.  (Gr.  Kipao^, 
a  swelling  of  a  vein,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  heal.)  Heads 
discoid,  homogamous;  involucre  subglobous,  of  many  rows  of  spi- 
nous-pointed,  imbricated  scales;  receptacle  bristly;  style  scarcely 
divided ;  pappus  copious,  plumous ;  achcnia  compressed,  smooth.— 
Herbs  with  alternato  Ivs.,  generally  armed  with  spinous  prickles.  Fls. 
cyanic. 

♦  Leaves  (locurrent  on  tho  stem  more  or  less.    Scales  tipped  with  spines Nos]  2 

*  Leaves  not  decuircnt.-IIea.ls  involucrato  witli  a  wlioil  of  1-i  to  '20  spiny  bracts. . . . ;.".  .No  :) 

— llenUs  nalied.— Flowors  ocliroleucous.     Scales  priclily No.  4 

—Fls.  purple.— Lvs.  wliito-tonientoiis  beneath.. Nos.  5— T 

—  Lvs.  {.''cen.— Stem  low,  simple.. Nos.  8,  i) 

— Steui  tall, biaucbed.  "10-12 

1  C.  lanceoiatum  Scop.  Common  Thistle.  Lvs.  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  hispid 
the  segments  divaricate  and  spinous;  fids,  several,  ovoid,  villous;  scales  lanceolate' 
tipped  With  a  spine,  spreading,— (g)  Common  in  borders  of  Holds,  roadsides  n' 
Eng.  and  Mid.  States,  always  distinguished  by  tho  decurrent  leaves.  St.  3  to  4f 
high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves  which  are  white  and  woolly  beneath 
arnied  with  formidable  spines  at  all  points.  Fls.  numerous,  large,  purple.  Invol! 
scales,  webbed,  each  ending  in  a  spine.     Jl.— Sept. 

2  C.  Lec6ntii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Sknder,  simple,  with  one  head;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 
more  or  less  decurrent,  with  a  lew  spinous  teetli,  glabrous  above,  white-floccous 
beneath,  mvol.  ovoid,  aracimoid  when  youna:;  scales  not  spi7ious,  merely  mucro- 
nate  or  acuminate-pointed.— Ga.  to  La.  St.  about  2f  high.  lid.  large  (V  or 
more  diam.)  terminal.  ^ 

3  C.  horrfdulum  Mx.  Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  acutely  cut,  spinous-  hds.  invested 
loith  an  external  mvol.  of  about  12  to  20  very  spinous  bracts;  scales  sharp-pointed. 
but  unarmed.-Tf)  Found  in  meadows  and  iiills.  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  3f  higl? 
invested  with  wool.  Lvs.  somewhat  claapinur,  woolly  and  hairy,  armed  with  stiff 
spines.  Hds.  largo  (I'  diam.),  with  yellowish  whito  corollas,  tho  scales  webbed 
Aug. 

/?.  Elliottil  Corollas  purple,  2' long.    Bracts  about  12.— South  (Elliott).    Fla. 
near  Quincy.  ' 

4  C.  Pltcheri,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Whito-tomontous;  Ivs.  rigid,  pinnately  parted,  mar- 
gms  rovolute,  segm.  long,  linear,  toothed  or  entire,  spinous;  hds.  axillary;  scales 
amclinoid,  acummate,  tipped  with  a  wealc,  spreading  prickle.— Sandy  lake  shores 
Micli.  and  Can.  "West.     Cor.  ochroleiiconA     .Ju.,  Jl. 

5  C.  discolor  Spreng.  Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  rough-haired,  downy  beneath, 
segm.  2-lohod,  divaricate,  spinous;  invol.  globous,  tho  scales  ovate,  appressed, 
with  spreading  spines  at  the  tip.—  ©  A  slender  thistle  3  to  5f  high,  much  branch- 
ed  and  loafy  at  the  summit,  found  in  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  Hds.  termiuatiue 
the  branches,  1'  diam.,  with  reddish  purple  corollas.    Jl.  Aug. 


w 


408 


Obdkr  to.— composite 


®  ^»' *«'^"'i?aT^^^^  fcq/V  /o  the  top  .  Ivs 

undivided  or  pinnLifld  jS  o  1   j^^^^^^^  often  .inuate-dentZ, 'lo^^ 

'' ^^-^^^"l^^eoZ^^^^  «-ple.  and   naked   above.   /., 

Bometi^es  rernotdy  sinTaSS  oTpTnna'tiS'^ut^^^^  teeth  spinoflcoLt/o; 
surface  tomentous-canescert-  hds  sm£^^ln>  T^^i  ^"'"'^^^  glabrous,  under 
short  spreading  prickle.-W^oSf  Oil  inrs  C^^^^  ^^  ^'PP^'*  ^''^  « 

Canada  thistle,  clothed  with  an  nrni  ,^'  *?  ^'^tates.  Plant  about  thesizecf  the 
(sometimes  but  one)  wld  L\To  Xt  r' £n%r  ^'''^  '^^  ^c  mar^yt^^, 
(Carduua,  L.  Cnicus,  Ph.)  *   **'*'"•    ^^owers  purple.     Apr.--Sept 

°  S^'^-nlttt^s^oJ^^^^^^^^^  Ivs.  crowded  U>  the  top,  at  length 

ow.  turgid  thistle,  in^oadsiderpaC^' nw'a  ?1  t-TT"  ®  ^  ^"'"'"^n 

iigh,  stout,  striate,  witii  1  to  3  CvSe  L^h!'   fe  **"^-  ^^^^^^-     «'•  1  to  2 f 

(Cnicus  odoratus  Muhl.)  ^     ^®  ^^^''^^  "*  f-agrant.  purple  fls.    Aug. 

".aL'^f.SS'JL  ft''.IJJ'in:rovdfwi?r'™*^    r^'"^"*^'     '^*-   - 
^^.eeppS.J-ffi;,----t:^s.^^^ 

^^Hp!r;estS,^Jiv?rtateIet;;ots"'^£r^^^^^^  '^^-  i-nc-linea^;  rigid,  with 

attenuate-acuminate.— N.  Jor  to  al     <itZL  ^^^'^^'  "™ost  glabrous,  the  inner 
nunutely  arachnoid  boneath.  'nd.  G"  l^TtZTJ^'Xl  ''^.^^X.  'jt 

"  .t?iS;.'rvf  s^p- .o^n,^  p^S-..  ^--^T---  Lvs.  .essile,  .innate, 
ova^o,  ,.,/A  men«fe^,>^,/8caIes^Se.Dress^'ov«H""''  T'^'^  ^"^•''^-  '«""d  or 
Jelds,  roadsides  and  waste  place^  Tlnrto  W  S^^^  Common  in 

farmer.  Root  creeping,  long  and  tenacious  of  life  %^%,T^^  t">ublesome  to  the 
panicle  at  top.  Hds.  small  (4  to  5"  diam  )  nnrnS*  fh  -^  ^/^'''  ^'^^  »  branching 
and  ,s  the  only  part  of  the  pint  that tn  L'^ar'  LtS  "  jf  f  £  ''""''^ 

pean  herbs.     L.Xna^  la^c         '"'  caducot.s.-®  Coarse/Euro- 

"•VaTc'^t^utdTfleldrrEut'  MidS r'.t?~^^^T'^  •'^  --*«  «"^-Ui. 
cal,  iU-scented  aud  coarseSSin^  L^.^  p  ®*''*^''  ^"'"'^  P'""*  is  a  large,  coni- 
irregular  panicle  oeoy7dh^ZSf.fnr^''''T'  surmounted  by  a  brfnelnng, 
pink  color  The  ]ep.verar^  ?Sv  kl  ^f  *'°"'"'f  ^^  ""  exceedingly  delicaS 
sign  for  the  dispersion  S  LSs  %1,r'ii«;jr^/.1^'':  ^\  ^^^  «  ^'""^^^'W  ^^ 
nute,  firm  hookrwhich  seizes  hold  of  «v!r^?  ■  ?f  *.''^  mvolucre  all  end  in  a  mi- 
(Arctium  Lappi  L.)  of  everytlimg  that  passes  by.  JL,  Aug.  §  Eur 

^.  Leaves  pinnatiQd.— Penn.  (Darlington). 


tU  top ;  kg, 
dentate,  lower 
Jar^e,  scales 
and  barrens, 
to  6'.    Hds. 

or  purplish 

above;  ivs. 
)ine8cont,  or 
rous,  under 
pped  witli  a 
e  size  of  the 
uanj  heads 
f^pr.—Sept. 

>,  at  length 
i^".  I  or  2; 
'ar.  to  Ga. 

%  clasping, 
;  hds.  few, 
^  common, 
St.  1  to  2f 
fls,    Aug. 

hds.  on 
arachnoid, 
and  U.  S. 
I-  1'  diam., 
k.    Aug., 

igid,  with 
on  leafless 
the  inner 
gh.  Lvs. 
iple.    Jl. 

,  ^sinuate- 
round  or 
nnmon  ia 
ne  to  tho 
ranching 
hornless, 

s;  invo- 
ty;  re- 
,  Euro- 


id  culti- 
;e,  coni- 
ncliing, 
delicate 
ri'ul  de- 
n  a  mi- 
§Eur. 


Order  TO.— COMPOSITE 
SuBORDKR   II.     LIGULIFLOR^. 


460 


98.  LAMPSA  NA,  Tourn.     Nipple-wort.     (Gi    Aa'Trro,  to  purire: 
Lapsana  greatly  relaxcB  the  body,"  says  Pliny:)     Heads  radiant,  8  to 

12-rtowered  ;  involucre  cylindrical,  angular,  scales  8,  erect,  in  one  ro«r, 
with  2  or  3  minute  bractlets  at  base ;  receptacle  naked ;  achonia  gla- 
brous; pappus  0— Slender,  oriental  herbs,  with  small,  yellow  hdsTiu 
paniculate  corymbs.  '' 

^■.i^"?^°^",^-.  ^S  *''^"^hod,  panicled,  leafy;  lvs.  ovate,  potiolato,  dentate- 
£t<?n  (Oaket '  §"" '  "^"''''  "  "•"''-®  ^'^^^^'^^  ^^^  ^"«'  (Hooic)    Ta^ 

99.  APO^GON,  Ell.     (Gr.  a,  privative,  TraJytov,  beard;  as  destitute 
ot  pappus.)     Heads  radiant ;  involucre  scales  ovate,  acuminate,  about  8 
in  2  rows  ;  receptacle  naked ;  achenia  glabrous,  oval,  longitudinally  12* 
striate ;  pappus  0.-<D  Herbs  glabrous  and  glaucous,  branched  from  the 
base.     Lvs.  alternate,  lanceolate.     Hds.  small,  yellow. 

A.  hiimilis  Ell.  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  small,  slender,  smooth  plant  com- 
mon  m  sandy  eoU^  Sta  3  to  12'  high,  trichotorliously  branched  aC  LvT 
varying  from  lance-linear  to  linear,  and  from  entire  tJ  lyrate-lobed,  the  radical 
tapermg  to  a  petiole  Hds.  few,  smaU,  tho  fls.  spreading  about  3'.  Mar-jl 
(A.  lyratum  Nutt.     A.  gracilis  DC.)  *  '^°- 

100  CICHO^RIUM,  Tourn.  St;ccoRr.  (The  Egyptian  name  chi- 
kouryeh  whence  Gr  Kix<^pri  and  Eng.  succory.)  Involucre  double,  the 
outer  of  5  leafy  scales,  the  inner  of  about  8  linear  ones ;  receptacle 
chatty ;  pappus  scaly  ;  achenia  not  rostrate,  obscurely  6-sidcd.— Orien- 
tal  herbs  with  bright  blue  fls.,  about  20  in  a  head. 

^  ?'  -^^f^^^  vi'  I  ^^^-  '1  P"*'"^  axillary,  sessile;  lower  lvs.  nincinato.— 2^  Plant 
2-3f  high,  with  large,  showy,  sky-blue  flowers,  in  grass  fields,  by  roadsides  ^m- 
mon  m  many  localities.  Stem  round,  with  few  long  branches.  roLgh.  The  u?^ 
leaves  become  cordate  acuminate,  sessile,  inconspicuous,  only  the  radical  E 

nZnTh'-h  ^^"%  ^""^^n  ^'?.  ^~}'  ^''''"•'  *"•*  PJ"'^^^  rather  remote  Ttlfe  long 
naked  sh  branches.     Corollas  flat,  5-toothed.     Tho  root  is  used  iu  France  as  i 
substitute  for  coflfeo.     July— Sept.  §  Eur.  ^mucc  as  a 

„n?  1^"  ^^9^^  ^.'     ^''''^^'^-     ^^^-  axillary,  in  pairs,  one  of  them  elonijated 
nni  ;r.''^'/'"H''*Y^''^7  '°''*'  "^°"*  4-headed;  l.ds.  capitate.-A  haXan 
nual,  esteemed  and  cultivated  ior  salad.    Also  a  remedy  for  jaundice,    f  E.  Indies. 

iOi.  KRIG'IA,  Schreb.  Dwarf  Dandelion.  (To  Dr.  Daniel  Krieq 
aGennan  botanist  who  traveled  in  this  country.)  Involucre  manv- 
leavoxl,  near  y  simple,  equal ;  receptacle  naked  ;  achenia  turbinate,  stri- 
a  e,  5-angled;  pappus  double,  consisting  of  5  broad,  membranous  scales 
alternating  with  as  many  slender,  scabrous  bristles.-O)  Acaulescent 
Herbs.     Hds.  solitary,  with  20  to  30  yellow  fls. 

1  K.  Virginica  Willd.  Early  radical,  lvs.  rouud^patulate,  subenliie  the  later 
lvs.  lance-oblong,  augular-tooihed,  or  lyrate-pinuiatitid ;  heads  solitary  on  scaoes 
hnally  longer  than  the  leaves.  glabrous.-Dry,  sandy  Loils,  Can.  to  G^  Ses 
a  radical.  Scapes  2-10'  high,  bearing  each  a  small  head  ^f  deep  yellow  flowed 
t^ml  N,r""^Mlf'~r  """^  ^""^^^  branched  from  the  base.  (K.  dicho- 

^  5;„^f  °/!*"/^"^  ?""•     ■^^*  l/rate-piimatifid,  with  irregular,  (yval  or  anmlar 
fZ^  f '        '?'"^''«'  ""«  rmmdtsh  and  largest,  primary  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  few- 
toothed  or  entire,  wopaj  always  simple,  solitary  at  first,  finally  several  1 -flowered 
—Dry,  sandv  soils,  S.  Car.  lo  Fin.  and  Tex.     Scapes  1  to  4'  liiL'h.    Lva.  1  to  2' 
long,  rosi  Fls.  epreading  4  to  6".    Feb.— May. 


470 


OaoEB  70.— COMPOSIT-fi. 


102.  CYNTHIA,  Don.  (One  of  the  names  of  Diana;  fancifullv  nn. 
plied  to  tins  genus.)  Involucre  nearly  simple,  of  equal!  .aJrow  scales^ 
receptacle  flat,  alveolate;  pappus  double,  tile  outer  linurSh  no; 

smooth  and  kIuucous     St.  1  to  2f  high,  often  dichotomouV  dS  wi  Ji     t.  '• 
daspmg  leaves  at  the   forks.     Radicai  ha.  3  to  6'  long     lids  termini    nn. 
bnctoat^  and  suburabellate  peduncles,  with  deep  yellow  flowen     Snl  T-    'I 
at  oase  in  a  somewhat  double  series.     May_JL     (Krig,^  N^in'  '^ 

*  .!^;o?1?r^^V°"  ^^•.'^'=^^cent;  scapes  ka^ss,  simple,  l-Jhwertd-  Ivs   elon 

A  vanety  in  the  mountainous  districts  produces  at  Ipncrt  h  a  llir^rf' ^       *^. 
stem.     (Hyosiris  montana  Mx.     C.  lyrata  NutT  '  '^'■''""'^"^' 

103.  LEON'TODON.  L.  Autumnal  Hawkbit,  (Gr.  Uu>v  a  lion 
6cJo.?  a  tooth  ;  ,n  reference  to  the  toothed  leaves.)  ^  Involucre  in  br' 
cate.  the  outer  scales  very  .short ;  receptacle  naked;  pappu  phamou  ' 
pers,ste,.t  on  the  somewhat  rostrate  achenia.-Acaulescent  herbs  vUh 
yellow  fls.,  many  lu  a  head.     (Apargia,  Willd.) 

^iTd^SrS-iom'Zr  K'Ser';r  partstf  5j\^--^«*%^-tate-pin„at. 

^^J:''^!^il:^Jt.'t^  ^^^-^  andcove.V™n^ 
^04.  TRAG0P0;G0N.  L.  Veoetable  Oyster.  (Gr.  radyoc  a  .oat 
m.ya,v,  a  beard  ;  m  allusion  to  the  tawny,  showy  ^pappuS^Invofue-c 
«impe  of  many  loaves;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  plumous,  ac  en ia 
long,  udmallystrmte,  contracted  into  a  long  filiforrn  beak.-|  u"^ 
pean  herbs,  with  long,  linear,  grass-like  Ivs.  ^^^  i^uio 

which  has  been  compared  totliatof  the  oyster.  $  §  in  W.  N.  Y.  ^^' 

105.  HIERAXIUM,  Tourn.     Hawkweed.     (Gr. /^pa,^,  a  hawk-  sup- 
posed  to  strengthen  the  vision  of  birds  of  prey.)     Invo  ucre   more  or 
less  imbncated,  ovoid,   many-flowered;  scaUviry   ur'eS 
not  rostmte  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  copious,  tawny,  fra|^  bristl    ." 
11  Lvs.  alternate,  entire  or  toothed.  ^ '      & 

*  H^8  n  t  ^'tZZV}    J"^"l"«'«  "lore  or  less  Imbricated No,.  1  3 

Ue«U9  12  to  80-ttowered.    Involucre  sl.nplo.-Aclu-nia  contracted  ai  the  toj,; ! ! ! ." !  N "s  I'  \ 

-    __    _  — '^«'ienia  not  contracted  lip  wards...  Nds.s!  a 

1       *^*?adenae  Mx.     £'«.  erect,  eubviUoua,  leafy,  manv-fiowered  ■  Ivs    sps^iMp 

^^mh       amplexicaul,  with   an  obtuse   base;  panicles  axillar;  and   termbal 
corymbous,  downy;  invol  strongly  imhr>r.at.'d—{n  on«n  drv  or  rcx^  v  JoT  V 

SlesdTtrbu?not   f  T  f-S^-2nagh,  more-;  I^T.^^^'t^ 
y^     A    7^        '^P*  gla^du'f"".     Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy    Heads 

(^KS'mii  sSf'^^'^    '"'"^"^'^  "^"^^^"^  -^^  -'^^  glaudularSrs.  Aug! 


icifully  ap. 
ow  scales ; 
cnly,  inner 
ical.   lids. 

;  lance-ovaL 
iugcd  petio- 
>f.  Y.  to  III. 
with  1  t<)  2 
linal  on  tlio 
3ales  united 

;  Ivs.  elon- 
irimary  Ivs. 
i'  liigii,  sev- 
.'apes,  more 
triangular, 
decumbent 

1',  a  lion, 
re  irnbri- 
pluinous, 
crbs  witli 

ato-pinnat- 
i  and  road- 
nd,  striate, 
scattered 
1  witL  rc- 

',  a  goat, 

involucre 

aclicnia 

■(g)  Euro- 

ng,  linear, 

terminal, 

3h  id  long, 

tisli  taste, 

I'k;  Slip. 

more  or 

aclicnia 

'istles. — 


..No.s.  1,3 
. .  Ni)3.  S,  4 
. .  Nos.  5,  (J 

s  sessile, 
pper  ones 
terminal, 
i-oods,  N. 
;,  the  pe- 
•.  Heads 
ra.  Aug. 


Obdkb  70.— composite  4^1 

2  H  Bcabrum  Mx.  St.  loafy,  scabrous  and  hispid;  ivs.  elliptlc-obovnte,  scabroua 
i^nd  Inrmto  enhreor  the  lower  dighUy  dmtaie ;  ped.  thick,  anrf  with  the  invol 
densely  glandular-hispid;  hds.  40-50-llowerod.-Drjr  hills,  borders  of  woodfC 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Stem  l-3f  high,  round,  striate,  rather  stout.  Lower 
leaves  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  subacute,  often  purplish  as  well  as  tlie  stem 
Heads  largo,  with  yellow  flowers.     Achenia  obtuse  at  apex,  bright  red.     Aug 

3  H.  longipihim  Torn  Plant  densely  pilous  with  long,  straight,  ascending,  bristlu 
Imrs,  St.  strict  simple,  smootlash  and  nearly  leafless  above ;  Ivs.  crowded  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuated  at  the  base  entire-  hds. 
glanduhvr-tomontous  or  hispid,  20— 30-tlowered,  in  a  small,  terminal  panicle- 
Barrens  and  prairies,  W.  States.  Plant  l-2f  high,  remarkable  for  the  lonjr  (6") 
browmali  haira  with  wliich  the  lower  part  is  thickly  clothed.     July— Sept. 

4.  H.  Qronovii  L.  St.  leafy,  hirsute,  paniculate;  invol.  and  pedicels  glandular- 
pilous;  radical  it^a.  obovato  or  oblancoolate,  eiitire,  or  denticulate,  8tri«ou«  tk' 
midvem  beneath  veryvilhm;  upper  on.-s  oblong,  closely  sessile,  ach.  20  to'so' 
contracted  above  -Dry  hills,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  1  to  ^  furnished  with  a  few 
leaves  below,  naked  above  and  bearing  a  narrow,  elongated  panicle.  Lower  leaves 
tapering  into  a  longstaik.  Flowers  yellow,  on  glandular,  slender  pedicels  Ache- 
ma  tapering  upwards  from  the  middle,  but  not  rostrate.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  H.  yendsum  L.  Scape  or  st.  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  smooth,  paniculate- 
lys.  obovato  somewhat  acute,  entire,  a  little  hairy  above,  nearly  glabrous  beneath 
ciliate  on  the  margin,  veins  colored ;  invol.  gkibrms,  about  20-flowered  -  ach 
W.-In  woods,  &c.,  K  Eng.  to  ^V.  States.  Stem  l-2f  high,  dark  brown 
slender.  Paniolo  diftuso,  savoral  times  dichotomous,  corymbous.  Heads  rather 
large,  on  slender  pedicels,  with  bright  yellow  flowers.     Jl.,  Aug. 

6  H  panicuiatum  L.  St.  slender,  leafy,  diffusely  paniculate,  whitish  pubescent 
below;  Iva.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  membranaceous,  acute,  with  remote  spreading 
teeth,  or  entire;  paniclo  dilTuso;  ped.  very  slender;  hds.  W—20.Jtower€d —A 
smooth   slender  plant,  in   damp  woods.  Can.  to  Ga.     Stem    l-3f  high,  several 

imes  dichotomoua  Leaves  thin,  2-4'  long.  Heads  small,  numerou^  witii  yel- 
low flowers.  Pedicels  long  and  filiform,  forming  a  veiy  diffuse  panicle!  Auc — 
It  IS  not  easy  to  determine  t!i6  exact  limits  of  the  last  throe  .species.  A  thoroueh 
revision  of  tlio  genus  will  probably  reduce  them  to  one,  viz.,  H.  Gronovii. 

106.  CATAMN'CHE,  L.  (Gr.  mrd,  dvdyicri,  from  necessity ;  it 
must  necessarily  be  admired  ?)  Involucre  imbricated,  scarious ;  recep- 
tacle paleaceous ;  pappus  paleaceous,  5-leavcd ;  pales  awned.— 0)  Orien- 
tal herbs,  -with  alternate,  lanceolate  Ivs. 

C.  coeriilea  L.    Lvs.  linear  lanceolate,  villous,  somewhat  bipinnatifid  at  base- 

innSari  tlf  H  T^T^  "^rl"'  """eronate.-From  S.  Europe.     A  handsomi 
annual,  2  to  3f  high.     Hds.  solitary,  on   long  peduncles,  with  blue  spreading 
ligulate  corollas  toothed  at  apex.     J 1.— Sept.  f  i««auiug, 

i07.  NAB'ALUS,  Cass.  Drop  Flower.  (A  barbarous  name.)  In- 
voiucro  cylindric,  of  many  linear  scales  in  one  row,  calyculate  with  a 
few  short,  appressed  scales  at  base  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  copiou-* 
capillary,  brownish,  2-rowed,  persistent ;  achenia  not  beaked,  smooth' 
striate.— Erect  herbs  with  a  thick,  tuberou.s,  bitter  root.  lids.  5  to  18* 
flowered,  not  yellow,  although  often  straw-colored.     (Prenanthcs  L.)  * 

$  Ileails  pendulous,  gir.brou.s.    Leaves  variously  lobed  or  shaped     (a) 

a  Tall  (2  to  6f  high).— lids.  5  to  6-rtoweiod ?J  '  2 

—Hds.  8  to  12-tIowered.— Pappus" tilwiiy'. !!.!'.".".!."!!;!."!'.'.!'.  i  No!  4 

S  Heads  noddiiii?  or  ereot,  hiilry.    Leaves  mostly  undivided,  "(b) "' 

to  IKads  about  12-ttowi.red.    Pappus  straw-color TVTn.  T  a 

b  Heads  about  25-flowered.    Pappus  tawny  or  dusky '.".'.!'.'.'.'..".'!'."!."!  ."no.'S 

1  N.  Boottii  DC.  St.  simple,  dwarf;  lower  lvs.  suhcordate  or  hastate-cordate,  ob- 
tuse the  middle  obrnig  the  upper  lanceolate,  mostly  entire  ;  hds.  nodding,  raceiied  - 
mvoimo  18.flowered  of  10  to  15  obtuse,  proper  scales  calyculate  .at  the  base  with 
lax  linear  scales  half  their  length ;  pappus  straw-cotor.— White  Mts.,  N.  H    and 


47a 


OaDKB  70— COMPOSITE. 


Kasox  Mt,  NY.     St.  5  to  8'  higl^  bcurinK  tho  luls.  in  a  Bubaitnplo  ra-om^     Fix 
whitiaii  mill  odorous.     J  I.,  Aug.  i  «-  lu-i-uj..    ri^ 

^.!?;/w^/"'?"/  ^^'  ^'^*- »'"'P^  'o^.  smooth;  Ivs.  on  slender  petioles,  tlio  lowest 
varou.sly  iobed  or  parted,  tho  others  suceessively  ddtoid-hruiUUe,  ovat^  audE! 
olato;  hdH.  .n  small,  axillary  and  tern.inal  clLters,  fomS >^TrC^tiZZ 
pauielo;  invoi.  greenish-purple,  o/ about  8  ,caUs  and  10—12  lin'^-,1  , 
dingy  wh.to.-Whito  Mts*^  I  ll.,'vith  No.  1,  whorrwe  find  it  wltl  tluT"' 
Hportivo  cWtor  of  foliugo  as  appears  in  ahor  8p^4s  Stem  5-10'  E," 
heads  with  whitish  flowers.     Aug.     (P.  ulba.  fi.  immhw.)  ^ 

3  N.  altfssimu*  Hook.    St,  smooth,   slender,   straight   naniculato  ahnvn.  i. 
jnoro  or  less  deeply  3-5.oleft,  all  petiolate.  angular,  SicEe  and^^^^^^^^^ 
he  lobes  acuminate;  hds.  pendulous;  invoi  <%  Scales  andJout^Iwer^d 
Eng'  Tnd  K?'l2„r"?rr'',  T'"''  """^'^'  '"  ""«^«'  NewSnd&f  i7 

-Moist  woods  and  Shiule,  N.'  Eiig.  to  10^1  J  C^lZ     LrS  tSf 

7  N   racemdsus  Hook.     G/airotw,  tsUm.h'    slender-   b.    ^11  m,iivi,k  i    i 

invoL  of  8  lo  9  raJei  oSfJ,  loX""        "  '°"8^'  '"termptodly  spicato  panicle; 

una  Q,.     r2r»  S     m  pal:  kSSe     """'"-''•  '•■  "•  ''■  '""'' 
/t  Lvs.  deeply  and  irregularly  pinnatifid, 

wmmmmm. 

Skinner),  commo'n".^ 'st.  f  ^o^ftgl^JelirSh^'lvrT  t;,?',''''"  i'^^' 
cent  or  glabrous.    Rac  1  to  2f  lono^     vi7  ^^    ,  ^-  o^  ^°  °  ^°"P'  P''^^'^" 

DC.)  ^'     ^  ^-  ochroleucous.     Sept.   (N.  Illinoensis 

9  N.  crepidineuB  DC.    Nearly  glabrous;  Bt  tall,  stout,  co^-mbously  paniculate; 


Order  70.— C0MPOSIT-<fl 


473 


ra?cm?.    Fh 

s,  tlio  lowest 
te  aud  luucf- 
ort,  racemous 
j'ors ;  pappus 
ith  tho  saino 
6—10'  Ligli. 

above;  Ivs. 
rougli-odged. 
^■flowered. — 
dlaud  to  N. 
icle.    Heads 


lataWilld.) 
-lioidea  Klj.) 
deeply  deft 

I  somewhat 
often  more 

tho  lobes  or 

ppus  hroxon. 

itout,  2 — 4f 
irregularly 

m  on  long 
Jiute— Has 
Jntaria  Ph.) 

Jbscabrous-, 
ones  lance- 
'-colored. — 
item  2— 4f 
-'olate,  with 
plish  scales 
y  tho  moro 

Ivs.  sinuate- 
y  clasping, 
I  long  com- 
d  lOfiovv- 
I,  in  sandy 
gradually 

led,  lower 
ibclasping, 
0  panicle ; 
W.  States 


)us-pube8- 
ice-oblong 
a  slender, 
and  with 
tates  (Dr. 
jp,  pubes- 
'Uinoensia 

luiculate ; 


Ivs.  largo,  Jrregtilarly  toothed,  petioles  winged,  lower  ones  oblong-ovatc,  soriiewlmt 
Imstato  or  deltoid,  upper  oblong-lauceolalo ;  lids,  nodding,  in  sniull.  pedunculate 
and  panicled  clusters;  invol.  hairy,  of  II  to  U  acaiea,  witli  25  lo  35  tUi.:  pappus 
tawny.— Fields  aud  thickets,  W.  atutes.  Ono  of  the  largest  Hiwcics.  St.  5  to  81' 
high.  LvB.  4  to  12'  by  2^  to  T.  obtuse  or  aculo.  Hda.  largo  but  not  uumeroua. 
with  brown  sealos  and  yellowish  lis.     Aug. — Oct. 

108.  TROX'INON,  Nutt.  (Gr.  rpilt^tnog,  eatable;  nppliod  to  this 
genua  with  little  propnetv.)  Heads  tnnny-Howcre<l ;  invohicro  cani- 
pamilate,  scales  loosely  imbricate,  lance-ovate,  iiiembraiious,  in  2  to  3 
rows;  achenia  oblong-linear, coinpreRsed,  glabrons, net  rostrate  ;  papi)U» 
setaceous,  copious,  white. —  U  Lvs.  all  radical.  Scape  bearing  a  single, 
largo,  showy  hd.  with  yellow  fls. 

T.  cuapid^tum  Ph.  Rt.  ftiaiform ;  lvs.  linear. lanceolate,  acuminate,  inargins 
tonientous,  often  undulato ;  scales  acuminate-cuspidate,  erect,  smooth,  in  2  series, 
the  outer  nearly  equal  to  the  inner.  Prairies,  Wise.  (Laphani),  ill.  (Mead.),  W. 
to  tho  Rocky  Mts.  (Nuttall).     Apr.-— Jn.     (T.  marginatum  Nutt.) 

109.  TARAX'ACUM,  Desf.  Danheuon.  (Gr.  rapuKriKog,  cathar- 
tic;  from  its  medicinal  properties.)  Involucre  double,  tho  outer  of 
Bmall  scales  much  shorter  than  the  inner,  appressed  row  ;  receptacle 
naked  ;  achenia  produced  into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  the  copious, 
white,  capillary  pappus. — Acaulescent  herbs,  with  runcinate  lvs. 

T.  Dens-lednis  Less,  Outer  scales  of  tho  involucre  reflexed;  lvs.  runcinat>>. 
smooth,  dentate. — U  In  all  opop  situation,  blossoming  at  all  seasons  except  win- 
ter. Lvs.  all  radical,  tho  teeth  or  lobes  bent  backwards.  After  tho  flower  is 
closed  and  decayed,  tho  hollow  scapo  rises  higher  and  bears  a  head  of  fruit  full 
fledged,  the  airy,  globular  form  of  which  is  very  conspicuous  in  the  tall  grass.  Tho 
leaves  in  Spring  lurnlsh  an  excellent  pot  herb.  Apr.— Nov.  6  Eur.  (Loontodou 
Taraxacum  L.)     (Fig.  324.) 

110.  PYRRHOPAP'PUS,I>C.  False  Dandelion.  (Gr.  rrvpp^c,  flame- 
colored  ;  ndmrog,  pappus.)  Involucre  double,  the  outer  row  numerous, 
loose  and  spreading ;  receptacle  naketl ;  achenia  5-grooved,  at  lengtli 
long-beaked,  bearing  a  copious,  soft  capillary,  reddish  pappus. — (J)  and 
y  lids,  solitary  on  long  peduncles,  large,  with  numerous  deep  yellow 
fls.     (Borkhausia,  Nutt.) 

P.  Carolinidnus  DC.  St.  simple  or  branched,  scape-liko;  lvs.  mostly  radical, 
lanceolate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnatitid,  some  or  all  of  them  often 
entire.— Fields  and  pastures,  very  common.  Sts.  with  1  to  3  small  lvs.,  6  to  20' 
high.  Outer  scales  subulate-filiform,  inner  linear.  Ach.  oblong,  beak  filiform, 
longer  (7' )  than  tho  showy  pappus.  lids,  in  flower  18"  to  2'  broad,  turning  to 
the  morning  sun.     Mar. — Jl. 

111.  LYGODES'MIA,  Don.  (Gr.  Xvyog,  a  wand,  Seaiiwg,  a  bond; 
alluding  to  its  slender  habit.)  Involucre,  flowers,  «tc.,  as  in  Nabalus, 
except  that  the  pappus  is  very  copious,  soft>  smooth,  whitish,  and  the 
corollas  rose-colored. — In  habit  remarkably  different  from  Nabaius,  with 
linear-subulate  Ivs.  and  erect  lids,  on  long,  naked  peduncles.  (Prenan- 
thes,  Nutt.)  ^ 

L.  aph^lla  DC.  St.  scape-like,  erect,  slender,  striate,  onco  or  twice  forked  above; 
lvs.  nearly  all  radical,  short,  linear-filiform.- Pine  woods,  Ga.,  Fla.  (Mettauer.) 
St.  2f  high.  Hds.  few,  cylindrical,  the  invol,  10"  long;  cor.  showy  exaerted 
about  the  same  length.     Root  lvs.  6  to  10'  long.    May. 

112.  LACTUXA,  Tourn.  Lettuce.  (Lat.  lac,  milk ;  from  the  milky, 
abundant  juice.)  Involucre  few-flowered,  scales  imbricated  in  2  or 
more  unequal  rows  ;  achenia  obcompressed  (flattened  same  way  as  the 


474 


Cbdeu  10.— composites. 


scales),  glabrous,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  lo.jr  filiform  1....1- • 
cop,oua.  so  t.  capillary,  white,  fugaciou8.--K«  wSh  le.?v  I^  ^"^'^''' 
pauicuJate  lid3.  of  various  colors,    (ri.r  ^33)  '  i«"<y  steins  ami 

scales  u  to  V;  fs.  20  or  more-  aoh  nvai  „?i     ''"''^™s    pa«'c]o  loose,  naked- 

panioulato;  scales  low;  A   12^^;^    a  %'"    *-'   '"'f'"'    ^'^«-  '•"«'^«««' 

;edgo.^   thickets,   whc.r;?.o  scii;  l7-;;;.d  damo"%rf,f'^"''  ^'^"^"'^'  '" 

l»gh,  ofiuu  purplo,  bearing  a  loalless  snro-id  r?a  3",       ^  '"'""'^'  '*'""f'  ^  ^»  Cf 

Lvs.  very  variable,  the  lower  Go  ^rTr,"^  paniclo  of  numerous  lids,  of  Ik 

caulino  or.es  cordate.-aX:uUivaedr'saS  Tfa"  Ti;,  '"•  -^-^-«'«'-.   t>.o 

,    113.  MULGE  DIUM,  Cass.     Wild  Lettuck      H   f        / 
in  alh'sion  to  the  milkv  iuice^     Inv  17  ^^?  '""^JJ-^'o,  to  milk ; 

aoublo,  the  outer  seH  s"^  o    s'iles     1  o"^  -'--!..; 

naked,  faveoluto;  pappus  copies  soft  InJI  ""^"'^^^'r^' ?  reeoptacle 
beaked  aohenia,  whiih  LTmnn  .  ^^P'  '"''y' ^^''o^vnin^'  tl.o  short. 
niostly  spinulou  J  Is  with  Cv  v'  1  '"""""'"^  '^*'^^  scales.-Lvs. 
Willd^     Agathyrsns,  iSn!)       l":  3?2t    "   "   '^"""  ^''     («--^'-. 

S  Corollas  l)luo.     I>app„s  brlf^l.t  -.vlilt,      *  '^ 

thorSSghrr^ia^ri-rtcS'Suff^^^^^^^^ 

peduncles;  aeli.  «l!jlaly  beakecl.-Ia T  d^.r    H  ll  • '■    ?  «?™o^''i"t  braeteolato 

«tates.    /.  sn>ooth  "plant.  3  fo  G  "  1.  V  ;S  m  nt     "''f '*  ^-  ^-  ^"  ^"''-  «"d  «• 

«■  long,  tl.o  lower  ones  oltcn  deltoid  T.^r^  1  nn  7     """  "*'"'"  f'"'"P"«''-     1-^8.  ;^  to 

lato,  narrowed  at  base  ila  w  S  Solo      ZT''  "n  ^^'^i'^'  «'"""t-clentiou- 

^  ij,t;r "-  '^■---  --- '  - ---td:^LS- ^^ 

I'ound;  aeh.  .sl.ort-boaked.-W  and  S   ZJ^:^\    T""''   f"!"'"''°  ''^««^'  ^''•^■'%  «m>- 
With  .  te.nunal  j.anido  of  iL    t^rrSt  f  K?';' r'^''"""^'^-    ^''""^ 

3  M  w;Xm  t^"'1-  "''^'^  ^-^^^"^^'^  ^  •  ^^^^^'-  '  "  '  ^""^'' 
h.ls.panioul?te,  on  .^a^ilJ^LSSl^'''''''^^''^^  ^"''^«<^J7  '''^-'tato; 
Moist  tinekets,  N.  a>  d  V/.  Stat  w      A     "ll        r    '  f^PP^' ^<'^'ny ;  cor.ydlowvsh- 

radical  on  lon<r  .s,,,lks    the  unpor  orfp,/ ^  •?      r '^'  *'"'  ''^«'"-  '•fnan.i-tooth.-d.  il,., 
long,  slender  panide;    Aug.fSir  '  "^'"'  ""'^•""^'^'^    '  ^^^^-  ^>^^^ 

,   114.  SONXHUS,  L.    Sow-Thist.p      m 

luce  „.„,,,„.„„a  i,„Wicate,  of  „1  JS'l.r^-^Srll™.!  U^ILI 


-'ak;  pa})pii8 
y  Bteiiis  and 

;  entire,  or  tho 
loose,  naked; 
") — Dry  soils,' 
J.  partly  clasp- 
rarely  yellow. 

lioneatli,  nn - 
Js.  raecmous' 
',  growing  in 
Btout,  3  to  et" 
's  lids,  of  Ha. 
tiatp.  Corol- 
it  the  longih 

,   tho  lowest 

'lit,  glaucous 
larca  Bw.) 

rbirular,  Hio 
>otI),  yollow- 
>  form  iieadM 
Tho  milky 
u  eaten  too 

',  to  milk; 
soniewliiit 
receptacle 
tlio  short, 
los.— Lvs. 
(Soncliiis, 


Nns.  1,  'J 

No.  r. 

ndivided.  or 
braeteolato 
"(1.  and  S. 
Lvs.  3  to 
to-dentiou- 
iik  purpL', 
tc  ijchcnia. 


Ordbr  Tl.— LOBELIACE.^. 


ill 


timiid  ai  base ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  of  simple,  copious,  wliite- 
silky  hairs,  in  many  series:  aeheniu  compressed,  not  rostrate. — Lvs. 
mostly  spinujous.     lids,  with  many  yellow  ils. 

fi  Flowers  bright  yellow.  In  Rhowy  lioads.    Aclienla  nnguliir.    Perennial  .  Vo  1 

§  Flowers  palo  yellow,  In  Inriro  heads.    Aeheuiu  Hut.    Annual .'. ."^iM.  aj  3 

1  S.  arvSnsis  L.  Root  creeping;  stem  glabrous,  erect;  lvs.  runcinate-pin- 
natifld,  spinulous-dentate,  cordate,  clasping  at  base,  with  short  and  obtuso  auri- 
cles; panicles  umboUate-coryinbous ;  ped.  and  invol.  hispid;  ach.  somewhat 
4-angled,  ribs  transversely  rugiilous.— Waste  grounds,  naturalized,  E.  Mass,  and 
S.  N.  York,  rare.  St.  angijlar,  about  21'  high.  .'  Ids.  large,  with  deep  yellow 
Ai.  §     Eur. 

2  S.  asper  Vill.  Lvs.  cordate-amplexicaul,  ohloiig-lanceolate,  undulate,  spinuhus- 
dentate ;  pod.  suburnbolliite ;  ach.  oval-obouaie,  -i-rihbed  on  each  5/*.— Found  in 
snnilar  .situations  with  tho  next,  but  less  common.  U.  S.  St.  1  to  2r  high, 
smooth  except  at  the  summit  of  tho  branches  where  it  is  often  hispid-plandular! 
Lvs.  with  numerou.'?,  short,  sphiy  teeth,  wavy  or  slifjhtly  runcinate,  tho  upper 
ones  clasj^ing  so  as  to  appear  perfoliate.  Scales  with  few  scattered  hairs.  Aug 
Sept.     (S.  spinulosua  Bw.     S.  Carolinianus  Walt.) 

3  S.  oler^ceus  L.  Lvs.  sagittate-amplexicaul,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  subspinulous, 
dentate ;  pod.  downy;  invol,  at  length  smooth  ;  ach.  many-striate.—A.  sordid  look- 
nig  plant,  in  waste  ground,  among  rubbish,  &c.  Plant  of  a  glaucous  hue.  St. 
angular,  hollow,  fragile,  2  to  3f  in  height.  Lvs.  apparently  clasping,  with  large, 
rotreatmg  lobos  at  base,  wavy  and  serrated  in  a  runcinato  manner,  the  teeth  end- 
ing m  weak  spines.    Invol.  dilated  at  base,  with  yellow  corollas.     Sept.     §  Eur. 

SuBouDKR    in.     L  ABt  ATIFLOR^. 

^  il5.  CHAPTA'LIA,  Vent.  (Dedicated  by  Ventenat  to  the  celebrated 
French  chemist  M.  Chaptal.)  Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  campanulatc  ; 
scales  in  few  series,  linear,  acute  ;  receptacle  naked ;  ray  flowers  ?  , 
lig^ulate,  disk-flowers  ^  ,  but  sterile,  bilabiate,  lips  equal,  outer  3-,  inner 
2-parted;  achenia  glabrous  ;  pappus  capillary.— 2]:  Acaulesccnt  herbs. 
Lvs.  all  radical,     lid.  solitary,  cyanic. 

C.  tomentdsa  Vent.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  lance-oval,  on  a  short  petiole,  ro- 
trorsely  denticulate,  clothed  with  a  dense,  white  tomentum  beneath;  scapo 
loosely  tomeiitouK ;  lid.  nodding  until  in  flower,  thence  erect  on  tho  slender,  sim- 
ple scape.— Moist  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Ela.  and  La.  An  interesting  plant, 
alone  representing  tho  suborder  Labiata^flora?.  Lvs  2  to  4'  long,  G  to  15"  wide| 
often  subsessile,  the  upper  surface  at  first  arachnoid,  at  length  smooth.  Scapo 
«  to  12'  high.  Kays  about  20,  rose-red  or  white.  Disk  florets  palo  yellow. 
Mar.,  Apr.  ^       '' 


V,  scrrale- 
're(;t,  Goni- 
tis. Plant 
to  8'  long, 

■  detitate; 
■■llowish. — 
St.  4  to 
r)lh(>(]-  (lin 
imuil,  in  a 

I     Invo- 
t  length 


Order  LXXT.     LOBELIACEtE,     Lobeliads. 

^  Jferbs  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice,  nUcrnatc,  oxPtipulato  Iva.  and  scattered  fls. 
Calyx  5-lobed  or  entire.  Cor.  monopetalous,  irregular,  split  down  to  tlio  base  on 
Olio  side.  Stamens  5,  free  from  the  cor.,  united  into  a  tube  at  least  by  their  anthers. 
(Jvary  adherent  to  tho  calyx  tube.  Stylo  1.  Stigma  surrounded  by  a  fringe.  Fruil 
a  capsule  2— S-(rHrely  1-)  culled.     Seeds  numerous,  albuminous. 

S.m,lXhM',.'''r'''f'''» ''"•'""•''*  "'"'""'a"'  I"  countries  near  the  tropics,  ns  W.  Indies,  Brazil, 
Biimlwich  Islands,  Ixit  coiiinion  also  throughout  tho  tenipeiiito  zones.  »  " 

/  ro-ifrtiiK     Tho  species  of  Lobelia  are  more  or  less  poisonous.     The  milk v  iuioe  i«  acrid  and 
niircoicproducnu  effects  similar  to  tho.He  of  Tobacco.    L.  inflata  has  i.-n/bcH-n  cl.ns"u'red 
re  nedy  for  spasinod  c  astlima.  but  m.>ro  recently  isadopt.e.l  in  tlie  regular  practice  ..f  the  "Bot- 
^!'.«     i'*ib    'i    M';<11<''"«  affti*  einetle,  expectorant  and  sudoriPc,  applicable  In  nuincrpus  dls- 
tosis.     Like  Aconilc  and  other  inedlciDal  poisons,  it  is,  «f  course,  to  be  u»e<l  with  caution 


♦'calvx  l',lof  *"  f '"?'  '"■  ^"''egated 'w-Ul.  whit;: '<*) • ^os.  1,  2 

Calyx  lobes  aurlculato  at  ba.e  an.l  often  de«t1culnte.  (a) 

a  Leaves  acute  or  somewhat  aciimlnato  w      „ 

dows  and  along  streams,  Can.  to  Car  W  to  in"~S^  9  «Pec.e8  frequent  in  niea: 
rous  as  well  as  the  whole  plant  Lvs"  2  to  4'  £  s  ^  tJ'"^^'  °^*"°  ^^'^^  g^ab- 
FIs.  on  short  pedicels,  few  or  numero^fs.  ^a  a  ,unih     ^5}-  "'""">'  denticiUate. 

dowa  and  along  Btreams,  U.  S  andOnn  !^,l„7*  ^  ''l""')'  P'™!.  in  wet  mea- 
?T:  f-*'-  '■«''.  ""Ple,  angular     £™  Zte  «T°i;  '°/',°  ^^  ^'^'^    Slem 
light  blue,  ahowy,  mcI,  sililare  in  the  It'll  SI  i       "'''  *"'''  '"'''J'-    "l"-  ''  I""?. 
/J.  0"NolDOs/0omll,8  pure  whit,     «!■", '"""".''"'» '■'=««•    J"'?- 

4  L.  glanduldsa  Wilt     -n,  u         1  "''jn«  ^o.,  by  £,.  L.  llankenson. 

short,  Inspid  or  pubescent^obS^mcS  .n  LJ'  ^^'  '^"^''''  ^'^''S^^  <^«1-  ^ubo 
base,  mostly  denticulata  ^ia/riir^^t  1^^^  or  somewhat  auriculate  at 
of  the  corollcu-u  In  da^rbarTenrvr  t?T,?'"'^\''^''^  "''"^  '^'  ''«'/  ^«  i<^r,r,tk 
I  to  3'  long.  PK  9..  lonrWurVldlcels  2  to  3^  V  ^^'''  '''  *"  '^'"■^''-  ^'''^ 
Sept.,  Oct  *"  -icaiceJs2toJ  .     Varm  much  in  pubcsconca 

densely  hispid,  segmlovat^aiuSatr&ifLl^^^^^^  *^""^''''«  "'  base! 

1  to  2£     Lvs.  less  than  1 '  long   I  to  2''  u-  L  n m  o     •,      /  "i^  ^"^gomg.     Height 
blue,  8  to  9"  long,  hispid.  '^'  "'^  ^"°'''*'"  ^ical  not  seen).     Cor. 

Blender  spike,  cal.  s^gm.  lanSte-all\-n^t  f '''''l°.l''"^  notsecund,in  a  long, 
bracts  lanco-linear,  denticulal  lom.orXf ';,  r*^"^-*^?"  ^^'^  '"^^  «'"*''«  'orout 
La.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvi  1  to  2'  bv  i  f  «-P''^r''— P^''"'''^'''  W-  States  ti 
bracta  and  sepals  rSther  r^oniiell  \V?.  1%,  ^^'':  «  <°  12"  in  length,  the 
semblea  L.  spicata.     Jl.    "''■'^'""""^     ^^s.  l.ght-blu.,  about  4"  long.     Alucii  ro- 

^%?S,'o'?tlVisilf^^^^^^^  «'-P^«5    lvs.  ovate-oblong  or 

cU.at,  the  segments  ^^oVter^Sir t^^or ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  >;  W^J^-L 


Oedbb  71— LOBELIACEJB.  .^y 

base.    Cor.  of  a  bright  purplish  blua     Jl.  '       ^         ^'     ^*'-  ^^"^  at 

8  L.  ainoBna  Mx.    Erect,  simple,  glabrous  (rarely  a  little  pubescentV  7o«  ; 
tote,  attenuated  at  each  end,  the  lower  petiolate,  repandrSulate-  fl«  7"^ 
secund;  calyx-tube  abrupt  at  base,  very  short,  lobes  subulJfLTJi'     ^i  ^^''^®' 

a  long,  slender  racomo  •  orfS  osS,  S  M.^'         f™"") ."'"all?  crowded,  in 

s:«i.r^  r:;r.:.s»  •'«■«' 

plant  zs  much  renowned  in  Pharmac/    Seo"^  remarks  under  tfe  ofieT  ^^*-~^''' 

indFrT'  ^^S^-'^-^^'^.  with'lance-linear,  mimfnlTegm'-wtt  soUs  g£ 
and  Flo.     We  merely  saw  this  species  in  the  herbarium  of  Dr  Curtr  ' 

"Zntt.'^iiX,'"''''  ^^'^"-  ^«^-^  3tono'^L;,ruitfi^fs 

"intr?aSLf  obtuSrc'  L'ttloT^^i  iff  '-  spatulate,  stem  Iva 

!ni?i  /'^  '  commonly  simple.  Lvs.  sessiio,  1'  long  and  1  to  2^  wide  „m)er  on^' 

on  , re  lower  with  remote,  minute  teeth.     Fig.  remote,  axillary  rbV^cte  Co? 

pale  blue,  the  3  lower  segments  obovato.     Aug.  "^ry  lo  oracts.  tor. 

14  L.  paluddsa  Nutt.    Lvs.  linear-svatulaie    thioki<.li    r>Kf„c«    ^  »•  i  i. 
with  a  few  small,  linear  bracts,  sinT;^^'.  lit;  mcer^^^ 

long  as  the  calyx  8egments.-In  bogs  Dell  to  Fla.  and  La.     Scapes  2  to  3f  T  v? 

few  near  the  base,  5  to  10'  long,  5  or  6'  wide,  slightly  glandukr-crenate  Fta 

pale  blue,  rather  larger  than  No.  13  (G"  long).     Apr.— Jti  crenate.  jjJa. 

^L^L???""?"?*,^-     ^''^-  '"^^^C^  i^fted,  linear,  entire,  hollow  with  2  lonai- 

a  1.1..  „i.,j,.c.o  a  lauijiiiu  oi  3  or  4  remote,  pediciilate  flowers      I  vh  rAHinai' 

Z^i^rt  ""'  ""  "^'^  ''  ''""'•    ^'^  P^'"  "^^^     Cap..  Sf"L,^ipp;jtiS 


478  Order  72.— CAMPANULACB^. 

16  L.  Brynus  L.  Glabrons,  alender,  diffuse ;  Ivs.  toothed,  the  lower  ellipti- 
cal, petiolate,  the  upper  lance-linear ;  fls.  scattered,  small ;  cor.  blue  with  a 
white-palate ;  sepals  linear.— O  S.  Africa.     Pretty  in  pots,  f 

1 7  L.  Douglassii.  Glabrous,  sparingly  branched ;  st.  slender,  angular ;  Ivg. 
sessile,  ovate,  3-veined ;  ova.  sessile,  long-acuminate,  triangular,  contorted] 
much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  blue,  vdth  a  while  spot  in  the  middle  of 
the  lower  lip.— Native  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  &c.  A  beautiful  annual,  with 
bright -blue  flowers,  f    (Clintonia,  Doug.) 

Order  LXXII.     CAMPANULACE^.     Bellworts. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  mostly 
blue,  showy.  Calyx  superior,  generally  5-cleft,  persistent.  OoroUa  regular,  cam- 
panulate,  generally  5-cleft,  witliering,  valvate  in  aestivation.  Stamens  5,  free  from 
the  corolla;  anthers  distinct,  2-celled;  pollen  spherical.  Ovanj  adherent  to  the 
calyx,  2  or  more  celled.  Style  covered  with  collecting  hairs.  Capsule  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal.     Seeds  many. 

Illust.  in  flg.  81S,  319. 

Genera  is,  species  500,  chiefly  nbounding  In  the  northern  tompcrnto  zone  (ind  in  South 
Africa,  or  Its  500  species,  according  to  Alphonso  Do  Candolle,  only  10  inhabit  the  torrid  zone 
The  Camp.aniilaceffi  are  interesting  chiefly  for  their  beauty,  being  destitute  of  any  imoortanJ 
knovirn  properties.  <  o  j       i     ..an. 

1.  CAMPAN'ULA,  Tonrn.  (Lat.  campanula,  z  little  bell ;  from  the 
form  of  the  flowers.)  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft ;  corolla  campanulate,  or 
subrotate,  5-lobed,  closed  at  base  by  the  broad,  valve-like  bases  of  the  5 
stamens ;  stigma  3  to  5-cleft  ;  capsule  3  to  5-celled,  opening  by  lateral 
pores. — Mostly  2]:.  Fls.  generally  in  racemes,  sometimes 'spicate,  or 
few  and  axillary. 

Corolla  rotate,  flat,  deeply  5-lobed,  arranged  in  leafy  spikes Nos.  1  2 

Corolla  campanulate,  broadly  or  narrowly  (a)  '  ' 

a  !?lowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  or  paniclcd  (b). 
b  Boot  leaves  unlike  the  stem  leaves.    Corolla  large  (6  to  12"  broad)        . .  Nos  3  4 
b  Koot  loaves  and  stem  leaves  slniilar.    Corolla  small  (2  to  5"  broad).'.'. .".  .  .Nos"  5  (I 

a  1"  lowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Stem  erect.    Gardens Nos.'t— 9 

1  C.  Americina  L.  St.  erect;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  uncinately  ser- 
rate, contracted  to  a  winged  petiole,  veins  often  ciliate;  fls.  axillary,  sessile;  stylo 
exserted,  decurved.— A  tall,  erect,  ornamental  species  in  copses,  wood's,  kv. 
Western  N.  Y.  and  Pean.  to  111.,  common.  Also  cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  2  to 
3f  high,  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth,  with  fine  teeth. 
Fls.  blue,  flat,  on  short  stalks,  or  sessile,  numerous,  solitary,  or  several  in  each 
upper  axil,  forming  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme.  Corolla  spreading.  Auo-  f  (C 
acuminata  Mx.)  C.  Illinoeusis  Frosen  (in  DC.)  is  a  branching  state  of  tlie  same 
plant. 

2  C.  planifldra  DC.  Very  glabrous;  st.  simple;  lvs.  sessile,  coriaceous, 
ahinmg,  raihcal,  crowded,  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  crenulato,  cauliue  litiear-lanceo- 
late,  acute,  subentire ;  fls.  in  a  spicate  raceme ;  cal.  lobes  ovate,  acute.  4  as  Iodl' 
as  the  campanulate-rotato  corolla.— Native  about  Hudson's  Bay  (Pursh  )  A 
species  with  numerous  blue  fls.  Stem  about  a  span  high,  f  (C.  nitida  Ait.) 
3  C.  rotundifdlla  L.  Hare  Bell.  St.  weak,  slendjr ;  radical  lvs.  ovate  or 
reniform-cordatj ;  cauline,  linear,  entire;  fls.  few,  nodding.— Fine  and  delicate 
with  blue,  bell-shaped  fls.  On  damp  rocks,  rocky  streams,  N.  States  and  Brit! 
Am.  St.  a  fjot  or  more  high,  smooth.  The  root  lvs.  generallv  decay  on  the 
openmgoftho  flowers,  so  that  a  specimen  with  these  (7  to  10""by  4  to  7")  is 
rather  rare.  Caulino  lvs.  smooth,  linear,  2'  long  and  scarcely  a  lino  in  width. 
Jfls.  termmal,  in  a  loose  panicle,  drooping.     Root  creeping,  perennial.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  C.  persicifdlia  L.  St.  angular,  erect ;  lvs.  rigid,  obscurely  crenaie-ser- 
rate,  radical  oblong-obovate,  cauline  lance-linear;  fls.  large,  broadly  ca'iipanulate. 
—A  beautiful  species,  native  of  Europe,  with  vety  large,  blue  (varying  to  white) 
flowers.     Corolla  about  1'  broad,  f  °  \     /    t, 


Order  73.— ERICACEJS. 


479 


[ower  elUpti- 
blue  with  a 

mgular;  Ivg. 
.r,  contorted, 
le  middle  of 
annual,  with 


ITS. 

^lowers  mostly 
regular,  cam- 
5,  free  from 
lerent  to  the 
3ule  crowned 


I  (ind  in  South 
the  torrid  zone, 
uny  important 

;  from  the 
)anulato,  or 
ses  of  the  5 
?  by  lateral 
spicate,  or 

Nos.  1,2 

Nos.  3,  4 

Nos.  8,  (I 

Nos.  7-9 

icinately  ser- 
jessile;  stylo 
woods,  &,(.'. 
ns.  St.  2  to 
I  fine  teeth, 
eral  in  each 
Aug.  t(C. 
of  the  same 

!,  coriaceous, 
itiear-lanceo- 
te.  ^  as  long 
;Pursh.)  A 
da  Ait.) 
Ivs.  ovate  or 
Hid  delicate, 
)9  and  Brit, 
ocay  oti  the 

4  to  7")  i3 

10  in  width. 

Jn.,  Jl. 

crenaie-ser- 
auipanulate. 
3g  to  white) 


5  C.  aparinoldes  Th.  St.  flaccid,  slender,  branching  above,  triangular,  the 
angles  inversely  aculeate;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  subentire;  fls.  terminal. — A  Blender 
annual,  found  m  wet  meadows.  Can.  and  Wis.  to  Ga.  St.  12  to  18'  high,  its  A 
angles  roagh  backwards,  by  means  of  which  it  supports  itself  upright  among  tl'o 
grass.  Lvs.  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  1  to  2'  in  length.  Fls.  broad  bell» 
shaped,  4'  wide,  white,  on  thread-hke,  flexuous  peduncWatthe  top  of  the 'stem 
Jn. — Aug. 

p.  EHINOIDES.     Lvs.  eniptical,  less  than  1'  in  length ;  fls.  smaUer.     (Q.  erinoi- 
des  Mx.)  ^ 

6  C.    divaricdta    Mx.      Glabrous,   erect,   with   slender,   divaricate,  paniculate 
branches;  lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  denUiie;  fls.  cam- 
panulate,  pendulous  on  the  slender  branchlets.— Rocky  woods,  along  the  Mts 
Ky.,  Va.  to  Ga     Plant  about  2f  in  height.     Lvs.   2  to  3'  by  2  to  6".     Corolla 
exactly  bell-shaped,  4  to  6"  broad,  its  segments  cevolute.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7  C.  glomerdta  L.  St.  angular,  simple,  smooth;  lvs.  scabrous,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, cordate-sessile,  lower  petiolato ;  fls.  crowded  in  a  dense  head;  cal.  lobes  acum- 
inate, half  as  long  as  the  funnel-shaped  coroUa.—A  European  species,  cultivated 
m  gardens,  naturalized  at  Danvers,  Vt.  (Oakes.)  It  is  a  handsome  plant,  about 
2f  higli,  with  numerous  bell-shaped  flowers  of  an  intense  violet-blue,  varying  to 
pale  purple.     In  cultivation  it  has  many  varieties.  §  f 

8  C.  Medium  L.  Canterbury  Bells,  St.  simple,  erect,  hispid;  lvs. 
lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate,  sessile,  3-veined  at  base  ;  fls.  erect,  bell-shaped,  with 
an  obtuse  base.— <D  An  ornamental  border  flower,  from  Germany,  and  of  the 
easiest  culture.  Root  biennial  Stem  several  feet  in  height,  undivided,  rough 
with  bristly  hairs.  Flowers  very  large,  the  base  broad,  limo  reflexed,  of  a  deep 
blue.  Several  varieties  occur  with  double  or  single  flowers,  of  blue,  red,  purplo 
and  wliite  corollas.     June— Sept.  f 

9  C.  lanugindsa,  with  ovate,  crenate,  nigous  and  somewhat  woolly  lvs.  and 
rather  largo  flowers,  acute  at  base,  is  sometimes  cult.,  and  also  a  few  other  species. 

2.  SPECULA^RIA,  Heist.  (Lat.  speculum,  a  mirror;  alluding  to 
the  flower  of  S.  speculum.)  Calyx  5  lobed,  tube  elongated;  corolla 
rotate,  5-lobed;  stamens  5,  distinct,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  filaments 
hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers ;  style  included,  liairy ;  stigmas  3  ;  cap- 
sule piismatic,  3-celled,  dehiscing  in  the  upper  part.—®  Fls.  axillary 
and  terminal,  sessile,  erect. 

1  S.  perfolidta  Lam.  St.  simple,  rarely  branched,  erect;  lvs.  cordate,  crenate, 
amplexicaul;  fls.  sessile,  aggregate,  axillary.— Plant  somewhat  hairy,  a  foot  high, 
found  in  fields  and  roadsides.  The  strict,  upright  stem,  is  furnished  with  distiint, 
siiort,  alternate,  heart-reniform,  veiny,  stem-clasping  leaves,  containing  1 — 4 
crowded  fl(/wers  in  the  concavity  of  their  upper  surface.  Flowers  axillary  and 
terminal,  the  upper  clusters  larger.  Corolla  blue  or  purple,  with  spreading  seg- 
ments, calyx  seg.  acute,  lanceolate.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Campanula  amplexicaulis  Mx.) 

i?"  ^"^°'''*°^^*  I'o''''-  ^t-  at  length  producing  nwnerous slender  branches;  lvs. 
broad-ovate,  acute,  subentire,  sessile  or  slightly  amplexicaul;  fls.  axillary  and  ter- 
mmat  on  the  slender  branches.— La.  (Hale)  and  S,  Car.  (Curtis.)  Plant  simUar  in 
size  and  appearance  to  No.  1,  but  its  flowers  are  rather  smaller,  with  quite  slen- 
der  ovaries. 

3  S.  speculum  L.  Venus'  Looking-glass.  St.  diffuse,  very  branching; 
lvs.  oblong-crenate ;  fl<i.  solitary;  sades  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  sometimes 
wanting.— A  pretty  border  flower,  named  from  the  form  of  the  blue  corolla,  which 
resembles  a  little,  round,  concavo  mirror  (speculum).     Aug.  f 


Order  LXXIII.     ERICACE^     Heathworts. 

riani-i  Rhmhhy  or  suffmticous,  sometimes  herbaceous  with  Lvs.  simple,  altcrnato 
or  opposite,  mostly  evergreen,  without  stipules.     Corolla  regular  or  somewhat  ir- 


480  Oedkb  73.— ERICACILrE. 

regular,  4  to  Snileft,  the  petals  rarely  distinct     Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  manr 
as  tJie  petals,  free,  hypogyuous.      Anthers  2-celled,  generally  open  by  pores,  oltou 
uppendagod.     I'oUen  (except  in  Monotropeai)  compounded  of  4  united  grams    Bm. 
bryo  straight,  lying  in  the  axis  of,  or  in  the  end  of  fleshy  albumen,     lllust  in  ti™ 
38,  45,  no,  203,  320,  345,  350,  355.  *         *^- 

!'hl:i;nTu'^.^.^s.^rcr"""'  "•"  '"*  -"-  -^  ^^^  *"  A„.erica.^'i'.vA-r'[ii'c!;:j^,":;;: 

«ih.?.TKf.'l""'""T^'"^  Ileatlnvorts  ore,  tn  general,  astringent  and  diuretic.     Some  of  them  vl.l.l  « 
stinmliitinj?  and  aromatic  resinous  matter.     Tlie  IJeorberry,  (Arctojtaulivlos  I!  v.  ...Rfri- „       ,^ 
known  remedy  in  nephritic  compiaints.     An  Infusion  oV'tVo  ieaveJ  if  .strl  Ko.^a^  e^ 
nml  diuretic.     Similar  properties  are  also  possessed   by  tho  I'ipsissiwa    01  Inm  X  umM I.T»* 
n  ir.1I.nll'f  "f  K''":'""'""'"-'"'  «n«l  Kal.uia  ire  perva-lod  l.y  a  nareot  c  pri.  ci  .  ^  end"  il     e^^^ 

o  ,  ei  „1^  ^^^^'  leaves)  ol^en  actively  poisonous,  Tho  l-.onoy  collected  from'  their  fl  me  "b? 
sand  7Y,.?'nr''*-^A'*',?  ^?V'  *,^.'"  1"'""  °^^^°  "«''"•"••'' '"  t''*^  "'t'c^t  of  the  Immortal  ten  thou^ 
ranbln^^  "^  w,T  A""''m'*^    '^'"'  ^"'r'  "^  "'"  Vaccine*  (Wiiortleberrlcs,  Blueberries  and 

Tl  e  tnf;  ;.^  h"/";'"''''*'!''  P'oc'-Vbons  (spicy  WIntergreen)  arc  esculent  and  wholesome, 
.b.iiil.,         I'"?  t'on  <>«  ""'■  suborders  CyriikuB  and  Galacinw  is  not  kno^vn.     We  follow  I)e  Can- 
this  ordoT''"'       *"'""'  ^  ^'^'^'^'^  '""'*''  ^'••"»  cnvonlence,  as  their  habit  corUi.^y  points  ^ 

SUBOUDKHS  AND  GENERA. 

I.  VACCINP:^    S/inibn.    Calyx  adherent.    Fruit  a  berry  crowned  by  tho  calyx  teeth    (♦) 

•  Krect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  lO-soeded  fruit Gaylussac"    1 

Krectshrubs  with  n-partod  flowers  and  00 -seeded  fruit.    No  resinous  dots..  Vaccinu    "  2 

•  Trailing  shrubs.    Corolla  deeply  4-clefl,— refloxed.    Fruit  red Oxvcoccl  J  8 

ir    VRTriVTT^i^      _,      ,  -spreading.    Fruit  white Ciiiooenk^.  4 

II.  J.KICINE^.    ShmhK  or  trees.    Calyx  fVeo.    Corolla  and  stamens  hypogynous.    Sds  oo  (a) 
a  i;  lowers  4-partod,  stamens  8.    Capsule  4-coIled,-loculicldal Krica.  6 

--,  -eeptlcldal.  (b).    (No.  13.) 

a  *  lowers  o-parted,  petals  distinct  or  very  nearly  pol vpotalous.  (f) 
a  Flowers  6-parted,  petals  united,— monopetalous.  (b) 

b  Corolla  saucer-form,  holding  tho  anthers  in  10  pits Kalmia    6 

b  Corolla  sal ver-form,  very  fragrant.    Trailing  slirublct '. . . .  Epio.« a   T 

b  Corolla  funnel-  or  bell-form,  with  spreading  lobes,  (e) 

b  Corolla  iirccolato(ovoid,cylindrio  or  globular),  lobes  small,  (o) 

O  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  ovary  5-seeded AnexoBTAPiiYLOS.  8 

O  Fruit  fleshy,  tho  matured  calyx  oo-se<3dod Gaultukria.  9 

O  Fruit  dry,  capsular,  opening  Into  the  cells  (locullcidul).  (d) 

d  Shrublet  moss-like,  with  linear  leaves.    Valves  2-clert Cassiopk.  10 

d  Shrubs  with  amplo  loaves.    Valves  entire Anduomkda.  11 

d  Tree  with  ample  leaves  and  slender  racemes Oxydendrum.  12 

O  Fruit  dry,  capsular,  opening  between  tho  cells Menziksia!  18 

e  Stamens  6,  Included.    Plant  and  leaves  very  small Loiselkuria!  14 

e  SUmens  5  (rarely  more),  long-e.xscrted.    Corolla  funnel-form Azalea!  15 

e  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  exserted.    Corolla  bell-form Riiodouendron.  16 

f  Corolla  very  irregular,  open  before  tho  leaves  appear Rhodora   17 

f  Corolla  regular,— 7-petalcd.    SUmens  14 '_\  Bkfaria!  \d 

—5-petaled.— Capsule  5-cclIed Leditji.  19 

—Capsule  8-celIed.— Fls.  umbeled  Lkiopiitlm;.m.  20 

— Fls.  racemed  Clkthba.  21 

HI.  OTRILLE.^.    Shruhs.    Cal.  free.   Pet.  and  sUm.  hypogynous.    Colls  of  caps  1 -seeded,  (g) 

g  Flowers 4-partod,  with  8  stamens  and  a  2-colled  capsule Eliiottia.  22 

g  Flowers  5-parted,— with  5  stamens  and  a  2-CBlled  capsule Cvhilla!  'iA 

—with  10  stamens.     Capsule  8-celled,  2-wingod Mvi.ocAniuM.  2t 

IV.  PYEOLE^    nerha  evergreen,  woody.    Cal.  free.    Pet  6,  distinct.  TesU  of  sd.  loose,  (h) 

h  Flowers  racemed,  many.    Herbs  nearly  acaulescent Pvrola.  25 

h  Flowers  solitary  (ono  only)     Herb  low,  acaulescent Mon kses!  20 

h  Flowers  umbeltd,  few.    SKms  ascending.    Stylo  very  short Ciiimaphila.  27 

V?  GALACINE^.    //«/•&  ecer(rre«n,  aucaulescent    Filaments  10,  monadelphous, 

a.. ernats.y  .-.tori!?  :  r.r.thers  ?•,  one-eelled.    Cajiiiulo  3-ccllcd,  oo -seeded Galax.  2S 

V  L  MONOTROPE.E.    ITerha  leafless,  verdurelets,  with  scale-like  bracts,  (k) 

k  Corolla  polypetalous.    Plant  white,  reddish  or  tawny Monotropa.  2» 

k  Corolla  monopetalous,- (^mpanulate,  in  a  short  spike Sen weinitzia.  8) 

— ovoid.  In  a  loose  raceme. PTiRoepoRA.  81 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  ^^^ 

SuBORDKR  I.     VACCINES.     The  Blukberrv  Tribe. 

1  CAYLUSSA^CIA.  II.  B.  K.  Hitcklkberrv.  (I„  honor  of  tho 
d,stmgu.ahed  chem,8t  Gay-Lussac.)  Calyx  adherent,  6-toothcd  coro  a 
urccoUte  or  campanu  ate.  6-cleft  or  toothed;  stamois  10,  anthirs  awn' 
ess,  the  cells  produced  upwards  into  tubular  beaks  opening  at  t h c  aplx 
Lorry drupe-hke, globular,  10-celled,  lO-seeded.-Shlubs  resembling^he 
\acc,nm.     Lvh.  often  resinous-dotted  beneath.    Fls.  in  lateral,  S^ 

lium' L  J     '  """  '  ''"""•     ^'-  ^^^'^  ^^  ^^'^  ^^^'^  «^««^-    ( Va^ 

:il:=i^;r-i^=yL-ti^--:-^^^^^     ...No.t 

—not  mucronate,  thin Nor8"4 

Kooky  1,1  l8^Ne»-  II  oomfleW,  Perry  Co.,  Ponn.  (Gov.  D  n'  fS  Wvl^rZ^ 
J»)  ana  K.  Ton,,.     A  „u,d»mo  lit*  evot^eoi,.  If  higl ,  wiU^  iSv^'lT^^^^bv 

p.  HiRTELL.t.     Plant  more  or  less  hairy. 
3  O.  resindsa  Torr.  &  Gr.    Black  HucKiFnimTiv     Bro»«v,«c«i 

sUrnens  t„,co  as  many  a,  the  lobos  of  tho  corolla,  generally  iSded  •' 

ft  f,r»  in\  '  11  P  "-  "1-  "^  '  "^^'O  J'i'^eatcu  widi  xhc  cajyx  4  or  5  (faiselv 
ter^d  Ivl"  Fl  '  "t  "^«"y-«««^«^'-Shrubs  or  undershrubs  with  scat^ 
r^lll     f\i      *  f  l'*,*''y  °'"  '•ac'^mou^  ^hitc  or  reddish,  small,  Fr.  cene- 

31 


*83  Order  73.— ERICACE^. 

JAnthor(.2.ftwno.lbftckoftbo2horDS.    Lenve*  deotdnoan.    (a.) 

a  J    iHiienU  8tM.)..th.     Fr.  4  to  A-cllort.     I^)w  nlplno  ni  "ershrnh*  v      , 

a  M  a.n«nu  Imlry.     Fruit  partly  lO-cdlcl.    T..1  orTi  tS^^^.^^^^^^ No.M,  3 

I  Antlu.rj  'M.«rn«,/,  without  tl.«  iwn/  Fllaim-nts  1("  ImlJv.    (b)     *  ^^"  *  '^ ■•'^"'-  «'  ' 

b  r^.ivo8  ovurgreon.     Flowors  4.p«»rlo.l.     Fruit  4-c<lU.,l.  v     . 

b  I-..«ves  cvorKrcn.     Flowors  fi-parto.l.    Fruit  imrtly  lO-.-^liml v      n' C' 

0  Coro  ft  bo   -Nhnpo.1.     f^ouvos  hairy  both  sI.Ioh,  .-ntlro '""^'no*-    W 

0  (oro  IftcyllMdrlciiI.    Lonvos  smooth  or  nearly  no        V'J^'\? 

0  Corolla  ovoi.i,  oviiiciitiy  coiitrttci..a  at  tho  «'>outh;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;jj,^'''\^},', 

^  3':.!!*"*^" ?.■"".  ^;  .  ?^"'"«"KY.     Prooumbont;    Ivs.   obovato,    very  obluso 
cntro,  amootli,  not  shining,  glaucous  and  voiny  boneatli;   lis   mosu7  soli tnrv 

Bl.rul ,  \VIuto-Mt«.      Sts.  witi,  nurnorous  rigid  branches.     Lvs.  4"  by  3^  8022 
potiolatc,  crowded  near  thoonda  of  tho  branches,  and  of  a  bluish-gt^in    'FlThaf 

erod;  cal  very  short ;  cor  oblong,  8uburceolate5-<o<><A;J;stanl  1^-^110  m; 

(Oakca)  N.    o  Hudson's  Bay.     St.  a  few  inches  high.    Vis.  numLur  nodding' 

.    Su:!'clE'"'"     ^^""'--^'^^longawnsatthob^ck.     BerrieS^',  gSi 

^  ^Lnfi'^^^v^r^  \':     ^''•='«nKRRY.     Lvs.   oval-lancoolato,  acute,  dull  olaucou, 

llowcrmg  branches  very  much  smaller     Cor  wliitn      "^t.!;,     .l      •         «'«-'"aor 

*.y;i"i**^y^i"°^  *^'\-     ■^-*'*- obovato,  acuto  and  short-pctioled  at  base  mucronafo 
,  and  ghmdular-sernda  0  or  c.itiro,  voiny,  shining  above,  palo  grcon  and  mK 
bescen    beneath;  pedicels  a.xiUary  to  bracte,  scfcund,  in  leafy  racemes    coev 
hndr.c-H3ll-shaped;  anth.  10,  included,  2-awnL^d.-Woods  N  Car  toF?a    %hZ\ 

Ik  nuuiorous,  o  egant,  rose-white,  half  as  long  as  their  pedicels     Berries  black 

S-iriTin"uit:r"'^- ''''' ^--(^  -^-^'"«^'-^  m.^;^^ 

^  Z\7^^^'^-^^^\-  ^^""'^^"t-  much  branched,  smooth,  evergreen-  lvs  oval 
tlnck,  margin  revo  ute,  obtuse,  small,  dark  green  'above,  palo  bSll  fls  soil 
tary  or  m  short  clusters,  4.parted;  cor.  campanulate.i-Summiirof  the  Vhi  0 
Mts.  N  ir.,  also  rocky  hills,  E  Mass.  and  Mo.  Sts.  8  to  C  long.  Lvs.  crowded  4 
to  7     long,  channeled  along  the  midvein  above.     Pr.  small,  mealy,  sour     iiiJl 

Ji     i^**"^*®'  *^,''-     ^I''^'  '""^'^  branched;  lvs.  small,  elliptical  acuto  at  eacli 
end  glabrous,  serrulate ;  JL,  in  small,  Ma-al  'clusters  of  2  to  S-  S.  ovoid  urcco 

vSls%  'cS'l^FTtrT^  '""*''"'  !'"^«''-'^  1  to  2f  hlgK^Lmmonb 
woous,  JN.  Car.  to  l^la.  Branches  greenish.  Lvs.  3  to  5  '  lotig  varvine-  from 
cllipt.c  to  obova  0  or  roundish,  perennial,  often  purplish.  Cal  p^urplo  cor  vZ 
7  ^^^"''^"i -^"-  -g«.  j>l-«h  black,  sweet,  p'ulp^,  nianj^^seedT  Var?,  A?. 
J-  °*y""0""m  Mx.  St.  simple,  decumbent  at  base,  from  long,  croeDimr  roots- 
torl/r!!'  f"^'^'-?!^^'  al^«^°;  lvs.  cuneate-obovate,  or  oval  pdo  aS  S.  sc S: 
tered  glandular  hairs  beneath;  fls.  in  dense,  sessile,  lateral  chXso/GtJlo  c^ 
o\.long.cyhndr.e;  anth.  unawned.-S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sts.  If  htg        Lvs  scattered' 

®  Y-  Cinad6nsG  Rich.     Branches  reddish-groon    n„i,o«onnf  l.^nf--  ?•-   =„i-,-- 

^a%sntinsr  r  T''-^'  r^^  ^^  o^u^^:;^iious'g^:k:tL^n 

obe^aTute  \  «  r.!^  T^  ^Z'fT'  ''^^"«'  subU^rminal;  cor.  campanulaie;  cal. 
Can  Me  Vti  n  V'i!  *°  ,  m  ^'i^'N^*  ""«'™'"«"  *"  rocky  fields Vnd  thickets, 
can.,  Mo.,  N.  IL  to  V.  13.  and  tho  K.  Mts.     Lva  8  to  12"  by  3  to  5'.    Fla  abou 


Ordkr  73.— .ERICACB/E. 


48.1 


Borrios  bluo  and  sweet,  similar  to  those  of 


3"  loncf.     Sty.  and  stum,  included. 
No.  9.     May. 

9  y.  Fennsylvdnloum  Lam.     Common  Low  Bi.uebphry  _Hmnr.v.«„  » 
w.t .  2  pubescent  lines;   Iva  subsessile,  crowded  SpU^S^Tgrutat^^ 
end,  nunutely  serrulate,  tliin,  glabrous,  and  shining  with  tlie  ve  ni  h?.n  „,i       f 
ruiont;  fl.  in  short  bra«teato,'denso,  Bubtermi./aKil'^or  oJoid-c^^ 

undor-shrub  6--12    ngh,  growing  in  dense  patches.     Leaves  8—12"  bv  4     k'^ 

Unas,  N.  J<.ng.   N.  Y    Penn.  to  Cimch  Mt.,  Tenn.     Shrob  1  to  2ilf  hia'h   w^.h 

X  winfc:  ciV  .^  .  ^  Branches  green  or  purplish.  L\'8.  1  lo  2'  lone  usul 
ally  w  h  a  slight  puboscenco  on  llio  veins  beneath.  Fls.  numerous  iSd?n^ 
genernUy  appearing  m  advance  of  tho  leaves.  Corolla  largrfor  the  ^  S^J 
long)  purplish  white.  Stam.  included,  sty.  often  exserted.  BeSlarS  black 
often  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  subacid.  Mar.-Ju._Varie8  exSnc  v  W 
ofita  more  striking  varieties  are  excoeuingij.    bomo 

^'  ^rT^h^^''^    ^rf  ^''^^  f ''^rt,  entirely  naked  when  in  flower ;  rac.  numerous 

rertg^fn^gaS'li  ?r"  ^°«^^««^— ^—  Bouthward."T4 

''^S!\r^t^^,^-^y^^  -"ite;   style  in- 

e.  QLABEUM.     Plant  glabrous  throughout—Not  common       ^ 

^LTi'l  ^xMIhJv  fni^r''^  •^- ,  ^^^P^^^f^  «"'*  A  and  /rm7,  rfe«,vdt/  hirsute  ■  rac 
cor  obfon^nLr^J  ^f"","'  =  !"'■  ^^^^^^^^"^  ''"«^«.  «»<^V«,  mucronate,  subse-Jue" 
fi?  nS    .^'i    T  y  *''T'^  "*  ^'"""^^  ^^-i"!  5  short  teeth;  anth.  awnle.ss  included- 

LrbrSrd^Tiiigr^^'"'^"^^-^^^^^^^    ^-  ^"'•-  (Buckierfi; 

na    ow    ,^S>     1       '"'"^  *"  *^'  ^"^''^^  *-^'^^^'  ^«^«"^  4-parted,  wit) 
pa   ed 'oW^^^^^^^  ^'''^"'V^'  convergent;  anthers  tubulLr,  2- 

parted  opening  by  oblique  pores;  berry  jjlobons,  4-celled.  manv-sr^doH 
-ohuibs,  with  alternate  ivs.  and  red  and  purple  berries. 

**  sLlH!  ^''^'^^  ^"h  membmnous,  docldou:  .eaves.    Borries  sweetUh  «     - 

bten.  pnmtrate,  slen.ler ;  leaves  overgreen,  small.    BoTries^ci "     i  W. No^^'  { 

lary^sd?tar?°it?inn  ^'"^     ^?  °^'',''  ««'^'"i"«te,  thin,  ciliate-serrulate;  fls.  axil- 
lary, solitary,  the  long  segments  at  length  reflexed.-Mt8.  of  Va.  and  Car     si 


484 


Order  73.— ERICACEAE. 


.Ti?  vi?a''f**^  branches,  1  to  3f  high.     Lva  much  lai^r  than  in  tlie  other  soo- 
cios,  vema  beneath  pubescent.     Berries  globular,  scarlet,  translucent     Ju!     ^ 

^^rJ?*^*'*^  /'®r-    .^S  ^"!?''™'  P'ost'-ate;  lv8.  ovate,  entire,  revolute  on  the 

margia;   pedicels  terminal,  l-flowered;   segments  of  the  corolla  ovate.~A  pros! 

rato  under-shrub,  found  in  Alpine  bogs,  Brit.  Am.  and  N.  Statea     Stems  c^een 

ng  extensively,  smooth,  purple,  with  erect  branches.     Lva  very  8malW2  to  I' 

pAlf^'-^  r"'';      *?•  "^^^''^  *°««^^«'-  °"  "'°  summits  Kebaneho^ 
Pedicels  an  inch  in  length,  with  2  nearly  opposite  bracts  in  the  middle     Cor' 

JfpSin^Set.    'rrjnr^^-    *^-^-"-^-i»  the  next  speSfsX^-; 

^  i?r''*?°?'^?'*  ^''"V  ^'-  «'-«<^pinj?.  filiform;  /t;*.  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end 
edges  revolute,  glaucous  beneath;  pedicels  axillary,  elonga  ed,  l-flowered  Z' 
Sem^  S     1  v"- '""  ^^^^^^^^-^^^}-'-^V^^mom  swampsVa.  io  the  Z  Ocean 

bvT  a^rLnnir^  ■'  ^T''^  "^''^  '^°"°^'"»  ^""^''^'^  I^^«-  numerous,  4^6''- 
«L.  1  '  ™""'^,'^*^  »*  '^"ch  end,  on  very  short  petioles,  smooth  both  sidek  Fla 
Erhrh/  ^^"^ff^  5-15' long,  solitary  in  the  axils  if  the  upper  leavSBe^r 
large,  bright  scarlet,  ripe  in  Oct.     Fls.  in  June,  ^ 

4.  CHIOG'ENES,  Salisb.  (Gr.  x^f^v,  snow,  yhog,  offspring;  in  allu- 
8.on  to  Its  evergreen  habit.)  Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent f  cof.  broadhr 
campanulate  hmb  deeply  4.cleft;  stam.  8,  ineluded,  filaments  ve  y 
broad  and  short,  anther  cells  distinct,  awnless  on  the  back,  bicuspidato 
at  apex  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  adherent,  except  at  the  summit, 
4.celled;  fruit  white,  4-ce  led,  many-seeded.-A  prostrate,  evergrT 
nndershrub,  with  alternate  leaves.     Fls.  solitary,  axillary.     (Fia  38  ) 

*^'t.fllf  n"  En'^*''!;*K^%  ^^f'^'t^^^y  creeper,  in  old  shady  wo<^s,  moun^ 
tanis,   N.    Eng.  to  Newfoundland,  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.     Stems  ligneous   slender 

SKI^STT'^'  ^'•^  ""'"'''•""?  ^^'^"«"««'  '^"d  ^1«"^«1  ^ith  fhort  aVprSsed; 

•  hmnM  ;    h^T^  numerous,  alternate,  and  roundish-oval,  4-6  '  by  3-4" 

abruptly  acute  dark  evergreen  above,  paler  beneath.  Cor.  wli  te  its  parts  iHs' 
1  he  leaves  and  white  berries  have  an  agreeable  spicy  flavoThke  hofe  of  GaSl 
theria  procumbena.     (Vaccinium  L.)    May,  Jn. 

Suborder  II.     ERICINE.E.     The  Heath  Tribe. 

^'}^}^bh     ^^""l^;     Heather.     (Gr.  fp««(o,  to  break  ;  in  allu- 
sion to  the  brittleness  of  the  branches  and  stems.)     Calyx  4-cleft  •  cor 
tubular,  globous    ovoid,  urceolate,  campanulate    or   hypocrateriform,' 
hmb  short,  4.1obed;  stam.  8;  style  filiform;  caps.  4,  rarely  8-cellecl 
4-valved,  locuhcidal ;  seeds  2-co  in  each  cell,  affi.xed  to  the  axillary  pla! 
centae,  usually  conformed  to  the  smoothish  or  shining  testa.-Europcan, 
or  chiefly  South  African  shrubs,  branching,  mostly  brittle.     Lvs   linear 
acerous,  margin   revolute,  verticiUate,  rar^'ly  alternate.     Fls.  axillary,' 
solitary,  verticillate,  or  terminal,  corymbous  or  capitate,  mostly  noddinir 
(.or.  of  the  cyanic  series,  from  purple  through  red  to  wliite,  very  rarefy 
orange  or  yellow.  ^       j         j 

^I'  ^^hl^^^lr^-  :^MERicAN  Laurel.  (N.amr^d  by  Linnaeus  in 
honor  ot  J^eter  Kalm  Prof,  at  Abo,  Finland.)  Calyx  5-parted,  corolla 
Avith  10  prominences  beneath  and  10  corresponding  cavities  within,  in- 
cluding the  10  anthers  ;  border  6-lobed ;  filam.  clastic ;  capsule  5-ceilcd, 


des,  crimson, 


Order  t3.— ERICACE^. 

many-sooded.-BeautifuI  shrubs,  natives  of  N.  America      Lvs  nnfJr^ 
evergreen  cor.aceou.     FIs.  in  racemou,  corymbs^ whi  e  and  red".        "' 

of  a  small  tree.     It  is  found  KZAH^n.^Vr^*™"'  ""^""»»  ^^^^  ''«'«•' 
to  Ohio  and  Ky.  in  woodl     Wood  Vro^lil  fl^*^'^?  ^'T  ^"'°«  ^  ^'^^^  «"d  W. 
2-3'  long,  sm^th  Tnd  shinini  acuto^t  e^lfln  "^'"/^  '^"^  '^"P^^^-     ^««^^« 
did  corymbs,  white  or  rrSir«n«^dwhi?^^  T  F'^^rs  in  spler;- 

spreading  Jimb  9-10"  diam.  and  a  wfbti  maL^^'  T^^f''"'-     ^*"'°"*  ^"''  '"^ 
poisonous  to  some  animals.     May,  Jn  ^''"^  '"'^  narcotic  and 

tt.peti«„cfe,andSA^,A.!!n;,^7j2ut^^^^^^^^^^^         corymbs  terminal, 
Penn.,   Ky.,   N.  En^     N   to   A  ro   Tm     Ir      '.     i^'*^*^ '^""^ '"  s^^a^ips,  etc., 

/^.  RosMARmiFOLiA.     Leaves  hnear,  more  revolute,  green  beneath. 

oL,^"S^'oUus^e  at  ter^Ts^^ootlf  "coSmT,r  Tf'^  ««^>^^«^-W 
olate.-Shmb  2-4f  in  heSt  in  m.^l  '  ?P?"^^  '^^''iJ^ '  ^'^""^  linear-Ianeo- 

Leaves  with  rounde^endfen tir  "t   'Srl-^'C^anS^^^  ""''.  "^^  ^^  ^^• 
petioles.     Flowers  deep  purple    in  3    Uin^L  ?  ^'- 1"'^  ^  ^  ^'^«'  °o  8''°^ 

with  „i„„.e  bro^uJ^     Co';r„1;,.„fS*iXL!,°J-    r'S"  ''  """'■  """"^ 

^PJG^A,  L.     Trailing   Arbutus.     May  FLowirn      /Tv 
"pon,  yr},  the  earth;  from  its  prostrate   Lh\t\r\y  ^     "  ^'"' 

ce;  to  K;^Td't:r%S'1i^/"t^^"'?'^"«^^•-^  woods.  New, 

ground,  10-15' in  length  Tveredwittl^  '^™^*J^  P^"°*  »~^«  ^^^  "P^n  the 
2_2A' bv  1 1'  ro.  nZh  it  ^^^"^^^  w't^  a  I'a.ry  pubescence  in  all  its  parts.  Lvs 
Fla  ^ty\ii;a„t  "^S/';^^  ^"^,  ^"d  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  shoS  po^nt' 

calyx,  the  bor£T5   ,ou„d,d     rr     r       "^"^  ''^  ""■''""'   ^°"«"'"  ^^'^'^  ^"^^ 

■         '  '^'^"""<?«,  spreading  segmeuls,    Apr.,  May 


486 


Order  73.— ERICACHLE. 


•a,  ..fwiit.s'- 


pores;  dnipo  with  a  S-ccllcd  putamcn,  tho  cella  l-seedoO.-Trailinr, 

■•hrubs,  w.tfi  altcrnato  Ivs.     (Arbut.w  L.)  Arauinnr 

1  A   Uva-ur«l  Sprong.     Procumbent;    lv.s.  entire,  obovatc,   smootli    on  «hnrt 

petioles,  everyreen,  cona^eaus,  .UMug  al,ove,  paler  beneath;  tk  in  ^ort  ?er„?S 

droopmgclu8ter«;  drupe  globular,  about  uh  larKO  a.,  a  currant,  deep  red  nemft 

r7'i  Sl°  ""'^^""  ^'""«"'«  «*'  'i  ^^"y  8«e'l8  flrmly  united  CVtL"-KS 
MhH.  Statesmid British  America.  Stem  prostrate eicept  tho  y^ngl'r  branl/ 
which  arise  3—8  .  Lvs.  about  1'  in  length,  2—3"  wide  often  flDatn^taT^;!  ' 
niedic  nally  they  are  astringent,  and  mud.  ;aluod  i.7nophr£  ZpSs  Z' 
a  A.  alpina  Spreng.  Procumbent;  lvs.  thin,  deciduous,  obovate,  acute  serral' 
0  me  when  young:  fls  i„  short,  terminal  racemes;  'bracteoles  ovate  S' 
c  hate  about  0(,uahng.tho  pedicel.-High  Mts.,  in  Me.  and  Can.,  alpine  rVonTol 
the  Wh.to  Mts.  (Robbins).     Flowers  white.     Berries  black.  rtgionsol 

9.  GAULTHE'RIA,  Kalm.  Boxukrrv.  Checkkrherry.  AVinter- 
OREEN  lToonoGaulthier(ov  Gaultier),  a  French  physician  at  Qi.e- 
bee )  Caly.x  5-cIeft,  with  2  bracts  at  tho  base  ;  corolla  ovoicl-ti.bular, 
Jimbwith  5  small,  rcvolutc  lobes  ;  filaments  10,  hirsute;  capsule  5-oeIlcil 
mvestetl  by  the  calyx  which  becomes  a  berry.— SuftVuticous,  mostly' 
American  plants.     Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen.     Pedicels  bibracteoh.te. 

i„,°;K^''°f '^™^®"*  ?"    St.  with  tho  procumbent  branches  erect  or  ascending  • 
vs.  obovate  mucronate,  denticulate,  crowded  at  the  top  of  stem  •  «3  few  dr  o^.' 

wfjlflr^'-^/'ri*^  '!"'"^^-^  P'^"^  well-known  for^ts  spicy' leaves  'aSHs' 
well-flavored  scarlet  berries;  common  in  woods  and  pasturesf  Can.  to  Pcnn  a  ,1 

Sn  Ji!f  ^^•?°'"h««  ?r«"l?  .f'°'»  t'^°  P>-«3trato  stem  orrhizomo  which  is  usually 
concealed  Lvs.  thick,  shining,  acuto  at  each  end.  Cor.  white  contracied  nt 
the  moutl.  Fr.  consisting  of  the  capsule  surrounded  by  The  en^gS  calyx 
which  becomes  of  a  bright  scariet  color.     Jn.— Sept.  "»rgea  caijx 

10.  CASSIO'PE,  Don.  Moss-plant.  (In  Grecian  mytholo<yv  Cas- 
Mope  was  the  mother -of  Andromeda.)  Sepals  bractless,  imbricated, 
ovate;  corolla globular-campanulate, 4  or5-lobed  ;  anthers  8  or  10  pen- 
dulous cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore,  with  a  long  reflexed  awn  be- 
bmd  ;  capsule  4  or  S-celled,  valves  4  or  5,  2.parted  ;  placenta  pendulous, 
many-seeded.— Small,  alpme,  moss-like  or  heath  like  shrubs.  Fls  soli, 
tary,  pedicellate. 

C.  hypnoides  Don     St.  filiform,  spreading;  lvs.  evergreen,  subulate,   smooth 

St  '  fPf  r^'"^'^'  "?""'"/' '  ^-  ^-P'"-'''^-  One  of  tho  'smallest  'and  Zt 
delicate  of  shrubs,  summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  II.  and  Mis.  of  N  Y  and 
Me  Sts  woody,  much  branched  at  base,  2  to  3'  high.  Lvs.  minute  everKreen 
imbricated,  concealing  the  stems.  Fls.  large  in  proportion  (U"  long)  noddine" 
ped.  1  long  in  fruit.  Cal.  purple.  Cor.  light-red,  twice  as  W  ^^  the  cahx' 
lobes  erect.     Stam.  included.    Jn.    (Andromeda,!,.)     ^"  "^  ^<^"»  ^  l*^*- ^«'>^' 

11.  ANDROME'DA,  L.  (Andromeda  of  ancient  fable,  was  chained  to 
a  rock  near  the  sea;  the  original  species,  No.  1,  grows  nearnater.) 
Calyx  5  parted,  persistent,  not  becoming  fleshy  in  liuit ;  corolla  urceo- 
late,  the  mouth  more  or  less  contracted,  5-toothed  ;  anthers  10,  cells  2, 
opening  by  a  terminal  pore  ;  capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  often  reinforced 
with  5  external  valvelets ;  seeds  numerous,  from  lateral  or  suspended 
placentae.— Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  deciduous  or  evergreen,  entire, 
or  serrulate,  alternate  lvs. 

I  Flowers  in  a  terminai,  noddiwumbei.    Aiuliers  Z-awneU  nt  npex No  I 

S  Flowers  in  racemes  (iraxillary.    (♦'>  

•  Calyx  calyciilato.  witli  2  bractlers  at  its  base,    (a) 

a  Anthers  awniess.     Racemes  leafy.     Pericarp  donble.    (Oassamdka) Nos.  2. 8 

a  Anthcrsawm.d.  Racemci  leafless.  (Lvs.  evornreen,  No.T)  Lvs.  dociduoua.Nos.  4,f 

•  Caly.\  nalied  at  base;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels,    (b) 


OnDEtt  73.-ERICACEA  487 

b  Anthorn  awnU-ms  c«ll»  often  minutely  2-t<«  the  I  nt  aiLi" '  Tn\ No..  D,  10 

ter,„i„,l  corymb—A  low,  .moot\  eTO^in  ,^5  ',  f;-,',",''?^     "*  '■"  ''.^''°"'' 
aide  el  ponds  and  i„  ,„a^p,,  n.  t  w Twii  N  l„  l„V  IL  *  1'  "^"'"^  *"'  "'" 

Cal.  doubiotho  outer  of  2  bracts,  the  inn^r' of'i^acutll'pVir  Ap^l^^'  "''^• 

lary;%aL  ncumTna  o';  bra^tlotTm  ai^^^^^^  short  soJitary,  axil- 

Car.^.a.     Evor,ree.'    W,y  aSt^r  ^Lin;^^!:?.^^^^^^^^^^^ 

fe..v.-Shnib  4  to6f  high^at  wood.  C^^^^^^  wZJ"'  T'^'  "^^'^  «'%' 

for  its  naked  racemes  2  to  4'  in  Wh  each  ti  . t^To  ♦  ^^-  }^  '^  remarkablo 
downwards.  Lvs.  I  to  2  in  IS  'decWuo7,«  P  }  ^''^  •^^^'"''  "^  ""  »"™^ 
acuminate  bracts  at  the  baaoo3i,lor:fty;    ^jt"t  ''""^  ^'"'  '  ^^«^- 

8pfcuouslylobed;.,e«^^/,^f^J«r-M'Lanfhi^^^^^^  ^'"^    ^^■ 

deciduous-leaved  shrub/much  rLmblTng  the  laS^  Apr'   May""'     ^  '""^'«^""^' 

A"^7&iJ'^.<z.i3r"^^^^^^^^^         ^"7"'^'^    ^^"«*«'    reticulate-veiny; 
each  2-awned.-twamnrVa  toX^^^        l^/less ;  cor.  campanniate ;  auti>.  celi; 

glabrous,   dodduor    Ms    sm  er!    from  e^ h  huH^*^'  ''"/^', '"  f  '"^'>-     "'^^''^ 
their  pedicels,  white.    Jn      (ZenobirS  D^  >  ^  "*^'  ^'    ^""^^  ^^"'"'^^  *^«» 

pedicels  brac'A  Bccund  ;  ITSm^ZI^J^I  ^^ITlu^ 

2  to  lOf  high,  very  handsome   with  a  ^prmf^       to  Ga.  along  the  Mta    Shrub 

Anth.  eaclAvith  2^1on;,tTeir  Ifto  Zr '  A^"^*^  ^'  """^••""  ^^'^^  ^- 

bn.ctiess;  cal.'nake*!!,  sep.  trianguSnllltrfi  ?onr  L7r  *'':  i  ^^^^'f^^'^ 
anth.  each  with  2  fo«^,  4c/k,  rXa^erf  ™Lt  tht  L-l*^  n  "'®  °^°"^  ''^'■""'^•' 
Flu.    A  slender  shrub,  I  to  :^f  h^L  back.-Damp  woods,  Quincy, 

9  A.  nitida  Bartram.     FETTFR-niTsiT       r.,.    ^.-7.    „.    .    . 

acu.ninata  at  each  end  nerfectlvVrn'onth  V„7yfc  """^  ^^'■-ryrcCTi,  eihpiioul,  slightly 

ovoid-oblong;  vKets  linear  !lBvle«m2'  '"h"""  ^^''s  of  divaricate  Ivs. ;  cor. 
Fla    A  singnlarlyXgan    s^rul  rreflu^h     Sr '"".^^  T""^"^  ^-  ^^'-  *« 


488 


Obder  13.— ERICACEAE. 


*.  niroMiuFoiJA.     Lvg.  roundish-ova!,  obtuso  or  abruptly  pointed  ;  cal  half  a^ 
long  as  the  turgid-ovato  corolla.     (A.  rliombifolia  Pcrs.  ?) 

10  A.  Maridna  L.  SrAOGERBusH.  C.labrous;  Ivs.  deciduous,  oval,  subacntc 
at  caoli  end,  flat,  entire,  subcoriaceous,  paler  beneath ;  llowerlng  branches  leat:^ 
loss  ;  pedicels  lasciculate ;  cal.  lobes  linear,  /oliaceoua :  cor.  ovate-cylindric •  stim 
10,  fll.  villous  —Woods  and  dry,  sandy  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  common  Au 
ornamental  shrub,  2  to  3f  high,  with  very  smooth,  deciduous  foliaKe,  and  lart'o 
(i)  long),  whito  or  pale  rod  fls.  Caps.  urn-8hap(.'d,  the  valvelets  narrow-linear 
boeds  angular.  Jn.,  Jl.— After  floweruig  tiio  calyx  and  corolla  sometimes  becomo 
very  largo  and  erect,  as  if  diseased.     (Loucothoe,  U.  Don.) 

11  A.  aailldriB  Lam.  Lv,s.  oblong  or  ellipticlaticeolate,  acute,  or  slightly  poiiitod 
petiolate,  spmulous-sorrulato,  glabrous,  or  minutely  strigous  beneath  •  Us  in  axil- 
lary, dense  racemes,  not  drooping,  much  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  sep.  broad-ovate  oh- 
timsh;  cor.  ovoid-eylindrical— Manks  of  streams,  Va.  to  Fla.  in  the  low  coun'trv 
eoinmon.  Shrub  2  to  ;jf  high.  Lvs.  largo  (3  to  0'  long).  Rac.  spike-like,  interl 
rupted.     Feb.,  Mar. ;  again  in  Sept.  ' 

12  A.  Catesb*i  Walt.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  cmspiaumsly  acuminate,  rounded 
at  base,  petH)lato,  serrulate,  with  appressed,  spinulous  teeVi,  thick,  siriyous  be- 
neath ;  Is.  m  spicate,  drooping  racemes  as  hug  as  the  blade  of  the  leaves  •  am 
ovate-oblong,  uCTite.— Banks  of  streams,  Penn.  (Miss  Carpenter,  Blue  Ridge)  to 
tra.  m  the  mountainous  distriot.  Rae.  2  to  3'  iu  length,  on  the  lonir  rewirvcd 
branches.    May.     (Leuoothoo,  Don.)  *" 

13  A.  aouminata  L.  Pipe-wood.  Lvs.  very  smooth,  rigid,  ovate  and  lanceo- 
rate,  gradually  acuminate,  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  rac.  few-jtowered  ■  cor  cylin- 
dncal;  sep.  broad-ovate,  acute ;  caps,  globular,  strongly  lobed.— Shady  swamps, 
b.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sts.  3  to  lOf  high,  straight  and  hollow.  Lvs.  2  to  i'  long  1 
wide.  ils.  wlMte,  abundant  and  handsome.  Apr.— The  stems  are  used  by 
smokers  in  pipe-making.  ' 

14  A.  llgUBtrtna  Mulil.  Pubescent;  lvs.  deciduous,  obovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate-ciispiiiate,  finely  serrulate ;  fls.  somewhat  paniculate,  iu  terminal  leafless 
racemes;  caps.  6-angled  by  the  linear  valvelets.— iihrnb,  4  to  8f  high,  in 'swamps, 
&c.,  Mid  and  S.  States.  Lvs.  abruptly  acuminate,  paler  beneath,  2  to  3'  long  and 
nearly  half  as  wide,  on  short  petioles.  Fls.  small  (i"  long),  nearly  jrlobous.  white 
in  dense  panicles.   (Jn. — Jl).  ' 

(3   FRONDOSA.     Panicle  with  small  lvs.  scattered  among  the  fl.s.     (A  frondosa 
Muhl.)  '^ 

13  A.  feiTUgfnea  Walt.  Shrubby;  lvs.  <,vergteen,  distant  (not  crowded),  oblan- 
ceolate  or  olwvate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  very  short  petioles,  thick,  revolute-edged 
tw/^oa^y  beneath;  lis.  in  axillary  umbels;  valvelets  of  the  capsules  nearly  a.s 
large  as  the  valves.— Pino  woods,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Shrub  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs  1  to 
2  long.     Fruit  appearing  when  open  as  if  10-valved.     Jn. 

16  A.  rfgida  Ph.  Arborescent;  branches  rigid,  erect;  lvs.  rigid,  coriaceous. 
crowded,  obovale,  aaite,  strongly  revoluto  edged,  rust-scaly  beneath ;  fla  numer- 
ous, in  axaiary  umbels,  blossoming  in  April;  fruit  as  in  the  last.— Sandy  pmo 
barrens,  S  Oar.  to  Fla.  A  small  tree,  10  to  20f  high,  remarkably  rigid  and  loalV 
Lvs.  1  long,  pale  or  yellowish-green. 

17  A.  montana  Buckley.  Lvs.  evergreen,  ovato-lanceolate,  minutely  serrate  or 
entire,  eiliate;  fls.  m  large,  terminal  ..nd  axillary  panicles;  pedicels  3-bracted, 
bracts  subulate,  the  2  upper  opposite ;  ped.  pubescent.— High  Mts.  of  N  Car 
Shrub  5  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  2'  by  1',  the  petiolo  G"  long.  Stem  abova  sprinklwl 
with  mucronato  glands. 

12.  OXY  DEN  DRUM,  DC.  Sorrel-tree.  (Ct.  6^vg,  sour,  S^viSpov, 
a  tree;  the  herbage  is  sour  to  the  taste.)  Sepals  bractless,  valvato  in 
the  early  bud  :  corolla  urceolatOj  ovoid*  S-toothed  •  .^t^itncns  10  anthers 
linear,  erect,  awnless,  cells  opening  lengthwise;  capsule  oblong,  trun- 
cate, 5-celIed,  5-valved,  placentae  below,  seeds  many,  ascending.— A 
tree,  with  deciduous,  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate 
lvs.  and  terminal  panicles  of  slender,  spicate  racemes. 


«<1 ;  cal.  half  as 


OnoEK  73,— ERICACEA'. 

..n;eolate  or  camparmlatc,  4  or  S-lobed  •  stan  S  ft  fn    n      !?'     '"'''"■'' 
l>Iants,  of  various  liabits.     Fls.  in  terSal  Str?  ^•~^"'  '''""^^'^ 

I  M^-:r ;i^S!^\.^^:^;iS«'^tet^;,,l;}''-- «^    n,,.  , 

1  M.  taxifdlia  Bobbins.    Mountain  Hea'T'it     s{f  '^V,'  V   T ' '  / '. ^"'  ^ 

obtuse,  with  nunute,  cartilaj^inous  Lth     tL.  fj'!"^'^^^  «*  base;  lv8.  linear, 

of  the  highest  branch,  the  colored  pedis'^fnL^^i      ^P'"^'  P^'P'"^'  ^^  ^^'^  ^^^ 

Fis^  greenish  purple,  small,  one  on  each  Seel  whtl/lf^  ,  1'"""^  ^^  ^"S''" 
18"  long.     Cor.  short-urceolato.     Jn.         ^  ^''  *^  glandular  pubescent^ 

L.  prociimbens  Desv.    Summltof  the  White  Mts.  N  TT     <5f-  ^  *    ^' , 
braneiung  and  leafv     Lvs   f>llinf,v.ni    /u-         ■  •  •'       ^     ^'^  '^  *o  ^  Jong,  very 
nmrgins  strongly  rovolute      m^Srn  ^,''^  """'"^^  ™'  """"^  *'">"  3"  by  i^ 
midst  of  the  Ivs.     Jn,  JL  ^        ""^'^  "'"'^  P"'^'^  P^^^^^s-  '"  »!'« 

funnel-form,  somewhat  irren[|a?  S  5  sn^olHr"  '  f'^"'*'"^'  ^^'"^"'^ 

lc%'jit\^\'fcTJKsx:ui^r'°'" «-■ N-.... 


-^^O  Ohdkb  73.— ERICACE^ 

'■,!!S"''\  ^'^"^hl^ta  and  Ivs.  above  very  hispid;  Iva  lanceolate,  glaucoua 
glabrous  beneath  ;  tube  shorter.— Mts.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.     (Pursh.) 

2  A   nudifldraL.     Pinxter-bloom.    Young  branchlots  hairy ;  Ivs.  oblancoolatoV 
andobovate,  downy  beneath;  clusters  naked,  appearing  with  or  before  ZyoZ^ 
feam;  cal.  very  small;  cor.  slightly  viscid,  tube  downy,  scarcely  longer  thanZ    ' 
segments;  stain    (5  to  7)  much  exserted—Frequent  in  forests  throughout  tt 
TS  r^'T  T  «°"^^:j:^'-f     St-  c'-ooked,  much  branched,  the  branchlets  often 
*?t.mT  '*'■'^^*"■^'•     ^1^'^^'"  ^^'''*-     Tube  nearly  1' long,  segtn.  spreading  U 
fS  ;  r' H^H^'  ^"""^  ^ ,"'"  *"^^'  '^J'^^  *h"'^«-    Its  varieties  in  color  are  numio?.; 
and  splendid,  e.  g.,  pink-colored,  slightly  fragrant ;  deep  purple-  white  varieoaM 

/3.  CALYCOSA.     Cal.  with  one  of  its  segm.  subulate,  3  or  4  times  longer  than 

(a!  ScoTorff  ?r''"""^  ''  '"'"  '"^ '"'  """"  umbel.)-Ga.  (Miss  w;mau) 

y.  POLYANDRA.     Stam.  10  to  20;  cor.  rose-colored  (Pursh). 

3  A   calendulacea  Mx.     Flaming  Pinxter.      Young  branchlets  vuhescent  ■  Iv, 

Obion,.,  aueuuated  to  tiie  base,  mucronate,  smoothish  or  pubescent ;  ZZTsJ^l 

orqmiekajiess;  cal.  lobes  oblong;  tube  of  the  cor.  MrsL,  not  vi^c^llZtlrZai 

Ohinnd  P.  ;;^^  'P'""^"^  «^^^™^  ^'^'"^'  '"  ™«>^»t'^>°«  «nd  w,Sds,?emr to 
Ohio  and  Ga.  is.  very  numerous,  limb  expanding  18  to  20",  usually  vellovv  and 
bnght  crimson,  showing  at  distance  like  flame.-Its  varieties  are  numero  ae  f 
tri'I^'M^ir/n'   ^"^^^^^'^^    ^^ffron-yell...    Cultivation  hrpXS 

*  «f;;."^7''^^°®'^  ^^-  ?^^^  ^=^^^'^-  Branches  smooth;  Ivs.  obovate  both 
S,  ^??'H'  ^'""'r  *'^«'''''  "'^'•gi"^  ciWate,  veins  nearly  glabrous  m^^^^^^^ 
leafy  with  full  grmon  leaves;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  acute ;  cor.  J/not  viscid  Zt- 
</ia«  the  hb^;  stam.  and  sty.  exsert—Rivulets  near  the  Blue  Mts  Penn  to  ^Ma 

iTl^'-n^^'^f  ''  '"^  ''''^'"^^-    ^'^-  '•"^^  ««!«'•.  ««ilo«  oft  flower  buds 

lTi^\SXSr"MaT-jr  '''^'''  ^'""^  ''''''■  '-'^'^  '^'y  ^"^-V  ^ 

the  segments;  stam.  very  long-exserted.-Cultivated.    This  spleSshrub Zne 
.  from  Asia  Minor,  but  is  >n  no  wise  superior  in  beauty  to  our  own  A  calendu 
laceae  (which  it  much  resembles).     Varieties  of  every  hue.     (R.  flaJum  Don  ) 

a  tree.      Calyx  (sma  I)  deeply  5-parted,  persistent ;  corolla  ^ampanu- 
late    shghtly  unequal  or  regular,  5-lobed ;  stara.   10    (rarely  fewe.) 
mosly  decimate,  anth   opening  by  2  terminal  pores;  capsule  5-eellocl    . 
5^valved,  many-seeded.-Shrubs  with   alternate,  entire,  evergreen  Ivs 
l^ls.  in  dense,  terminal  umbels  from  large,  scaly  buds.     IFW  355  \ 

S  Calyx  lobos  large  loaf-Ilke.    Leaves  hairy.    Stamens  5  to  10  **  v    r 

(  Calyx  lobes  suiall,  scule-like.-Leavos  ohtimo  at  each  en.l .    . .' ." ! ." m  •^';- 1 

—Leaves  acute,  nisty  or  silvery  lioneatli.".'.". .'.'." Nos'  'V  (1 

_  -Leaves acute, glabrous  beneath ■■■'Nos4  5 

1  R.  Lapp6nicum  Wahl.  Laplaxd  Rose  Bay.  Dwarf;  Ivs  elliptical  oh'tvl 
very  small,  roughened  with  concede  rusty  scales  both  sidJ  fls.  in  S2l  1  5 
clusters    campanulate,   limb  spreading,  5-lobed;  stam.  5   oVto  10  ex  e'ttS- 

numrus.' whi  '.  'ron^h"f  l"'f  ^  "'k'"^"  "^i^^-  ^^  ^"^-  ^^  ^  Y.^Brldics 
Sh  crowded  ror  f  f.  «'^;i-  ^^%'^*''^*  5  ^y  2i",  revolute,  ferruginous  bo- 
neain,  crowded.     Cor.  7  to  8    diam.,  deep  purple,  regular.    Jn.,  Jl. 

2  R.  Catawbi^nse   Mx.    Catawba  Rose  Bay.    Lvs.  oval,  \ounded-ohtnm  nt 

3  R.  punctdtum  L.  Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute  nt  each  end  ferruninmts  awl 
sprvnkkd  with  res^nous  dots  beneath;  cal.  teeih  very  sliorS-  cor!^;£^c^pZ. 


Ordbr  73.— ERICACE^  j^. 

4S7l 

late,  uaequaJ,  pet  roundrsK  ^nl^niiri  «n  '''''T  V""'-  ^"^^^''^t  euinpanu- 
Enfe^totLntrofS    StocrToK  T^'"«  ^"^  ^'»'^<^^  N. 

4  to  7'  long,  entire,  thk'Sl Sery'  CorflTlWao  fl";"'  '^^7  -"T'''^"^ 
of  the  evergreen  Ivs.  Scales  of  the  flower-b«npnr  f  ^  20-flowered,  in  the  midst 
rate.  Cor.  pink  or  rose-coKed  vS  to  wWte  wiJh  '"T  1^'""^"^  «^"'^'- 
dotted  with  yellow,  1^  to  2'  diani    Jh,  lug  ^"'^  "  '^°'^'  sometimes 

subacute,  very  short.l-FrL  Asia  Minor  A  T  *^''"^^«««^'«-'-«tofe ;  caL  lobes 
in  cultivation  very  variable    f  ^  ''""^^  ^^^^'^  '^  ^i^"^-.  Purple,  but 

«7tf;p:i''ST,-  S''Lse§^o"y.nS"LtbIr"t'^•  ^^'^,'^«"«'  "''^ 
margins;  P^^^- a«rfca/.  pu6e,ce«<.li  Et  be'i"^^^!  t-^^  With  crenulate,  curled 
Mts.    Fls.  purple,  red,  white,  dnna  Jn  cl^  &e    /  '"^  ^^''""^^•' 

not^gi^ndu"  nTvTcuStl  JcSS'Slia'^^^^^  ^"T  ^""^  «^P^'^  ^"««-  ^^ 
nal,  1  to  3  together,  on  shorr peS-^^K; X^f  S^^^^^  f "'  '"^'  ^'-  *^™'- 
long.  Fls.  scarlet,  purple  crimson  flanfi^L)  I  ^^P"  ^''"^e-ovate,  5  to  8 ' 
liant.  f    (Azalea  indica  I)  ^  Aame-color,  Ac.    Ta  cultivation  very  bril- 

valved;   cells  manv-seedod— Shmh  tifK  /   -i       '      ,'  '  '^-♦^elled,  5- 
und  pale  purple  flowerr  <lcciduous,  alternate  leaves, 

^a'ii'to'pfnn^equei'^Sri  "^^  f-^,  in  bogs,  mountain  or  plain, 
each  dividing  at  tjp  into  seteml  IZl   ft^lf'^Y  "^f'  '•"  '"^"«^'^  ^'^^^  ^ark 
yet  naked  Si  Iblia^e,  boaTrte  Si  ^Sf  a'"-'"'-  -.''^f  '"'^'^'''^  '"^'^^ 

Spln-ish^'otlni!^)  'FLveifhoXTnerot^'^"!''  ^^^^^^^^  ^'^--"'^ 
late;  corolla  of  7   distinct  not^-«  '^  ^^^  ^toothed,  ca.npanu- 

valvcHl,  inanv-seoded  -SS  ;>:,     ?/"'"'  ^^S  '^P'"'*^   ^■^^'"^^'   ^- 
^ti.  ivs^nd  lowers  in  dl^;:^;^:; II^^^ 

ponds,  E.  Ga.  and  FiraidTe  aJ£n™:a7'^f  f  ™r^'''"  «'"  «-""P«  '^-d 
a  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  very  entire  erect  In  9''  i  ''^"Ji^,^"^'^  evergreen  slirub, 
white,  tinged  with  re^  p^talstCoUa^  ^TdTng  ^r^.^^ J^'^"^' 

^xserted;  anthers  opem-n/b;  2   /^      '1'  «P''«^^'"^' =  stamens  5-10 
valved  ;  ^ponir'jTarrirbCL'shrT",  P"*^:''  '^^f'"''^  ^-colled,  5-' 


402 


Order  73.— ERICACE^. 


a.  ANGUSTir^LiUM.     Lvs.  narrower,  almost  linear;  sta.  mostly  10 

cap,.  3-celIed,  3-valved,  n>a„y.seeded.-SmanimC,h  shraS^fth  e  "J 
revolute.    Hows  Mm.rouLnd  snil^  May  i„„e  '''  ""*      ""■"«'' 

simple  or  braaohed  ,ace,„i,  yot.lTulto.-tdirZll  toZW 
in  swamps.     E.  Can.  to  Ga      Lvi    2  ir.  ^' i^.,™   i        u      j       ™"  ^  *°  ^'^'"g''. 

wedpXped  base,  ta^eSr;,  mYo^'shtt^Sk' ^a^^^^^^ 
cal.  hoary-pubescent,  tlio  former  2"  in  lenjii   and  intho  tvn  c.f    T  .    f'^'  ""** 
long.     Cor.  white,  spreading,  sweet-scentS  '  Jl    Aue  "^^  •^^**"' ""' 

li.  TOMENTosA.     Lvs.  downy  or  tomentoua  bonpnth  "  ...^    =i     j 

(Bartram).     Wo  havs  not  seea  tliU  plant.     (C.  panioulala  WiUd ) 

Suborder  m.     CYRlLLEJi:.     The  Cvuillads. 

22  ELLIOT'TIA,  Muhl.  (To  ^/.^^n  Mllott,  Esq.,  of  Charleston 
S.  C,tho  well  known  botanical  author.)  Cak'x  smaU  4tJoS.' 
corolao  4  petals  slightly  cohering  at  ba.so  ;  stamen  srantLrai 
^te ;  style  slender  with  a  capitate,  undivided  stig.na  ;  ckpside7-cdfe 
3-8eeded. — A  .slimb  w  th  v  r(r"f-  Kr^„^i- -  t  u  =^.  '.  ^?P'*"'*'  o  tuieci, 
late   ontirn  IvVn^l  *  T^       t,rant;iiua  aiteniato,  cleciduons,   lanceo- 

late, entire  lvs.  and  terminal  racemes  of  white  fls. 

^•^rSt^^^Shr;:;:."  «?■'?"'*'•  ^^"y«««bo~',  G«.  moit),  «„d  Atlanta  (P.  J. 
tserumans.)    Shnih  .i-gf.  Lvs.  pubescent  ben  ath,  on   short  petioles     Racemi- 

inkir'       •  '""'"•    ^''''^'  ol>tuse.5-6".    Buds  oblon,^  '  Malun.  Imlt  vl-; 


Order  T3.— ERICACEAE.  ^gg 

^to  F°r1!frab  mo  Tsnth'  ""{r'^^P'^^  streams,  in  pine  barrens,  N.  Car 
Lvs.  varvinVfrom  nlJ  t  ^  '  ^'ll»  spreading  branches  and  a  light  gray  bark 
aItor?;af  XvVr^Zn^^  mostly  acute,  very  smoofh,  t^ing  to 

branches  simultJJonllf'sTrn^'^^^^^^^  The  racemes  and  new 

Ja.  ^  ^     °    ^"^  *"°  "P®^  of  the  preceding  years'  growtk 

24.  MYLOCA'RIUM,  Willd.    Buckwheat  Teee.     (Gr  Mn  a  mill 
Kapvov,  a  kerne  ,  a  fanciful  namo  ^     CUU^^  k  *    fi    i  ''  •    '^  ^'     ™"'' 

s  f,rtviL^'rir  r-'^^'^  ''■--'^<''  ^"'p'i-'  '"■■  -a  r;; 

o.^rZ."/^-     ^^""OI-E^.     Th.  W.ktkkobeen  Tribe. 

5-parted;  petals  5,  equal ;  nUmom  10,  anthers  larl*^  pendulous   fixS 
,.nlL    t      I    'i  ^^    5,  appearing  as  rays  or  tubercles  •  cansule  5 

S  stamens  and  style  stmlglit    Stisjums  peltate  6-ravP,l  ^      *=  '' 

«■  high,  bearin,  oi^or  .toS*,':?  Cet  S'  m^Z  'il^.  '■"■"'  4 
end,  with  appres.sed-Dointed  9r>rnH,rnc   '''"*^'-'»."<^ar  lue  Dase.     Lvs.  acute  at  e.^ch 

i;.g\  l-ide7dusterS  lo'to  rfgca'-wh";^^^^^^^  ^'^Pt^'*^^'  ^- 

tlie  style.     Ju.,  J,.  grcenisn-whito  fla     Petals  oblong,  shorter  than 

^  ^^^T^me^tL^^^^^  petioles  dilatedat 

very  short  pedicels  LlloS'hn^"  '"'^^^«^^/  ^''^^^  ^'q^^ling  or  exceeding  th« 
ollaUn  w'ood'^hS  is  N  Tr  andTr  t"'  .m^'  '.'"'''  '"  f "  Rlobulafcor- 
Lvs.  raucronulate  at  apex      Cor'  whit«  «i7    h     "'     ?''^?t  ""^"^'''''  ^  ^^^  ^  ^'«h. 

^;4;  ^i^^^tirt'..  "^^^^J-^^-^r,  crenulaie,  kal/ as  long  as  tke  narro. 

ing,  often  perSlyorbSrt'"rn"L  Z'""'  "T""'"  ^^«"  '"^  ^'''^'^^  ^^  ^he  foUow- 
"mooth,  shininrcorilSr'petioirTt^^^^^^^^  "^  '^^"'«'  *  ^  1'  *i'«'»-. 

high,  bearing  a^' long  oprVaceme  mJJ^f  Scapes  erect,  angular,  8  to  12' 
Jd.,  jl  **    P  '^®'"®-     ^^^  nodding,  large,  petals  greenish  whits 


494 


Ordbr  73.— ERIOACE^ 


03  tho  duclinato,  L^urtod  siy^   Pot   whUo     J]  '■'*'*^  ''''  ^"'^  '"^'"'^  W 

lav;  sty.  cluvato,  tho  5  SnanVSil  lS?;,T:-  f  "f^  '^''^"''^^y  '«*»- 
Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Wis  Lv7KS  ro  ,  f  ^  '«''!"'.t— Com.uoi,  ia  wcxjcJ.s 
Uiatn,  aincoil*  and  8l>iui„K'  with  clnsoS  '.""'"""^'  ''^  """'^''  ""^--'y  2' 

as  Ion,,  as,  ar.d  soa,otinHJs'Cg  r  t  ;r Z  bL  e      W  /f  r?'^?  """^'•»«'^' 

.U  base  and  in  ti.o  -.i-.J-.-.  Fla  droooim.  W  ^"f^"  "^ 'o  12  higii,  bractoato 
torminal  :  .      :„.,  Ji.  ■^'^""P"'«:.  Jargo,  fragrant,  white,  iu  an  oblong, 

'"sma!;;;;^     .•anHi-tSf!::\^t  fs^^f  %,rT''  ^""^'-  ">""  «'«  blado;  flj 

sLrt^aa'L'JLtJlitir.^:^^^^^^^  7'"""""'  '^»^'-  -  --ulao. 

«an.e  l.ngth  'and^curvSo  as  tho  pSlS  ^  J  "'  ""  "^'^"'  P'*''*^-     «'^-  ^"'^^^  »h" 


(Pj'rola  uui- 


lo 


VO  :    CH 


tiuivalt  It  to  tho  English  name  Winter  green.)     Calvx  Inaitod- 
,  spreaduHr ;  stamens  10  :  filaments  HilL,.  I  *i..  '^,.i*^  P^'*'*  ' 


-Small,  snffn.t.cous,  cvorgreon  plants,  Avith  the  habit  of  Pvro  a     T?/ 

::^r  i^i^r'"''''^  ^^^"'^  ^^  ^^^^^^'^^'^  veni^Sia^^if,,  t 

«  Iu  dry  woods,  floTe^Dff   rjulv/^^^  sty  "u.^ersed  iu  the  ovary.- 

•  States.  Laves  inTr ^ore  'Sl^r  X^^a-f  lonH  af '  ?"  ^'"^  ^^ 
and  distinctly  serrate  on  short  notm^-  ^V,  '  -*  ^^  ^V*?'  t  as  wide,  remotely 
gr^n  color.  ^Pedunct^  Z^Zl  ^^X^^J^Z^^^^'  .^  A -ifo™  farf 

ors  on  nodding  pedicels  8    long.     Jl.-Both  tS'  ^nd  i')?«"^i'   ^^'  P^'f"'?  '''''^■ 
tonic  and  diuretic  (Bw )  ^  ^  *""  following  species  ard 


Obdeb  '?3.— ERICACE^.  .^^ 

Sddordkr  v.     GALACINEJi:. 

tals  btcnlo,  anthers  5,  l-celled  opening  across  the  top  ;  capsule  3-celled  • 
.eeds  00  inclosed  in  a  loose,  cellular  testa.- 2^  Rooti  tuCeiSn  ' 
<h-("P  rod,  sending  up  roundish-cordate,  long-stalked,  glabro^'ir  a^n7; 
scape  bearing  a  dense  raceme  of  white  fls  ^  '^ 

SuBORDKR  VI.      MONOTROPE^ 

29.  MONOT'ROPA,  L.     Indian  Pip..     P.^b  Sap.     (Gr  ud.oc  one 
T/)t7ra>,  to  turn  ;  i.  c.,  turned  one  way  )     Calvx  of  1  f,^  TkI  f  ??'        ' 
pals ;  petals  4  to  5,  eonnivent  in  a  biiishaXlU^^^^^^^ 
stamens  8  to  1 0  ;  anthers  opening  transversely  at  apex  f  st^na  discokr 
5-rayed;  capsule  4  to  5-celled,  4  to  5-valved  f  seeds  numerous  minute 

l^'^^^r^^^^^in^=x^-:^s^,Xi:^''' ^• 

1  M.  uniflora  L.     Indian  Pu'e.     Bird's  Kp<5t     c;^  ci,^tf         i 

fl.  nodding;  fr.  orec-t.-Conunoa  in  w<^  irSan  and  U  s'  ' A  ''  ^PP'^'^'f ^• 
plant,  about  C  higl.,  of  a  dirty  wliito  ir/a  1  its  Darts.  S'  fi,,  ^  r"'-  r'^*-'"!^"* 
lanctH)late,  sea.i-trar  sparent  Ivs  or  bmcts  a,Kptmf '„  J  '''f  **  '^'^'j  '^'^'^'^' 
sessile  and  nodding  on  tho  reflexedTon  Pommn  ?  ^T'  *'™'?^^  "°^'-' 
trees  on  whose  roots  it  kdoZt^LZtio  Jn C^T  '^,  "^^'"  *  '"  ^^^'  «'" 
the  flower  is  more  or  less  pedunculate  J»— Sept.--In  tho  so.ithorn  plant 

./.^i^wI!XTr  ^' ^^     Cauouxa  Bkkch-orops.  (To  I,.,  Lerois 

Zaio  ■   \  V'  '*"  P'^"^*""*  botanist.      Calyx  persistent,  of  6  erect 

Imens'To't.r'^'^''  T"""  P"^'^*?'''  ca^anulate,  lim'b  5lZf; 

minntP      Planf"  i    fl     '  f'^P'^"'?^ ^"Ceiied,   o-valved ;   seeds   numerous, 
minnte.— I  lant  leafless,  brownish.      Fls.  subsessile,  capitate    reddish 
white,  with  the  odor  of  the  violet.  ^        '  ^*^^^^"' 

S.  odordta  Ell.     Rich,  shady  soils,  Md.  to  N,  Car   fCurtia^     Planf  q  t^  ±'  ».•  i. 
with  the  habit  of  Monotropa.     Feb..  Mar.  ^        ^'     ""*"*  ^  to  4  higl^ 


496 


Order  U.— AQUIPOLIACE^. 


31.  PTEROS'PORA,  Nutt.     Albany  Beech-drops.— CGr.  rrreoo'v  -» 
wing  arropa.  a  seed ;  alluding  to  the  winged  seeds.)     cllv-x  5-pT  ed 
corolla   urcoolate,  roundish-ovoid,  the  limb  5-toothed    aud   rcScv-cd 
stamens   10    anthers  peltate,   2-cel!ed,   2.awned,  opening  Lj'thwYs  • 
capsule  5  .died   S-valved  ;  seeds  very  numerous,'mii;ute,ling^d  17  ho 

Order  LXXIV.     AQUIFOLlACEJi:.     IIollyworts. 

Shrubs  or  ^^e««,  with  evergreen,  alternato  or  opposito.  simple,  coriaceous,  exstinn- 
ate  eaves.     F.raers  small,  axillary,  sometimes  dioecious.     S^^als  i  to  6,  mbr^L 
m  bud  very  mmuto.      Cor.  regular,  4_G-cleft  or  parted,  hypogynous,  imbricate  in 
jestivafon      Sfa    nserted  into  the  very  short  tube  of  th<;  corollf  and    Ito  natT wi 
its  segments.    Anth.  adnate.     Ova.  free  from  the  calyx,  2-6-cellcd  with  a  solit^ 

Ztgt ^^ "''" '""  '"■  '™^^~^' '-''' '-' '''-' - '^-^ 
p.r.«  ^be.  ..a  1,0.  ^ix^  u.ix^rrr=^iite^-\^  £-i? 

\>aQth«i  ia  inUrmediate.     '""'"""<=*  <w  tr«y<(«M«<,»«  and  l</cM«*Mm;  and  niorower,  Neam- 

GENEKA. 

I  IS!!""!I^  tetrameroMS.    Dr„,  4,  b„ny,  aulcato  nutJots j,,,  , 

5      ab    ua  y    otramorous.     Drup.  4,  horny,  smooth  n„t,ots. . .    ...    V "  'ii^;^;;:^  . 

f  Ha    tuany  hoxamerou.    Berry  wic        :,  S)  ...ooth,  curti,agiao„s  seeds.  ..^:.     Pa"::-  '. 

1.  ILEX,  L.     HoLLv.     (The        lent  name  of  the  Holm  Oak   th.^ 

or  serreelv  muted ^^^^^^^^       ^'T'''"'        '^"^.'"  ^^  *  *^^'"^^  P«t^'«  ^l'«t'"^^ 
or  scarcely  united  at  base  ;  stamens  -.     .tigmas  4,  or  uni'ted  into  one  • 

drupe  red,  w,th  4  bony  mitlets,  vibbea  anS  furrowed  on  the  convex* 

baek.-Lvs.  alternate.     FIs.  s.nall,  white,  lateral,  single  or  clustered. 

I  Trees  overgroon-tlio  loaves  armed  with  spinous  teetli 

I  Shrubs  ov..rjrreen-tlie  loavos  unnrn.e.l,  s?r  a^^./r  en  ho \r  "^n"- ' 

$  Shrubs  .leoiduous,  tho  louvo»  thin,  sorrute  or  eati. o  ^""'  ^"^ 

kn,l"ttl  i^'^-i  =^-aticrc(i  clusters  at  the  base  of  the  new  branchletV 

Tutumn.    5n'  '"''  ''^  ''''''""'^  ""^ ''"  ''''"^'^  ^'"^'^  ^^^-^^^  untU  kto  S 

^'aS-MaL'tr'  1J"V^  "^'™  with  a  single  spinous  tooth  towanls  th. 
apex.     Macon,  Ga.,  Ic.    Lvs.  exactly  oval,  very  dififerent  Irom  I.  Dahoon. 


Ohdeb  74.— AQUIPOLIACE^  ,  ^  ^ 

the  midvein,  aa  well  as  the  pSes  and  thwhI  « '  "^''"'  pubescent,  at  least  or, 
rate,  cluster;  of  fls.  pTdrcuC  fls  4-o^artd  ^  TflT  ?"?  "/  ^''™«*™^«  «*-"- 
swamps,  Va.  to  Pla     Lvs  2  to  V  InnV    !?  •  T     ^".®  ^'"■"^'  ^  to  ]2f  high,  in 

/<.  ivs.  atger  oblong-elliptio,  obtuse,  on  very  >!,ort  Detiolo,     r,  m     i.      , 
'•  S  S,"-'"-"""'".  ~«  -"  base,  Mi.,y  eScFrirlSi^I.  ^gj 

'^he°T<frSuS«,sr^.iL':;ia  .t:ceT;' isc'T  r™^'  "■■*« 

about  3-ribbod  on  the  convex  back  — A  «1Znn.'^  '  ^^-  *-P'»'"ted;  nutlets 

in  S.  States,  near  the  coast  6  to  Janiii     Lvf  S^^^^  «^'"™«'^ 

fls  nearly  sessile,  ster.Io  p^dieels^^  to '.'' lon^  CprsS'r 'it  Th    ''""''' 
lets.     Mar.,  Apr.-Usc-d  by  the  Creek  Indianf  as  a  tol  ^  '"^'"^  *  ^'""^  ""'■ 

rod.  2  to  y  tag.    Apr.  (r  pSillS  L)*        '°"°' '"''°""-  "' "™''"  !■«"*»• 

^a^°p  g„^;  ira.L°afir!!ju-:jp:^rkTrL"»'''«"'--- 

lai)!e,  docidnom,  2to4  b,lto2''«']„'.„        .      ?""''  ''""t  ef  high.     lv». 
cell  3  or  mora  i,  a  etetor  1  to  2"'lol„     ?T        !'  "^'T  "  ™'«»ni'"to.     Tedi- 
a  uusier,  1  to  ^    long.    (I.  ambigua  Torr.  N  Y  Fi  ) 

als  4  to  5.  distinct,  linear  or  oblo^n'    stamens  4  to  ?■  ^'  P-*" 

pherical ;  stig.„as  4  to  5,  sessile  ;  fruii  f  r:  >g    bo„s  dr;;e^i^^  'To^^ 
smooth  horny  nut  ets -Shrubs  with  alternate,   entire,^d;cTcuous   h's 
I     on  slender  pedicels,  usually  dia-cio-polygarn'ous  by  abortior  Bei 
nes  red.- A  genus  intermediate  between  Jlex  and  Prinos 

^  ^r^ooT"^^ro:^e.^^^^  '^-r---  oval,  very  entire. 

A  shrub  4— 6f  liitrh   Sci^    ;.T   ^.    ^"'''  ^°""'  f'-  somewhat  angular -i 

^.-fa;  fertile  £,ii,.,y,  oi;  vef;  £*pi„oK,e"  *t?ff;rR*'r 

Shrub  4  to  sr  high.     Lvs  small    l  tn  9' h,r  p"  «:.T       o!'' ■,"  "'^^'^  -^^"'i^  R-,    Oa. 

o2 


*^®  Obdeb  15.— STYRACACEiE. 

•;  LeavM  <lccl<lnoiis,  tl.ln.    Borrlos  red. . . 

I  Leaves  evergreen,  tluek,  shining.    JJerrieV  biack N..s.  1,  a 

late.-Thi.s8hrubif  found  in  Li^tJoolor^^^^^  ''f  ''^"^"  «"b"">^^'- 

U3ually  growing  about  8f  higl.  Leaves  iiirmwp?P'',.v  "°^  '"""^  "'^ **>«  States, 
uncinately  serrate,  with  prominent  nnhn^^nnr  •  u"^^  ^''^  *  ^'^o'^  Petiole, 
dioecious,  small,  the  pcdicdssS  more  tZn  ;'.?'?%  ^''"f^h-     Flowers  white 

1  ttle  bunches  (apparelltly  ve^tiSt  /  Zc^^src-cdl^i'S  «  ^7T  ''''''''•  "' 
JI.     (P.  Gronovii  Mx.)  »>^""uian,  o  coiiea  and  6-seoded,  penuauent 

fertile  axillary,    subsessi^    ;?  trinmor  .„  ,     ^  ^"' '  ^^-   '"oxamerous,  the 

niarshes,  N.  .(^d  if  d.  Suites  ^  Sub  G  to  ^^.W  P^'^^^^'^'^^-Swamps'and 
brandies.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  bv  8  to  1 9^  "„•  ?  j    5  '  '^*''   ^'^'^  ^""a^'^sh  and  warty 

J'ls.  nK>stly  solita;y!°tho  «ferileVa' pE  f  G"\r ^  ff  VeS"'"  ?•  *^,  ^«"  '-^' 
2 '.     Berries  large,  red.     Jn  ^'  '"^"'^^   pedicels  scarcely 

^%™aTbS;d;S^^^^^^^^^^  ^rf-.^^-  Hale  sent  specimens 

""  4  ?™  at'^tho'^d.^fLut'SllS??^  ^'^^^«"«.  «"-- 

R.  I.  to  N.  Y.  and  Car.  Lvs  verv  smooth  11m  ^^  ^^"""^  '"^  ^^^'^^P^'  Mass., 
broadest  above  the  middle     PedLk^^hL  rf'^'-^;  """'"^'  ^  *"  1^'  ^.v  5  to  7" 

^^ostlye-parted.     BorrStuifdisttLl^trSinV^'n^r^^     ^'^^  ^'''*^' 

near°?hTap"x'  lo^y  iZl.^'^SlkrZ:!  '"^^  Bhort-acuminate,  sharply  serrate 
C  to  8-parted,  8Wi JagS^^^^^^^  ""nutely  black-dotted  beneath;  fls. 

seeds.-! A  shmb  4  to  ffSfu  4e  'w,S^^^^^^^^^  berry  Wack  with  6  to  8  smooth 
and  Fla.     Lvs.  remarkablv  thiot  IS  Y.^t^  Savannah  (Pond   to  Bainbridge,  Ga. 

to  4  mucronate,  app  ossed  eS  Berries'ILf ""'.  •  ''""^  ^"^  ''  ^'d«'  ^'^'^  ^ 
May.    (P.  atomarius  Nutt.)  -"erriea  large,  astringent;  seeds  lens-shaped. 

Order  LXXV.     STYRACACEJS. 

^.r.  S-rarel/;  or  G^td  h^b  i'^^^^^^^  i^T^  -  -"vation. 

length,  usually  cohering.     Anih   innate  2-lllod  n         I     *'  "^  °°'  ""^^^""^  '" 

partitions  sometimes  h'rdly  reachi„.  tL  center"  T'.          ""''  ^---"ed,  the 

but  one  fertile  cell.     Sds.  5~l                 '"""'"'•  ^'"^  drupaceous,  generally  with 

■egar.le.l  an  stimulant  an.l  expecton,nt7aro  tl^^.^f^^^^^^^^  '5"'  ^^S''""'  g"'"  re'i^,, 

nale.  u  fe,.nan  tree,  and  S.  be-izoln,  naU^^^^Zl^J^anU  I'h^ldlS  ^''^  "^«-  *'«<^- 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA 
I.  SYMPLOOINEJ!.    AntUe,.  „.„„„^  l„,„u.,  el„l,„,.,    c.JjvM.ft 

„,  *  lowers  wliite  (a). 

a  Flowers  pentamerous.    Fruit  wlnaless  l-seedp.l 
a  Flowers  tetrauierous.    Fruit  wingl,.?tl  neetd\\\:.\\\\\firrA.  3 


Ordbr  T6.— STYRACACE^.  ^qj 

1.  SYM'PLOCOS,  Jacq.     (Gr.  oviiTrXoKog,  connected ;  rcferrinfr  to  ll  o 
stamens.)     Calyx  5-clctt ;    corolla  5-parted,  spreadini,  iuSted  iu 
bud  ;  8tan.ens  Qc,  ,n  5  clusters,  one  attached  to  the  bat  ofeach  pet. 
filaments  slender,  anthers  globular;  ovary  3-celled,  the  love,  luKl 
herent;  drupe  dry,  w,th   a  S-celled,  mostly  l-sceded  .mt-SlX  n 
trees,  w.th  axillary  clusters  or  raceules  of  small  yellow  is 

6  to  12  ;  cal.  lobes  ovate   obtimn      v..  L  r^.  .  't    "^'"'"^y.  ^ense  clusters  of 

Ml,'  '^^"''"-  ^^^y^  campanulate,  truncate  or  5-toothed  • 
corolla  deeply  S-parted,  much  longer  than  the  calyx  stamenV  10 
jcncd  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  filfmepts  united  S  a' sho  "  tube  ai 
base  a.)thers  .near,  erect ;  ovary  adherent  at  base ;  fruit  coriaceous 
1-celled,  mostly  1-seeded.  Shrubs  with  alternate  Ivs.  ^nd  Sa  v 
racemes  of  white,  drooping,  showy  fls  axillary 

uar.  toLa.     The  Ivs.  arj  often  ovate.    (S.  levo  Walt )  "wny. 

Si'  sSs'i^trr"'/'^'  '7'  ';"'""^''  ^^^"^^«  ^^-'  -•  «'^--t  V 

10  ,n  Imt!  fl  !  1  7  ;  ^'"'  ''''"^^  ^'  *'"^'^^-  L^«-  alternate,  abruptly 
acum.nato  finely  denticulate  or  entire.  Fls.  in  advance  of  the  IvI  ne  f 
dulous,  ,a  lateral  clusters  of  3  to  5,  white,  showy.  ^ 

i  ,  wjufeLu.     woods,  Oar.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ark.    Small  or  large  tree,  usually 


£00 


Order  77.— SAPOTACE^. 


15  to  20f  higli.     Prof.  Pond  do8cribo8  ono  on  the  OkcocIiog  R    4nr  hi^i.   ♦      ,. 

c.  J"Tv«  ^^f"t''-'>'  -"  i"  N.  Cnr..  whose  tlKiure^nf  n'ltuS 
cnco.     Lvs.  quito  larjfo  (4   to  fi  nr  1'  hv  o  trL  •!'»      ui     ■      ,    t      '"  t" t-umior- 

OhdkuLXXVI.     EIJENACE.K.     E.oxads. 
3W  or  shrubs  without   milky  juico  and  with  a  heavy  wood.     Leaves  altornato 
rxsfpu  ate.  conacoou..  entire.     Jnfioroaeenco  axiliaiy.     Flou.rs  by  abortion  dTc^i 
0U8  seldom  perfect.     Cal.  free,  3  to  6-eleft,  divisions  nearly  e„ual,  perHistenT     Co 
o/Zcj  regular  3  to  G-eleft  often  pubescent,  in.brieato  in  .estiv^ition.      'Zr  .iee    r" 
4  tunes  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.     Fr.  a  lleshy.  oval  or  globous Trr 
Seeds  large,  suspended,  albuminous.  J<  b    "^ua  utrr>. 

far'^a'.I^V/Y;'"  '""•  •"•"'"^  "»"^''  "'  ""'   ^""'-  «"<•  tl.e  tropic..  „no  only  bolng  foun.l  .s 
WI..W  is  oatal.lo  wlicn  fully  r  ..o    i 111. 'm  Ll    ^  ^^1  «lV^     i^^^  ^''''^'l- .  "'"  """"  "''  "'«  "I"-'"'''! 

DIOSPY^ROS,  Dalesch.     Persimmon.     Fls.  $  $ .    Oul  4^G-lol.o,l  ■ 
cor.  tubular  or  campanulate.  4-6.cIoft,  convoluto  in  ^^tivation      V 
Sta.  8-50,  ,no8  ly  16  ;  fii.  shorter  than  the  anthers;  ova.  aborUvc-  sty 
0      ?   Sta  mastly  8,  with  -t  anthers;  .sty.  2-4-ci;a;  berry  ovoid  o," 
gobous,   4-12-  mostly  8-celled,   cells   1  seeded.-A  largeyenus  o' 
shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  tropical.  ^     ^  ' 

Lrvos'a  T'  onf  on/'^  f"'"'  ^  \''^  «^  ^«^«°  ^"--■"'  S^ut^^^nd  West 
vZJ  tlTL-T'^'     "'"■^'  «^,*"«o»^«  t>eneath.     Flowers  obscure,  pale  uroenisl  - 

Order  LXXVII.     SAPOTACE^     Soapworts. 

TVee*  or  .;.r.ft5,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  and  simple,  entire  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  perfect,  mostly  in  axQlary  clusters.  Cal,x  free,  persistent  c7v7a 
Lypogynous,  short,  stamens  usually  as  n.any  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  to  them  t 

us;:Uib  mirs  '  ^"'  ^ '''''''  ^""'^^^^"^  °^"^°  ^'^  -•^-"-  ^-^^-^^. 


<?«n.<?w  21,  «n«,»«,  212,  chiefly  tropical. 
Valuable  for  tlicir  succulent  truit.  as  th 


8<.ui787ecio;\VAch;^Xin;'us"'l\^  a''°srstlM?I''^-'  ^/^'•"PI'l'-N  <''«  •  '"'  their  fobrlftipal  bark, 
Outtu-krcha  obiaineU  fromlhrtroo  Lonalfoitta?''  '^'"'""""'  "'"'  '"""■  «"'"  ^•-'«''''«-  "*  '"" 

BUME^LIA,  Swarts.     (The  Greek  name  of  the  Ash.)    Calyx  6-nartcd 
corolla  5-cleft,with  a  row  of  10  narrow  appendagei  on  tt  ^  of 
he  lobes;  stamens  6,  opposite  the  lobes,  alternate  Sith  5  petaSster- 
ale    tamens  ;  ovary  5-cel  ed  ;  style  filiform  ;  drupe  ellipsoid,  1-seeded 

7:!n^^\        •*''"'  7''^'  "  '''y  ''^'•^'  «™  ^•'^«^-     Branchlots  often 
^MfK"^!'!'"  ;-^      7     -^°;  e"<-"^-,  ui   a  nrm  texture.     F  s.  airffrcffated 
with  the  lvs.  from  buds  of  the  preceding  year,  white  or  greenlh      Ou 
species  are  all  more  or  less  spiny.  J,«t.enisn.     uur 

•  Leaves  Lairy  beneath Nos.  1.  2.         •♦  Leave,  glabrou,  both  sides Nos.  3.  4 


lieliig  found  as 


Ohdku  78.— J>RIMULACEvE.  g^j 

1  B.  tenaac  WillJ.     Clusters  and  Iva.  boHoath  8ilky-/erruginou3 :  Iva  wcdMohlnn™ 

appendage,  «.w««Jra«  ,l,„  calyj;  diupo  ovol.iury  8a„Jr  ,£,  s  c'arT.  S 

gH3^"M7cp5:''K^^s'SiaS» 

1  r^"     ,":•/'— ^  "'^">^'''^-  (^-  toraoi.tosa  DC,  li.  oblongifolia  Nutt.) 
atto  UH Slo'thn '!^'!.- 1  ^''^l-T'  "I"  "'^""^^  '°''  ^''*-  ^^dffe-eUiptkal,  rather  o^te 

Sv  8tn.ilr  «  ^P  ""''•'•  ¥'••  ^;  ^"'■-  ^"  ^'''-     ^  »'""»  t*-^""  with  the  branchea 


Oedeu  LXXVIir.     PRIMULACE^.     Pbimworts. 

fra^W^rrT''?'?  ^'^^^'t  ""'"^  '"^'"'^  "'  ™°^"^  «PI^''«'  ^'^l'  »^'«  fi^^rs  5- 
nr^H  f  1      ^T      '  '■'^"'""  ^'''^  '««««P'^tal«"«.  tho  siam,m  G,  inserted  on  tho 
corolla  tubo  and  opposite  to  its  lobos,  the  ovar.j  ono-celled.  with  a  free  central  Z 
conta,  stylo  1,  st.gma  1,  the  cap^  1-eeiied.   Go-seeded ;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen 

lilglUy  prized  in  culture.    I'ropenies  uniu.portunt.    '  '^       Uiouutjilns.      Many  «ro  beftutilul  and 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 
.      OTTONIK^.    Ovary  superior.  Capsule  opening  by  valves.  Leaves  pectinate    IIotton.a      1 

II.  iKiMULK^    Ovary  superior.    Capsule  opening  by  valves.    Leaves\  n  Sd       ^       ' '   ' 

Acaule8cent._Cor<,ila  lobes  spreading,  tuU,  cylindrical ^J^™  .  „ 

-Corolla  lobes  spreading,  tube  ovoid ANOHosArK  a 

-Corollulobesreilexed.-3tamens  exerted Z.i^^Z^^^^,    \ 

.„    ,          ,     „                                     —Stamens  included Cvolamisv  % 

•  Caulescent-Corolla  wanting.    Leaves  o|.po.site .. .            •                  0^,^  « 

-Corolla  7-parted.    Leavesin  one  whorl. .  .'.;.■.■.■ Trifn™  T 

-Corolla 6-parted.    Leaves  opposite Naumbeb,  ,!"  \ 

m    AxA.                ■-(^o'-oilaS.parte.L    Leaves  opposite  or  whorled..  .;V;;"Lv8n"!o.u  I 

III.  Anaoaluue*  Ovary  superior.  IVxisoi.eningby  a  lid._Fl..wers  5-part;d..:.AZALL.8;  l' 

IV.  8A.0.K..  Ovary  Lalf  inferior.     Leaves  alternate.    Firw'Xrtir!!';'"'^^^:  \l 

•  *■  ^?™'''!A' L;-  Water-feather.  (To  Peter  Hotton,  mokn^or 
m  the  University  of  Leyden.  DiedlW)  Calvx  5-parted  ?  corolla 
ScfrthrL'  t;?  tube  and  a  Aat/s-lobed  li.nbTstamen't 
strted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included;  stimna  Hoboiis-    caosule 

£3?;TS-I;.^  ''-''^  ''^^'^  '-'^>  -''  pe^tinat^pinSt 

round   thick,  spongy,  with'a  whorl  of  finely  ^cSna^' ?eaves  (.  to  2  liTatt; 
iiear  the  surface  of  the  water.     Peduncles  Jr^es  sovoTal  toUer  Slgll 


"'02  OauKR  78.— PUIMULACR.fl!. 

HoworH  Hrnull,  wluto,  in  rminewim  vortioik  Koiiernlly  4  in  (uioj,,  Hubtoudod  bv  « 
la.ux<.I.»..ar  bracL     Apr.,  (Fla.),  J,,  (M:,8s.)     (11.  j„vln8lri8  Pi,.,  noo  L.) 

2.  PRIMULA,  L.  Thimkohk.  Aruicrj.A.  (Lat./^m^w.v,  fi,.,:t ;  l,,- 
causo.ts  blossoms  appear  oarliost,  in  Hprinfr.)  Calyx  a.i^r„lar,  5-cleft  • 
.H.ro  Ih  salv<M;.s  .aj,o(l  or  oft,'.,  rathe-  ni....(.|-shap(.;i,  with  f,  entire  o.^ 
m.tchcl  or  l.ih.l  lohos;  Hta...o..a  i.,cl...lc(|,  Hla...(M.t.H  vorvHhort:  ca..- 
si.lo  ovo..i,  r,-valvi.j,  valv.'s  oftc.i  l»ifi<|,  oi.o..i..,^r  at  tl.o  ton,  oo-soodod  -- 
Hoibs  (mos(lv  L.iropoa..)  with  tho  Jvs.  all  radical  and  ih.  in  an  in- 
voluci-ato  mnbc'l,  otton  showy. 

*  I'l:;;;::  r  ti^:-  Jui^ivuu'r  "ar'"'-'"-'"-  •^^^""^'^  """""""^^ ^.h.  ,. , 

*  J.'T'II'*  /"Ivxi-roiin.-Th*  lob.m  nliriii.tly  M|.ro.i.llMt' Nos  T  i 

a  tH.iolIa  fminol  f..iii..-L,mvo^  n.«<..l^  Vuiry,  «..olho,l .    ! ! m  ,  ft  u 

— i'Ciivo«|)IiUn,(imo<.tli,  often  intli,. .■.'.:;; N,m  7  s 

^fif.,  «t  .«T  .'^"''.^T'   ^f-  «V"^"l"t^'.  dt...tat.K.!-c-.v,.at..,  obtuso.«-  ,.,.uto,  utte'..- 
;i  .   .i«    '.*^       '^"/''r'""'  '"'"'•  l-«-'l<'^^oro.i;  bnu-t.s  A  ti.noa  «!„„.t -r  than 
tho  iKHbcels,  I.noar-snbuato;  vm\.  .nnoh  nhortor  than  tho  tulxM.f  tho  oorc.lla  •  ( 

W.ilonghby,  V  .  a...i  t  n-.M,glu.at  brit  A.n.     A  vo.y  dolioato  nlunt  Tur  hth 

^  J!;,.?''*!?^?*,''-     /{•  A'^'";'"«ANA,  Torr.     Hiui.VrcY..:  PiuMnos..:.     Lvs.  narrow 

vomy,  olhptuvIana.c.h.t..  obtuso,   donti.ulate  at  apo.v,   attonnato  ut  base  tS 

.v,rjarecoreredw,0iu  yMowi,'^,.:  kit,',  faruMU-eam  <Lst.     invol.  farinacocHiH   •(-2 o' 

Imvcnni   shortor  than  tho  po.lioois;  bracLs  UmyacumiiuU. ;  ,.al.  .c^u'     '  LZ 

ato.aeuto;  a,r.  salvo.-(i,rn,.   lobos  obcordatc,   bitid,   obtuso—Shoros  of  I  Z 

urm.  .and  Swpom.r  (Nntt.,    lloughto,.),    K  \o   hi   (i(;o,     Sca,r  Ll2'  jl 
1<  lowers  palo  pin-pio,  yoliow  in  tho  wntor.  '  ^ 

rUM,.'nt>,  t<x>thod ;  nn.bol  radical ;  fl.  Htnlks  m  h,nR-  as  tho  loavcH ;  'c ,  Z' 
-If  Nativo of  Kuropo.     An  intorostinp  ga.-don  plant,  estoomed  for  its  oa.-ly  flow- 

I  m  .  nd  sn,|(!o,   but  by  onlt.vatiou  thoy  Ikvo.uo  .i.n.blo,   an.l  in  tho  ummZ, 
x^u- ot.es,  ^Ml,  pink,  wh.to,  orango,  purple,  Ac,  and  tho  u.;,bels,  in  numerous 
stances,  are  on  a  seapo.     Apr.  f  (P.  vulgaris  Huds.) 

..Jh  ^',P^^?^J^^  ^^"^'-    .  ^'"'-  l^^'^ceolak,  oblme,  very  sviooth,  covered  beneath 
mUi  jelh,oi^h  furma   n.argi.i   undulato,   .-ovoluto ;  seapo  thick,  glab.c.us  Cer 
than  tho  loaves;  n.vol.   oo-Howored,  as  longas  tho  ,)e.li cols,  fari  .u.«us  hot  3 
jw  sogn,ents  obovato  obtuse,  ..ot  o..)arginate.-NLtivo  of' tho  .nou,.tai..s  7n  ! 
pauI,  Asia.     i<  lowers  dai'k  purple,  f 

hn?.  o"  °®°*"»"«  •^'"••l-  OowBUP  Pkimrosr.  Lvs.  toothed,  rugous,  hairv 
be,  eat. ;  unUn.ls  many-llowerod,  /U>wers  aU  nodding;  eal.  anguhr;  cor.  coZS 
--2f  .Nat,vooflnta,n.  Flo.vers  yellow.  Plant  8,„ells  st,o„gly  of  anise.  Leaves 
a|use,ia.sapotl,erb.  nnda,-o  ,-eco,n,nende.l  for  feeding  silk-wonns.  Its  vm-ie' 
ti«  ,nay  bo  niereasod  by  raising  rro,n  tho  seed.     Jn.  f  (P.  ve,-is  Can,.) 

»./  ^'  ®^^**°*'  '^'!*-'1-  ^^-^-f^"'  rK'MROSE.-Lvs.  toothed,  rugous  hairy  on  each 
side;  umbel  many. rtovvorod,  with  tU^  outer  flowers  nodding  ;  cm:  UU.-U  NaS 

L'Sr  Apn;Xrr^'  """""■  '"  '  '""'''^  ""'^'  'l-te/ upon  t  s™ 

mlv^"  .f "f^?"^*  I"  ,  ^^''"^'^'^A-  ^^''*-  "^'fl'^.  entire  or  serrate,  fleshy  ;  scape 
r.?  V  !•'    ^•7^'-;«1."«Jo>>S«stho  leaves;  invol.  of  .short  leaves ;  c«/.  ;,<,L. 

d^-y  y  NaUvo  of  (ho  .\lpR.  A  well  k. , own  fa vo.ito  of  tho  florist.  Tho  cfulti- 
Xl^.7:!'"'*^f   "T  '"""""-'••'^^'^^  «»J  i»a>'y  of    them  of  oxquisito  boauty  and 

.^;®  !!*■  °"^y°»"*.  ^"^y-  .  ^'''«-  ^Jncwfa/c,  tl,in,  smooth,  entire,  acuto,  stirroundod 
WK  a  wh.te  margin;  invol.  :<-5.flowered,  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  oU.  tuhe  ver>. 
p~;  ve^-  beautiful  T'  '^'"'^'^'""^'^-Nativo  of  Mts.  in  Austria.     Flowers 


Ordkb  V8.~-PUIMULA0K.E.  g^g 

3.  ANDROS'ACE,  Tourn.  ((ir.  Mp6<:,  a  man's,  arf«„^,  buckler  or 
Hlweld  fro,,,  tl,«  forrn  of  tl.o  louf.)  Calyx  5-d,ft  or  tootl  cd  ;  c  ll  a 
funno-f..nn  ormilvcr-form,tlH,  6  IoIh,h  entire,  t..l,o  conntri  J.J  ^  " 
throa  ,  ova  0.  Hhortor  tl.an  tl.o  calyx;  filaments  and  Htylo  very  „1  • 
capsule  Klol">us.-Min..te  ccHpitouK  herbs  with  radical,  L.dato  ]"' 

ri^uS  "S.!:'^  :';;^;:is^-  ^^-^"^  ^-  ^'^^  M^i;^  ;;it;:^rs 

4.  pODECATH'EON  L.  Amkuicak  (^owsup.  Pun,,  or  0„xo 
(Gr.  'J'-' ^vja  twelve,  ».o/,  ^.,ds ;  alluding  to  its  cnrioun  flowers  wlich 
are  about  12.)  Calyx  fi-,,arted,  rertexed ;  cor.  tube,  very  «hort,  1  m 
rota  e,  r,-,>artd,  se-nn.  retlexed  ;  sta.  n,  inserted  into  'the  fhroat  of  the 
.V. rol la ;  U\.  very  Hhort ;  anth.  h.r.e,  acute,  connivent  at  apex  ;  ty le  cx- 
serted;  caps,  oblon^r-ovoid,  5-valved,  many-scwled.—  jr  I{oot  fibronl 
w.th  radical,  oblon^.  Ivs.,  an  erect,  si,„j.le  Lpe,  and  a  ter  i  ll  tZd 
of  nodding  white  flowers  and  erect  fruit, 

on  nraii.-H,  dry  or  rocJcv  soUh    I>ftin    f<w  Ttui     in     „,.    '"'*""""j;  ^'^K'""' """>, 

5.  CYC'LAMEN,  L     (Or.  ftv/^o?,  a  circle ;  on  account  of  the  coiled 

2f  >;:;ll     t'  V""''r''  '^-l-';  ->-lla  mbe  ovate  shrt 
I.mb  5-par  ed   reHexed     anthers  5,  included,  sessile  ;  capsule  tr  obous 
C-valved.-Onental  l.erbs.     Kt.  a  larj^e  tuber.     Lvs/all  \J  i^  ovS 
or   roundish,  cordate.     Scaj.es  naked,  erect,  with  one   no.ldinf^  flower 
but  in  fruit  coiling  up,  and  l.iding  the  capsule  in  the  ground.  * 

1  C.  Europium  L     Lvs   roundish-ronirorm,  cronato ;  t,(..t.  lanccwjvat..  obtu«r, 

^  Lv's^mmb  So.th'''Virf  "i"  ^'■^'""^"'''  r'''''  P''t "  ovato-orbicular,  obtuse.- 
livs.  purpio  benoalli.     I?  Is.  inodorous,  purple,     f  Asia  JMi nor. 

6.  ClAUX,  L.     IJlack  Saltwort.     (Gr.  ykavKog,  hhiish   or  rrlau- 

cous ;  from  the  hue  of  the  plant.)    (Jalyx  canipanulate,  5-lobed,  clfcj  • 

oro  la  none  ;  staniens  5 ;  capsule  roundish,  surrounded  by  tl.o  calyx 

G-valved,5-seeded.-2i:  Maridnie,  branching,    glabrous  with   onnS 

Ivs.  and  small  axillary,  solitary  fls.  ^  opposite 

^o.r;hol"a"w  c^,;";f'N"?''^^;''''"''  '*^""''  t'^'""*^"^""  ^'"^  ^-^^  ""-^^^'-o^ 

ua  Hio  sea  toast,  Liiii.   ta  N.  J.     htom  more  or  loss  pro-'umbont  at  l>:i>^n  4  t,^  <•' 
liigh,  smooth,  braiioiiing  and  very  leafy      Lvs    *'  in  I^r  ,,T^> ,.  r  i       ' .       , 

Ser;fi'3,:;i':i:  — ■■  ""-'^^^^^^^^ 

third  part  of  a  foot  (4') ;  alluding  to  the  height  of  the\>Unt )     C^  yi 
and  corolla  1  (6  to  8)-parted,  spreading;  stamens  7  (0  t<   8)     rnit  Sar^ 


common  in  the  rocky  wirS'S'  n\T  '  ^r'°^*«— T'^s  little  pl'ant  is 
3  to  6'  high,  with  an  TrTegul^r  whJrl  of  4  o  'sT^T'^  *°  '^*"^^°**'  ^«-  St. 
Ivs.  at  tlie  top.     In  the  midst  of   hplnrt  ,  . '  I^"??'^*^'  ^^nooth  and  shining 

sTieSlH^  '"•     ''■  ™""'  '■>^-- Coif 'iLf  11^ 

late,  tube  very  short;  stamen/ i,  inSed  ?1  thctoronaTr"" 
filaments  often  somewliat  connate  or  with  inw„,,i„„    .    °i         '  '"^'' 

-Herbs  U,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  entire  Ivs.     (Fls  yeHowT^' 

laz,  terminal  race^  '  pcj  aSeSrsSoTdt'' '"'?  V  ^l""  ^^"'^'"ate,  in  a'long, 
N.  Eng.  to  Va.  and  dhk>.     Plant  smo^^^^^^^^  ^"  ^«^'  ^«t  g'-ou^ds,  Can, 

1'  long,  spreading,  each  with  a  8ubZt«  IT!  f'''  '"'^^"^  ^^  ^«»g-  Ped 
short,  united  at  base.  ^  yellow  IjreakSwt,  ^''^'-  ,  S^™^'»«  ^  long  and  3 
throws  out  bulblets  from  th^  Sa  of  XTt  *','  P.^'P'"'-     ^^^^'  flowering  it 

the  following  spring.     Jl.  ^'''^•'''  '^'"^^  ^^^  P^duco  new  plfuts 

""  ot^^oSe' o?}:rWSrd\      r'^'-'^^'r  ^*  ^^  ^*'  --"«-  >-- 

entire;  lis.  vc'ticillate,  iVa  te  miit  bSed  VSS'^^'T^^  "^"^^^'^  ^"'''^"^' 
Oolumbus,  S.  Car.  (Herbemont).  P ^"^2^ hSh  LT;  '««dsomo  species,  near 
above,  passing  into  the  linear  bracts  and  with  th«  hlf'i  ^^^^jf'"^  «'«re  narrow 
with  dots.     Stem  unequal    Jn.,  Jl  ^"^'''  ^''""^  ^«-.  epri^kled 

^  4l"'S^'lcuLat?un^^^^^^^  SSI  ?  '^'  r^^  '■"  '^  °^  ^«-  - 

pot.  oval,  obtuse— If  In  lour^rnnnVif  r'  "^T7'  1-^owered,  in  4s  (3s  or  Ss); 

mg  a  (lower-Ptalk  in  ifq  iivil      Pnrr.no    ""'"y  ^^"pr.s  or  4— o  loaves,  eacli  bear- 
^  equal,  united  at  IZ  iT'hortTba  'fS  ^'^J,/"  jt  ""^^     ^'^"'^''^  ^"• 

p'^^oS'S,  ^■J^tZ^''Z^^2'^^'  '^'''^^'  '^*-  '^'^''^'■'^' 

bractedpantcfe.-In.  S.  Car.  (FrazeHn  DC  ?  F  «  L^'  "  "  «'"'W"rf.  termim.!, 
nate,  the  margins  thicken;d  bro^^sh  '  liat^i  S^IT'  f'"'"  ^^P^'"' «<'"""- 
shorter  tJian  the  other  3,  steri  e  liL  none  "*  ^^qnal,   2   of  Uiem 


Jciea,  near 


Order  tS.— PRIMTJLACE^.  ^Qg 

acuminate—Common  i„  low  pMiries'w.  Stele,,    The  S  yelloTlii^S^ 
very  a>„,p,o„oa8 among  tl,e  gra«e^    Stem,  12-20'  high,  pn5     l"™"*™ 

;eK-ii.n.""j^rv«ro,n,rs,°"""°" '  '''^'"»-.  °^ "  «- 

»Aor^;  fls.  nodding;  ped.   axillary;  stam.  united  in  a  very  shwtCbe  at  hS^' 
with  intermediate  proceases.-y  Moist  meadows  and  prXies  C.n    and  TT T 

of  4  with  4  aviUarv  Ss'     Tl  ^rPP^""  P'?;""«ually  approximate,  forming  a  whorl 
oi  4,  witn  4  axiUarj  lis.     Jl.     (L.  angustilolia  Lam.     L.  heterophylla  Mx  ) 

10.  ANAGAL'LIS,  L.    Scarlet  Pimpernel.  Poor  Man's  AVeather 
OLAss.     (Gr.  avayeXd<.,  to  laugh ;  it  is  said  to  be  medicinally  effica- 
cious m  hypochondria.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  rotate,  deeply  Zparted 
longer  than  the  calyx,  tube  0;  sta.  5,  hirsute ;  anth.  introrse?  cans 
globous  membranaceous,  circumscissile.'   Herbs  \vith  s  uiare     e„'i3  S 
(mostly)  opposate  Ivs.     Ped.  axillary,  solitary.     (Fig  39  ) 

clltoTL  l>f  T  ^^'"^'fj-  ^^S.),  andfn^ahnost  all  oS;r  coun  S      S^e  i 
a,^n  h      ^'  T^'  «  ongated  branches,  or  simple.     Leaves  6-8"  by  4-.6"'      FU 
small  but  pretty,  with  scarlet  petals,  opening  at  8  o'clock  a  m    indohW^.'cr  .!^ 
K  M,  m  damp  weather  not  open  at  all     Jn-Aug.-Sr  BuoL  of  KiS  Zfn^n  fV 
sent  us  specimens  with  blue  flowers  I  °  iuUington,  Ct., 

li.  CENTUN'CULUS,  L.     False  Pimpernel.     Calyx  4-parted  •  eor 

ai   Dase ,    caps,   jr  o^ous    circnm^j"""   -  •   -««!-    =  •  -^ 

d,m,„„t,vc,  with  alternate  Iv..     FIs.  axillary,  solita/y,  mZ^^  '  "' 

III,  but  a  too- long  iu  La.     Leaves  about  2"  by  1'.     Flowed  reddU?    j[^    '" 


506  Order  79.— PLANTAGINACE.E. 

12.  SAM'OLUS,  L.     Water  Pimpernel.     (Celtic  san,     ' 
a  pig  ;  a  specific  for  the  diseases  of  swi„e,  says  Pliny.)     Calyx  partly  ad- 
herent  5-clcft;  cor.  hvpocrateriform,  5-cleft;  sta.  5,  alternating  with  5 
scales  (sterile  filaments)  ;  caps,  dehiscent  at  top  by  5  valves,  raany-seeded 
—Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.     Fk  corymbous  or  racemous.     (Fig.  272.) 

^.Jli®''^"^^  ^'  £•  AMEUICANUS  (Gray).  St  simple  or  branched;  Ivs-obtuso 
ovate  or  obovate,  the  radical  petiolate;  flg.  in  a  raceme  or  panicle  of  racemes  ne 
dicels  with  a  ramute  bract  near  the  middle;  pet  longer  tLn  the  J^^l'Jl' 
gravelly  plm^es,  frequent  throughout  the  country.  Stl  6'  to  If  I  i^h  sfmTle  Jie  1 
hrstflowermg,  becoming  often  much  branched.  Lvs.  tliin  aboit  i'Z«  Fed 
less  than  1'  with  small  (near  2"  diam.)  milk  white  fls.  A  vWte  spot  in  The  axt 
of  the  branches.    Jl.-Sept  (North),  Apr.-Jl.  (South).    (S.  floribunda  of  aXrl ) 

Order  LXXIX.     PLANTAGINACE.^I     Ribworts. 

ffeH^s  rarely  shrubby,  with  radical  leaves  and  the  flowers  in  a  spike  on  a  scape 
Flcnvers  regular,  tetramerous.     Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolh 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.     Antf^rs  versatile,  filaments  usually  slender  and  exserted 
Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis,  with  1,  2,  or  many  albuminous  seeds. 

trifr^f^;arr"l45j;i^^LS^^^^^  '^-'^'-">  ""-tes.scuttore.l  th.u,„..„t„nco„„, 

PLANTA^GO,  L.  Plantain.  Ribwort.  Sepals  4,  raembraiioim 
persistent;  corolla  monopetalous ;  border  4-toothed,  preadinTpei' 
s  stent  and  withering  on  the  fruit ;  stamens  4  (rarely  2),  ihe  lon^  slen- 
der fiaments  exserted,  or  in  some  of  the  fls.  included  ;  ovary "2  4 
celled ;  pyxis  membranous,  opening  below  the  middle  by  a  lid,  when" 
he  loose  dissepiment  falls  out  with  the  seeds.-(IIerbs  acaulescen 
I^ls.  small,  whitish,  in  a  slender  spike  raised  on  a  scape.  ^^ 

^^'n"wMr7't"''w'^T''''''*'''l    C?.'-""'*  lobes  spreartinsr.    Flowors  rcnir,.rni    fal 

a  bee.  3  7  to  10.    Leaves  hnmUy  ovate,  T-veined.  -Sr.ike  dense  ^  '  v     , 

a  8ee<  s  ^  on  y.    Leaves  oblong  or  cordate,  8  to  T-veined  x'^'^l 

a  .Seeds  2  only.    Leaves  lanceolato.    Scape  tall...  w '*•  f '^ 

a  Seeds  2  or  4.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy  Nos.  4,  5 

§  Stamens  mostly  Included,  with  short  antl^'rk' '  Fiowe'rVdimo^niiouV*  'th\ '■'■  "'  ' 

b  beeds  2  only     Corolla  lobes  roundi.h,  reflcxed      Cves    r  ea  V     q 

b  Seeds  2,  rarely  3  or  4.     Corolla  lobes  erect.     Leaves  lance    ate v"'  « 

b  See-ls  4  to  20.    Leaves  linear.     Plants  very  small. .!..  jj  "  "i^;'-,'/ 

Elo^l  ^'^^'r'^r'""  '•^P"^^^  a  good  external  applicut  on  for  woundr&c- 
The  seeds  are  eaten  by  sparrows  and  other  small  birds.  Lvs  broad  flarWith 
?o  3?1  ir"%r''  ^^'^tfi^i'^f.^  strong  fibre  which  may  bo  pt^l^d  out.'    Sape 

ered^bractsae.U.h.  shorter  (luxn  the  snioth  slpals.-Ala  "(Ssne  i„  I'ro 
vio.  AUJ,  p.  700).     AUied  to  P.  major,  perhaps  too  nearly. 
3  P.  cordata  Lam.    Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  broad,  smooth,  subpinnatelv  5  to  7-veineA 
obscurely  toothed ;  fls  loosely  spicate,  lower  ones  sctterod.Sf  ovate  obtuse 
bracts;  pyxjs  4.seoded.-K  Can.  to  Tenn.  and  Gn..  along  s  reams      £  CS 
nat.vo  speces,  nearly  as  large  as  P.  major.     Spikos>/"?^'  ion.'  i„  ™  twS 
as  Ugh.     Lvs.  3  to  6-  Jong,  more  or  le^  cordateat  base."    Cor'  white  "{;1thXo 
eachX'jn!,  jr^'"' "  *'"'  '""^''*  ""'^  ^"«  ^^'-^'^'  ^^^'^  -  nmrSr^/seeds  hi 

*  sMiTal*"^.? «.zLi''^i""?°"^**''  ^"P*'""'  "*  '^'^  ^"'1.  P«««'«  channeled; 
spi/^e  ovate  or  cylindr^,  dense;  scape  angular;  tracts  and  cor.  bbes  acuminate.-^ 


OUDEB  80.— PLUMBAGINACiLE.  ^q^ 

bpike  slender,  of  numerous,  subimbricate,  whitish  fls     Aug  ^" 

J^    Plant  more  slender  J,aa  a,e  preeedu,g.    ■j..-'-(S',„:;£a7!'''i'j'»''™'  ''• 

::s?s5e:ter;uni.r  iire,™fst' a^^^^^^^^^^ 

ti  3    "'""'^  "'  '"»°  '"">  P«"°''«-  ■»""»>  M'l'e  end-    C?   v41  owitb  S,S 

^^na.  .  ^  e.  ,„•,.,  i„  .r,  ..n^N.^Ynnr  L'^V.  TaS  TTerpLL'S 
Order  LXXX.    TLUMBAGINACEvE.     Leadwohts. 

m  regular.     (7„Jj»  ,„u>lar,  6-lootl,e<l,  plaitol,  persistot.     CoyMa  l.ypoorateriforn, 
or  G  peta  ,  „„,W  ,1  ba»,  „r  ,„™etime,  almost  distinct     8U,.  6,  Ivwynous  and 

r..l«™.  ,„„  „,l,|  by  LlmllCT  u'Z  JmiS  villa  fiS  h '  !" "''.•°'  ""'  ""'  "««•  »'  f-  "n- 


608  Orseb  80.— PLUMBAGINACEJE. 

tribes  and  oeneiu. 

I.  STATICEiE.    Styles  distinct,  at  least  iibove.    Utrlcio  not  volvnte.    (a) 

a  Stlgmiis  capitate.    Style  citnnuted  at  base.    Lvs.  aceroiis.    Hcnpe  torcte. . .  Acantholomo!«  » 
a  Stigmas  cai)lUite.    Htyli-s  distinct  at  base.    Leaves  flaU    Sati.e  8-angled. . .  .Ooniolomom'  4 

a  Stigmas  ftllfonn.— Styles  glabrtjus.    Sonpo  branching Staticb!  1 

—Styles  phimous.    Scapo  capitate Abmbria.  a 

II.  PLUMB  AG  K^E.    Styles  united  to  the  apex.    Perlca  psubvalvatc.    (b) 

b  Corolla  hypocraterlform.     Calyx  not  enlarged  In  fruit Plumbago.  S 

i.  STAT'ICE,  L.  Marsh  Rosemahv.  (Or.  araTi^ai,  to  stop;  bo- 
cause  used  rnodicinally  it  stops  diarrhoea,  siys  I'liiiy.)  Calyx  funnel- 
form,  limb  scarious,  5-ncrved,  5-partod;  petals  scarcely  united  at  base; 
filaments  5,  adnato  to  the  very  base  of  the  corolla;  ovary  crowned  with' 
the  5  glabrous,  filiform  styles,  utricle  reijularly  or  irregularly  circuni- 
scissile.—  2^  Herbs  with  the  scape  branching  tho  flowers  3-bracted,  ses- 
sile on  the  3-bracted  branchlct 

S.  Limdnium  L.  Very  smooth ;  Iva.  oblong-elliptical  or  oblanceolate,  acute 
tipped  with  a  bnstlo,  tupering  to  a  long  petiole ;  scapes  terete,  flatulous,  bracted' 
paniculate;  spikelets  1-flowered  (rarely  2),  involucrato  with  3  bractlets,  remotely 
secund  on  the  branchlets ;  cal.  lobes  very  acute.— Salt  marshes  along  the  coast 
Irom  Newfoundland  to  S.  Car.  Scape  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long  the 
petioles  rather  longer.  The  root  is  large,  ligneous,  strongly  astringent,  much 
valued  m  medicme.  Jl.— Oct.  (S.  Carolinianum  Walt.)— Differs  from  tho  Eu- 
ropean  varieties  which  have  mostly  2  to  3-Howered  spikelets,  more  close  on  the 
branchlots,  cal.  lobes  scarcely  acute,  Ac 

2.  ARME'RIA,  Willd.  Thrift.  Flowers  collected  in  a  dense  liead ; 
involucre  3  to  many-leaved ;  calyx  tubular-campamJate,  5-angled,  with' 
5  shallow  lobes,  scarious  and  plaited;  petals,  stamens,  .fcc,  as  in  Statice.— 
U  Lvs.  radical,  mostly  linear.     Scape  simple,  appendaged  above. 

A.  vulgaris  Willd.  Scape  terete,  smooth;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse;  outer  bract-s 
of  the  invol.  ovate-acute,  shorter  than  tho  sheathing  appendage  at  their  base  —A 
neat  and  elegant  plant,  native  near  the  sea-coast,  Brit  Am.  (Hook)  Often 
cultivated.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  2  to  3",  numerous,  crowded.  Scapo  about  If  liif'h 
bearing  a  singular  sheath  at  top,  formed  according  to  Lindley  by  tho  adherent 
bases  of  mvolucral  lvs.     Fls.  rose-colored.     Jn.— Aug. 

fZ  A.  latifdlia  Willd.  Scape  solitary,  tall;  lvs.  very  broad,  oblong,  5  to  7- 
vcmed;  fls.  (rose-red)  in  a  large  head  from  a  long  sheath;  bracts  scarious,  tho 
outer  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate-cuspidate. — f  Portugal. 

3.  PLUMBA'GO,  Tourn.  Leadwort.  (Lat.;>^?m6?<m  (lead),  a  dis- 
cjvse  of  the  eyes,  which  it  was  reputed  to  cure.  Plirnj.)  Calyx  herba- 
ceous, glandular,  5-lobed,  not  enlarged  after  flowering;  corolla  salver- 
form,  tube  longer  than  calyx,  limb  twisted  in  aestivation ;  anthers  5, 
linear;  style  1,  stigmas  5,  filiform ;  utricle  membranous,  mucronatc  with 
the  persistent  style.— Herbs  or  shrubs.  Fls.  cyanic,  numerous  throu</h 
the  season.  ° 

1  P.  Cap^nsis  Thunb.  St  shrubby,  scarcely  climbing;  lvs.  oblong  entire, 
gaucous-tubercular  beneath,  petiolate;  fls.  in  short,  dense,  terminal  spikes,  pak- 
blue.— f  Capo  of  Ciood  Hope.     Very  pretty.     Southward  it  is  hardy. 

2  P.  coarWia  Kunth.  St  herbaceous,  erect:  lvs.  ova'e-oblong,  acuminate, 
petiole  winged  and  auriculate  at  base ;  lis.  in  terminal,  loose  spikes,  blue.— 2f  I 
loFu  and  Chili. 

«  *  <*ONIOLdMON  specldBum  Boiss.     (Statico  specioea  LX  with  white 
ns.,  3  or  4  in  each  spikelet 

u  f*-  Tartdricum  Boiss  (S.  Tartarica  L.),  with  pink  fls.,  1  or  2  in  a  spikelet 
both  Irom  Russia,  are  occasionally  cultivated.     Also 


Ordbb  81._LENTIBULACE.E.  5QJJ 

Ordeu  LXXXr.     LENTIBULACE^.     Butterworts. 

ITerhs  small,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with  showy,  bilabiate  fls  on  scioes 

Stamms2  included  w.thin  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  ^pper  lip      An  hi 

truU.     Capsule  n^uny-seeded.     ^^«.&  n^inute.     EmWyo  straU   withT  albl!: 

c«.»ftX  %:(:pmte".i^.S;T.n1/^''™''-^^  "'«'"'•  ""•'  "^"'«'«' '""-«"  throughout  nearly  all 

1.  PINGUIC'ULA,  L.  BuTTERwoRT.  (Lat.  pinguis,  hi  from  tho 
greasy  appearance  of  the  leaves.)  Calyx  6-parted,  somewha  b  labia  e- 
cor  bilabiate  or  raroly  subregular,  upper  lip  bifid  or  2.parted  lowcT 
tnfid  or  9-parted,  spurred  at  base  beneath  ;  sta.  2,  verv^short'  sTio- 
sessile,  2-!obed;  caps  erect;  seeds  oo.-2^  In  wet  place  Lv  '  ral* 
cal,  rosulate,  entire.     Scapes  1 -flowered,  nodding.  ^>8-  ^adi- 

*  F'"wer8  blue Nos.  1,  2,  8.  *♦  Flowers  yellow.....  Vo  4 

.1  ?       ,  ;/tigma  bilabiate  ;  capsule  globular,  l-c(Xled.-IIerbs  aona^ 
tic,  loose  V  float  t}(/  or  fjv^*)  in  *!n  .»    i       T  ,.     .        iit-iosaqua- 

«.a^4t.e,,^s^t^x.d'^>r;!s^^^^ 


510  Ordbr  81.— LENTIBULACEifJ, 

a  Flowers  yelloif.     Lonves  (2-rnnko(l)  and  blmldors  on  ncparato  braDchos Wo  n 

a  *  lowors  ynlluw.     J.i'uvom  ^o«l»lllftcyi<iin)  bunfliiK  t'l"  bluddcrB  (b).  

b  B|>iir  iioiitii  or  nutehud,  about  m  Ihiik  iui  tliu  II|m Nos  4  to  (1 

b  Spur  obtiisn,  hIkmI.     li'lowi^rs  of '2  kinds,  t\w  liploHs  dnwii  on  thu  ttU'iiii*'.'        '  jHo  7 

b  Spur  obtuse,  abort,     rudlcclst  all  on  tlio  scapo,— ert-ct  In  frnlt ..'iim.  s  u 

— reciirvud  In  fruit ."  .Nos.'io/u 

U.  infl^ta  Wnlt.  Upper  Ivs.  in  n  whorl  of  5  or  G  at  tho  surfiico  of  the  water- 
petiolo  atul  midvoiii  iiitlatoil,  lower  Ivs.  capiilaooous,  dissoctod,  Hubmerf^ed ;  sejipo 
4  to  S-Howorcd.— y  In  ponds,  Mo.  to  Flu.  W.  to  Ohio.  Tlio  proper  sleiii  (rhiz- 
ome) is  very  loiif;^,  branching,  suspondod  in  tho  water  by  innunicrablo  minute  air 
bladders,  an<l  tlio  5  or  6  involncrato,  hollow  Ivs ,  which  are  inuny-cloft  at  tho  end. 
FIh.  4  or  6  together  upon  a  scapo  8'  in  length,  pedunoulated,  with  eheatiiing 
bracts.  Spur  nearly  as  long  na  tiio  corollA,  approH!<od  to  tiio  lower  lip,  striato, 
eniarginato.  Cor.  yellow,  tiio  upper  lip  broad-ovate,  entire,  lower  3-lobed.' 
Aug. 

2  U.  purpurea  AValt  Si.  long,  floating,  branched;  Ivs.  submersed,  fibrinous, 
vertioillato,  pinnalely  dJHseeted,  segnionta  eaiiillary,  iKrioulato;  .vcajje  n.ssurgont 
2— IMlowered  tipper  lip  roundish-truncate,  lower  lip  larger,  its  lateral  lobes  oueul- 
lato,  smaller  than  tho  central ;  spur  conical,  Hatteiied,  appressed  to  and  shorter 
than  tho  upper  lip.— J)  Pools,  Mo.  to  Fla.  W.  to  Wis.  Koadily  known  by  tho 
largo,  bright,  purple  (Is.  Stem  1— .'{f  long.  Leaves  about  IJ'  long.  Utricles 
small.     Scape  :i— ."i'  high.     Corolla  8"  broad,  tho  spur  3",  greenish.     Aug. 

3  U.  intermedia  llaync.  Lv.s.  all  submersed,  in  2  rows,  alternate,  dichotom- 
ously  many-parted,  sogm.  rigid,  linear-.subulate,  oiliato-denticulato ;  leafless 
branches  bearing  all  tho  bladders  and  tormiiud  bulblets  ;  scapes  2  to  3-fIowered, 
upper  lip  entire,  twico  as  long  as  tho  palato;  spur  (onical,  acute;  pcd.  of  tho 
fruit  ercct.--Svvamps,  Can.  and  N.  States  to  \Vi.s.  Scapo  4  to  8'  high.  Leafy 
stems  3  to  G'  loHig,  and  tho  loaves  about  3"  (in  our  specimens).     Jn.,  Jl. 

31  RoBniNSii.  Leaf-sogments  linear-setaceous,  flaccid,  entire.  8  to  12"  long; 
scapo  tall  (7  to  12),  3  to  7-flowerod;  spur  fusiform,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  lower  lip.— Swamps,  Uxbridge,  Northbridge,  Mass.  (Robbins).— Quite 
unlike  the  preceding  in  its  leaves  and  spur, 

4  U.  striata  Lo  Conto.  Lvs.  numerously  subdivided,  submerged,  capillary,  bear- 
ing tho  bladders,  or  vesicles ;  scape  2 — G-flowered,  with  a  few  scales ;  Jiowers 
large,  upper  lip  broad,  divided  into  3  lobes,  the  middle  lube  striate  with  red,  lower 
lip  erenate,  sides  reflexcd,  having  dark  siiots  upon  tho  palate ;  spur  slender,  ob- 
tuse, with  a  notch  at  the  end,  pressed  against  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  and 
nearly  as  long— fl  Swamps,  L.  Isl.  to  i'la.  Root  submerged,  slightly  attached 
to  tho  mud.  Leaver  (radicles  ?)  few,  capillary,  appemlagod  with  fow  air  vessels. 
Scapo  a  foot  high,  generally  with  2  flowers.     Juno. 

5  U.  longir6stria  Ell.  Lvs.  submersed,  diehotomoualy  divided,  segm.  setace- 
ous, bearing  tho  vcscicles;  scapes  1  to  2flowered;  upper  lip  slightly  3-lobed, 
lower  entire;  sp-ir  linear  subulate,  ascending,  emarginate  at  apex,  longer  than  the 
lotoer  /j>.— SUignant  pools,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Scape  3  to  5'  high.  Fls.  yellow 
middle  .size.     Jn.  ' 

6  U.  bifldra  Lam.  Irregularly  whorled,  capillaceously  divided,  root-like,  bladder- 
bearing;  scapo  slender,  2  to  3-flowerod,  pedicels  many  times  longer  than  the 
bract  or  c^lyx ;  sjmr  straight,  oblong,  acute,  appressed  to  the  corolla,  and  of  equal 
length;  fr.  erect.— Ditches,  S.  Car.  and  Go.  Scapo  3  to  4'  high,  pedicels  3  to  4". 
May,  Jn. 

7  U.  clandestina  Nutt.  Lvs  all  submersnJ,  capiilaooous,  multifid,  bladder- 
bearing  ;  fls.  2  or  3  on  the  slender  scapo,  also  solitary  on  slender,  axillary  pedi- 
cels among  tho  lvs.  on  tho  stem,  tho  latter  apetalous,  fertile ;  spur  very  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  3-lobed  lower  lip.— Pond,s,  Mass.  (Robbins)  to  N.  J.  SUs.  almost 
capillary,  6'  to  2f  long,  with  many  bladders.  Scape  3  to  4'  high  (seldom  seen), 
with  corollas  expanding  about  3  '.  Caulino  pedicels  6  to  7"  long,  the  cor.  tubu- 
lar, never  opening.     Jl. 

8  U.  gfbba  L.  (and  Le  Conte).  Minute,  floating,  with  hair-like  lvs.  and  few 
utricles;  scapo  1  to  2-fiowered,  naked;  segm.  of  the  yellow  cor.  roundish,  vpper 
lip  emarginate,  hwcr  subtrilobate,  middle  lobe  erenate,  subrevolute ;  spur  gibbous 
(that  is),  very  short  and  obtuse. — 4  lu  pools,  R.  I   (Oloey),  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to 


Order  82.— OROBANCHACEA 


fill 


rru     ,     "'■'"""•     ocapes  -i  to  3  liiglu 
The  IvB.  appear  rather  like  fine  radi- 


Car.     Submersed  stoma  dichotomous,  b1 
ofloQ  with  but  1  small,  yellow  flower 
clos.     Jl. 

9  y.  blpdrtita  Ell.     Lvs.  fibrillous-multifid.  bearing  tl.o  bladders-  flon'.n  i  <«  i 

"^L  t::&^:^^^^,^^-  ^-?f  ^  c^-^p^rth^K/ti^ii 

obtuse,  shorter  S.  tT<f VS  Sr  H of  ^P*^'- f-^'-fov^'eredl  spur  conical 

Floating  stems  sovera    foot  loL  v;rv  Lr"  ^.  •     ""f"^'"^  ^''^'''  ^-  ^-  ""^  ^an. 
iHno-fh      ttJ- Lr  f      •  .    ,     "f^'  ^""^^^  branching.     Loaves  very  numerous   1'  in 

S^gi^io"  m',/"?''  '"'^  y'^'  *   ''""fe'^''''  ^«»vato  aperture;  usSrin'flated 

OuDEu  LXXXn.     OROBANCriACE^.     Broomrapes. 

//erfe  fleshy,  leafless,  growing  parasiiically  upon  tho  roots  of  other  plants      Cahx 

nation.     Slarmvs  4,  d.dynamous.     Anthers  2-cellcd,  colls  distinct    narullel    Tftol 

Uu     Ca;,^fe  enclosed  within  tho  withered  corolla,  1-celled.  2.valved      Seeiylvv 
iiuiuerous  and  minute,  with  albumen.  •  ■'^ 

a,,:?  bluJr.'''  '^'"^^  '  "'•  '""""^  "»"--  "f  t'-  «"rtl.ern  temperate  zone.    Properties  astringent 

GEHEUA. 

beed)     S!^^"^'-/""'   .^^^cHDKOPs.     (Gr.  lm\  upon,  </>,?ydr,  tho 
beccl) ,  bcng  parasit.c  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.)     Monceciously  pdyg! 


512 


Ohdeb  83.— BIGNONIACE^ 


ainous,  the  upper  flowers  complete  but  sterile,  the  lower  imperfect,  fe^ 
tile  ;  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  $  corolla  tubular,  compressed,  curved,  upper  lip 
emarginate;  stamens  barely  included;  $  corolla  4-toothed,  short, 
deciduous,  without  expanding;  stamens  imperfect;  capsule,  2-Talved, 
opening  on  the  upper  side.— Parasite  on  the  roots  of  the  beech.  Branches 
simple,  spicato,  floriferous  their  whole  length. 


E.  yirginidna  Bart.— In^eech  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.     Root  a  ball  of  rigid, 

red  color,  glabrouH, 
Fla  alternate,  subsessilo,  brown- 


short,  brittlo  radicles.     Plant  If  high,  leaHess,  of  a  dull,  red  color,  flabrous' 
branching  and  Hower-bearing  its  whole  length.     —      •  ' 


ish  white,  the  sterile,  4  to  5"  long.     Aug.,  Sept 

2.  CONOPH'OLIS,  Wallroth.  Squaw  Root.  (Gr.  kcovo^,  a  cone,  0oA/f, 
a  scale ;  from  its  resemblance.)  Flowers  perfect,  crowded,  spicate ;  caly.-c 
with  2  bractlets  at  the  base,  xmequally  5-cleft ;  corolla  ringent,  2  lipped, 
tube  curved,  upper  lip  2-Iobed,  lower  3-parted  ;  anthers  sagittate  2-celled| 
cells  acute  at  base  ;  capsule  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve.— Stem 
short,  thick,  simple,  covered  with  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  imbricated 
scales,  the  upper  with  the  fls.  subsessile  in  their  axils. 

1  C.  Americana  "Wallr.  Very  smooth ;  stem  very  thick ;  scales  oval-lanceolate ; 
calyx  more  deeply  cleft  on  the  lower  side;  cor.  ventricous;  stam.  exserted.— Old 
woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Stem  4—7'  high,  and  near  1'  thick,  of  a  brownisii 
yellow,  covered  with  pale,  polished  scales  regularly  imbricated  as  in  a  Pine  cone 
July,     (Orobanche,  L.) 

2  C.  Ludovicidna.  Glandular  pubescent;  stem  rather  thick,  very  short;  scales 
ovate;  cal.  subequally  and  deeply  cleft;  cor.  tubular,  much  longer  than  the 
bracts;  stam.  included.— Alluvial  soil,  111.  (Hall,  fide  Gray),  to  Nebraska.  St. 
3  to  4  high.  Fls.  very  numerous  and  crowded.  Cal.  segm.  linear,  acute.  Cor 
purple.     Oct.     (Orobanche,  Nutt.  Philipsea,  Don.) 

3.  APHYL'LON,  Mitchell.  (Orobanche,  L.)  Naked  Broomrape. 
(Gr.  a,  privative,  (jyvXXov,  a  leaf;  alluding  to  its  leafless  character.) 
Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  on  long  bractless  peduncles  or  scapes ;  calyx 
regularly  5-cleft,  campanulate  ;  corolla  tube  elongated,  curved,  border 
spreading,  subequally  5-Iobed  ;  anthers  included,  cells  distinct,  mucron- 
ate  ;  capsule  with  4,  equidistant  placentae.  Plants  glandular,  pubes- 
cent.  St.  very  short,  producing  at  the  summit,  1,  2,  or  many  flower 
stalks,  and  few  if  any  scales. 

1  A.  unifldra  Torr.  &  Gr.  Ped.  in  pairs  or  simple,  naked,  each  1 -flowered.— A 
small,  leafless  pliuit,  with  the  general  aspect  of  a  Monotropa,  found  in  woods  and 
thickets.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  not  exceeding  ^'  in  length.  Tliis  divides  at  it3 
top  generally  mto  2,  soapo  like,  erect,  round,  simple,  naked  peduncles  4  to  5'  high, 
downy,  purplish  white,  with  a  nodding  flower  at  the  top,  of  the  same  hue.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  A.  fasciculdta  Torr.  &  Gr.  Ped.  many,  nearly  terminal,  about  the  length  of 
the  stem  ;  scales  few,  ovate;  cor.  lobes  short,  rounded.— 1  slands  in  Lake  Huron 
(Engelman,  fide  Gray),  W.  to  Nebraska.  Stem  arising  2  to  3'  out  of  the  ground. 
Ped.  6  or  more,  same  length.     Fls.  palo  purple.     May. 

Order  LXXXIII.     BIGNONIACEJE.     Trumpet  Flowers. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  often  climbing  or  twining,  with  opposite,  exstlpu- 
late  leave-s,  Flf>vjrrs  monopetalous,  irregular-,  5-iiiuruus,  showy.  Sta»iens  5,  1  or  3 
sterile,  didynamous,  or  diandrous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2 -celled,  seated  in  a 
fleshy  disk.  Style  1.  Stigma  of  2  plates.  Capsule  coriaceous,  1  to  2-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded.     Seeds  generally  winged,  destitute  of  albumen. 


Ordm  83.-~BIGN0NIACEA  ^j.^ 

|.cSrwt^,,Kl,„^IL"^^^^^^^^^  other,  .re  ,mse,  .«  .„  eountHe.   „J 

*  Leavps  oouirmund.     Vulv^m  nf  th^  ^    i  ,.  .  VK"- *'«•  ^o*,  w»,  liitf.) 

•  we,co.„;...u„.,.  yi::::ril:r^^^^^^^  «•«--  i 

•Leaver  ,..,,,«.    Pod,t^.,gU^  cyiili.    r:C  XZ"  J''-'-       « 

bilabiate,  S-ift,  So  ISs^m^       ?'l  '"'''''    ^"'"^''^  «^»«^«''«t 
ile  filament;  capsuinonnnd  n^rZ'    ^'^^^'T"'''  ^  ^^'''*''^'  ^  *  «ter. 

parallel  with  Z  ^^uln^^TZr.lXZt'Z  "^t  ^"'^•^^' 
with  tendrils.  .  ^       "^"^  *"^  ^<^y  cJitnbcrs,  often 

l-flo.wed,2to3Vthor  a^fc^^^  t"'"!   ^^'--"  ^ Vd. 

(Miss  Dana,  to  Fla.  and  La.     A  vino  with  ^mL.?       IT-^'^^^  Va.atidTenn. 
50f  long,  very  lender,  over  shrut  u;^Stree^m  U?""''  ''T'''  ''«*'  ^«  *« 

«ubbilabiate  or  equal  •  stamei«  f^'^       *'  ^^^'^^^  ?'"*^^''  >''°'->  5-'<>bed, 
fifth,  anther-cells' 2   diverSn'Va^s^^^^  -^  - 

contrary  to  the  partitionTsSUhS    Trl  '  ^-valved  the  valve. 
ing.     Lvs.  opposite,  di^itk^or  unofudl^p^^^^^^^^^^  ^'^"'^'  ^^^^  «'™^ 

2'.    Fls.  2^'  long,  of  a  bright  scLlet      Pn^l  «'  .    ^°  ^^  ^""^'  ^'^s-  ^  to  3'  by  1  to 
tion  showing  a  c?oss.     SeSy'S^tJ:'!  '  J^'aT?''     ^  '"""""  ^- 

roundish.ovft'"a^un^"aS  sSS"  beUS  TaTtWr'  '''■'-  '  *«  *  P-"^ 
eemes  pedunculate,  dense-flowored :  cor  lol  t.Jhnl^f  •   ^  """,  ''''''""  ^^«^«^h;  n.. 
.er/«rf.--Cultivated.     Cor.    2'   long    i^ewVciS.' t^^^ 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  *"  "^       "^  ®'^^"®*-     ^^^e  style  far  projecting,  f 

3  T.  grandifldra  Delaun.    CuiNpqn  Tott^^^^  t-  ^ 

3.    CATAL'PA,   Scop.     Catalpa      {Th^    t  j- 
2-parted;  corolla  campanuhte  4  nr'.      i^  .u  ^"^I*"     "^™«-       ^alyx 

dric— frees      Lv^  nnnff  i  PP*"'^ '  ^^P'"'«  ^-celled,  lonff,  cvlin- 

FisJnlarS;.,,^:;,SS  -  .^^^^^^^^^^^  simple,   ^ti^^. 

ac^uSre'lttnti^f'LraLTes'^^teTSl^^^^^^^^  pubescent  beneath. 

"ate.-A  fine,  wide  s^readinTtlnot^-'ri-n^^^^^^^  '^^-  ^'P«  ""^"^ 

at  tije  xVorth  for  ornament  and  si.ade  In  <lvor«h?°"-"""  "''''^^  ^"'  cultivated 
J^e^h  of  60/;  with  a  diam.  of  neariv  2f  wtlt'J'r'ir^"'^^  "'  ^^t^'^^  ^''^ 
s-Iky  luster,  often  a  foot  in  lon^tr  It  Lill^  "^'^^''^  ^^^'^■«^*P«d,  with  a 
C^to,  white,  with  yelloVand  violet  notsi^"^•^^^^^^^^  ^°'--  '^°^- 
Jength;  seed  winged.  V-Jl.    (See  Figsi  0  f  2?4,  6^  TcsT  '''^'  *  '"'^^  "" 

33 


514 


Obdbb  86.— LOGANIACEA 


Obdkr  LXXXIV.     TEDALIACE^    Pkdaliads. 

ir^bs  nioatlj  strong-scented  and  glandular-Iiireute.  Stipules  0.  Flowers  oxilIat7 
solitary,  largo,  monopotalous,  didynaiuous,  5-inerr)Ufl,  irregular.  Ovary  1  to  2-<!clle(l' 
of  2  carpola.  Styk  1.  Siujina  dividod.  Fruit  becoming  4  or  6-cellod  by  tliodivorg' 
ing  lobos  of  the  2  placenta;.     Se.eda  few  or  many,  large,  wingless. 

lot«^h^uilui'»ut'w?'  """''*'*  •'' ''"'''"''  '^'""'•"''  «"^-    *'""» "f"  "'«"»  h"'"  »>o«»  lntr«Iiic«,t 

TRIBES  AND  aENERA. 

1.     PKDALIWE.E.    Frnlt  (Irnpc-Iike.flpshy  without,  produced  into  (I  henk Marttku     1 

II.    BESAMKJ::.     Fruit  capsular,  dry,  deliUcsnt,  never  beaked Sksamuji.      2 

1.  MARTYN'IA,  L.  Unicokn  Plant.  (In  lienor  of  John  Martyn 
botanical  author  and  professor,  Cambridge,  Eng.,  1760.)  Calyx  5-cleft' 
2  to  3-bracteolate  at  base  ;  cor.  cainpaimlate,  tube  gibbons  at  base,  limb 
6-lobcd,  unequal ;  sta.  5,  one  rudimentary  and  sterile,  4  didynamous- 
caps,  coriaceons,  ligneous,  4-ccllcd,  2-valved,  each  valve  terminating  in 
a  long,  hooked  beak.— Op  Chiefly  southern,  branching,  viscid-pilous. 
Lvs.  opposite,  potiolate,  subcordato,  roundish. 

1  M.  proboscfdea  Glox.  Branches  mostly  decumbent;  lvs. cordate,  entire,  sub- 
orb  icuar.  villous,  upper  one.q  alternate ;  fls.  on  long,  axillary  peduncles ;  beaks 
much  longer  tliaii  the  capsule. — A  coarse,  strong>-scontcd  plant,  along  rivers,  field.s, 
etc.  S.  and  W.  States.  Stem  1— 2f  long.  Leaves  paler  beneath.  Corolla  pale 
dull  yellow,  very  large,  the  limb  nearly  as  broad  as  tlio  leaves,  spotted  with 
browmsh-pnrple.  Sta.  bright  yellow,  e.xserted.  Tlio  curious  pods  are  furnished 
with  an  mcin-veJ  horn  (2  when  the  valves  separate)  abruptly  bent  at  the  end  into 
a  very  sharp  grappling  hook, 

2  M.  liitea  Lindl.  With  yellow  fls.  and  horns  longer  than  the  pod,  is  some- 
times cultivated,  also  M.  diandra,  with  pink  Us.  spotted  with  purple,  and  horns 
shorter  than  the  pod, 

2.  SES'AMUM,  L.  Oil-seed.  Calyx  5-partod ;  corolla  campanu- 
late,  3-cleft,  the  lower  lobes  the  longest;  stamens  4,  didynamous; 
s:igma  lanceolate;  capsule  2-cdled,  the  cells  divided  by  the  inflexed 
edges  of  the  valves.— (D  Of  India.  Lvs.  petiolate,  tho  lower  opposite, 
upper  alternate, 

S.  Indioum  DC.  Lvs,  lanceolate-ovate,  lower  ones  3-lobed,  upper  ones  un- 
divided serrate.— Native  of  ¥,.  India.  Stem  erect,  about  18'  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, entire.  Flowers  axillary,  subsessile.  Corolla  palo  purple.  The  seeds 
yield  an  excellent  oil  which  will  keep  several  years  without  injury.  It  is  used 
in  cookery  for  all  the  purposes  of  swott  oil.  Five  pounds  of  tho  seeds  yield 
about  one  pound  cf  oil.     The  loaves  are  emollient 

Order  LXXXV.     LOGANIACE^E. 

Uerhs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves,  with  stipules  between  Iho  petioles,  somo- 
times  reduced  to  an  elevated  lino  or  ridgo.  Flowers  4  or  5-partod,  monopetalous, 
regular,  ajstivation  various.  Ovary  superior,  stylo  simple,  stigmas  as  many  as  tho 
cells  of  tho  ovary.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  or  a  1  to  2- 
seeded  drupe.     Seeds  albuminous,  mostly  winged  or  peltate.    (Fig.  221,  ;i02.) 

Oenern  26,  upectes  200,  chiefly  tropical. 

Properties— QoneniWy  poisonous,  often  possessed  of  the  highest  degree  of  venom.  TIio 
pervndlnsr  poisonous  principle  Is,  utrychnin,  especiiilly  abundant  and  fatal  in  tlie  seeds  of  Stryph- 
nos  Nux-voiiiicn.  an  kast  Indian  tree,  with  stiMiJI.  greenisi!  flowers.  S.  tosiicr.i  sst'  Giiinn;!  fur- 
liisiies  tho  t.-rrible  Woorali,  poison  for  arrows,  liiiewise  S.  cosens  of  Central  Americri,  8.  'i'lcuto 
of  Java,  yields  the  celebrated  Upas.  Tlie  species  of  Spigelia",  under  tlio  name  of  rinli-root,  are 
used  as  a  vermifuge,  but  are  dangerous. 

a»,«._This  order  hiU  been  appended  to  liublaccro,  but  Its  free  ovary  is  a  decisive  mark  of  dis- 
tinction, altliough  otberwi&«  nvarly  related. 


been  iiitrmliicett 


e  mark  of  dU- 


OlDEa  86.— LOGANIACE JL 

Old 

OBNKRA. 

t  Corolla  tubular  lob«  8.  ral  vate  1«  bu.l.    9«eda  wlngleM.    (a) 

a  style,  wholly  united  Into  one.     Corolla  tub«  Ion.  a-. 

tl.e^'cmsLIT^ r^i  ^'  n^^^^:  T^^'^^^U^  "ttlo  mitre  ;  from  the  form  of 

Banpsoil  rCar  to  fT.  S  T      '"^f^^des;  fls.  contiguous  in  the  rac-cmea- 

half   as   large   aaTn   No   V      Tn^    a         '  ,?^'""'  ™'"'  ^^'"P^^'-     ^'^^-  «bout 
Torr.  &  Gr.  L  W-eSiptical  let^T^Xi^ic^X"'  '^''^''^     "  ^"*''"^^''^"-'' 

cqnaTobtifs.    ft;  ?  i  ^"^^f ^^^  ^«'"Pa""Jate,  4-parted,  lobes  shVhIv  u..- 

b-e  by  a  shglit  st.pular  membrane.     Fls.  sessile,  cymous,  small, Thit;^ 
I".  procTiinbens  L.    Dry  fields.  Va.   to   Vh    nnd  La     VUnt  r  ..  ■ 
patoiit^a,  with  somowhat  the  asMct  of  Sf^Wnnfv,.,    ^"  *  f""n.ng  rounaisii 

bout  orascendinp  6  to  iV  W^ T v/  &   ,^  ,  '  '^'  V^.'^^rous  stems  procum- 

pointed  sepals  eLedtg'tir^apsue     SlsenT^'B^nt     <^^'>P^'^'«'-*.  '^ 
to  Serophulariaceaj.     Torr.  &  Grf  hither.        "^^P*— B<^»t'^am  refers  this  genus 

4.  GELSE^MIUM,  Juss.     Yel.ow  Jessamine.     (Ital.    r;elsemio,  the 


516 


Order  86.— SCROPHULARIACEJIL 


common  name  of  the  Jessamine.)     Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  oblong  ;  cor- 
olla  fiinnel-form,  with  5,  short,  rounded  lobes,  quincunncial    in  'bud  • 
filaments  5,  on  the  corolla ;  ovary  smooth,  short-stiped  ;  style  filiform  • 
stigmas  2,  each  2-parted,  and  with  the    anthers   dimorphous,  i.  e.  in 
some  plants  the  stamens  exceed  the  stigmas,  in  others  the  stigmas  ex- 
ceed the  stamens,  as  in  Houstonia;  capsule  twin,  compressed,  with  a  very 
narrow  dissepiment  (or  0  ?),  valves  each  2-cleftat  top,  cells  few  (4  to  6V- 
seeded,  seeds  winged. — Shrub  slender,  smooth,  climbing,  with  evergreen 
Ivs.  and  large,  showy  yellow  fls.     Stip.  reduced  to  a  raised  rim, 
G.  sempervirens  Alt     Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  Va.  to  Ala.  and  Fla.,  very 
abundant.     A  slender  vine,  twining  and  overrunning  bushes  and  low  trees,  and 
profusely  flowering,     Lvs.  coriaceous,  sliining,  revolute  at  edge,  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  short-petioled.    Cor.  tube  1'  long,  of  a  rich  golden  yellow.     In  one 
variety  the  stamens  equal  the  corolla  and  the  style  but  half  as  long ;  in  the  other 
vice  versa  (a  fact  firat  pointed  out  to  the  author  by  Professor  Pond,  March,  1851) 
Fls.  in  Mar.— May. 


Order  LXXXVI.    SCROPHULARIACELE.     Figworts. 

Herbs  chiefly,  without  fragrance,  the  leaves  and  inflorescence  various.  Flowers 
'"•pgular,  5-merous,  didynamous  or  diandrous  (rarely  pentandrous).  Calyx  free  from 
the  ovary,  persistent.  Corolla  monopetalous,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  inserted 
in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  1  or  3  of  them  usually  rudimentary.  Ovary  free,  2-celled, 
with  1  style,  a  2-lobed  stigma,  and  becoming  in  fruit  a  2-celled,  many-seeded  cap- 
sule, with  axile  placenta?.     Seeds  albuminous.     (Fig.  204,  326,  362,  399,  427,  463.) 

Genera  180,  apecien  1800,  abundant  in  every  part  of  tho  world,  from  the  equator  to  the 
TOf.'ions  of  perpetual  frost.    They  constitute  about  1-36  of  the  Pbwnogamia  of  N.  America. 

i'/'o/**/'*!*/..— Generally  acrid,  bitter  and  (leletijrious  jilants.  The  most  remarkable  offlcinal 
spociesof  the  tribe  is  tlie  1< oxglove  (Dig.talis),  wliich  exercises  a  wonderful  control  over  the 
(iction  of  the  heart,  in  re^ulatins  its  pulsations.  It  is  also  employed  in  cases  of  dropsy,  hemor- 
rliu^e.  Ac.  1  aken  in  excess  it  speedily  causes  death.  The  Veronica  Virginica  (Culver's  Physic) 
and  Linaria  vulgaris  ( I'oad-flax)  are  purgative  and  emetic.  Numerous  species  are  cultivated  for 
ornament.    Many  are  parasitic  and  turn  black  in  drying, 

SUBORDERS,   TRIBES  AND   GENERA, 
1  Leaves  alternate  (in  one  garden  plant  mostly  opposite.  No.  6.)  (*) 

*  Inflorescence  compouid,  centrifugal,    (Showy  garden  exotics.)  (Tribe  1.) 

♦  Indor,  simple,  centripetal.— Stumens  5,    Corolla  rotate.  (Tribe  3.) 

— Stam.  4,    Corolla  spurred  or  saccate  at  base.  (Tribe  4,  a) 
— Staui,  4.    Climbing  vines,  in  gardens.    (Trilie  4,  b) 
—Stam.  4  or  2.    Herbs  small,  creeping,  leaves  linear.  (Tribe  T) 
—Sum.  4  or  2.    Herbs  erect.    Cor.  not  galeate,  (Tribe  8) 
—Stain.  4.    Cor.  tipper  lip  galeate,  vaulted.  (Tribe  12,  n) 
5  Leaves  opposite  (or  In  one  southern  species,  scattered  No.  29).  (2) 
2  Stamens  2,  Included,    Corolla  2-lobed,  the  lower  inflated.  (Tribe  2) 
2  StameLj  2,  included.    Corolla  tubular,  labiate.  (Tribe  6,  f) 
2  Stamens  2,  exserted.     Corolla  rotate  or  salver-form.  (Tribe  9) 
2  Stamens  4,  perfect,  the  fifth  rudiment  about  as  large,  conspicuous.  (Tribe  6,  o) 
2  Stamens  4,  perfect,  tho  fifth  rudiment  minute  or  none.  (3) 

3  Inflorescence  compound,  in  panicles  or  verticillasters.  (Tribe  6,  d) 
3  Infloreecence  simple.-— Corolla  labiate,  not  g.ileato.  (Tribe  6,  e) 
—Corolla  labiate,  and  galeate.  (Tribe  12,  o) 
—Corolla  salver-form.    Anthers  1-colled.  (Tribe  10) 
—Corolla  bell  or  funnel-form,  &c.     Anthers  2-celled.  (Tribe  11) 
L  SALPIGLOSSIDE.Ii:.    (C-irolla  in  hi-.d  plicate  st  the  clefts.     Inflorescence  eentrifuga!.) 

Tkibk  1,    Salpiolossea — Stamens  2.    Corolla  deeply  cleft .SomzAN'riitrs.  1 

— Stamens4.    Corolla  salver-form,  tube  long Buowallia.  3 

II.  ANTIRRUINIDEjE.    (Corolla  in  bud  Imbricate,  upper  lip  covering  tho  lower). 

Tribr  2.    Calckoi.aiuk.k    Inflorescence  compound.    Caly.v  4-cleft Calokol/iria.  5 

Tbibb  8.    VEUBA8CE.E.    Inflorosccnco  gimplo,  ceptripctal.    Cor.  rotate VBRUAgcui.  4 


Wong;  cor- 
al in  bud; 
>le  filiform  ; 
o««,  i.  e.,  in 
stigmas  ex- 
with  a  very 
ew  (4  to  6)- 
h  evergreen 
rim. 

jnd  Fla^very 
ow  trees,  and 
iceolate,  acute 
ilow.  In  one 
;  in  the  other 
March,  \m). 


'CRTS. 

)U3.    Flowers 

ilyx  free  from 

nens  inserted 

free,  2-celled, 

r-seeded  cap- 

)9,  427,  463.) 

equator  to  the 
)f  N.  America, 
rkable  officinal 
mtrol  over  the 
liropsy,  hemor- 
ulver's  Physic) 
)  cultivated  for 


be  4,  a) 

b) 

r.  (Tribe  T) 

ribe  8) 

12,  n) 


,C) 


0) 

3d.  (Tribe  11) 

triruga;.) 

OfllZAN'THirS.   1 
BUOWALLIA.  2 

■r). 

LOieOL/IRIA.  5 

Vbruabciui.  i 


Oedeb  86.-SCR0PHULARIACE^.  517 

Tkibb  4.    AjJTraBiiiNEa.-a  Corolla  spurred  at  the  base Lin  abia   9 

-a  Corolla  saccate  at  the  base,  larse !.'.'.'.'.'.  ANTiKKiiiNuii!  0 

-b  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  large Maituandia.  T 

_  ,  —b  Corolla  equal  at  base,  large Lopiiospekuitu    a 

Tbiub  6.    C.«.o.>,K.B._3  sterile  fllament  a  scale.    Fls.  s.nall,  lurid.  ..V.\scu":™i  D 

-C  Sterile  fll.  shorter  than  the  rest   Seeds  winged Chelonf   10 

-0  Sterile  fil.  equaling  the  rest  Sds.  wingless PK.vrexEMo.N   11 

-d  Corolla  bilabiate.    Herbs Coll.nsiI.'  18 

_.  ,     ^  —d  Corolla  tubular,  bell-lorin.    Tree Pawloni*    n 

T««E  C.    OnAT,OLE^._e  Caly:t  prismatic,  5-angled.    Coroll.  long M^vZs'  14 

-e  Calyx  5-p,«te.i,  equal.     (Lvs.  inany-cleft) Conobba'.  15 

-e  Calyx  5-parted,  unequal.    (Le.ave3  ajidlyided1....IlBuPR8Ti8.  10 

—f  Calyx  5-parted.    Sterile  fll.  short  or  0 Gratiola    17 

-f  Calyx  6-parte,L   Sterile  fll.  exserted iLVSANTi.fs.'  13 

IILRIimvNTHIDF.P     ^r^Zf  ?  ILi  ^^-  ^'<"'"«fl'-0-   Fls.  minute Mickantu.  ID 

T  u,  K  7    I  ^   J^  *"  '"^  Imbricate,  the  lower  or  Ute«a  lobes  exterior.) 

T.U..K  r.    S,..T„oRPE.._sta.„ens2.    Corolla  4-cleft. A^.n.'Lvs.  2, 

o     ^  -stamens  4    Corolla 5-cleft Limosk...    01 

T.„KS.    Dn.xAX.K..-Stan.ens2.    Calyx  4-parted.    Flowers  smaVi:.\V;.V.\s"™,„.:-  2 

T„,„„  o     v  -htamen84    Calyx 6-parted.     Flowerslurge Dioitalis'  23 

rZZ  ?'n   ^J=''«""*'«^-S^"'«»«<l-'ve'gent.    Upper  Ivs.  <.ften  alteLto. .  ...Vvk  ™  f^ 

IZZ  U     lZi:Zt~lT"'T''''"'''''''''''''^    Upperlvs.alternato..B\crKnA.  23 

Tribk  IK    GKEAEDiK^._9amens  long-exerted.    Corolla  tubuUr Mackant„kra.  20 

— btam.  short.-Cor.  yellow,  tube  short  as  liml) Seymeuia,  27 

—Cor.  yellow,  tube  cl<ingated Dasvsto.ma.  2S 

Tnian  J9     Vrr„„  •     .       —Cor.  purple.    L  vs.  very  slender Gkrakdja   2i> 

TiUBB  12.    EuPHEA8iE^.-n  Anther-cells  unequal,  separated Cast.lleja    80 

-n  Anther-cells  equal.-Calyx  lO-ribbed Sen wajlbea.  81 

^  ,  —Calyx  not  ribbed Pkdiculaius.  82 

-o  CaU  innated.    Sds.  many,  winged Rhinantiius.  83 

-O  CuU  notinll.-Sds.  many,  wingless Eupuuasi.i.  84 

—Sds.  1  to  4,  oblong MELAMPYEir.M.  85 

1.  SCHIZAN'THUS,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  (Gr.  oyf^co,  to  cut  dvdoc  tho 
cor.  IS  much  divided.)  Corolla  irregular; the  upper'  lip  Hleft  external 
m  ajstivation,  lovvor  much  smallerr^-parted ;  ffiau.ents  ^ 2  of  then 

$:^^su;?:tiiL^"^^-^ ''--  ^^^^'^'  ^-  ^^-^^^  ^'--t:: 

2;Kixx%ho'^id.\"V^'-  ^'-^^'^--^ '-'  p.r,r:nr,x: 

2.  BROWAL'LIA,  L.  (Xamed  ior  Jiishop  BroimlUus,  a  friend  of 
Lmiueuynd  defender  of  Jiis  system.)  Corolla.alver-form  wit  laionJ 
tuhe  and  <,!>  .que,  5-lobed  limb,  nn'thers  of  the  two  posteHo  st;menf 
halved,  sub-1-celled;  lobes  of  the  stigma  broad,  divaric-itc  cidsX 

sI.L^o/'h^^^^'^m^I  \  (Lat  raZco^^..,  a  slipper;  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  corolla.)  Calyx  4-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud;  corollt 
«I.ghtly  adhering  to  the  ealyx,  the  tube  very  «hort,  Jimb  2  lob^d,  lob  s 


518  Order  96.— SCROPHULARIACELE. 

entire,  concave  or  spur-like,  the  lower  inflated,  and  in  tho  bud  slijrhtlv 
covered  by  the  sumiler  upper  lobe  ;  stam.  2,  lateral,  with  no  rudi  Ss 
capsules  ovo.d-conica,  valves  bifid,  seeds  striate.-llerbs  rarely  shrubby 
fombA.uenca  and  N.Zealand.     Lvs.  opposite  or  verticillate.     P^^' 
ot  all  colors,  endleasly  variegated  in  cultivation,  very  curious 

2  C.  auguatiflora  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Ilalf-sl.rubby,  very  branchini?  ■  b,  ofi.n 
whorledm  3*,  lance-ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  pubescent  mSollono  •  onr 
upper  hp  very  short,  lower  ovate,  acutish,  incur;ed.sprSngf  S  a  £'  con' 
raeted,  narrow  base,  open  beyond  the  middle.-YeUow.  +  S  Am  -Mr'lSn 
than>  enun^erutes  ]  U  species  of  Calceolaria,  many  of  whiJi;  lmv"'found  he  ^ 
way  mto  our  green  tenses..     W^  must  onut  further  uotlco  of  them 

4.  YERBASCUM.L      Mullein.     (Lat.  barla,  beard;  a  name  si-.- 
nficrnit  ot  the  beard  with  which  the  plant  is  covered.)     Corolla  rotate 

;;:t.^'"r*^l'!^f '""'?' '^  ^^«""«tO'-l»  P««-fect;  cVule  ovoid-g  : 
bous,  2-valvcd.-<D  rarely  U  or  suftVuticous.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls  iu 
spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 

^  cTL*?'^^'*"'/.^;    CoMMOif  Mullein.    Lvs.  decnrreni,  densely  tommtous  on  loth 
sides    roc  spiked  d^se;  three  of  tho  stamens  downV,  two  of  «~m^th 
Iho  tall,  dense  club-shaped  spikes  of  tho  common  muUein  are  very^onSuo;;; 
m  every  slovenly  he  d  and  by  all  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Stem  erect  3-5f 

.   high  woolly,  Its  angles  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  Ses  generT^iv 

yz;^  srsJ^enn^rur  §  r'^'^  ^'---  ^^~te,x"gS 

•    TJ^lT\^\^'''''\    stern  3f  high,  branching  abofe,  bear nratSnd  lea?; 

^  Z:  hr?"^*"'"'  \    ^'"™  Mullein.     Whitish  subtomentous ;  st.  and  panicu- 
base  upper  ones  sessile  ,^  ;>a«2cfe  pj/mmzrfa;,.  fa^cichs  loosely  many-JU^^J  c^\ 

yeUow!    §  Kur:  '  ''''"'*  ''""'•^  ^^^escent  beneath.     Flowers  palo 

5.  LINA^RIA,  Juss.  ToAD^FLAx.  (Lat.  Unnm,  flax;  from  the  ro- 
resemblance  of  the  leaves  of  some  of  the  species!)  Calyx  5-pa.te  1  • 
corolla  personate,  nppor  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  3-cleft ;  throat  closed' 
by  the  prormnent  palate  ;  tube  inflated,  with  a  spur  behin.l ;  capsule  2^ 
celled,  bursting  at  the  suinmit.-IIerbs.  Lower  lvs.  generally  opposite, 
3me'       "  *  ''  axillary,  often  forming  tenninal,  leaO' 

i  Krlw.!''''!?;.''''"'  ''"*'."**  ^'^^^^'  «"''  «»»»«'»  opening  bv  2  Il.ls  v„  , 

S  Lruct,  wiUi  narrow  feaves.    fapsule  with  Talves.-Wiia /'lant;:::::::::;:::;::::No?2:  ;t 

,    _      -, .  — Cultivated Nus.  4  ft 

■*'tarv"*'vetv'lonJl^'".^1T^P*'  ^'^'V  ^^'l  '''*"""^^'  '>^^'«'  entire /'ped.  soli- 
Tor  vp  L  t^  ®  *°  ^>{  ^  */'  ^  •  ^'*''  «  conf'Picuous  auricle  each  side  at  base. 
wcl-1  iS'lri'E?  Sn'^e^     ''"'"''  °"  '"^  ''^'^''     '-'  '"''^'  " 


OEDKa  86.-SCROPHULARlACB^. 


Can  and  IJ.  S.     St.  very  ^\md£^:n^rwSnh;'l't  fP^^^','"  '^"^'^^^^^  Aeld^ 
;\  ith  small,  remote  Ivs.     A  few  l^fv  nmft^?   '  ^ ,.'"»''-  smooth,  lurnisheri 

from  the  base  of  tho  stem  havTn^nrfT        ""^^^^^^^^S  «l.oots  are  given  off 
n  a  loose  raceme.     'T\^2t:Zr^XM^ZTj\^'''''^'''  '''■     ^'^-  «-«' 
the  corom  l^ut  in  the  ver,  «,ende/sVi£  v^rTet^mth  £^^"^"0'.  "j1^!! 

3  L.  vulgirls  Mill.    Common  Toad-flay     /„.  /•        ,  « 

«rm.«.^yX.,  d..^,^  imbricate;  oal™;,,  8^^^^'""'!^*'  ^^'^^^^'^J  9>*e, 
showy  plant,  common  by  roadLido^^  \r  ^.  '  fZ^  *'"*"  *^«  spur.— 2/  A  verr 
1  to  2f.  high,  very  leafy  and  S  m.^^'  ""  V"  ^"^  ^'^^  «»•  erect,  smoothT/jJ 
low,  with  a  Jong8pur,mou?h  dosed  S"'  "'"'^  ^'"'"^  ^'^''''^'^  Cor  ^el- 
Jl.-A«g.     §  Eur.  ^"^  "^'"^  ^  prominent  orange-colored  palate. 

or  with  3  spurs.'  Po^ug£  psS?^^s'  ^^"^^"'1'  'n^P^''^^"'^  '^  «t«'"'>n«. 
4  L.  triornith6pho™m  ^ml  LnZ     ^       n     ''°-'  "'"'  <»-"»gton) 
and  glaucous;  fo..««P.Xil  3s  or  4fb^^^^^^^       ^T^'  ^^^'^''^g'  ^'"ooth 
edly  racemous,  generally  vorticillato   nn  inn      ^^"''?''''*'''  "^"*<^'  "«■  mterrupt- 
to4fIJ,,.h,remurLblefor^tirfo™and^  ^  "^'«"'J^  Pl"nti2 

litUo  birds  seated  in  tho  spur!    f™  uJ!  '^^°^^''  "''''""''  resembles  th^o 

4eMha?*t1^'*eal.™-  ,aSSS  'S  m  "  "r'"'  *'^^^"^'  P^^'-'«  ™-'^ 
upper  hp  deeply  2-narted-Cr^Wi'''"''™^''''"""*^  »*  tho  n:argin-  cor 
10^  lon^,  viofe^bluTHate  Z:!^    ;'  Tbai^r'  '^^"^''""^  ^""-'-    '-  « "« 

from  a  fancied  resemblance  \     (\wTiS     i       "^^  '*',  ''^«.^'»',  a  nose; 
spurred)  at  l.ase,  the   n  ner  lin  1>^7     f '"Pf^''  ^^""^^'^  g'^^"«  ("o 

Flower.,  large,  pink..olorS,1ir,re;  ?i^  wiXt Z"'^';^'"  ""T*"'  '  «■•  ^^^  '''gh! 
gibbou.s  prominence  at  ba.se  beneatl!  S.oTl  ?rf  •  •"  ""«»"' yellow,  with  a 
and  white,  and  double  flowers   f  '^'^  '''^'*'''^^  ^i"»  scarlet,  scarlet 

in.';  ts^offScc^i^fer  flsT^^^^^^^^^  -  '-^  above.  sp.ad- 

.'ol  segmmts  eqmiling  the  coroUcL^T'J^iA       a'   "PP"'""  ''"^^  subrafccmous; 

opening  l,y  „a„y  v.irvoSo'  S      ir'Stf  "'","''•  ^'^  .",''''1"°  «"» 
.^ou.,  l„,u,d,o,,  climbing  o;.  twi„i„g7^        ™'"  '"■'''"•  '""'  '<■»&  ""- 


&iO  Order  80.— SCUOPIIULAUIACELK. 

o|)LMiing  irregularly  by  n  rift  below  tho  apex.— 2^  Mexican,  climbin-r  by 
their  petioles.     Lvs.  mostly  alternate.     I'od.  long,  Hcxuous,  axillary. 

1  L.  enibdsceus  Zueo.  Lvs.  trianj,Miliir-c()nlato,  foiirsely  dontato  or  anpulnr 
lobod,  puboseoiit;  «il.  segm.  ovale,  hirsiitu;  tn^r.  puboseoiit,  limb  nt  IcngUi  wide- 
spread.—A  hairy  climber,  with  soft,  rugous  lvs.  2  to  -1'  broad.  Cor.  of  u  rieli  red 
2^  to  ;{'  long,  with  an  ample  Uwder.  ' 

2  L.  Bcandeus  Don.  Lv.«.  cordate-ovato,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate  mi- 
nutely pubeiulont;  cal.  Hogm  ovate-lancoolato ;  cor.  glabrous,  limb  erect-sprond- 
lug. — Loss  hairy  and  with  smaller  llowers.     Fla.  scarlet. 

9.  SCROPHULA'RIA,  Tj,     Fiowort.     (So  named  from  tho  resem- 
blance of  IIk)  root*  to  scrofulous  tumors.)     Calyx  in  5  acute  segments  • 
corolla  stibglolKMis,  limb  contracted,  sub-bilabiate,  lip  with  an  internal^ 
intermeiliate  scale   (sterile  filament) ;  capsule  2-cclle(l ;  valves  with  2 
inflated  margins.-  -liorbs  or  sutlrutiiious,  often  fa'tid.     Lvs.  opposite. 
Cymes  in  simple  or  compound  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicles. 
S.  noddsa  L.     G  labels;  strangled;  lvs.  ovato,  ovate-oblong,  or  the  npper  Inii- 
coolate,  acute,  seriate  or  subincisod,  base  broatlly  cordate  or  rounded  or  acutisli  • 
thyrso  oblong,  loaHoss  or  scarcely  leafy  at  base ;  cymes  pedtinculate,  loosely  many- 
flowered;  ciil.  segments  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  margined;  sterile  anlli 
a  roundisli,  greoii  scale  on  tho  corolla.— 2^  In  woods  and  hedges,  Can.,  and  U.  S. 
liare  in  N.  Bng.     Stem  4— Gfhigh,  with  panicuLito,  oj^site  brjinches  above 
Leaves  3—7'  long,  suKwth,  thin,  often  long-acuminate.     Fb.  ovoid,  3—4"  loiar' 
Lunb  very  small,  of  a  dull  olive  color.     July— Oct.    (S.  Marilandica  L,  and  lanco- 
olata  Ph.) 

10.  CHELO'NE,  L.,    Tuutle-hkad..    Snakk-head.     (Gr.  ;^£Awv7/,  a 
tortoise;  lron>  the  appearance  of  the  flower.)     Calyx  deeply  5-parted, 
with  3  bract*  at  base ;,  corolla  inflated,  bilabiate,  the  fifth  fiJament  abor- 
tive, smooth  above,, shorter  than  the  rest;  anther*  woolly  ;  caps,  valves 
entire;  seeils.  broadly  membranaceous,  winged. —  II  witli  opposite  lvs., 
distinguished  from,  I'entstemon  chiefly  by  the  seeds. 
1  C.  glabra  L     Smooth ,-  lvs.  subsssitile,  ohlimg-lanceoliite,  acuminate,  serrate  ■  fl.s 
densely  spiked.— .V  plant  of  brooks  and  wet  places  (Can.  and  IT.  Sw),  with  flowers 
shaped  much  like  the  head  of  a  snake,  the  mouth  open  and  tongue  extended 
Stem  mostly  simple,  2f  high,  erect.     Lva.  of  a  dark  and  shining  greoii  above,  with 
irregular  sorratures>  sessile  or  nearly  so.     Fls.  large,  in  a  short,  terminal,  dense. 
spike.    Cor.  white,  often  tinged  with  red,  inflated,  contracted  at  tho  mouth,  witli 
short,  giiping  lips.     Aug.,  Sept.. 

/i.  PUUi'UHBV.      Lvs..  distinctly  potiolato,  acuminate;    cor.  rose-purple.— Thi^ 
variety  prevads  in  tho  Western  States.     It  is  larger  in  its  l^-.ives  and  flowoi-s 
Petioles  \—\'  long.     Flowers  very  line.     (C.  purpurea  Mill.  ?) 
2  C.  Lydni  Ph.     Smooth;  Ivs^  ovate,  acuminate,  petMcUe,  serrate,  the  lower  cor- 
date; lis.  in  a  dense  spike.— N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  along  tho  Mts.     Stem  1— 2f  high. 
Leaves  3 — G'  long,  2 — t'  wide,  veins  very  prominent  beneath.     Fls.  purple,  1'  i:i 
length,  similar  to  No.  1.     Tlie  spike  as  in  that  species,  often  branches,  bocomini,' 
somewhat  capitiitD.     Jl. — Sept. 

11.  PENTSTE'MON,  L.  ]Jeari>  tongue.  (Gr.  rrtcirre,  five,  OT/ifioi; 
a  stamen ;  on  aecmmt  of  the  fifth  large  abortive  stamen.)  Caly-  deeply 
5-cleft;  corolla  elongated,  often  ventricous,  lower  lip  3-lobcd,  spreading; 
the  fifth  filament  sterile,,  bearded,  longer  than  the  rest  or  about  as  long; 
anthers  smooth  ;  seeds  oo,  angular,  not  margined. —  21  rarely  h,  of  N. 
America,  branching,  paniculate.  Ls  s.  opposite.  Fls.  showy,  red,  violet, 
blue  or  white. 

♦  Leaves  dissected.     Sterile  flUnient,  bcnrded  nt  tho  ftpos No  1 

•  Leuves  undivided.— Sterile  niament  Rlabrous  or  nearly  so .' ." .■nJs". "'2,  8,  9 

— ijtorlle  fllaintnt  lH\ir(lod.— Lower  lip  boarded  inside Nos.  8,  T 

—Lower  Up  not  bearded Nos.  4,  6,  6 


Oedkr  sg.-scropiiulariace^. 


521 

what  boU-shuped,  «terib  fi  umS  LrrdeiTtf^^^^^^  Mu.dos;  cor.  some: 

purpfe,  ros.n.,Unl\t:or%^:X^^^^  Oor  0  to  1 S^'^^^ 

2  P.  grandifldrus  Fnmnr      i.-,.    f     ,  ,  ''  '^'— i^lackens  in  dryinir. 

«l.oSoXo?,!^:i,?X  '•adieu.  Iv.  poLlL-, 

pa,ucIol„„g,  slender  and  raoomo^'riutlTrSVorT"  ""n  ""'^'P'"*^'  ««  '''< 
«le  (il.  dilated  and  puborulent  at  ^S  13f  no^r  P^  •  ^'''^'^-^r"^  «t^"- 

westward.     St.  af  1,1^1,.     Fk      to  3  Jo^Ihorf  .»,'''"*'  '^'^  ^'''*''»  («iJ<iell)  and 
variously  shaded  with  blue  and  purpli^  '^'  "J'^^"'  ^^''^     ^'°'--  l^^"  Jo"K. 

'p^UoC'^Se'S^Lt^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ovate  or  oblon., 

loose;  c«,-.<«/,e,/rad«a/;yt/t^/,„^^,^  f""''*^   «3««il«;    panic-lo 

shorter;  sterile  stan..  loJgitSa  irbcarded.^  mlr".  'l^'^^'f^J^^i^^-  "Pper  lip 
rons,  Can.  to  Fla.  (rare  in  N.  KwY  A  InnlTr!  ,  ^''f''  ^''""^^  '''^'«  ""^  bar- 
™ti.  below,  m., porting  a  lo:;^.l^S^^^^  St.  round. 

««.     Cor.  I'inlongih;  tlfo  barren VilTo  J  Jta^onr     fn""  ''^  ^^"'«"-I>"^PJ^^ 

'ibioS^I  Lt  ar  S±S  "'"'r'-  'r  ^^*'°'"*'^'  clliptie-oblong  or  „ 'co. 
pubescent,  Hlc°n  er  '.^e  'S^'  "7t '"'"'''  ^'"''''^  ''^  ''^"'"^^''^  ««'''-"l"te;  pa"S 
fo«r/  and  narrow  taS  S.:/  ?       ^^f'  "'^''t^^-^^^^c.Aate,  acmninato;  J  S« 

..alV  beardod.^1  vTblftt  ^?^rS  ''"''/S  *S^'  ^*^^''"«  «'am-  Citud  ! 
Plant  simple,  glauooVSf  S  PoA  3  tf^  '■  ^"^""f^^  ^"^  ^^"-  ^'"'^  ^'•"'-  W. 
long,  palo  bhio.     J„.    ^  "  •     ^«^  3  to  7-Howcred.     FI3.  nodding,  9  to  lO'" 

'^iM^l^^^^^tSS:;^'    -Se'or%Jff"'"^'V-  ^^'"'-^"'P"°  -  o^lon.^ 
oreet,   spreading;    cor    ^^.6.  SrJ/X    .^'         "^^f^i^ ,«"tire ;    panido  loose;  ped. 

shorter  Than  the  owc'r ■  ^ilo  s  f  LT^"^^^^^^  beardless,    upper^ij 

to  G.  and  La.    sHbouf  3  •    igt   Lritt'^l'nrof     n'^"'  ^'^^  °^^'  ^"'' 
«um.ou.     Cor.  12  to  15'  longNluisirpatp^.^i^l'/f;  ^--    *^'«- 

/««..-o.«.,SKl£,T£dil^^^^^^^^^^  ^«--'--  - 

cor.  tube  vmtric^s  above,  lobes  .mlJual«Lr^!%\  panu;  e  long,  loose  and  secund; 

cies,  2  to  3f  high,  with  largo    "ZSVarvS     o  nT  T  "''  ^y^'"^^'^  ^Po^ 
purple,     f  Me.Yico.  ^  varying  irom  light  purplo  to  dark  red  or 

low' r'^-uS:**^^"  Ei.ii^r';,:„,^r„'Ti„/i°'iT """  ^'""^'■- '- »"'-. 

«5irlot,  13"  long.     j.  Moric"  *  *"'■*<'— "eight  2  f.  4C     Cor 

lip  bifid,  lowT,;  ifld  4 , « f , yr "  ^" '"""°'  "'■"'■■=  '^lo-j.  "ppe; 

.Jo-d  over  th.  d  Jinlf  .tvl:  ™ttS:?'':  "!-;;"t'^  ,--r  «"! 
with  2  riionjbniMon«  l,i«,i  .-.^i.  '  — --'-f  n.s,  cap.-.i;,.-  ovoid  or  fflobuiis. 

1  r  «i,         «-Pposito  i\s.,  axillary  and  terminal  inflorescence 

«or.,i  „„„,  i.~.<^yiTzs:^'i:^^T^r^,7„''''^'7''"'^<  "»•«•? 


622 


Ordsr  86.— SCROPHULARIACEjE. 


open,  N.  y  near  Utica  (Gray)  to  III.  A  tender  herb  8  to  18' high,  branched  fW)ra 
the  base.  Lv-M.  I  Ui  2'  by  ^  to  1',  diluted  at  base.  Pedicels  1  to  U'  lonjr  Uo? 
0  long,  vuneguiod  with  blue  and  white,  singular  and  pretty.  May,  Jn. 
2  C.  Parvifldra  Do.igl  Lower  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolato,  upper  oblong  or  lanceolafo 
fow.U.()thed,  t!io  lionil  lanceolate,  entire;  vertidllastors  2  to  6-Howerod  •  cm-  tm'c 
shorter  than  the  petLcx-k,  scarcdy  longer  Umu  the  calyx.— Shorea  of  Lake  Sunerior 
to  t)r.  (I'ltcher).     A  smaller  plant,  with  Bumller,  blue  Us. 

3  C.  bfoolor  Ucntli.  Lower  Ivs.  ovate,  potiolato,  nppor  ovato-lanceolate 
8cssil(>  cronatc,  the  floral  entire,  lanceolate ;  verticillasters  (J  ta  \0-Jiowered  •  vedi- 
cell  shorter  than  the  hairy  m/yx.— Tailor  than  C.  vernn,  2f  high,  with  larger 
sliowy  (Is.     tor.  8  to  10  '  long,  rose-violet,  upper  lip  white,     f  California.  ' 

13.  PAULOW'NIA,  Siobold.    Calyx  deeply  S-cleft,  fleshy;  corolla  tube 
long:,  declinatc,  eului^rod  above,  limb  oblique,  with  rounded  soLanoiits- 
8tamoii3  4,  arched  downwards,  with  no  ruditnentof  a  fifth  ;  capsule  vJ- 
neons,  ucuininate,  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle;  seeds  oq,  winged 
— Iree,  native  of  Japan. 

P.  imperldlia  Sieb.— A  aplondid  tree,  in  parks,  with  tlio  habit  of  Catalna 
Branches  crtx>koti,  nearly  liorizontal  Lvh.  7  to  12'  by  4  to  0',  opposite,  pctiolate" 
broad-cordato,  above  ontiro  or  soinewhat  trilobate,  villous-cancscent  both  side.^ 
Binoothish  above  when  full  grown.  Panicles  very  hxrgo,  terminal,  many-flowered 
cor.  1 J  to  2   long,  between  violet  and  rose-colop,  striped  and  spotted  within,  f 

14.  MIM'ULUS,  L.  aAIoNKEv  Flowkk.  ((Jr.  //f^^w,  an  ape;  fronj 
the  rescniblanee  of  the  ringont  or  grinninjr  corolla.)  Calyx  tubular,  5- 
anjyled,  5-toothed;  corolla  rinj;ent,  the  upper  lip  reflected  at  the  sides 
palate  of  the  lower  li{>  pron»inent ;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded  ;  stig- 
ma thick,  bifid.— Ileibs  prostrate  or  ei-ect,  with  sfjuare  stems  ami  oppo- 
Kito  Ivs.     l*ed.  axillary,  solitary^  1 -flowered, 

§  Loaves  pi nnatcvefmxl.    Flowora  bliio  («1M>  or  yellow  (culttvfttod)      .  No*  t  *  « 

i  U'avus  imliiittto-vfiuod .     Flowers  yolluw  or  scarlet ..'....".".".".!!." Nos!  8  4  ." 

1  M.  rfngena  L.  Ziw.  sessile,  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  ped.  axillary 
longer  than  the  liowers.— y  A  conunon  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  mud  soils,  Can. 
Up,  •  ,  ^•' ^'*"  *"'"B0,  Wue,  ringent  iiowcrs.  Stem  erect,  square,  smooth,  Hoout 
it  lugii.  Leaves  se.ssile,  opposite,  serrate,  acute,  lanceolate.  Peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  loaves,  square,  curved  upwards,  axillary  and  opposite.  Calyx  lubu- 
Uir,  5-augled  and  5-toothed.     Corolla  palo  blue,  yellow  within.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  M.  aiatus.  Ziw.  petialate,  smootli,  ovate,  acuminate ;  ped.  axillary,  shorter 
than  the  (lowers ;  .st.  winged  at  Vie  \  corner.s.~2l  In  N.  Y.  to  Ir.d.  (Plunmier),  and 
b.  btates.  Tins,  liko  the  last  species,  hihabit*  ditches  and  other  wet  places 
and  grows  to  nearly  thj  saino  height.  The  square  stem,  erect,  smooth,  and 
wmgcd  at  tiio  4  angles,  aftbnls  an  adequate  distinction.  Leaves  stalked,  ovale 
Howors  rmgent,  on  sliort  stilks,  light  purple.  Calyx  tooth  rounded,  mucrauate 
Aug. 

3  M.  JamSsii  Torr.  St.  deomnhcnt,  rooting  at  tho  lower  joints ;  Ivs.  subentire, 
roundish- reniform,  tho  lower  on  long  petioles,  5  to  7-veined  ;  pod.  about  as  long 
ns  the  leaf;  eal.  ovate,  upper  tooth  largest;  cor.  tube  scarcely  €xserted.—ShoKH 
of  L.  Superior,  Min.,  Nobr.    Fls.  small,  yellow. 

4  M.  liiteuB  L.  Ascending  or  erect ;  Ivs.  orbicular-ovat©  or  oblong,  /cwwr 
Umg-petioUite,  sublyrale,  uppnr  t-o-silo  or  clasping,  many- veined;  ped.  longer  than 
the  Iv.s. ;  ad.  tube  ovoid,  upper  tooth  largest ;  cor  tube  broad,  twice  longer  than 
the  califx. — %  Fls.  yellow,  '>tten  spotted  with  roso  or  purple,  largo  and  very 
showy,     f  CaJifoniiu.— v-,ries  greutly. 

5  M.  Cardin^lia  'Oon^].  Erect,  branched,  villoits ;  tvs^.  ovate,  erost-drntate, 
narrowed  and  amphxic.yft at  base,  many-veined;  ped.  longer  than  tho  Ivs.;  caL 
tubo  larsjre,  inflated:  cor.  ^'hf>s  reflexed.—%  St  loo,sely  branched,  2  to  3f  high. 
Cor  scarlet,  tho  tubo  hxvo\..  longer  thuu  tlw  caly.\,  Umb  large  and  brilliaut 
f  Calilbrniii. 


Oedrr  8C.-SCB0PI1ULA lilWALK. 
lanceolate,  ^■xxmiunto    uonU   ^L  n^w     ^"'  '"^  I""'?'"'  *''"  '^'"'■;  "»'•    «ct»» 

I>V  pair-,    cells   ivir-.l  .  I        ^  \  '^  *^'''-  "*  '  ^"^''-  ^Pproxiinatir.ir 

jvLi  t L  Dili's.',':!  •  x-,£ ;;;? ::: ,'-  ;:"z^r'''{'!f  "••"^' 

tended  by  2  linear  braetto^  L  stS  «J,I    „«1'""!l"a  ""t''''^  ''''-  ""■>■ 
mandated  tank^  Pe„„.  ,„  «.  .„j7,""  f-Jf".  rj'- 1  ■«;"  «b-'e»o  weed.  o„ 


inundated  banks,  Perm,  to  Ga  vu\  r^     t  ,^0  7  7"o'"',     "^  ^'""  '^"'■'•^™  weea,  on 

fiil«  ,,r  .1.^  1 „.  .   _  "    ,  V*-  '^""  ^-^     -Livs.  (.  to  8    long,  obscurely  veined  8es- 

petiolo.     Fh.  few,  cor.  ppreadino-  3  to  4'"' 


8ile,  or  the  lower  contracted  to  a  short 
pale  blue,  -a  pod  6  to  12"  long.     Aug.* 


(11  cuncifolia  Pli.) 
mostly  „„h  3  »tcri,o  iila^ents;  ca^  2-ccne.r™C\   ^o'i,  SS  :i 


524  Order  86.— SCROPHULARIACEiE. 

at  margin.— Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.     Ped.  axillary,  l-flovvcred,  usti- 
ally  bibracteolatv)  near  the  calyx. 

i  Flowers  sessile.    Cells  of  anthers  vertical.    Plants  rlsrld,  brlstly-halrr  ...  No*  7  ^ 

S  J)  lowers  pedunculate.    Anther  colls  transverse.    Plants  smooth  or  viscid  (a)    "»•'.■' 

a  otenio  flhimeiits  none,  or  very  minute  and  pointed v„,  i    .. 

a  Sterile  fllainents  thread-like,  tipped  with  a  small  head '..'.'.'.".',".'.'..' '. ". ".  Nob!  4!^ 

1  G.  Virginidna  L.  Si.  ascending,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  • 
ped.  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  cor.  twice  longer  than  tlui  calyx;  sterile  fiL 
none.— y  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  4—8'  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  round  do- 
chnmg,  and  branching  at  base.  Leaves  1—2'  long,  and  J  as  wide,  sraootli  'lat»- 
ceolate,  sessile,  dentate  or  nearly  entire  near  the  ends,  subconnate  or  amplexicaul 
Cor.  white  or  pale-yellow,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  or  the  2  bracts.     JL 

2  G.  Florid^na  Nutt.  St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  few-toothed  •  ned. 
longtrthan  the  leaves;  cor.  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx;  sterile  fil.  none'— ^J 
Dry  soils,  fields,  &c.,  Ala.  and  Fla.  Plant  6  to  9'  high,  with  the  appearance  of  G 
Virginiana,  but  smaller  Ivs.  and  larger  lis.  Lvs.  hardly  1'  long.  Ped  1'  to  18'"' 
long.  Bractlots  scarcely  as  long  as  sepals.  Cor.  7"  long,  tube  yellow  within 
hmb  rose  color.  ' 

3  G.  sphaerocdrpa  Ell.  Glabrous,  ascending,  branched ;  lvs.  lanceolate-ovate 
attenuate  to  the  base,  sparingly  toothed ;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  —Low 
grounds,  Western  Sutes  to  Ga.  Plant  a  few  inches  high,  differing  from  the  last 
chiefly  in  the  short  peduncles,  round  capsules,  broader  leaves,  &c.  Flower."} 
whitish,  6— 6  "  long.     Jn.     (G.  Caroliniensis  Le  Conte.) 

4  G.  aflrea  Muhl.  Smooih ;  lvs.  ohlong-lanceolate,  suheniire,  clasping  ■  ped  as 
long  as,  or  longer  than  tlio  leaves;  cor.  yellow;  sterile  fil.  2,  short.— A  small 
perennial  herb,  6  to  8'  high,  in  muddy  places,  Mass.  to  Fla.  St.  declinin<r  and 
rooting  at  the  base,  quadrangular,  simple  or  branching.  Lvs.  sessile  a^little 
clasping,  smooth,  punctate,  acute  or  nearly  so,  often  with  a  few  teetii  near  the 
end.  Fla.  golden  yellow,  axiUary,  alternate,  on  slender  stalks.  Fil.  4,  adheriti'^ 
to  the  corolla,  2  .of  them  minute,  sterile.     Aug.  " 

5  G.  yiscdsa  Schwein.  Viscid-pubescent,  ascending  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate  or  oblong 
clasping,  acute,  3-veined,  acutely  serrate;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves;  bractliis 
(2)  and  sepals  (5)  twice  shorter  than  the  (white)  corolla  tube,  twice  longer  than 
capsule.-!^  Wet  places,  N.  Car.,  Ky.,  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  simple,  obtusely 
angled,  9  to  12  long.  Lvs.  6  to  9' long,  teeth  slender.  Ped.  1'.  Cor  white 
tube  yellow  within.     (G.  Drummondii  Benth.)  ' 

p.  DKUMMONDir.     Sepals  and  bractlets  subulate,  thrice  longer  than  the  capsule 
— La.  (Hale.)  ^ 

6  G.  ramdsa  Walt.  Glabrous  <.  •  viscid-puberulent ;  st.  ascending  from  a  pros- 
trate base,  terete;  lvs.  linear-acute,  with  few  teeVi  near  the  summit;  hracthts  min- 
ute ornone;  sepals  linear ;  sterile  fli.  filiform.— 2^  Muddy  shores,  S.  Car.  to  Fla 
Sts.  simple  or  branched  from  the  creeping  base.  Lvs.  6  to  9  '  long  1  to  2"  wide 
with  2  or  4  teeth.  Ped.  nearly  equaling  the  leaves.  Cor.  white,  yellow  within! 
May— Jl.     (G.  quadridentata  Mx.) 

7  G.  pilosa  Mx.  Erect,  hispid ;  lvs.  ovate,  few-toothed,  clasping,  rugous  •  cor- 
tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.— %  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  in  wet  places. 
Plant  If  high,  rough  with  stitf,  white  liaira  Lvs.  6  to  8"  long,  3  to  5 '  broad 
irregularly  3-veined.     Fls.  sessile,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  white.    JL— Sept       ' 

8  G.  BUbulita  Baldw  Erect,  hispid ;  lvs.  linear  or  lance-linear,  margins  revo- 
lute,  entire ;  cw.  tube  slender,  ihrice  longer  than  the  calyx.— 1[  Damp  sandy  places 
Ga  (Feay,  Pond),  Fla.  (Mettauer,  Chapman,  &c.)  Plant  generally  much  branched', 
5  to  8  high.  Lvs.  5  to  8  "  long,  rigid,  distant,  or  often  densely  imbricated. 
Cor.  tube  4    long,  persistent  and  recurved  after  flowering.     Sept.,  Oct. 

18.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf.  (Gr.  Uvg,  mw],  dvOog,  flower.)  Calyx  5- 
pcirtcd  ;  cor.  upper  lip  short,  erect,  bifid,  lower  liplar-rer,  r,preadin<r,  trifid ; 
8ta.  2  fertile  ;  2  sterile  fil.  forked,  one  of  the  divisions  glandular^  obtus^o, 
the  other  acute,  or  rarely  with  half  an  anther ;  caps,  orate  or  oblong, 
about  equaling  the  calyx.— With  opposite  lv.s.,  and  axillary,  l-flowciod 
ped.,  resembling  Gratiola  in  habit.     (Liudernia,  L.) 


OiiDEB  8G.— SCROPHULARIACB^.  g26 

spicuous  plant,  3-6  or  8'  IiIkIu     Leavers     s''i1  ^  f®^'     "^  '°^''  ^"'»'^- 

JODg.    ji.,  Aug.— (L.  dilatata  and  attenuata  MuhL)  "«i«cu,  o 

cntjrc,  lower  tnfid  ;  stamens  2  fertile,  a  gljndular  scale  at  thS  ba^  of 
each,  sterile  filament  none ;  style  short,  Jpex  clavate  or  spatulatTen- 
I;;^;nTmttflti-®  Slender^labrous,  creeping,.^,  o^J^sI 

il^^Hr^^"^-"^-^^^  £1 

cnti  e,  coniraaed  to  a  very  ,hort  petlok;  fls.  solitary,  axUlary,  m.S  shorter  than 
the  leaves  and  on  pedicels  f.hortcr  than  the  calyx.-N  Car  to  F  ^^^^7  J^ 

^  ^siS^^^iuJ^^    ^'"-  '■^""^^^^  «^ato,  crowded,  ^e^ifc,  ob.«;urely  S-velned-  f!s 
sess2le,  axillary,  very  minute.— Inundated  banks  of  river^  Dt,]Av,rIrn  ZtuTn  "^ 
chee  probably  not  common.     Plant  a  few  inche,  lonrb^ncher  Flf  i'^^^^^^^^ 
middle  segm.  of  the  lower  lip  largest  and  spreadi.^^      St     Or  /     a       '    .^ 
micranthaElL     Hemianlhua  micralithemoideaSti"*      i^ept.,   Oct     (Herpestu 

ding  to  3ts  two-  o  d  intlorescence.      Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  small  fun- 

r  e&  sTvIol  fA^''r«T?  1"'^  '"■^"^'  ^^""^"*  2;  included  ;  antie  « 
2-celIed  ,  St)  le  lightly  bifid,  lobes  acute  ;  capsule  obcordute,  compressed 

cTe.t  loni.™VarApr     """"'  ""  '''''''  "^'^'"  ""  ^''"P'^'  fl"fi>"i  p^t: 

C^l'r  ^l?>?f^.^'''^^;  ^  ^{^«^«HT.  (Lat.  limus,  mud ;  its  locality.) 
Calyx S-cleft  corolla  shortly  campanulate,  5-cleft,  equal;  stamens  an- 
proximatmg  in  pairs;  capsule  partly  2-oelled,  2-valved,  m^nyre^Td.- 
Minute  aquatic  herbs.     Scape  l-flnwered.  ^i  y  seuiea. 

^SpT^Si^if,!;  ,,:^«'»"^'^^^'^*'  '-»•  "»e^r,  scarcely  distinct  from  the  petiole; 
^K  I  Ss  N  v^T*  ^"'••/^gr"*«  oval-cblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx.- 
the  mnJlT:  ^  T''  -^  ''"°'  T^  '"'""^^  P'»»^  a°  in«'>  *"  height,  growing  oa 
li^rwut^d  white.  ^'1^2.    ^-- and  Hower-scalks  radioal'   Fl^we«  le'r? 


626 


Obdbr  8«.~SCR0PHULARIACE^. 


erecUiK.aJi„tt  „r  0  ■  LluZ   ,  '■       ?   '  »."'"=""M>""i'l''to,  Bigiiu,,!,  4 

™n;.gi„..u.,  luculid,l„l    ,.2\:n^,;,,T~rN '';'■'■■"''''■'''''"''■  "' 
tliickrm>t.     Kadi.^al  Iv,  i„.t:  .1...  i-      ^       ''■    "•  Arncncai,   wm, 

.ten.  .,.„™t„."  ''i.i';:;r:f:^,;sr  '"""'■'-•'■•  ■"■ "-  -"'-"K" 

cor.  as  loriffas  tho  calyx   uuixt  solZ  .  t  l  ^i      T'^'  •^«"««-""vvere(l  abov.,- 

lo'W  s<>n.o  of  tho  leaves  oOen  BulSrbii,  *  .^  ""  ^?"''''  "''""'  "»  ""I' 
ovuu>-Janeoolato,  clasping.  S^h)  9  to  12"  hi  ;i.  ^''-^  'T^'  •"""•'"''''  «^'"'°  °"'i 
23    DIGITA^IIC    T        ^::'''^'^  *' *^  ^^  H'li.     ^Spiko  clongui    I  iu  fruit. 

Calv;  f,n^J'^cluJ:"Zn\     ^^''-  /^'^^'«*«^«->  -  tl.i,ubIo.) 

celled,  2rv:alve      wi   f rcll  1    '•'   ^^'•'''  ^'^^  ''^i^'''''^^^  ^  eapsulc  ovnto,  2- 
and  Asia.      Lown    h  .  ^'^''^''"/'f 'P""^"t.-Horks  or  slu-ubs  of  Eun  ,,« 


>  e«r.„.  tube  *..t.^n;::/;ft'tiAr  i^;;;;-^^!:rt^ir;r:ri '•  • 


.Xos.  7.  2,  r 
.Nos.  :t,  4,  rt 
No.  5 


pubescvnt,  lower'  Begaieuts  obk.n-     cbt^o     T,WH  ■''^.'"'^-^^/r'^'^-  "'^W^'/  cor! 
purplish,  spotted.  °'  ^^'"^°— ^  iiythuua.      Height  of.     Corolla 

^^^^tlllal^^^^^  rar.  m^y.Jl^erea  ;  cat. 

-U  in  Greece,  Arnu'uia  and  (•  r, -i     .   «"»^1«/  «««,  woolly,  lower  segment  ovate 
longest,  densel^r  bearded,  f  •^"^'     ^""-^"^  rust-colored,  IG"  long,  lower  n-i 

.  4;^,?zsr:;p;;;/^ij  t:s-  'z^rs"^-  r^'v  •^'^^'  «^^- «-'« o^>- 

h>gl»,  with  large,  rough,   dSwnv  ks       K 1. 7^  ^  <l'«>'alyx.-Hl)  I'lant,  2  to  Mf 

campanulato,  segments  broader  than  ionfowoirt''''-"^^ ''^^^"'  ♦^«'- ventricous! 
ish  or  orange,  f  *=  "     -^  lowers  ^  Jong,  yellow,  varying  to  brown- 

«ecm.?„;"j!Ha.J:red?;^l.?eu^^^^^^  ''  ^^■''"^••^*'^'  denticulato;  rao. 

ventrioous,  lower  segment  l.S' 1  Ion.    .  '  ^'^'1*°'  ^'or.  glabrous,  tube  sub- 

3r  high,     riowers  .-lio"  ,J:;f  X^f.:^^,  Z  ^^T^^  ^-°i-     «'^'" 

narrow;  stamens  2,  inserted  into  to  if  ^■^'^^*>  ^'^^^r  sojnr.nents  mostly 

..a^,  a.n,a.,  o.k  r^iTfi^^r^'^vi^Lta  o";:;, -r"-  ^■"-  »'- 


a  door;    so. 

tlio  corolla' 
1,  obtus<'  or 
't'aii,  will,  a 

a  scapo-liko 

t  Imiso,  creim- 
vered  abovo; 
short  oiies.--l 
>out  uri  inch 
;>•,  ovato  anil 
t  Iruit. 

I  tliiniblo.) 
I>  rctloxed, 
lo  ovato,  2- 
■  of  Eur.  po 
>.    Fls.  in 


...\os.  1.  2,  4 
...N...S.  :t,  4,r. 
Ao.5 

inten-upted, 

acute;  cor. 

of.     Corolla 

owend  ;  caL 
ment  ovate. 
;,  lower  li^) 

1.  ovato  oi)- 
uif,  2  tf>  ;;f 

Nplo  spik.; 

A  serrulat,; 

ventricous- 

Jhe  lateral. 

to  browii- 

ilato;  rao. 
tube  sub- 
l>o.     Stem 

Qd. 

whito  f 
r  liybriU-i, 

vrontea.) 
s  mostly 
0  ;  cap- 
odcd. — 
FJs.  sol- 


.Nos.  1,  IS 


Obder  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^.  ggT 

»  Riie«ni«w  opposU^  axillary.    Capsule  roundish,  <<inar(tlnnto  No*  «  s 

S  KaceiiicsiilUirnate,  axlllur)'.    C»|»«iilo  uot  rou«cl«(J.  very  dat Nn!'  ?  k 

a  U(vceiii..»  terminal,  or  the  fluwerst  axillary  auil  not  racoiiicl.  ' (b) i"""-  «,  » 

b  Hora     ..avfs  like  tlio  rest,  not  l.>ak;er  than  the  r.>«surv...l  iKiduncles. .  Nos  O-S 

b  i l.iriil  U,av*s  bractlike,  lunger  than  the  ct*ct  ixxluncJoH.  '.q)    '"'"* ""*•  »    "i 

O  lercaiilaJ.     Pe.luneles  oqiiallnif  or  vxceedliiK  the  calyx.  N„,  o  in  n 

0  Aijuiiul.  I'cduncJes  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  jiono.... !  .■..■,;■'.  ■.■.■."..  No*!  11,  u 
1.  V.  VIrginica  K  Culvku's  Puysk;.  Erect,  tall,  glabrous;  /yj.  vertieiUaU  i.i 
4j  5j  or  0,s,  lancc-ovato  to  lanco-liiiear ;  spikes  mostly  several,  paniculate.— 2f 
Wood-s,  tluckotH  aiKl  barroiiH,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Iowa.  A  conspicuous  plant 
arising  2— of.  Stem  wmplc,  straight,  arnooth,  with  whorls  of  acuminate  flnelv 
fiorrato  loaves  which  are  subpeliolate  and  glanr^Mig  beneath  riosv«rs  nuineroui 
nearly  scsado,  in  .spikes  3  to  10'  long.     Corol  .  white,  tubular,  nube.scent  inside 

Nuttr^  *'''"'"  '^''  ^""*^  '*''  "'°  "'""""'^     '^^     (boptandra  Virginica 

a  V.  Anagallis  Ju  Glabrous  erect ;  loa.  sessile,  clasping  and mbcordate,  lanr  A)laU 
acutish,  CTJ^treorscmilato;  rac  in  op;  ..site  axils;  cap.s.  orbicular,  ^liKhlly  noxchod 
"i^TT  11"""*'''  *'^'s''3'  I'l'int,  freiiuenting  th^'  borders  of  brook.s  and  pooU,  Can 
and  U  fe.  Stem  about  If  bigii.  Leav-.  2-3'  by  5-7".  Racemes  (somol 
times  but  1  at  a  node)  longer  than  t'so  leaves,  loose,  pedicels  (2—3")  acarcolv 
longer  than  the  bracts     Flowers  bluish-purple,  srualL     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  y.  Americana  S(  I iwonitz.  Bbookume.  Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base  erect 
above;  Ivs.  oiniti  or  ovate-oUonj,  acute  or  obtusiah;  serrate,  petiolale,  abrupt  at 
base;  rac.  opposite,  loose;  i-aps.  roundish,  turgid,  emarginate.— y  In  brooks  and 
char  waters,  Can.  and  U.  S.  ria;it  rather  flesby,  very  smooth,  12—18'  long 
morc3  or  loss  decumbent  and  noting  at  base.  Leaves  1—2'  long,  petioles  mar- 
gined. Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.  Pedicels  <3-5")  twice  longer  than  tlio 
bracts,     i lowers  bluo  or  blui.sh-purpla.     Jn.,  J1.-(V.  Beceabunga  \m.  authors.) 

4  y.  soutelUta  L.  Skuf.l-cap.  Speedwell.  Glabrous,  ascending, -weak-  /t;» 
linear  or  Uince-linear,  sessile,  acxxio,  remotely  denticulato;  rac.  in  alternate  axil.^ 
very  loose;  pedicels  divaricate;  capsule  flat,  broader  than  long,  cordate  at  both 


lis.  rather  large;,  ilesh-color,  with  purple  lines. 


Jn.— 


longer  than  the  bnicts. 
Aug. 

5  V.  offlcinAliB  lu  Officinal  Speedwelu  Roughislv-pubesccnt;  St.  prostrate, 
branclicd  ,  ivs.  brief  y  peiiolute,  and  subsesiile,  obovale-dliptic  oroblonq,  obtuse  ser- 
rate, mostly  narrowed  to  the  base;  r.w.  dense,  many-Howerod ;  pedicels  shorter 
tlian  tlie  calyx;  caps,  pubemlent,  obovato-triangular,  slightly  emarginate—H 
In  dry  woods  and  open  fields,  Can.  to  Ga.,  rare,  llant  trailing,  6  to  12' long, 
will  aacendin,^  branches.  Lvs.  I  to  18"  by  C  to  <)".  FJs.  pale  blue,  forming 
rather  long,  axd.ary,  erect,  pedunculate  spikes.     May— JL    §  Eur. 

6  V  BnaEbaiimii  Tenoro.  Prostrate,  liairy;  Iv.s.  roundish-ovate,  coarsely  cn.- 
nate-^rrate  the  floral  similar,  all  on  short  petioles ;  ped.  hnger  Ifmn  the  lvs.  ;  caps 
Iriangular-obmniate,  broader  tlianJ  ng.— Rare  ia  waste  grounds,  E.  States.  Plant 
7  0  12  long,  Iv.s.  nearly  l'  long.  CaL  sproadin-  4  to  G".  Cor.  larger  tlian  tho 
calyx,  blue.     Caps,   oo-soedod. 

7  V.  agrSatis  K  Neck  weed.  SL  procumbent,  dilTosely  branching;  lvs.  cordate- 
ovate,  deeply  crenate-yerrate,  floral  similar,  all  |..'tiolate ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leat}es  ■ 
taps,  roundish,  luutely  notched,  co-seedecL— d^  In  cultivated  fields.  Can.  aad  At- 
lantic States,  not  common.  A  small,  pflous  plant,  2  to  8'  long,  branching  mostly 
Mbaso.  Tho  lvs.  aro  roundish-ovate,  the  lower  shorter  than  their  pettolea,  tho 
upper  alternate.  Fls.  small,  light  blue,  veined,  their  stalks  recurved  iu  fruit. 
b-'gm,  ot  tho  cal.  fringed,  ovate,  equaL     May— Sept     §  Eur. 

*  7;  ^VV".r:"'^h  ^•^^'••'»<<^'  P'5«»^l  5V-3.  pc-tiohte,  cordate,  roundish,  ^oarseiij 
i  to  ^-imthedor  lobed;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  the  lvs.;  sep.  triangular,  mbcor- 
Oate  acute,  closed  in  fruit;  caps,  turgid,  4-A«e<ied.— Dry  or  rock v  soils,  L.  IsL  to 
JJeL,  rare.  St.  diffusely  branched.  Lvs.  rather  fie.shv,  6  to  12""dam.,  tho  upper 
larger  and  alternate.  CaL  sogm,  ciliata  Cor-  smaller  than  the  calyx,  bhwt  J.ar.. 
ilay.     §  Eur. 


A28 


OnoiR  86._SCROPHULAUIACEA 


nbruptly  i..t.M>u;>n«.  onti.,  ^Lln:  rbnt.:''lr'L"t;:'  Zr'// """""•   '^«^'"» 
ftj/w.  itltrorditr,  broader  thak  Urn,, —tt    XfT. .  i'  '  .  ^'^  '"*"  '*"   '^"'«'  "n'aU 

*  II.  H,  .,.,.■  u,„.  iC.t^]:,",„''E^rf°iTr';r"'i"'"'  ■"  ■^"-^ 

aud  white,  po.u,.it[>a  wUlI  p,.';.,' mro..   'Ta  ^Sr  "^  '''  ''"  '■"'^•^'  ''^ 

yfo««rK  usually, Km  so-  p  Vl  a  L.ut  n,    „?„  ^'  Bnialk-r;   rue.  hairy,  jl^\ 

lon)^Ttl,au  tho8„lx4.ssiIo  HmvorH    cam  Tb-.^li.  n!  "oral  obh.r.j.  h.^-ar,  ctiro, 
roun.l(».i.— 1)  ThrouiTlK.ut  M  Am  '  inTi.?a         .  '  ^.l'»''^'>'  ""'^bed,  the  lobes 

floral  mudi  smaller      Sm  Is,     -7.,,^  .?'  "'*' "I'P*-''"  ^•'"'''"•s  «  to  11"  1„„^ 

cap.  barUly  br  Jer  t^.^t:"i;^;r  ^  Sv^^lSSL^t iSu  ) "''"  -'^"^ 

l.etiolate.  ,.p,ir  and  UoVal  aUer  J e^^ W^^^^^  """;'«•  '«'wcr«„es 

pale-gn'on  plant,  2  to  C  ),  Lhi  St  noirh. V.r.1  iT  T^  '\  '^'"""'  P>'*^^scoiit, 
leaves  .w^ul^o.it  Cor.  shoncT  thL  thi^o^l  '  ,f  n '''"*^  *^'"'"  *''^'  »"''^^"' »''» 
lines.     May,  Jn.  §  •*"   "'"  ''''•'  1'"^"  ^'^'^^r  penciled   witL  purj.le 

^.  RKxm>KM.s.     Lv«.  sessile,  «>nifom^  o.^tlro.     (V.  renlformis  Raf ) 
cblon^!r'l'!;S*ji,.ep'S^ol^^^^^^         /"^'^^'^  *«" ;   lv«.  pctiolate,  ovnto- 
hoary-p»be«x>„t._i  EuroDo  and  A^b  i"«tl  sbw  er  than  the  sepals;  eal.  mostly 
OU3  val-iotics.     FloiblTitt  e^>  f  ^"''■"  ''""''■''"  ^"**^  ""•"^'- 

/  J*  J^;.S!t"°S:H?cl  J^  •"•«-"-  -ect,  simple ; 

remote,  oblon,/ or  iLcootlX  IndTnU^k^^^^^  '■*'*^ 

«iotKi^,  limb  fiat:  in  5,  Iv^^ciii:;;^  w^r'S.;:':;^ 

dnd.Uu!K..  halved, /..,.ithl>utcH^ 

^iko.        lower  Ivs.  opi>os.to.  tho  t.pper  alternLte.     Yls.  in  a  terilhlTl 

"""to^ef  obtui,''3-vJned  t et^eSon^'^h!?"^'' '  J-s.  oblong-lanceolate,  few- 

s^ndirSs^'itottr'-^f^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

-Au..    (B.ei;.,ataS.a(^DXi3?h;rj;,rrS^^^^^^^  ^"- 

26.  MACRANTHERA.  l\>rr.     (Gr.  /.a/rpor.  ^ro«t  T.t  ««/^...  .. 
t;:;?  c3i.:iSa;^     Calyx  tubo  catopamLe,  lobes  5,  l^n^'^;:, 


UHDEB  86.— SCROPIIULARIACE^ 


C20 

HcrU  erect,  bra,.c.„„g.    Oauiino  Iv,.  „,„,tly oppojite  ld'i„ei«5.  "^U 

SKte:f!l;:rJl:!':SKrxra.'=2;;r,;;;:'"''^^ n-.. 

lancoolato,  aorrato  or  ontiro     pop  tni   *'!  ,'  *''"""''''J  '>■'"  tlio  largcHt,  upper 

sty.  short!  ^U:Z:nrZnrhmirZ7!'':^^^^^^^^  tha.rtholi!,£ 

woods,  Whito  River  Vallovind    ohirwr  'bf  V    ^T  "^'*to-aei..,iinato.— y   in 

i?ro"°fe*ft'  Liif  w^y  rffrdirtrv""r  ^  r-  ''^'-^'  ^^^^z-^- 

upper  lv8.  merely  toothed  •  cL  ZT''.'?'"-  ^T"'  ^f''  *^"'^''  ''"««'•.  o'^ttu.e, 
tuse.-^.  Car.  to  Fla  and  Toi  in^  n  '  "'jy^^^'l''  ^ho  stylo,  at  lenyth  ob- 
numerous  branehos  opposite  L^^rnirT  iSTl  ''^T*  '  ^^  "''  ^'^'''  "'« 
ancoolate.  Sep.  oblong-linear  Wr  Sn  H  „  I  r^  "^  ^'''A^  ^°"^'  *'''°  •*"'''»«  o*^* 
broad.     Aug.— Oct.  '     ^        '"'  ^''^  podicol.     Cor.  subroUte,  6  to  6 ' 

%®;*aSSsand  se^mentlf  iir^'*""'?,"*' '""^''^  ^''""^''^'^ ''  ^--  ^etaceously  W- 
Wet  pino'barr^^s  N.  S  toFla  anri""^  "J^T^' '  ^'^^'^^  ^'^'^''"•'  '<^^^^^^ 
nearly  smooth.  Lvs  s"  mS  les;  ?<1  ;  nlv  ?"  ^  *°  '^  '"*^^  ^""*«  "'^'"'i'^'-  ''"d 
entire.  Cor.  lobes  oblong^riraK  I'  piTt'  ""'^T'''  '^''''''"^'  »PP^'' 
Aug.,  Sept.  ^'   ^         ^  *'''°"*  *  •    •Po'J-  twice  longer  tlian  the  calyx 

tall,  erect.     Lower  hfopSe  ?>nn'  '"''''^''  J,  ''"l^'  "''•^'0-2^  Herbs 
yellow.     Allblaekenin5r;h'g'"PP"«"""'"^^'^'^^^^^^^^     ^^''^-^S^. 

:j:=[f::?i[^-l--if^,--^^  .„.,3 

the  upper  mostly  entire  Cor  abou^'  ^S'T^  *^  "f  ""^!^'^''°  ^^^^  "■•  ?«*'«!". 
Benth.     G.  flavaL.)  ^or.   about    18'  long.     Aug.,  Sept    (D.  pubescena 

%?a  liwc^sShatiL? "t?,^^^^  'f"-°^^*«-  «-*^.  -'-,or 

111.  and  Tenn.  Sts.  orn  much^brancS  ,  t  o?^  •'^f  ^^r^"^^^'  ^-  ^-  0^'"  *« 
late.  Fk  smaller,  the  cor  about  I'Tn!^  W  ..,/'"?''•  ^""^  ^  *°  3'  long,  petio- 
(D  quercifolia^,-;  Bentl^    GinLSiiaSy)      ''"''''' "'^'    '^'^^ 

Hi. 


630 


Oedeb  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 


3  D  quercifdlia  Benth.     Plant  glabrous  and  glaucous  paniculaf  o-l)rinr.l»>^ .  . 
purplish,  covered  with  a  glaucous  blooiii  3  to  5f  li-T  Lvs  4  to  «" ?n  *""' 

^?bcfe^fa""tM„S••  ^J?!;iXl4fi/rr^"'^'  Pectinate-pinnatind.  segn,. 
than  the  cal.  tubo.-Pi,\e  w^ods  £  and  .  ^  v?  "^f'  ''^":  ^°*^'^'^^'  ^°"g^''' 
Aug.     (G.  pectinata  Torr.)  '  '^^     ^^'^  "'  ^'''■^'  "'  '"  ^'''-'  ^''''-    Jl- 

ist^of  ?ii^^p.?^^'  ^^'  ^["  ^'^"^''  «^  '^^^^^  ^^^«^^A  an  English  botan- 
5-toothed;  cor.  ubular,  ventricous  or  subcampanu late,  tube  lon^S 
tie  5  broad,  entire  unequal  lobes;  sta.  didyiamous,  in  pairs,^shoi^r 

Slll?';::i>  '""  Y"^'"'  '^"'"'^^  suffruticous.     Lvs.   opposite.      Vh 

axillary,  solitary,  purple  or  rose-color.  ^ 

1     /^ _   . 


No.  I 

No.  'J 

No.  3 

No.  4 

.Nils.  .">,  C 
No8.  7.  8 


s  te  3xr«;  b;*?  Tfers,';,,  isix 

-rcdunclc,  ,„utl,  lOns(,r._FI,„v,„,  l»,i„  (itawi'Vili;,;,       „,„      , 
■1   «  ,      .,       ,,  ~^''""'<''^'='"aII(!.t.outC"lonir)...Nos.*y ']. 

p^X  ti-±  £S  *He  S-~ 
bul  twico  smaller.     Aug,  Supt.       '  i'"''""' '■"HI' » !■"»■     fcliort  stamesis  similar, 

8hor^  tLngaU  tco  1,  -'cl,  "^0,^!^  1"!"'  '""B","'""  "'»  '-""yx  which  hu^ 

'  lip'-wuh  .ho'o:i;r°ffligir;:?r'  ""°^'  *"•"  '^""  ^-""-^"f"- 

4  G.  filifdlia  Nutt.     St.  tomto  diffuoel-  h-TnH ',    ^'■'         .     .       ,     ' 


n 


Oeder  8G.— SCROPHULARIACE^ 


clined  to  be  terminal.     Caps,  globular.     Jl.— Sept.  "^'  '°' 

^mJr|nTA''sho';-ter1har;;;l"4l';^^^^^^^^^^    /^"  ^r'-'  «^"*«'  -^'^^-^  0"  t'.e 
«ot^.V  ar^  teeth.     Cor  ample  sStl^o  to  w;V/"^  '^^'^  ^^'"'^  *«^«- 

frSutbr  L:;   f  Sf  -Vi^r^l^^^X^^^^^^^         fTol?  l'.£  ^To 

»io5^pi^^r^?r^ri;^^^^^ 

/^.   FASCICULATA.      Tall,  with  fascicles  of  <,m.,llor  1,r=    i      *I         ^"'^"'«^"'  Ell?) 

cent,  lobes  ciliate.-S.  States^^^n  (S.tsdllS;;;  m^     '  "'  ^"'"' 

ceolate,  acute,  i  cS  hnaas^^'  T  ^^"^  ^^"''^  ^^'  '"'^Z^'*  ^"'-  '^^'^  lanl 
(Cousens),  Ac.'  S^allSto  G^pu^rt^rs^rt^T,?^  0  1".  to  Iowa 
t;^^')^-     '-■  '-^  P-P'^'  =V'oV.  "ot^^alX  sit"    ^%^: 

reduced  to  br-.rt?-  ,  1    '^        *!       ^'  ^"^"^^  iance-linear,  and  linear,  erect,  the  unner 

^X^s^jN^i^T's^r'in::^^  ^'^  -i,.  which  is  w«c«;."s 

^s. .  to  A,,  to.'.  ^o^iS^^^X^^,^?,-/'^!^:-;^ 

9  G   tenuifdlia  Vahl.     Panic alate,  much-branched  •    sts    angular-    /.,    /• 

.mooth  and  nearly  e,uul.     Cal.  toZ'^^^Zi^T""' a:'^!1^';:''  '''''''''''^' 

times  shorter  than  xh^  very  hn,/ peauuceT-  ^i\    tee  „   "v'    u     ?*"■"'  "'"''^  "  "'"  ^ 

shorty  spreading;  «,;...  .oL^i^o^c^t^rS^;  ^i^^^- ^  t'^aS" 'rS^'V^'^ 
A\  .  States,  drv  grounds      Plant  l'>   o  is'  lii.r't,   tv^l    .   ''  "it  cuux.— (i)  s.  ami 

slender  and  ron.rh  on  the  .ll. h tl  v  uin^-  d  a   ts      lt%t'\ o"  .'''"'5'"^  ^'"•^'.' 
far  between.     Ped.  1  to  )V  jTm.-'      (\n.Nirfi";     ,  , '•  ^ '".'?     lonp,  few  and 

color.  J1..AU,.  (G.;rva;c^:;.j.^LicS;tLi:j^;rit-- 

30.  CASTILLE^JA,  L.  (Etichroma,  Nntt.)  Tainted  Cup.  (Named 
.or  one  CaMjo  a  Spanish  botanist.)  Calyx  tt.bular,  2-4-01^  cor 
galea  (tipper  Itp)  luteur,  very  long,  carinato-concavo,  lowor  short,  S-libcd  •' 
ta.  beneath  the  gaca,dKly«amous;  anth.  oblong-linear,  with  unequal 
obes  cohenng  ,n  the  form  of  an  oblong  disk,  the  e.xteri^r  «xod  bX 
middle,  interior  pendulo.is.-lle.baceous  or  suffruticous.  Lvs.  altcrna 
(he  joral  often  colored  at  the  apex.     Fls.  subsessile,  in  tenuinal,  le^' 

^  M:.n?^°°^«  r  ?'■?"?•  ,  i'"-  ■r'^'^'^  PinnatiM  with  linear  and  divaricate  seir. 
.Its  6, ad.  about  3-cleft  and  colored  at  the  sun.mit,  longer  than  the  corolla 
.al.  2-clelt nearly  e5,«,/mi7  the  corolla,  segments  retuse  and  i^narginate-H  Wei 
meadows  Can  and  U.  S.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.,  remarkable  for  its  large  b.'ht  seal 
(or  bright  yello.vrl)  bracts.  Stem  ancrnlar  "impio  o_..v  ,.-...?.  '''.-"i>  f'^aru'; 
about  2,  long,  li.nar  segnients  on  em^^ide.  "BnicU"  crowded  n;ar  the "sim^i 
t^Jn       '  ^^''^  ^'''"^  ''''''''  '"  ''^  '^^'^'  l^'^  «l^owVthan  S 


£32 


C  ^DBa  86.— SCROPHULARIACK^. 


2  C.  sessillfldra  Ph.     PUose-pubescent ;    Ivs.   sessile,   clasping    oblon^-linror 
vu>stlyinjid  mthtfceiobes  divaricate;  cal.  sessile,  elongated^sr^kerSe    co ' 
ong  exserted,  arched,  segments  of  the  lower  hp  acu.Lato  -  i  PrSes '  ;J^ ' 
Lapliam)  and  westward.     Stem  8-14'  high,  several  from  the  same  root   simn  '' 
leafy.  _  Leaves  grayish   2-2J'  long.     Flowers  crowded.     Corolla  tube  slend  •' 
7t '^  u  "'^P''  g'-'^enish-white,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  purple.    Style  and  sta mor^^ 
enfolded  by  the  upper  lip     -d  a  little  exsfrted.     May.^    (E.  granSSorrNtrr 
^  fS;  *®P*««trionali8  Lindl.     Lvs.  linear,  undivided,  the  upper  lanceolate  tl>.. 
ioral  subovate,  subdentate  at  the  end,  all  3-veined;  cal.  with  aLtetS'h  s  loru 
than  the  corolla.- y   A  hardy  inhabitant  of  Alpine  and  high  northern  reS. 
White  Mts.    N.     I.   to  Hudson's  Bay.     St.  a  foot  high,  simple       ivs    seS 

5  to7  v^tflf  T  ?^"'®  T"":  ^'•''''^  ^™'^^''''  ^"d  shorter  than  the  leaves 
5  to  7-ve  nod,  of  a  pale  straw  color  tipped  with  purple.  Fls.  straw-colored  noir  v 
concealed  by  the  bracts.     Aug.     (Bartsia  pallida  Ph.)  '  " 

31.SCHWAL'BEA,L.   Chaff-sekd.  {Inhonovof  Schwalbe^&Giivmn'i 
botanist.       Calyx  tube  lO-ribbed,  inrtated,  obliquely  4-clcft,  tipper  divi- 
sion small,  lower  arge,  cmarginate  or  2-tootl,ed  ;  corolla  ringint,  vn.nor 
1  p  entire,  arched  lower  3-lobod  ;  capsule  oblong;  seeds  many,  chali  L 
2f    With  alternate  leaves  and  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike, 
^'o^.'^l'^^*?*  ^-  ,  I"  sandy  barrens  and  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.    Stem  1— 
3veiif  li  TtTT\:T''fr\    '''^''  ^^'«^"^'  ovate-lanceolato  or  ol~ 
fsS    unWirds      F&rY       ^  ^'^T  T'^'""-     ^''"^^  «^^'«'  "«"»'inate,  dimi." 
isnng  upwardh.     i lowers  on  simple,  alternate,  very  short  pedicels   in  -i  Ic.n.r 
spike.     Oorolh  dull  purple  or  brownish-yellow,    wico  as  Ion- n-l '')  as  the  n". 
maiient,  strongly-ribbed  calyx.     Jn.  ^'^"o  ^^     i^  ;  a.,  tiic  poi- 

32.  PEDICULA^RIS,  L.    Lousewort.  (Lat.  pedkulus,  a  louse  :  prob- 

5-clett    the  segments  leafy,  or  sometimes  obliquely  truncate ;   corolla 
^^n  nl  '  ?^'ll   ?  •^r"?'-*^^^^^!'  emarginate  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  'J-lobod  ; 
capsule    2-cellcd,   oblupie,   nuicronate;    seeds   angulaV.-IIerbs.      Lvs 
alternate,  rarely  subopposite,  often  pinnatifid.     Fls.  spicate. 

^  n^nJiiH^.f'^inr'''  /;■     ^''■*"'''  *'•  ''""P^"'  ^''-  ^iternate,  potiolate,  lanco-ol.lon.r 
fn,r       *i       ''  oblong-ovate,  crenate-dentate;    spike  short,  dense    loafv     c.T 

s^S5uir^w^n!3fU-t^,rii^^:^^ 

ip  long  erect,  forming  a  galea  or  hel:,  et,  cut  squaJ-e  o7a      "1^  w^l  a  bS 

T  fp^glalianf  Mx.r     ^^'^^  °^  '''^  -^^  "^^-  '-^  ^'  ^^^-     ^ 

^  ^;i^f ?°®°^^*^,  ^^-^?,  ^^""''^y  glabrous;  ,t.  hranclwd ;  Iv..  mhoimosite  briefly 
petiolate  or  ses,sde,  oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  incised  crJnate;  spS  erde^se- 
cl  ;S;  Uoid  ^t'r'r"^'r''',P'  r^edoveritand  Lsin^he  throa  i 
iTor .  ■  'i  °^"'^-— ^   In  alluvial  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.  (Lapham)  S  to  Va.    s/ 

llS^^iTfi  r't'  r.'Tf"*  ?^'  --'y  opposite  lv^.,'ni  .  fowliilla"; 
Etl  CaL  n,',!  nnr  ^  l.*^^-,  ^'"''"  ^  '"=^  ^'^'^'"*''tl>,  withovate-lanceoluti 
ereld.'1ept.'  Ji  pTuSa  Vh"  ''""  ^""''^^'  ^"^^"^^'  ^'  ^""=-     «^>'^«  ^  ''"'^ 

alludin^^l^'^f^^""^'  ^'      ^'^^^^^^  ^^'^^^^=-     (^^••'  ^"''  "^^'^^  «-%; 
alluding  to  the  singular  appearance  of  the  compressed  galea.      Calyx 

4.tootned,  yentncous;  corolla  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  .s  the  calyx, 
imb  nngent,  galea  appendaged,  compressed,  lip  broader,  deeply  divide.l 
into  d  obtuse  seerments:  nansulo  Q-voJvn'l  «^,r,nrf"-of!   -r-  t-  i.^     t 

with  opposite  J  vs.  ~"'    '  ^ompre==ed,  ubmsc.-i;  Lrect, 


oblong-linear, 
IS  dense;  cor. 
Prairies,  Wis. 
'  root,  simple, 
tube  slender, 
I  and  stamens 
lora  Nutt.) 

inceolate,  the 
teetli,  shorter 
liern  regions, 
Lvs.  sessile, 
,  and  near  2' 
m  tlio  loaves, 
>Iorcd,  nearly 

p,  a  German 
upper  divi- 
JO  lit,  vipper 
',  clialiy. — ■ 


1.  Stem  1— 
)  or  oblong, 
nate,  dimin- 
,  in  a  Ion;; 
)  as  tiic  ]jer- 


iso ;  prob- 
icous,  2  to 
i ;  corolla 
f,  o-lobod ; 
bs.      Lvs. 

noo-oblon;):, 
leafy;  cal. 
keth;  caps. 
U.  S.  and 
pike  short, 
,  the  upper 
h  a  bristle- 
h.     May — 

•He,  hrivily 
iier  dense; 
the  throat; 

0  Va.  S;,. 
»w  axillary 
-lanceolate 
yle  a  little 

,  dvOo^ \ 

1  Calyx 
10  calyx, 
f  divided 
D  Erect, 


Order  87.— ACANTHACE^.  533 

R  Crista-g511i  L.     Mostly  glabrous;  lvs.  oblong  or  lanceolato;  cor.  scarcolr  a 
third  onger  than  tho  calyx;  appendages  of  the  galea  transversely  ovate,  brSr 
hZ   ,^=— ^^'"•i«^^«'  Plymouth,  Mass.   t.>  Arc.  Am.     St.  a  foot  high   smooth 
rn^^?    ?r,     ^''•n   ''PP^'^'^  T^'^^  ^^'«"'''   ««rdate.lanceolate,    acutely  serrate! 

StK  w  u  •  r^^T'  '"■°'''?"^  '"'"  ""  ^'^'^'y  'P'*^"-  ^''^-  '"««t«*l  contracted  at  tho 
moot  V  with  4  nearly  equal  teeth,  and  much  shorter  than  the  yelknv,  rin<^ent 
corolla,  but  becommg  very  large  and  inflateC  in  fruit,  rattling  with  the  ripe  set^ds. 

34.  EUPHRASIA,  L.  Eyebr;  ^ht.  (Named  for  Euphrmine,  one  of 
the  Graces,  ineanuig  cheerfulness.)  Calyx  4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor- 
olla galeate,  concave,  apex  2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading,  lower 
ip  spreading,  tnfid,  palate  not  folded  ;  stamens  didynamous,  ascendiii<r 
beneath  the  galea;  capsule  oblong,  compressed,  oo-seeded— Herbs  with 
opposite  lvs.  and  tho  Us.  in  spikes. 

^■i.r°„^?"^?*  ^\   -^''^  °''''?^,''  °''  °'''°"-  ^''«  Pauline  obtuse,  cronat^,  floral  (or 
bracts)  acute  cut-serrato  with  cuspidate  teeth;  cal.  lob«s -ubequal ;  lower  lip  ot' 
cor.  with  Its  lobes  deeply  emargii>ate.— ;!)  A  diminutive  tenant  of  the  White  Mts 
and  (.an    rare  ^ommon  in  l^]urope).    Plant  branched,  slender,  2  to  G'  high.    Lvs" 
1  to  a '  long.     Fla.  bluish  white,  3  '  long.  e  va. 

35  MELAMPY;RU1W,  L.  CW  Wheat.  (Gr.  p^Aaf,  blade,  rrvpor, 
wheat ;  the  seeds  blacken  the  flour  of  wheat  if  ground  with  it.)  Calyx 
4-cleft;  upper  l.p  of  the  corolla  compressed;  the  margin  folded  back- 
lower  lip  grooved,  trifid ;  caj^sule  2-celled,  oblique,  opening  lat-rallv  • 
seeds  1  to  4,  cylindric-oblong,  smooth.— Herbs  with  opposite  lvs  l4' 
solitary  in  tho  upper  axils. 

M.  pratense  L.     Lvs  linear  and  lanceolate,  petiolate,  glabrous,  tho  upper  gener- 
ally  broader  and  toothed  at  base;  tis.  axillary,  distinct;  cal.  teeth  slendef  half 
as  long  as  the  coroUa._,l~)  I"l»abit3  woods,  Can.  t.  Oa.  W.  to  Ky.    St  w  t h  oppo 
site  branches,  8  to  10'  high,  round,  erect.     Lvs.  opposite,  1  to  If  by  3  to  5"  tho 
iioral  ones  broader,  with  (or  without)  setaceous  teeth  afbase  and  tapering  to  an 

twice  tho  length  of  the  calyx.     Jl.     (M.  Americanum  Mx.  diflering  from  the 
Kuropcan  \anety  in  its  more  slender  corolla.) 

Order  LXXXYII.     ACAXTIIACE^.     Acanthads. 

Uerhs  or  shrahs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves  and  regular,  bracted  flowers      CaUx^ 
pontamerous,  equal  or  unequal,  imbricated  in  tho  bud.      Corolla  5-merous,  tubular 
below,  limb  more  or  less  bilabiate,  cc.nvoluto  in  bud.     Slamms  didynamous  or  dian- 
drous,  inserted  ou  the  tuoe  of  the  corolla.     Fruit  a  2-celled,  4  to  12-seeded  capsule 
Seeih  supported  by  hooks  or  cup-shaped  processes  of  tho  placenfci.',  .xalbuminous 
nro^ml.X^  ll^^ufu^M^^^^^^^^^^  ."'"""'  ""'>'  ^^'^^^^^^  '"t"  t"o  Unite-l  State..    Th.y 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 

I.  ANECMATACANTHTJ.E.    Seeds  .lostitnte  of  hm.ke.l  supports     (a) 

a  CorollunyuUr.    »ee,ls  few,  ml.mto  to  r.  cup  h.stoacl  of  a  h,mk Tm-vnKBCiA    1 

II.  i-ClI.MAl  Al.AN  1  HL.E.     8ee<l»  subtended  by  hooke.l  processes,    (b) 

b  Corolln  tunnel-form,  subiegular  stamens  .lidynmiious.     (Uuk.     k*  )     («) 

C  Anthers  ^-spurred  at  base.    Capsule  4-seede.l  in  tho  middle Cai  ophanks  ?» 

C  Anthers  not  sj.urrod.    Capsule  2  to  IB-seeded  from  tl>o  ndddle Dn^Ei.AOANTnus.'  4 

y.  r,...,.M  .  Ml".  .  ;P    ,     ••    '  -V-""-  '-  t^,  10..-,ce.U.(i  frnrn  ttic  Diise Cm  .■ii.ACANT.iits.  ft 

b  C  nil  rS?'    «f"'-    ^..^"■""■'■■"*-    ^'''P^'""    «-seed.dfn.,uth.  b«se.Hv.-.uo..UM.A.  0 
b  Corolla  bilabiate.    iMamens2.-(;orolla  resupinate,  upper  lip  3-t.M,the,l.. .  .n.ei.n.TKKA.  T 

—Corolla  stralplu,  lower  lip.l-toothed.  Wild.UMVTir.i.ossA.  8 
^Corolla  straight,  lower  \\\^  a-pm  ted.  CuU.Cyktantukua.  9 


534 


Order  87,~ACANTHACE^. 


at  bjuse  ;  capsule  jjlobulur,  3  to  4-s.uh1  J       it     i       '    "^^'^  *^**^'"  *'«"i'<i 
ll.e  Old  World.  4-stcded.— bhrubs  or  climbing  beibs  of 

4^  ^sftt  l!^^^;^^;:^  acute   ou 

whole  plant  soft-villouR.    Kk  ro3  aJiT'"^-"  "  ^1'.'** nation,  pc'cnhn^'th" 
i-rplo  ba«e,  1^  deep,  eampan'ulSnUlffcutv;::!"^      'li  Tf'  ^'^'"r  "''^'"^ 

2.  ELYTRA^RIA  Vahl     ^Pr  "3  ^  "'"    ^"'■'"'''«- 

the  bracted  inflo.tcef .)  ^Cai/^ZT'/L??'^^^^  ^^  ^--*'  ^'o.n 
corolla  bilabiate  lower  li,  of  3  hlfi  l  ^  I*''''  '^'^g'"«"t«  ""«jual; 
,^torile,  included;  anthe  ^cel  nSe  -^'"'"'V  ''"'"^'"^  ^  <'^'''^''«.  ^ 
^ase.wit].outlu>oks.-IJerbsaeSte,;  ^y^.^^^ded  from  the 
-cd  with  appressed  loJiZX^U^tj:^'  'Iv"'  '7{  ^'T  ''''■■ 
<-ach  bract  of  the  terminal  spike.  '  •""'''''  *^"*^  ^^'"^'«tli 

long  to  tho  petiole,  repand  or  wavv  H«  i^n  ^•"^''''  ""'''•ow-oblonLr  timerinif 

covered  by  a  broadIy^>vate^  Sj^ufe"  idar^li^f  "^^^  ^P*'^^'  ^^^  ''S 
bractlets  w  uol.  are  villous-ciliate  as  welTarthol^  .'^'^"'  ''*'•  ^^'">  2  linear 
scgm   noary  equal.-Wot  plains  SCartoFH^.?^'^  T  ''^"'"'  "■'^''  ''«  5 

l"nb.subregular,o-Iobed;  sta  S  s  4     .n  I.         ?, '  '"^'"^''^  <'"""el-fo.n,, 
;i.^l.actlet.-Low,  P^^it  ^^l^K^  ^£'^;i  ^^  Wae. 

«e.s, lo  base;  fis.  solitary,  subsessile'  o 2s ite^ Jr h    n^'"'"'  ""^''^vved  to  the  sub- 
deeply  parted  calyx  and  the  corolla  S-vt    '^' -  '"'"^'^'^t^  '^^"'li-g  (he 
a   and  Fla   connnon.     Herb  6  to  vt^ai^l^Jl^T''''  ""^  ^'^^^'^'y  i^"i"«. 
1    long   rarely  rath.r  acute.    Cor.  she  v/a  IImW,         '''^'-  ^""P'*^  "^^•*'     I^vs^ 

obtu.0.  entire^ilS'i,  a"Sie '7 ^^1,^'^^  '^%  «^'«"^  ^'^  -^l- 
together;  bnu-'ts  oblong-spatulate  shorter  thnrh^V^^/"'"'^''^  '°' ^"'•3-  «''  2  or  3 
H  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  ia  rich  eoik  r  vi  h;  »^  n  *'*''  ^*''"-'*'  cetaceous  calyx  pcein  - 
scabrous,  meu.br^nous  edged  belot  ?' "£  ^'"'"'l-''-  ?'•  «^^--  v-ySer, 
(Ruelha  humistrata,  Mx.)  '         ^*'"^'  equaling    the   4-seeded  capsule. 

Acanthus.)     Calyx  dl^ni?'^  h'!S'-  i?'''if'7^^'''  t^«  '«""n(r<'d,  «Var^or, 
da,  eo,„p„sae.,,  with  1,„U„.,.  aW^rptl^S'Ltl;;;  ^.tlh 


'of.  of  B()t.  at 
'  h'  ■^  bract, 
subiegiiiar; 
them  awiied 
iiig  herbs  of 

linato,  hispid. 
tT,  el(;tlieci  iill 
3'  broad,  f  !<; 

>te,  acute,  oa 

percimial,  the 

ollow,  with  ;\ 

Variuble. 

■>ract;  fvom 
s  iiiit'cjiial; 
2  fertile,  2 
fjoni  the 
Scape  cov- 
nc  beiieatli 

overcd  with 

«'g,  tiipering 
end)  flower 
ivith  2  linear 
«",  with  its  5 
pes  If  hiffl). 
mus  Caroli- 

i.)  C?!yx 
iiiiel-foiii), 
I"  niucioD- 
id  in  tile 
vw  bracts 
ted  in  the 

eunibert  or 
to  the  sub- 
lualing  the 
elly  plains, 
ove.  Lvs. 
s.,  1-urplish 

\"al,  rather 
or  2  or  3 
^x  peprn.— > 
ry  slender, 
i   capsule. 

beqdaily 
!(!  ;  (•.•jp- 
]s  orbic- 
•bs  with 


Order  8Y.— ACANTHACEiE.  535 

opposite,  solitary  or  fascicled  flowers.     Bracts  leafy,  often  stalked.     Fk 

large,  showy,  blue  or  purple. 

\  D.  str^pena  Nees.  Herb  erect  •  lvs.  ovale  or  obovate-oblong,  somewhat  repancl 
cuneate  a  base  and  petiolaie,  smootnish  or  thinly  downy ;  ped.  Axillary  ver^Thort 
about  '^  (1  to  4)-tiowered ;  braetLt«  lance-ovai,  equaling  Iv  exccedS  IKw  ^ 

??y  sdlTMrV'and*  S  %"V'"^::'""  "''^f'  '^  ''  loug-funnefiornr^X' 
JJry  sous,  MiU.  W.  and  fe.  btates,  common.  Plant  variable,  9  to  16'  hijrh  otleu 
branched,  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  large,  2  to  3'  long,  the  fls.  half  or  two-tli'rds  as 
&  Cap^- "blaneeolate  6-seeded  or  by  abortion  fewer.  Hooks  groovtd  Jn  - 
bept.     (Iluellia  strepens  L.)  '' 

2  D.  cilidsua  Nees.      Herb  erect,  hoary -Jnr/nUe :  lvs.  ovate    the  lower  nlmv.f^ 

upper  oblong,  all  obtusish  at  apex  and  a/.r«;,^  at  buse%2e^Z   ZlS^^t 

witji  oblong  or  anceolate  bracts  not  longer  than  calyx  ;  sep.  .eia^eoti,  S     oJ 

half  as  long  as  the  long  tub,  of  the  coroUa-Rioh  soils  W.' and  S.  Stated    St  If 

or  more  high      Lv&  18  lo  30'  long  the  fls.  nearly  as  long.     A  varieTy  has  smaller 

loaves  almost  dentate.     (Ruellia  ciliosa  Ph.)  ^uuciynas  smaller 

13.  "YB«iDus.     Low,  decutiibent,  very  hirsute.-Near  Savannah  (Feay).     Stems 

2  to  4  long,  with  short  internodes.     Fls.  sometimes  shortened. 

3  D.  nootifldnia  Nees.— Cat  segtn.  linear-lanceolate,  thrice  shorter  than  the  verv 

5.  CRYPHIACAN'TKUS,Nees.     (Gr.  «p%or,  clandestine,  fkai^^or.) 
Calyx   deeply   5-parted,    spreading  in  fruit;   corolla   bell-funnol-forra, 
hnib  equal;  stamens  4,  included;  anthers  sagittate;  stigma  simple 
capsule  oblong,  terete,  12  to  IG-seedod  from  the  base;  seells  roundish 
cordate   compressed,  silky,  subtended  with  hooks.— Herbs  villous,  with 
corm-hke  base  and  fasciculate  roots.     Fed.  3-flowered. 

C   Barbad^nae  Nees.     Caulescent;  lvs.  ovate,  cuneate  at  base  nmJ  neliolate. 
entire  or  undulale-dei..tate,  smoothi.h  or  haio^ ,  ped.  somewhat  cymoJrionget' 

t  h  !f  I       "  ''!'  f '".  *'^'"  '!^"  ^'''''''  '  '■''■■  ^'^Sm.  subulate-acuminate,  Vndu- 
lar,  hirsute  ;  cor.  tube  shorter  than  tlie  limb.— 2^  A  low  Icafr  nlant  \\  to  Fl 

Tex.  Mex.  &c.  (Noes).     (Ruellia  tubero,sa  and  clandeaUna t)"  ^       '  '' 

6.  HYGROPH'ILA  K.  Br.  (Gr.  iypr),  waters,  0^.^  to  Jove.) 
Calyx  tubular,  about  half  5-clcft,  with  narrow,  equal  segmor.ts ;  corolla 
bilabiate,  11  ngent,  lower  lip  convex  and  rugulous  in  the  midst  trifid  ■ 
stamens  4,  didynamous,  not  exsertcd;  anther  cells  divergent-sa'crittate' 
yiolet-colored ;  stigma  simple,  subulate ;  c.-psule  0-striate,  oo-seeded 
from  the  base  ;  seeds  small.— Herbs  i:i  swamp.s,  6zc.,  Moloniferous, 
4  angled.     I  s.  clu.stered  in  the  axils. 

H,  lacuatria    Nees.     Erect,  subsimple,  min-itely  pubescent ;   lvs    lanceolate 
narrowed  to  both  en  Is,  sessile,  subentire  ;  verticils  nmny-Cowered  :  cal  smooth- 
L.h      Borders  of  lakes  near  N.  Orleans.     (Hale).     Stems  1  to  2f  high  abwo  tl  o 
water,  very  straight  and  simple.     Fls.  white.     (Ruellia  justieia>tiora  Ho^k) 
7    DICLIP'TERA,  Jus-      ^Gr.  da;,  double,  ukdu,  to  .l.nt ;  referring 
0  the  2.va  ved  capsule.)     Calyx  5-parted,  equal,  sessile,  in  a  bracted 
tiead ;  corolla  resupmate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed  ;   stamens  2  • 
anther  cells  straight,  placed  one  above  the  other ;  c.-ipsule  4.Heeded  ' 
dissepiment  and  walls  separating  from  the  back  of  the  valves  and  curv- 
ing upwards ;  seeds  discoid,  on  hooks.— Herbs  with  the  small  f  owers 
111  axillary,  involucrafc,  finally  terminal  heads. 

c„K  "."■  rr'^V  "  ".''''s'-'i  ^•''••^'"8ttr-m;tiic]n.-d.  glabrous:  lvs.  ovate-ob  on"- 
subentire,  obtusely  acuminate,  contracted  at  ba.o  to  a  lung  petiole;  hd^  & 
flowered,  sessile  or  tho  lower  on  a  leaJy  peduncle,  the  up,,er  at  len-nh  ScSo  • 
mvolucrato  lvs.  very  unequal;  c.psulo  oval  tlio  valves  lirs    eurvi„.  1ack«S2^' 


536 


Ordkb  88.— VERBENACE^ 


refe;ri^,?IJlS^°';f„tlef5J)"'--<l'i^^^^^  -™'="'.  ^^-«.  to„g„„; 
ate.  upp-er  iip  .^..X^^lj;^^, '  ^u^X'  ^^.i/X"  •  t"'" 
eiis  2;  anther  cells  more  or  less  \\kt\uof  "nL.  ^*'"'>^  P^'^^e ;  stam- 
above  the  other;  capsule  couXcirseeckfSrt'r'  ^'"n,^  ^"" 
wards;  seeds  tubercSlate,  -^t^ho::SJSX^^\^^'^ ^ 
lary  or  spicatc,  bracted  tloweis.  '     '^'^  **'^^'- 

lary,  subJpitate,  on  very  bngTe^uS  obL«^^^^^^^^  '^^'  ^^^"■ 

^in«er;/afe,  A^Mfis^tt^/  A^i^  asZfo  (rTn.f,  ""PP"*^'**; ""^  al  eruate ;  bracts  and  semk 

sule  empty,  vK^tcL^d  v^hin  ripT^^^Sn IT '^.'i  J"^^"" '"'^f  of  the  C 
Plant  2  to  3i;  ]va  2  to  4'  byTt^  2'"  So  las  r''^!^^*^''",  *°  '^"^-  ^"^  <^' 
s.ne  length.     J.J.    (r>ia'ntberai;;rio^rrL&;£^^^^^^ 

very  Jong ;  spikos  at  length  l^^xyse-flo  "-erod     h  nA.  r,'r' '  r*^""^'^«  subterminal 

simple,  axillarv  SuouS^  ^.  \'    ^""'''T  ""^  ^'^^  ^«  '"^  short  petiole;  spikes 
the  subulate  S2/rlTr^.?icl^„,t7;hT?  Tf '   '"■«'^''^^^'  "^"'^^  *^«rfeS 

light  purple  «;  flesh-co  orod    larre  n^n'nv  t„  hi      '"f '  *'^J''•««;1"^^^  t'-'^inal  head, 
(Justiela  iamea  Hook.     C  matSiilcS  Ej        ""  ""  ^"°'-'°  ^"«  greenhouse,  f 


Order  LXXXVIII.     VEIIBENACEVE. 


Vervains. 


4-celled  n^rT>ll,.fl  in   pi..        \  r       •  ^  ""^y  o*^  drupactous,  2  to 

pendut^::riit\io;r:L:r  ^  -^^-^  "^^^'^^■^  "^"^^^-  ^-^.--  - 

important.    The  <>ra:i'J^^'^^:'^:::!:!^:::\-^^^^^    MeaicinarpiS-'';,:! 

GENEEA. 
i  Herbs.    FrultcIry,_„f4  1-soedo.lcar:>cU.    Corolln  .'i-n™..^.,  ^^^ 

-<.f  a  one-sceucl  carpels.     Corolla  4-parte,l'.". ".: L.ppT*'  I 

-of  1  onc-seedcd  nutlet.     Corulla  biUbiuto ;. . .  Phr,^],  3 


ORDEn  83.-VEUBENACR^.  .,. 

037 

!Shru^,.     Fruit  fl.«hy.-Flowers4-parte..,  „„„».,.    Drupe  4-,eede.... .     C..mc.«p.         4 
-Flower,  4-„arte.l,  «.xillury.     Dru,.e  a-see.l.d.;;      Un'IC/  i^ 

— f  Ittwers  5-uiirti!d S..i.<u  j^     i  ,  "lo^sia.  0 

!:'?,*•  ,^'"''*'"'  *""'''^' Clkko.„.:m,„v„.  T 

1     VrRRr^MA     T       A'  Leaves  comp*,uml...Vi I E.V  a 

often  shorter;  coi-alla  fSfonn^Iin.?  ''^l'"'^^  ^""  ^^"  *''«  ^^^^h 

stamen*  4,  included  Jh^lprnS  '^'"^^^t  unequally  fi-Iobed  ; 

into  4,  l-sUdS5 liLXl^s.^^^^^^^  ^'-P^'  -^P'^tti-g 

poBite.     FIs.  sessile,  mostly  in  spike;  or  hds         ""^^''«^^"^*'-     ^vs.  op- 

a  «te,n  branched..,  witrn,,^;;."j;;i,:;^!!Lte[.^-„„];--^  ^No,.  1. » 

•  Cory,„be.I ;  tl.e  ope.  corollaa  forn.,n,  -uil^S'l^ae) 'Silb"  ■•■-•••  ^  ^  •  ^  •  ^ :  ^  elf 

higlV  ^vith  narrovv  (2  to  3'  by  3  to  5">  'ro?JJ^  '"''  ^  '^'i  "^'  "'^''^  **'«°  «  ^^^ 
""  iSro°^t\TblJ;tly^a3'l^^^^^^  ^cabrous-puberulent;   ^r.^r^tlcg. 

3  V.  hastita  L,     Cojimon  Vervaiv      AV^,-/  •   ;!    /  '      ,  . 
serrate,  petiolato,  tho  lower  ono/lr^hori^f.     f  !'  '"'^«''^«'«' acM"»»afe,  incisely 

mostly  throughout, the  U.  S.rmd  Can  St^^nfi?r,'^''-f'''  ''^  ^°^  ^^^"n'^s 
branches  above.,  Lvs.  rouV,  and  ruc^ou.  V?o  L  .'^ ''  '^'''•l P''»iculate,  opposite 
smallj  blue,  arranged  in  W  Vw  ;    f     \^/".f  '''"»'  variously  toothed      Fh 

^lC°c^bT:n^hed'!:^ov:^^^^^^^^^^^^  r'  ^'-.z  ^^.  ./»-e* 

rugous;  ,;,.l.,,  erect,,  strict,  imbr)Z  and  Zf^^Zltf/    TT  ''"**'  ^^"^^' 
/v.,  <;inc«  fo;,yer  than  the  mlvx --ir   T^r^^  \  i.^^'^'''^''^''' ^"''^er  than  the 

ba.c      ->pikoso  to  6-  long,  den.e  before  flowering,"  boso^'ft^r     C^r^'^ir'''' "' 

^  1  hluo.     Aucr..  i«cDt IMflVrQ  fmm  T  ^<«  •     I-      '"V,    «"'^er.     Lxl.  r  loner,  cor. 

and  longer  braSk^       ^'^Ters  from  \ .  officinaha  of  Europe  in  its  petiolato  Iva 


538 


Order  88.— VERBKNACE.f!. 


8  y.  strigdsa  ITook.     Erect,  rigid,  atrigous-pubeaccnt.  hoarv  hranpliofl  •  ;,,o     » 
i.j  3./>arfec    to  the  hose,   incisdy  lohedau  Ao.iU.a,  ^ilo^'    f  r     uu'se  «tr  J't 

leans  (Hale),  bt.  hollow,  2  to  afhig!,,  acutely  4-anglod.  Li:  lobos  a'l  a,  nVn 
veryvcifiy.     Cor.  purplo ?  4  to  5'  long.  i.i.  louts  a.lucuto, 

®  J„„^"5^®"*  ^\    f;""}^   nssurgent,   rather  hairy;    ^9.  ovate-ohhrn,  S-parfed 
pmnatifid  or  incisdy  M,ed  and  toothed,  aeuto  at  base  and  netiolate     snitL  /fi ' 

SmS"'"'"'''  ''"'^  '^"'-^  "^  ^"^'"^''«  ^y'indricalXfl'roilaf  lo^^^^^^^ 
corymbed,  seg.n.  cmarg.nate.-rp  Va.  to  Jll.  (Lapha.n),  La.  and  Fla.  n  drv  S 
als-^u.  gardens  where  its  beautiful  flowers  present  every  variety  ofcln     Ipi^ 

10  V.  chamcBdrifdlia  Smith.     Ascending,  hispid;  Ivs.  ohhm  acu*e  ^ermf. 
oworsomovvhatlobod.  upper  subentiro;   spike  long-pe.unclo.l     ZmXuW 

long  a.s  the  long-oylindric  calyx;  cor.  showy,  corymbed;  segm    emargn-Uelj 
Many  of  the  pretty  garden  Verbenas  aro   varieties  of  'this'species  Zn liuTn^ 

11  V.  aororia  Don?  Prostrate,  somewhat  hairv ;  Iv.^  midtiM  wir,  'nnrr^, 
ciUate  seg„.ents ;  spikes  pedunculate,  .short ;  bracts  h^lf  as  Z  f  a ^  ^  o  sS 
o^'u  •  .:SJ  pu?e''X:^  7Sf-^^--^-'  Verbenas,  with  mU  smaller^ ! 

TC'L       ?^^    ^■l'''''^f;''  <-'on.pros8C(|,  erect,   monibranous,  sl.orter  than 
tho  tube  of  the   corolla;  corolla  funnel-sluiped,  ]i,„b  sublabiatc,  uppo 
l.p  entu-e  or  e.narg  lower  3-lobed ;  stan,.  didynamous,  included     £IZ 
dry   tlnn,  enclosed   n,  the  caly.x,  2-sceded.-Shrnbs  or  prostrate  herb. 
mih  opposite  Ivs.     lids,  of  fls.  on  axillary  peduncles.     (Zapania,  Ju^s )' 
L   nodifldra  Mx.     Glabrous,  procumbent  ■    st.  4-angled,  gen  eulate  simnle  \L 
Irr  '  f'  'T'"^  ^"  oblanceolate,   obtuso  or  aeute,%uneL  a    £o  Si  u 
shorter  than  the  peduncles.-  u  On  river  banks,  Penn.  to  Ind.,  Ill  and  £      S  L' 
ioles  T^^'%^i;^  oou^i..o..  vei„s,'l   to  2'  long.  \  to  fas  wlde.'p^S 
l'?i  L.  .1?      ■     r  >  •   , .'°     •  ,}^'^^-  ''^"'•'  o'"  '•""nJ'sIi,  at  length  cylindric-obloju' 
lis.  small,  purplish  white.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Z.  nodiflora  and  lunceolatJ  VhXT 

3.  PHRY^MA,  L.     Lop-seed.     Caly.x  cylindric,  bilabijito,  uDner  lin 

longer.  S-cleft,  lower  lip  2-tooched  ;  cciolla'  bilabiate,  upper  li,"!  rl  - 

nate,  much   smaller  than   the   3-lobed   lower  one;    stamens    ncludcd  • 

mt  dry,  oblong,  striate,   1-celled,   l-.seedcd.-2r  Herbs  with  oppo si  e 

Ivs.     IWs.  opposite,  spicatc,  deflexed  i:i  fruit.  ^ 

^■l.?r!?^^°*rPf'^^  h  ■  ^"^^7  '^"^^''  ^^"-  «"^^  ^-  S-     Stem  2-3f  hi-.h      Leaves 
^IFAT     ^"J^^'-  *'""  """l^   '■^^'■•'^^'y  *"°'f'<^^-  «"  short  stalks.     Fls  small  onno 
site  light  purpks  in  very  long  and  slender  spikes,  of  which  one  is  t ennin'i    E 
rest  opposite  and  axillary,  each  often  with  a  pair  of  bracts  below      It  er  flow 

i      jT  "^'^  "  "P'"  *"'  "■"'*  ^°^  '^^°™«'^  '■^fl^^'^'l  ba^k^ards  closelo  the 

^at'JM:}:l^^^f^t'  V     f ''''''''"  MuLBEnuY.     (Gr.  /.-a'AAoc,  beautiful, 
caprrof,  fruit;  for  its  abundant  purple  berries.)     Calyx  4-tootlied  bell- 
shaped;  corolla  short-bell-shape'd,  limb  of  4  ol^tuse  seg.nents    "li^^^^^^^^ 
4,  iinequaUxserted  ;  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed;  drupe  juicy,  etlclosin^r  4 
iiutIets.-Shrubs  with  opposite  ivs.  and  axillary,  subumbcllate  fls.     ^ 
C.  Amencina  L.     Brandies  and  Ivs.  beneath  downy;  Iv.s.  ovate  acumimto  nt 
each  end,  crenate-dentate,  smooth   above;    clusters  c^mouslompouriort 
£b  muS^blTilohS*  ■fr'ifr^.'^r  -^^-'l—f^'Kl^t  soils.     S.  sE  'c—^ 
P  s  smTirnn  nT^      R  '    ■  ^  f  ^'f\    ^?-  '^  ^"  ^   ''^  ^  to  .T  discolored  beneath. 
K     iTnV  A  'S 1  "'"  "''""^'*"*'  ^^  ^^'S<^  ^^  i"  J^^'der,  sweetish.     May-Jl. 

rotli         .     ^  r        ^^"  ,^"^'''"*  "'"■-  ^^'  ^^«  Viburnum  ;  from  the 
resemblance.)     Calyx  membranous,  minute,  obsoletely  4-toathed  ;  cor. 


s  common. 


Obder  89.— labiate 
♦  "'^pi' Jithii),  uouhle,  the  parts  separab  o.  l-soedcJ  _Tiv«,; 

r..^  D,„,,c.,  ,„iu,;  Ju'::  -VnC"  S."KS  S'fx""'"" """  """"^ 

linoar.knoookto,  hai  ,-,  tl,„  L  or  «T  lonir  :,,'?h  .     '''°n'  °'V!''''''^^"''=»i  ''"■«» 

y°f,nvc.i\""'"'  "'""*•  '^'"^*>-  ---^^.7S;;ST  """"■ 

.noth  *""    *;™Tr  ^;/:f  !••     T"  ^7^  ^'""■"■.  'I"-"  "f  Spain. 

sp.kes  or  racemes.     From  S.  Am.     (LlppitsIauL'  "  '""     ' 

each  end   mostly  en  h-e  glandu  ar  nuke  r^i    "''m''"'°'  short-potiolod,  acuto  at 
straiglit  veinlots ;  panidc  te?min  J  ^akoT  nr  i"'r '  k'  r™«^'«"»'  ^i"'  divaricate, 

aculf  pS? o'A^„'^.'';orii:J"Tare "  conlate-hastato,  5  t)  Y-lobod.  lobes 
.n^  U.n  t..  ca,A^S.;r-!k  'S/C^id^^iflSV'tS  ^^E 

nat^o,  ^;prd!^ntar  X'ramiJal Y'"'f '1^'  ''''^V  '•^^i^'-m -cordate,  lobes  acumi- 
8  to'lOr^ugl.  m  :^S'ttl7ontxsS^  loose  w,,u,  eororod.-Shrub 
-Otiier  species  are  rarely  cult  ^"'"S-^'^^'^rtoii.    Cor.  hmb  revoluto.     f  Japan. 

entire,  iToLlT^'Ll   '*5  "' .t^^^f,'"""^'  «^«^'"^'i'>^.  ox.serte/l ;  dvnpo 

lonlLrS"t°rkte^'Sr££^^^^^  ^  ^--'t«-  ^^--  op- 

ulent.    Stam.  li'ttlo  exserS    t  MauS"^"^     ^      ^^'"^'''-   '^'"'-  ^'""'^''^  ^'''^'''■ 

acumLt^"Tr;°^panrcl^^^^  termL^aT'"^''   5-7-foliate;    Ifts.    lanceolate. 

8Uo.-ShrubGfhigh.^  S  pale  iS     l^     "'.    '^''  '"^^'''-''P*'-^'! !  «>'nos  subses-' 
b".     ^or.  paio,  lilac.    Stam.  long  oxsortod.     f  K.  Kur. 

Order  LXXXIX.     LABIAM.     Labiate  Plants 


640  Order  80.— LABIATE:. 

(rarely  rogularX  upper  lip  2.oloft  or  ontin«,  archoil  or  al.iK)Mt  vv.nitJnjf,  overlawxiifc 
la  bud  tlio  lower  J-.-loft,  usually  lurgor  lip.  .SUimoi^s  4,  .lidyuau.ouH,  or  only  2 
Anthera  2-wllod,  colls  otU«u  flopuniUid.  Orary  frw.,  dooply  4-1oUh1.  tlio  hIukIo  Htylo 
Hrwmg  IVoni  tlio  base  of  tiio  lubus,  Fruil  coiupoMoU  of  4,  or  by  tAmtUm  (owt-r  «.l. 
arable,  I-mih>(1i'(1  nuts  or  mJioiiiiu  ' 

UliiNtratloim  in  Vig^  7r>,  8(1,  117,  1V2.\  'J78,  .TOI. 

tj.r.  wl.,>r..  It   prevail.,  frbrlfi.K*!.    Tli«    l>enn,/ro!,„l,    l„r^,„/,r,  ,%,,y,/fZlZV,ll'  nJl' 

fcimv.,  to  r...,„lr.  ,,artlrul.ir  i«...ntl..r,  l.or,-,  ure  all  i.u.|.ib.r«  of  IJiiH  u«.tul  f.lX  \n  ^  .T,  "''' 
oloa  Is  |iol»ou<(ii»  ur  oven  8tin|tlolu(i».  ^      i^it  ihh  hjM,. 

TnillRS   AND  tlKNKKA. 
S  StiiinoBs  4,  piTfoct,-ftsron(llns  li>n.'iitli  tho  kuIoii;  iintli.rn  IccIIu.l.    (TrllH*  IV.) 

— fxscrti'il,  (llstiint;  aiitlicr.H '2-<'(lU.i|  (d). 
S  Btainoiis  4.  ppffi-cf,-i»II  .I.tIIh.mI  towiirds  tlio  U,\vvr  lip.    (Ti  llio  I) 
—criTt,  or  ii.soi>ii.lln«  towariln  tin-  uppor  lip  (2). 
2  atiiinons  of  oqiiiil  li-ngtli,  r-orol!*  uliiio.st  n)«iili4r,  4  to  6-I»1h(1  (♦c). 

2  Stuinons.  tli,>  tipporimirlonttiTtlmn  tlio  lower  (oiitn)  ami  ciilyx  IfUo  IR-vclned.  (TrIUVi 
2  St^iiiipa^  the  lo«or  pair  lonjtor  tlntn  tlio  iipp.v  (liitorlor)  jwiir  (3). 
3  Stanioti.M  (livoruoiit,  apftit,  nioHtly  utrulKlit  and  oxsortod  (e). 
3  '^taiiu'M.s  imiallol,  awondin«aad  lonn.o.xm-rtf.l  from  tlio  iipiHT  sldo  (b). 
3  IStaim'iis  parallol,  a.si'OD.IIiijt  in  pidr.i  lioiicalli  tlu(  a|)|vr  llf)  (4). 
4  t'ulyx  l!t-volHod.  .Vtoothofl,  and  mmiowlmt  2-lipiH'd  (f). 
4  Calyx  ft  to  lO-voln.'d.  or  Irrojtiilarly  luttod  (5). 

5  Calyx  !.tr..ii({Iy  i-Ilppod,  iippor  lip  tninoiitf.  flowed  In  fralt  (h). 

6  Calyx  not  'Mippod,  ft  or  4-lol.cd,  opon  in  rnilt  (k). 

5  Calyx  .snl(t'(|iiiilly  ft-t,ootii,'(l,  tooth  not  Npinosoont  (m). 

5  Calyx  .siibo(|aully  .Vtoothod,  t.oth  sjilno.sooilt  (n). 

6  Calyx  uiuMimdly  S  to  lO-tootliod  (o). 

I.  OCIMOinK J^I.-t'o. olid  upper  lip  4-lol)o.l,  loxvor  ontlro.  flattlsh OrtMiTi*     1 

—Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobod,  lower  siic.oato,  dotlvxe.l Hvi'tih     2 

—Corolla  upper  lip 'J-lohod,  lower  ii-lobod Lav/ndiua     S 

II.  A.IlUOIDE.K-b  Stamen.^  ex.sertod  thronifh  a  fUsuro  in  tho  tnbo !  ...Tkuchium     4 

b  Stamens  very  long,  inv  oliite,  lueblnf,'  tho  corolla  . . .  .Tkkiiohtkmma     ft 
TTT    aiT'rTi.nTT^^    '0  Corolla  limb  equally  r,-lobed.     Hta.uon.s  short iHANxmrs.     0 

III.  bArUhKJE.<E. -(Stamens  diverginR  or  a.scen.liiijr,  2-eolled.     Cor.  lobes  flattl.sh,  «,.readln,:  ) 

•o  Corolla  limb  -l-hdied,  upper  lobe  broadest Mkntha     7 

d  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4lobe(l.    Calyx  n.VKod  in  tho  tlncmt LvroriH'    H 

d  Corolla  bilabiate,— eyanio,  thr.iat  nako.l.     SUmens  straight Ci-no.a.'    \> 

—c.vanic,  throat  niikod.    Stamens  a.sceiulini;. Hkdkoma    1(1 

«  r-  .      IK      .      ,     ,    -•"""^'""■•"^t«'th«l"«liy>liig  inside..; Collinm-nia.  11 

e  Calyx  Ift-vclnod.    Stamens  exserted,  divergent Hyssoits   I' 

1  r'l^'"'  i'll'r"'i"r''  **'°,^^"'"'  "'"'^•>"-''''  ^y  '"'l'«-     Cor.  yellow,  fringed . . .  '[voujsmsiA.  H 
e  Calyx  10  to  13-voinod,_tl.roat  nakod.-Stamens  straight,  dlversxent     PvrNANTiiKMt.si.  13 

—Stamens  ascending,  nnth.  «piirlo».s..SATfiti:jA.  14 
— Stainensascending,  antb.  spurred. Dhkuandka.  15 

—throat  hairy— Bnicts  roundish,  lai-go Oiikjani-m.  Ifi 

,  _  ,       .^^  „  —Bracts  narmw,  minute Tuv.mih.  17 

f  Tub«  of  the  corolla  straight.    Leaves  sni.ill,  subcreniite  or  entire CAi.AMiNTrA.  18 

f  Tube  of  tho  corolla  curved  upwards.     Leaves  large,  oarse-errnate Mkuni^a.  19 

IV.  MONARDE.E.— Connectilo  long,  transverse,  distancing  the  anther  cell." Salvia.  20 

— Connectilo  continuous  with  fll.  toothed  at  the  juncture.. .  .Rosmakinis.  -21 

— Connectilo  inconspicuous  —Calyx  subequally  toothed Monai;i)a.  22 

V   vii-nr-rt-  «?     o  —Calyx  bilabiate,  aristate Dlki'iivi.lia.  23 

V.  iNbli!.lh-E.— Stamens  distant,  oxsertod.     Flowers  in  terminid  .spikes Lcpiiantiiis.  24 

—Stamens  all  ascending.— Anther  cells  divergent,  much Nkpeta.  25 

—Anther  cells  divercenr,  little..  .DnArorRPiiAi  i;m.  2K 

«.   -^.        _  —Anther  cells  parallel.     FIs.  larce..  .CHniiONFi.i.A.  JT 

°^'^^'JiI>l-^^— (Stamens  parallel,  ivscending.    Cnr.  upper  lip  galeato.    Cnl.ftto  n-veined.' 

IX  Calyx  lips  toothed,  upper  3  teeth  minute,  lower  2  large Triinklla  23 


OnDKn  8a.— LABIATvE. 


541 


xuidhiit  IwtwTcn 


Ined.  (TrlUV.j 


— OrtMirsi 

1 

HVI'TIR 

'i 

Lavandula 

,1 

.Tkuchhim. 

4 

III08TK.MMA 

8 

..Ihantiuw. 

6 

Ush,  H|)rcii(lltiif.) 

. .  .Mkntha 

7 

.  .  .LVfOITH 

H 

ClNll.A 

<« 

.  .ItWlKOMA. 

III 

!0LLIN8(,NIA 

II 

. .  HV«noi'i;s. 

n 

OLMNMIMA, 

n 

VANTItKMirjI. 

13 

.Hatiiidja. 

14 

DlfKllANOliA 

15 

.OlIKJANf.M. 

16 

.  .  .TUVMIH. 

IT 

AI.AMtNTI'A. 

18 

...Mklisi'a. 

19 

Salvia. 

20 

tOSMAKINIS. 

•21 

..MONAl;l)A. 

22 

Kki'iivi.lia. 

23 

*.PllANTIir8. 

24 

..  .NkI'ETA. 

25 

ocRPiiAi  i;m. 

2« 

KniiONFI.I.A. 

27 

5  to  n-vcinod.) 

Triinblla. 

23 

t'.    ">'•';"""••  "IMT  will.  «n  «|.p«nd.M,o  on  U..-  bock »cuTru*iiiA   29 

k  Cuyx  »..„...     Anllur^  «ll  ,nnll,.ct.     Flow.,™  ,M.rp.«  .treak    I  mTi^.^a    «^ 

m     or,,  a    „  ..,  I,„latc.l  at  tl.«  throat.  „„. ,.ln.     I,„w«r  11,.  |o,.« Tam  t^'  t 

m  Corolla  not  imlatnl.  Ntiort.-(;alyx  m,lv..r.f..riM,  lO-rlhlK.-l. '    g,i  km h    Ji 

'  ^    A    .,  -<''«ly»;  broa.l.|«,ll.roriii,  i„.it<«| Moiir.ViiA*    11(1 

n  An   ..,„op«„„«tr„„»vor...|y,clllat.,rrln«.,|.     Lvh.  notche<l....V.'.'.   .Oa,   o';1   Jt 

n  AnthorHopcnlnK  IvngthwUo.-Ad.H.la  ro,.„,|,.,l  ,vt  il..,  to,, Hta.I.vh'  W 

„  ,.      ,,       . ,,  .     -'^':l'«"'l'i  triiiKdtP,  )|.a„KM  at  top hKoxniCH    !)!» 

O     oro  a  ,vh  t,,  ,.pp..r  ||„  MattlHh.     Htyl..   .,,„al|y  l.m.l ' Makk.'k  ,  m   4 

O     o,o  la  wl,l„,  ,.pp.,r  lip  ,.„r,..,vo.     Styl..  „„..,„.,.,ly  l,|,M TnZ'  Tl 

1.  OXrWIUW    L      SvvKKT  l>,AHi,..     ((;,-.  5^6),  to  Km.^ll ;  tlio  plants  aro 
«tron^.|y  aronialic.)     lI,,,,..,-  li,.  of  c:tly,x  orl.ic.Iar,  JowJr  4-fi,  ;  cm 
r<.-s„|>,natc.,  ono    ,,>  4-.loft,  tin,  other  un.livi.l.Hi ;  ntamcns  4,  M       \ 
tJ.0  low,.r  pn.r  Io„«.r,  tl.o  u,,,,or  often  with  a  proces.s  at  their  h.-tse.-: 
Vcrticels  «-tl.)wer(!(l,  in  terminal,  internipte.l  racemes. 

ato^lm^Munrf?;..'!.'  Ifi  """o'"''  ""!•"  J'*''""^'  ""h'''^"l"to,  potio)ato;  cal.  cili- 
ato.     (I)  I  lunt  G  to  12    Iiik'Ii,  w.tti  poculiarly  Hiij(X)tli  «ti<l  mil  Icmvoh   varioun  v 

ylm,ri.,l.mb  6-h.be<l,  the  lower  uhniptly  deflexe<l,  contract^  a    if 
biso,  tho  4  others  flat,  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  4,  declinate;  ach- 
onm  ovmd  or  ol,long.-In  our  species  the  flowers  arc  capitate. 

cuoysi.buato,  ng>,K-2C  In  damp  tUM.,  (Jar.  to  l-la.'  and  La^  "ormn  r,      S 
18  to  Jf  hig.   H,,uaro  and   l.ollow.     Lvs.  will,  tl.oir  stalk.s  .'Uo  &  I  nT   ]Id« 
l^rnisphoncal  n.  Hosver,  in  fruit  globular.     Invol.  about  12-lo!.vod      Jl  3,.pt 

Cal.  intlatod  at  ba«o,  truncate,  with  short,  Bftaooous  tocth.     Cor  violot-bluo 

n,.?fnrn^r!^"'?!!^^'  ^\  J'^^.^'^;']^''-  .  i^^^^-  ^^-^rr,  to  wash.     Used  in 
p  rfumery.)     Calyx  ovoid-cyhndric,  with  5  short  teeth,  the  upper  ono 

old     S    '  'T"r  "1'^^'"*  ^iP  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobe<l   lobes  ill  nearly 
equal ;  tube  cxserted  ;  stamens  included.—  4.  ^ 

L.  apica  L.     Lvs.  linear-oblanceolate,  taporintr  to  the  base  seRsilo  rovnln^« 

said'hl'^Pl-^^l""?'  ^'  «  ^/=^^^^''^'*-  (^««<^^^  the  founder  of  Troy,  is 
mnuLi  nn/  K  ''.  ^^  •'  rf^'">''^'  ''  medicinally.)  Calyx  subcam. 
panulate  and  subregrular,  in  6  acute  Reo-ments-  o^roPa-'th  ''e  4  iin-- 

rom%n;'^   T?>-*'?,  '"""''  largest,  roundish  ;  stamens';  cxserted 
Jrom  the  deep  deft  m  the  upper  side  of  the  tube. 


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Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


0 


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i/x 


542 


Obdke  89.— LABIAT-«E. 


many  crowded  verticils  of  flowers'  unoer  tJhnF  11}  "'®.  ^^'^,^  '  «P'ke  long,  of 

U.  S.,  fields  and  road-sides.  St  aboKf  S  usuaUv  sim^'^f  ~  ^  ^^"?-  ^'''^ 
cave  sides.     Lvs.  3  times  aa  Inno.  ot  ttA       '  "^"^'i'  simple,  square,  with  con- 

above,  more  or' ess  hoTryb^neaTb'  "is'tCTillaLrmr'r'  ?  'T' ^'•'^•^» 
plish,  apparently  witbout  the  upper  ifp  TnsteS  if  whih  f  "^^^-  ^''^'  P"-- 
which  the  stamens  are  exserted     JL  ^  ""  ^^^''''®  *'>''o»gh 

/J.  ViRGiNiouM.     Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  crowded,  large,  subsessile     (T  X'Jr  •  • 
cum  L.)— A  well  marked  variety!  ^  '  ^"°^^^'^®-     (T-  V  irgmi- 

5.  TRICHOSTEM'MA,  L.  Blue  Curls  (Qr  n^/^  i  ■  ~ 
.tame,,;  for  i.,  long,  l.a'ir-Iike  fila,ne„U  )  Ca^x^tt^M,"'';  T^' 
unequally  S-toothed,  lower  lip  of  2  short  teeth  uonlrLtr  I  "'. 
«  teeth,  all  acute;  eorolla  t,fbe  '^tn  A^Tt!  ZlohUaZw  Z^ 
stamens  4  fila,™|,ts  very  long,  exse.ted  and  curved ;  ant  ler^ells  Si' 
cate.-<D  Cymes  loose,  the  central,  that  is,  terminal  fls  ncurved  Z"' 
sup,nate  by  the  continued  growth  of  the  stem.    Cor  blile 

above,  or  often  its  whole  length.    Lvs  1'  to  1 8^' InnTo"  .     i    5  S^' .benched 

Calyx  subcampanulate,  equally  S-toothed,  thLt  naniT?or„lla  5  pLrW 
tabe  straight  and  narrow,  segments  of  the  border  ovate  a°,d  equal -rta 
mens  suhequal,  incurved,  ascending,  longer  than  the  core  la!!?  ulT 
VW  pubescent,  with  lancc-elliptfc,  eotL  lvs.  ac,,;:  7ol7nl  "ik 

opposite.     Lvs.  an  inch  or  lesain  lin^t'      7"  r     '?'''  ^'*'^'  branches  and  lvs. 

veSed.     Fls.  n  "erous,       or%'"iJTch'  l^l'lT'' Z  "^t  ''^*T"^  '"P^'" 
longer  than  the  tube.    Jl.  axil,  blue.     Calyx^  leaves  lanceolate, 

7.  MENTHA,!.    Mint.    (Jf*WH  the  daughter  of  Cocvtiis  is  fabloW 
to  have  been  changed  into  one  of  these  plants.f  Calvx  eSy  5-toothed 
<.orol]a  nearly  regu  ar,  tube  scarcely  exserted  border  Zkft  the  broa' 

alr^fiW^tTS;]^'  TT'  ''  «^-^5Vi«tan;;^tL'tdl'7a  : 
ticiis.'     ^'"''"^^  naked.- 2f  Strong  scented  lierbs.     FIs.  in  dense  ver- 

^^^^i:^:^^'^^!!^^  KO.U 

\^at'fb^j;ts';;tfc:oTaS^^^ 

slend^,  interrupted,  attenuate  aK'-Vtan  1^^^^  "iZTr'^ri  ^''l 
for  its  agreeable,  aromatic  properties.  In  w":  ^oi  r'JkwJZJ'^/^  T'""''^ 
•ng  roots,  with  erect,  brandiin'^  4.an.}.n:uJ\'l'XX  '^ -1'"^  ^^  '^'  ''f^. 

„ ,  J — <..  iiign.    opikus  composed  or 


Oboer  89.— labiate 


aci'te,  serrate, 
spike  long,  of 
-U  Can.  an  J 
are,  with  con- 
t  base,  green 
:e.  Cor.  pur- 
sure  through 

(T.  Virgin  i- 

"'r,  aTTjfia^ 
que,  veiny, 
as  long,  of 
ly  5-lobed ; 
•ells  divari- 
"ved,  or  rc- 


e,  entire  pu- 
■  to  Ga.,  La., 
airy,  bushy, 
i"  long,  4  to 
iding  of  the 
efuily  bend- 
Aug. 

iberulent.— . 
h,  branched 
wide.  Cal. 
Q  the  other, 

al,  dvOor, 
Labiatas.) 
5  parted, 
[ual;  sta- 
-U  Herb 
nd.     Fis. 


'ith  tlie  as- 
3S  and  Iv.". 
»ctly  tripli- 
lanceolate, 

is  fabled 
toothed ; 
10  broad - 
sells  par- 
jnsc  ^•er- 


..Nos.  1,2 
,..No8.  8,  4 

J,  inctsely 
ry;  spikes 
esteemed 
its  creep, 
iposed  of 


H9 


distinct,  axillary  cymes^  apparently  wborled,  a  little  remote  fVx)ai  each  other 
Peduncles  smooth,  round,  shining.  Corollas  pale  purple.  Jl  Aug  8  Eur 
2  M  piperita  Smith.  Peppermint.  Lvs.  smooth,  ovate,  and  lanceolate  seimfp 
peholale;  bracts  lanceolate ;  cal.  quite  smooth  at  base,  punctate  ScfcTJS: 
cyhndrtc,  obluse.-WGt  places,  and  cultivated  in  gai^e^  Thaf  I^nri^ 
trating  taste  and  stronger  srnell  than  the  other  s^cierpu^e^t^hrtoK' 
followed  by  a  sensation  of  coldness.  The  plant  has  a  pumlish  stem  2  i^  ^n*^  i ' 
with  scattered,  deflexed  hai,^.  Lvs.  sharpSy  serrat^^^arL^g^n  %  keVse  S 
more  thanl' m  length.    Cor.  purplish.    JI.     §  Eur.  opiKea  seidom 

^,^-  f7^""8,I'-  ,C0RN  Mint.  Field  Mint.  St.  ascending,  much  branched 
rotrorsely  hirauto;  lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  petiolate,  acute,  rounded  Sr  abruptVt  base  •' 
vert.c.18  axillary;  pedicels  smooth;  cal.  hirsita-Penn.,  Ohia  rare  ^  St  stout' 
often  erect;  about  If  in  height.  Lvs.  varying  to  oblong  or'  ovat^IlaT^jlate  sS 
tunes  nearly  smooth  about  twice  longer  (I  to  2')  than  wide,  several  Umes  longer 

4  M.  Canadensis  L.    Horsemint.    Ascending,  soft-pubescent  with  snreadinff 

hairs;  lvs.  pet.olate.  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute  at  each  eSd;  fls.  in  a^  llarTcymes^ 

tarn,  generally  oxserted.-Can.  to  Ky.  and  Penn.    An  heVbaceous,  gSjTsh  pZt' 

Jl      ■^'^^'  ^T'"^.  "?  ""^^y  situations.     St.  square,  usually  branched  and 

beset  w.  h  spreadmg  hairs.     Lvs.  serrate,  on  opposite,  downy  footstalkT  Fk 

ksfr  Jn"  Ji       ''  P"''  P^'P^"'     ^"'^^  hairy.^lromatic  lik^e  plnyJoyal  bui 

(i.  BOREALis.  Plant  nearly  smooth.    (M.  borealis  Mx.) 

f  J'.  ^^F^'^y?'  ^'  Y''^^^^  HoARHouND.  (Gr.  XrJKog,  a  wolf,  Troj^r,  a 
foot;  a  fanciful  name.)  Calyx  tubular,  4-5.cleft;  cor.  subregular  4- 
cleft,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  broadest,  emargi- 
isate;  sta.  2  distant,  diverging,  simple ;  ^y.  straight,  as  long  as  tho 
stamens  ;ach.  4,  obliquely  truncate  at  apex.— 2j:  Bog  herbs,  Ivith  tho 
very  small  fls.  in  axillary,  dense  clusters. 

1  L   Virginicus  L.     Bugle  Weed.     Lvs.  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  taperinc  anJ 

19  fo  .«'^'-  u  ^^^  ^?''-.   ^  •  ^"°^^'''  ''^^''^^y  4-angled,  with  the  sides  co^v" 
12  to  1 8'  high   usua  ly  simple,  bearing  small  whorls  of  minute  purphsh  fls?    Lvl' 

Z't'TV^^^'^'^'  '""■f*"'"'^^  P"*'°'^*^  «••  ^^-y  ^'^^d^r  at' base.     The  wholt 
blse!    Jl"  Aug°^^'      ^"'^  *'"^''  ''"'^'  °"'  '°"^  ^^^''^"'  ''""°^'"«  f«>^  tb^ 

2  L.  Europadus  L.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  lance  ovate,  petiolate  acute 
^^^feyh^dor  lobecl,  tho  lower  incised ;  calyx  teeth  6,  acuminate  JpZcSt,  longed 
than  the  smooth  achen.a.-A  plant  in  wet  places,  widely  diffused  and  exceedinllv 
vanable,  scarce^r  two  specimens  similar.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  sharply  angled  S 

tolomfemus.    Lvs.  1  to  2  to  4'  long,  the  segments  quit!  unequal.^  Clusters  aSJ 

«mall.     Au^.     (L.Rmuatus  Ell,  Benth.,&c.)-It  dyes  a  permanent  black.  ^ 

'   t  u^'^'wl?-..  I^o^^erlvs  pinnatifld,  withtiio  segments  subserrato;  st.  usually 

tall.— With  the  others,  V.  to  Fla.     (L.  exaltatus  Ph  )  ^ 

5'.  AN«u8TiF6Lirs.     Lvs.  only  serrate,  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong,  taper- 

mg  to  both  ends.      Sometimes  nearly  entire!     Fls.  exactly  as  in  the  other 

varieties.     S.  W.  States.     (T.  angustifolius  Nutt.) 

9.  CUNriA,  L.  Dittany.  (Tho  ancient  Koman  name  for  Penny, 
royal.)  Calyx  10-ribbed,  equally  5-toothed,  throat  densely  villous; 
upper  lip  of  corolla  flat,  cmarginatc ;  stamens  2,  erect,  exsertcd,  distant. 

a?^f*"*^°*w'  •^''^  ovate,  serrate,  8ubse.«silo;  cymes  pedunculate,  corymboup 
axillary  and  ternunal.-2f  Grows  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods,  N  Y  to  Ga  and 
Ark  Stem  4-angled,  mostly  purple,  branching,  smoothish,  l-2f  high  Leaves 
small,  nearly  smooth,  roundish  or  subcordate  at  base,  tapering  to  a  Doint  and 
punctate  wHh  pellucid  dots.  Flowers  with  subulate  b^cts  at  ?he  Z  of  tS 
cJ-!Oikea  pouiccis.     uaiyx  punctate.     CoroJla  nearly  twice  as  long  as  tho  calyx, 


6*4  Oudbb  89.— LABIATE. 

pubescent,  palo  red.     Stamens  and  style  much  exserted,  of  the  same  hue  aa  iho 
jiriug.  ''  ^^^htmy  fragrant,  and   used 'in   febrifugal  infill 

10.  HEDEO^MA,  Pcrs.  American  Pennyroyal.  (Gr.  fidvc,  sweet 
oo^iT,,  smell  )  Calyx  13-8triate,  gibbous  at  base,  bilabiate,  throat  hairy 
upper  hp  3-toothed,  lower  2.cleft;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect  flat 
emargmate,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed ;  stamens  2  fertile,  akcendirirr  _! 
Low,  fragrant  herbs.  ^' 

^  ^;f S?f3®^.?*'*®^  «®"-     ^*'  ''^^^'  f^-*<>o^hed,  peiiolate,  narrowed  to  each  end  • 

Jprh  hIh  •   t'?''.  ^-"°r  •"'*;  "'i-  equaling  the  oalyx.-<D  A  small.  strongSented 

r  hU      T    ^'^''  "^P"*-."'  *''^  ^"""^^^^^ '"^'^"^  ""^^'^^     Stem  e/ect,  b?aS^s 
6  high.     Leaves  opposite,  with   ]-2   teeth  each  side,  on  very  short  netS 

sZ?  """xf""  H^Pf  •  '!!'■'■"""'  '^"^'^'^'^  ^^"^'^^h.     Calyx  'dilate  2  lowe   div  £ 
spmed      Abundant  in  dry  pastures.  Can.  and  U.  a     Flowering  all  summer       ' 

^  **.  mspida  Ph.     Lvs.  linear,  erUire,  sessile,  obtuse :  verticils  ahmif  R  fl,^«ro,.»^ 
cor  scarcely  as  long  ns  the  calyx.-fi)  Borders  of  the  mTsS^^S  MtouTt,^ 

^' long     Cat  tXtnir  J^"^'^"^'  ''''  '^'^  ^^'  ^^-^'^  '^^^ 

^Icfte  at'eS°en^**.nHrI'  ^^'^^'''^  «™Pl<^.  blender;  lvs.  linear  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  entire;  pedicels  setaceously  bracteolate,  3  to  5-flowered-  cal 
oblong,  equal;  cor.  minute ?-Car.  (Nuttall).     (Micromeria ?  Benth.)  ' 

English    botanist.)     Caly.K   ovoid,    lO-striate,   upper   lip   truncate    3- 
oothed,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  exserted,  campanulate-ringent,  uppe   lip 

Ltlv'?^'^"     /'^'''  ^r^  'P  ^""S*^^'  ^^•^^'"«^'  fi"^^r'^*«;  stamens  2 
fc^    ^;™'''''  .""'"'■*•  ^;  <i^^'^rgent..-l^  Herbs  strong  scented,  with 
arge,  ovate,  serrate,  petiolate  lvs.  and  yellowish  fls.,  in  a  terminal,  leaf- 
less panicle  or  raceme.  ' 

•  Stamens  2  pc,foct_the  upper  pair  of  filaments  minute  points n,„  1  o 

^  S:^!^^^u^^^^^  \    Glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent;  lvs.  acuminate  coarselv 
serrate,  abrupt  or  subcordate  at  base;  panicle  loose,  elongated    Sneeth!nb 
S  Ms'  C:  /To^KV'a'i^'ca?''  I  atam^  2.^exserted.-A  coarSter'b,t  wot  td 
cent?    Lv\  Ifj'o   ^^-f      ^*-/f  f^^'  ,^  ^o  4f  high  (smooth  or  a  little  pubes- 

?n  summer.    "^  ''°°^'*'^  '"'  '"'^^^'-     ^'''''  ^'^'^  «*^™^°«  ver,\^.'"Fiowr ' 

/3.  TUBER^SA     Lvs.  somewhat  rhombic-oval,  acute  at  both  ends;  fls.  smaller. 
—Car  to  La.  (riale).     (C.  tuberosa  Mx.) 

^  f  ;i."°*?'^'5*°,"}*  ^'*-      ^"'''^y  glabrous;  lis.  small  flS"  to  3'  hna)    acute 

llt'iXrSl    :'i  T'lr  ',\'^-^PP^r  surface;  panicle  veiy  loosrieafy  at 

steril'efll"  JnS      i-  c''^  vf"^"*"'  T'^^'^y  '""^•^'-  t^^«»  its  tube;  stam.  2, 
iValPnc  I     ™'°"*f-r ^-  ^^'^'^  to  Fla.,  near  Savannah.     Plant  2  to  6f  high.     Petidcs 

sfpt-lNof . ''  ''"''•     ^^'-  °^P°^''^-     ^''-  '^''''  ««  ^^"t'  (*  *«  n  as  cdyx! 

^  a^"  h^n^^lrf^^'  ;  ^*''''"^  ^'^^^  ^'''^'  (^  *«  ''  '°"&).  acuminate,  rather  acuto 
krv    fl^  smXTT'y  T'^rf !""'"'"  ^''"*"'^'  rac.  paniculate,  the  lower  axil- 
sfcrtfe  JU.    capitate.— RKh  soils,  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Feay).     Plant  2  to  6f  hirfi 
^th     Se^pt.   Oct."'      °^  "'  ^'^^  ^''"''-     ^°''-  '^'"^  ^°"^'^'-  (*  *°  =")  ''^'^^  ^^ 

*  5;,  Jj!I?*°'\^^*^  ^''i^'^-  "^'iscid-pubescent  above  ;  lvs.  hroad-oval,  acute  or 
S  rS  ±2  "  &a^^  coarsely  dentate,  falsely  verkciUatc  by  the  p^ximity  of 
pairs,  roc.  simple,  elongated,  with  ihefk..  verUciUate;  -i.  teeth  serace^us-pointed ; 


Obdbb  89.— LA3IAT.*; 

cc,;dare  or*?ruLttJStCXTe\lt^!rrr^'"''^  ^^te,  .ubserrate,  at  baae' 

icle  dense-flowered?  fla.  opDosito    !^^i       /J    "^^'""^"'''  ^^ry  small,  sessle-  nan! 

r     3  upper  longer;  stam  4..1Kie'  ^  ?f1   T^i  "*'"**'  ^''^^  «  ^Aor^ It' J^ 

'     I'VS.S  to7'  by3  to5>errT^oufift  ^^\^'^-'  ^^^-^    Plant  1  to  FfLT 

FI3.  about  as  largo  as  in  No^r^^L-J.^^^  '''*'''  ac«ininate,  petioles  1'  to  i?" 

12.  HYSSO^PUS,  L.     Hyssop      ml' 

hyssop.)     Calyx^ubulai^lT-slria^^^^^^^^^^  ^'  «-«/;  English 

corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate  ?owerT  /  ^-^^^f^*;^'  "PP^''  ^ip  of  tho 

largest,  tube  about  as  long  as  tl  e  c^  v! ?  f'^^'^"'^'  *^*'  ""^^^«  ««g"^«"t 

H.  offlcindlia  L.   Lvs  If  /    '  ^*^'"''"'  *'  ^^^erted,  diverging 

fls.  in  racemouT^.e^und'vS'trii^'S-"'"*^  ^"*''^«'  «^««''«'  -    teeth  eicf-' 

-if  Cultivated  for  its  re^  Medicinal  d  orT"  "'  ^^.'^  ^^"^  ^-iobed,  euTrl:  ' 

mg  m  tufts  2f  high,  with  delicatSage  anffiS 'hln'^«'''*"'^'°°^    P^'^"*'  ^°«-- 

13.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  Mx     Ba«tt      fr  T^'''    "''•    *  s^^"--- 

n  lading  to  the  dense,  capi'tato  inflores  a'nci^'VT'^'/V^r'''  «^^°f  ' 
striate,  5-toothod,  teeth  equal  or  subSS*i  .^  K""  *'!^"'^'"'  ^^  ^^  13- 
per  lip  of  corolla  nearly  L? re  Wri,^^^^^^^  within;  up- 

ovate,  obtuse,  stamens  4  distan't  .2.    ^i     ^' '  '"'''"^'^  ^^^^  'ingest,  all 

puberulen.  beneath.     Cy,l'i^^^'S^t,''P'!''^,%  ,'"": '*'  '<>"' '4™^ 
species,  small,  reddish.  ^'         °" '  '"  "    ^"><^    Flu  as  i,,  all  ,1,0 

cymes dilcUed,  not  in  racemes-  p,1    fLfi.       i    '     ,    "^'^^^  whitened  both  aidps- 
apex.--Ro5y  woods  and^^rr^t  Can    N  E"^'  ^'S'"*^'  ^"^^^^^'  ^eard  d  ai 
Tnrf  ^^^^  ^""^  ^^•^"*'«''  downhko  the'rS't  of  ?h'.    i'  ?'''.'•     ^^'-  ^  to  4f  high 
1  or  less  broad     Cor.  pale  red,  dott^lwirpu'rp""  ^^"^     Cyn,- „„  eaneseont; 
«  i*.   cUnopodioides    Torr    k  Or       t         > ,  ^"     ^  '  ^oomisii,  Nutg 

^pn,„e™,^hl.eni   a.TTorVSl\L^^^^£-^^ 


540 


Ordbb  89.— labiate 


pointed  with  beardlofls  awns  like  tho  calyx  tooth,  as  lonjr  as  the  eoroU«     n- 
biirrons,  N.  J.  to  Flu.     8t  1  to  2f  hurh      Tvb  itt"T>  i  •  i     "", /"^^oroua — Pm,-, 

wLltoaoJ,    H«ad»  few,  r!;l;?^^;t'tord/l  )'"""■''"''"'''''«'"'"''"'« 

7  P.  Torrdjrl  Bonth.     /.,«.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  //un,  ncaWj/  enWrr  fii,w.ri,.„   . 
bH^  to  u  vory  ehort  potiole,  and  with  tI»o  ^fcm  W ^i TXS  K  * " 
«uft«&jte  calyx  teeth  white-puboscont-Drv-  soIIh    near  N   Y  of/,,     '  r."^^»»"J 
Perhaps  too  near  P.  iunccolatua,,  but  tho  Upe£  IZll  IZ^v  m"^  '"  ^-  *'' 
gw,   thin  loavca  a.  usuaiiy  ^oil  aona*:jr"'g;^!;rtrX  ^l^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

puniciUato  branches  nunutoi^.  puboscS  an?  wl.  l^^^^^  cory„,l,„u..ly 

high.    Lvs.  of  a  Hrm  loxture.  1  to  2V  ]o.,p,  usuallv  hnif  as  wide     IIeadV«l1. 

compact,  roundish,  4  to  6"  diam.     Cor.  purpli.h  white,  doUer   Aug  ' 

10  P.  laaceoiatum  Pii.    Lvs.  h-near-lanccolato,  entire,   acute    riirid'  rounrioH  „f 

^^«£';il^*^*?""^-  F^\  ,  ^'"^>'"o"«'  oorymbod;  )v.s.  linear,  attenuated  to  each  end 
sessde  entire,  r>g.d;  hds.  compact ;  bracts  oiliato  and  cJi.  teeth  mnientW  awn 
pointed.— Dry  woods    and  prairies,  Mass.  to  Iowa.   Kv    and  (•«    S>?  ,/ 

^1.^;  "ontdnum  Mx.     Lv...  lanceolate,  ficrnUe.  acute,  the  lower  rounded  at 
base  glabrous  as  well  as  tho  stem ;  hds.  globous,  subtended  by  nmnv  braeffter 
nn,al  orscssdo  at  the  upper  nodes;  bnicts  villous-ciliatei  very  ac  uU^.te   ovl  e 

uarda,  1  to  2t  high,  fragrant.     Jl.     (MouurdoUa,  Mx.)  B  "     " 

14.  SATURE^JA,  L.     Summer  Savory.     (Arabic  satur,  tlie  gonoral 

immo  for  lab.ato  plants.)     Calyx  tubular,  lO-iibbcd,  throat  ,tot  ill  • 

8cg.„o,.ts  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  not  equal ;  stamens  diverging,  scarceV 

exsertod.— Herbs  with  small  lvs.  and  purplish  fls.  ^ 

r^f'  ?.T^°'*"  ^-     '''*•  ^'■»"c'"°e;  lv«-  linear  oblong,  entire,  acute  at  tho  end- 

Tuiv   1   Ki'.'^'"::!!^-"^^'^'-'!:^'*"''''    ^^^-  states,  rare.     St.   brand  ig  and 
bu*h>,  I't  hiKh,  woody  at  b.se,  frequently  changing  to  purple.     Lv«  nunmrous^ 

lio'co"  Jl"Tu:'  f  n  r^'7  ''r'  "'  P-'^-'-"'  «-     Ca"  about  T.Zs2 
lao  tor.  Jl.     Aug.  J  Italy.     A  culmary,  aromatic  herb. 

an!h:M°{"mi!'r^'^""'?-.^r"'-  ^'^'  *"'^'^'  '^^^«^'  '-^  '--'  -^^«' 
antl.eis.)     (Ell  otts   name  had   been   preoccupied.)     Calyx   IS-striate, 

tubular,  upper  l.p  subantire,  bwer  bifid,  throat  hairy;  corolla  tube  ex' 


Omkb  89.— labiate  g^^ 

calyx-Dry  w„d.&orrift5£L, 7^0%',  ■  "";  *'"'••"  !"'^'  »"» 
abou.  If  high.    L,^  l'k.„g,„r  urWerS;  /^r^,  """""'l''  "''»"• 

cts.  St.  12  to  18'  nurn^  We  i^n  i  ^  '  1  ^'\«qv4U.—\n  fieIdH  and  thick- 
I>osite,  hairy,  sprinkfed  ttftiStoT/n^all?- ,  ^"\^  "%'  ""'«  «^"^«^  «P- 
has  a  highly  aromatic    .sto.    Jl    Au?  ?  ?  Knr        ^    ^^"^  '^'"'°-     ^^'«  P^^"^ 

brandies ; 'bracts  roSislcrL^^^^^^^^^^  ^'"^'"'''-''^  at^  tho  end  of  tho 

downy,  a  foot  high.     Fii^pircoTorod:"  jrAug""^^^  rorufgT""^-     ''^"'  «^ 

nerved,  bilabiate,  hairv  in  ihn  *^  ^^"^cuiate  calyx  ovoid,  10  to  13- 
.nens  4  e  Jt^^'re'^i  n^,  I'n  h^c^SsS.^  'uV^r  'f^  ''^- 
«trongly.veined  Ivs..  .nTnuti  bracL^a^nd^C^le'^Twltrfl'  ^"^"  ^"^'^^' 

eliiMS:,^ebiaTJSSry.^;^^^^^ 

aromatic  plant,  similar  to  tho  f^vviTbuT^Tiil^^^'V  ^'J-  «f"l  P^'nn.  An 
flavored.  Stems  suffruticou^  w  y  Ede!  Tnl  ^  "^  '"^'n  ""''"  P>^-'"«antlv 
ascending  branches,  each  temlSfh.  a  «Zli  ,  '^'  ""S  '*'^'^'  ^'^^"•^'  ^"'l 
flowers,  much  frequented  by  C  Wes  ZL  "  r'  w  °"^  ''"^^  ^^"  P""-?'" 
ish,  ciliate.     Corolla  purple,  spotted.    jZ    ^  Kur  "^  ^""'*''''  «'"'^"'- 

obL^ov?Jfn'dlLla;;r::;^Sl^^^^^^^^  ivs-revolnteattheside, 

numerous,  branched,  6  to  10'  J.igh      I   i-  hStV     •^','P'''*''-"-'^'''-  «"«^ticou^ 
Jljc.e,  and  is  peculiarly  attracfivo  tX'l '^"1^^711^;^.  "f^^  ^^ 

l^'^Vrl^ttrC^^^^  i^-  -'^or,  beautiful, 

3clef^  lower  2-cll •  ^S  13-nervcd  throat  mostly  l.airy,  upper  li, 

limb  bilabrte,uppe  'lip    r^^^^^  ^^^^'^^^  ^'--t  inflated, 

its  middle  JoUVaysr    :Lns   4  Tufr''^'^^^^  ^T^'  'P^^^'^-S 
ascending.- 2f         ^      '  '     '   *^^  ^'*'^'«''  P'''''-  l«"g«'',   "sualfy 

I K  ti7y:  ?ir.  tr  r.:!ia,a\rrx^,-,.,^'''^?  v*•^^r-''  ^-"•'p^'' n-  . 


548 


Order  89.--LABIAT^ 


1  C.  Cllnopddium  Benth.  Wild  Basii^  Villoua ;  Ivs.  ovato,  subserrate ;  ver- 
ticils donso,  sessilo,  many-fiowered,  hairy;  bracts  numoroud,  subulate. — y  Low 
woods,  N.  and  W.  States.  Plant  1  to  2f  high.  St.  square,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  and  as  well  as  the  whole  plant,  clothed  with  whitish  hairs.  Lvs.  peli- 
olate,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  pale.  Fls.  purplish,  in  heads  mostly  termmul 
near  1'  wide,  involucrato  with  bracts.  ' 

2  C.  N^peta  Link.  Villous  with  soft,  whitish  hairs,  much  branched  below 
lvs.  small,  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  subserrate,  peliolate ;  cymes  lew-iiowered  in  tlio 
upper  axils,  becoming  somewhat  racomed ;  cal.  teeth  subulate,  the  2  lower  longer- 
cor.  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  in  3  equal  lobes. — Dry  hills,  roadsides,  Ac' 
throughout  Tenn.  and  Va.  Plant  about  2f  high,  strongly  aromatic.  Lvs.  aljout 
half  an  inch  long.  Cor.  white,  thrice  longer  (:J  to  4),  than  the  calyx  Jl  Am 
§Eur.  '      •*■ 

3  C.  glabella  Benth.  Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  difTusoly  branched ;  lvs. 
narrowly  oblong,  subpetiolate,  few-toothed  or  entire,  tapering  to  the  base  •  verti- 
cils 6  to  lO-flowered ;  cal.  teeth  subulate-acuminate ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  pedicels 
— On  limestone  rocks,  Ohio  to  Arjf.  Sts.  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long.  Cor. 
moderately  bilabiate,  near  twice  longer  (4  to  5")  than  tho  calyx,  pale  violet.    Jn. 

(3.  DIVER8IF0LIA.  Flowering  sterna  nearly  erect,  tho  barren  prostrate,  like 
runners,  bearing  small,  ovate,  entire  lvs. ;  plant  generally  smaller,  with  tho 
floral  lvs.  narrow,  and  mostly  entire. — Limestone  rocks,  Niagara  Falls,  to  tho 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  to  Ark.  Fragrant  like  pennyroyal.  Upright  sts. 
6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1'.  Lvs.  of  the  runners  3  to  4"  long.  (C.  Nuttailii 
Benth.)— These  two  very  diverse  forma  are  connected  by  specimens  found  in 
Ohio  (Sullivant  apud  Torrey),  having  the  characteristics  of  both. 

4  C.  can^Bcetia  Torr.  &  Gr.  Minutely  canescent-downy,  shrubby ;  lvs.  linear, 
obtuse,  entire,  revolute-edged,  much  fascicled;  verticils  of  2  opposite  fls. ;  cor.  tlirico 
longer  than  the  strongly  2-lippod  calyx.— Sandy  seaboards,  ¥\a.  Shrub  scarce  a 
foot  high,  with  numerous  lvs.,  7  to  8  "  by  1",  and  fow  roso-red  prettv  lis.,  as  largo 
as  in  No.  2.     May.  i-      .       .  b 

5  C.  coccfnea  Benth.  Lvs.  narrowly  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  short-petl- 
olod;  verticils  of  2  to  G  fls. ;  cal.  upper  lip  vory  short,  tube  3  or  4  times  shorter 
than  tho  ample  corolla.— E.  Fla.  Shrub  with  virgato  branches.  Lvs.  6  to  8"  long. 
Cor.  a  fine  scarlet,  glandular-pubescent,  15  to  18"  long.     (Cunila  coccinea  Nutt.) 

6  C.  Carolinidna  Swartz.  Sts.  glabrous  and  simple ;  lvs.  very  smooth,  ovate, 
obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  tapering  to  a  petiole ;  cymes  few-flowered,  on  short  pedun- 
cles ;  cal.  strongly  2-lipped,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat ;  cor.  ample,  tube  enlarged 
upwards.— Dry  woods,  N.  Car,  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  pretty  flowerer,  somewhat 
shrubby,  If  high  or  more.  Cymes  in  the  upper  axils  3  to  5-flowered.  Lvs.  I'or 
less  long.  Bracts  as  long  as  the  calvx,  the  corolla  thrico  longer  (7  to  8  "),  rosc- 
purplo,  spotted.     Jn.— Aug.     (C,  grandifiora  Ph.) 

19.  MELIS'SA,  Tourn.  Balm.  (Gr.  name  of  tlio  bee,  from  jieX, 
honey ;  which  bees  seek  in  these  flowers.)  Calyx  IS-ribbed,  tho  upper 
lip  3-toothecl,  flattened  and  dilated,  lower  bifid ;  corolla  tube  recurved- 
ascending,  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  mostly  broadest ;  stamens  ascending. 

M.  ofBcindlia  L.  Pubescent ;  st.  erect,  branching ;  fl.^.  in  loose,  axillary  cymes, 
STibsessile ;  lvs.  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  crenate-serrate,  on  slender  petioles ;  bracts 
few,  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate.— y  N.  Eng.  to  Ind.  and  Tenn.,  in  waste  grounds 
and  in  the  deepest  forests.  A  well  known  garden  plant.  St.  1  to  2  to  3f  high. 
Lva  2  to  3'  long,  petioles  ]'  or  more.  Bracts  of  the  same  form,  diminished.  Cor. 
twice  longer(7  ")  than  tho  calyx,  yellowish  white.  Jl.,  Aug.  |  §  Eur.  Fra- 
grant of  lemons.     Balm  tea  is  a  popular  remedy. 

20.  SAL'VIA,  L.  Sage.  (Lat.  salveo,  to  be  in  health ;  probably 
from  its  salutary  qualities.)  Calyx  striate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed 
or  entire,  lower  bifid,  throat  naked ;  corolla  lingent,  tube  equal,  upper 
lip  straight  or  falcate,  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobod  ;  stamens  2, 
connectile  transversely  articulated  to  the  filament,  supporting  at  cacli 


Ordeu  89.— LABIATE  •         ->w 

end  a  cell  of  the  dimidiate  (halved)  anther-  achonir  ±      a  i 

of  400  species,  usually  with  showv  fl«      Tl'    .  ""^  ^^^^"^  Scnus 

stitutos  the  eiential  ^ralt'X;  V5  sVlT"""  '"'"^^""''^  ^^"• 

8  Herb^nutlvo.-CWyx  slightly  2.1l,>p«,l,8..b-8-t«<,the<l  equal  . 

\  a    a  r  No».  9, 1(1 

l.alf  as  long  as  thopu6..«,,l.«L7:°'Leald  1^,^^^^  -"^e,  Bub^jual  teeth.' 

of  varying  aspect,  according  to  soil  Acl.  usnallu  -iZn       ^i    *^l»-."«<i  ^    Plant 

.  .    3f  higl^  with  lv8  narrow  subont^ra  2  t«Tff ,  9  ♦  'li  •-''"'^  ,*'"'*«''"P'^'  ^  *°  2  or 

a  lino  azure  blue.     sj^™"*"^°' ^  ^  ^  ^o^a  2  to  4    wida     Fls.  7"  long,  of 

^  tnin^a^if^^Sat  bas'^'o^'istr^^^^^^  "-^''-  --"ate-sen-ate, 

distant,  in  a  terminal,  interrupted  racer-^^^t^l"^^  :  *°  \^-'^^^^^i 

than  the  calyx,  the  lower  iKricTStlrvT?-^  *"^  ^"*  '■  ""'«  '""g^*" 

raceiiio;  caL  teeth  acute-  cor   red  ^rnnln,  ll-    \         lO-Howered,  in  a  simple 

upper  lip  erect,  n.uch"t5^'  ^^1:^^^^^  ^rtoTf '"' 4"^  t'j'^sf  t"r"^'^ 
branched,     Lvs.  6"  to  1  t^  9'  lnn,r  fi,„  JT  1 1,     •  '-^:   ^  *®  ^f  high,  oftea 

.Ha",o„g.    Up^rii^rfLX'ortrptplriLn^:^-  ^^'^^'-^  — 

^i\'^n\*pafcaW"Ltlikf  ^^^^^^^  .-ese-dentate,   the  caulin. 

top  of  tl.e'^squa^  Xo    c  luX^^  "f"  '"  ^^i^«''J«  of  %  racemed  al 

long,  petioles  £ir(„^Tnore)  as  lonf- pi' «,"''""^-°^'^^  J"  «"*""«-  »«"  ^  3' 
The  wholo  plant  is  isual?;  ptpLL^Ap^l!:jJ"^^'  ''''''  '  ^""^  violet-purple. 

^?pe?i^tat,'^L  S'ot"e'^afr'%r^^""""'°'-'™-'l  *«-long 
blut  J?i ,  JL  '^  ^"^^  ^"^  ^^"■^'='-  ^^«^«  ^°'l  <""«t«rcd  d  to  7'  by  2  to  5^  FK 
lvs.  ovate-acuminati'  smaUer-  SCw  2  "^    '  ^'^'-t'^'J^.G-flowered^  floral 

creLfo  ;t-S"  ote^rnl^v^'^Ton  "^^^^^^  broad-ovate,  cordate,  doubly 

high-arohed,  much  longer  thaI%/o  Kr -^.  a l?^'^  ^  upper  hp  of  the  cor. 

J'igh,  with  viscid  lvs.  as^arge  as  tl  o  1  anr"Th;  1    °  fT"';**  ^''°""'  ^  ^  ^^ 

^vith  pale-purple  and  yellowlh-whitVrwhorfed  s^J^^^  "''  '""T^f* 

Native  in  Italy,  t  vvuuncd  spiKea.    OaL  with  spuiousteetli. 

1.  °  r^g°!?f  who!i  few-flowS  ^"^''^'  '"^-  ^'blong-lanceolat^  crenu- 

calyx,  somewh^aJbftn-     Tut  f  T  Fur   V^'- '  f  ''"f ''"^'^  *"^«  '^"^  ^'^'='<» 
and  medicine.  "        ''"  ^    *^-  ^''^^-—^  C'j  ;;sciui  m  uomestic  economy 


;.>o 


Order  89.— LABIAT^E. 


9  S.  fulgens  Cav.  St.  branching  at  base,  weak,  ascending,  pubescent  •  h\f. 
loiig-petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  subcordate,  crenato-dentate,  smootli  above  pubt't- 
cent  beneath;  fls.  opposite,  in  torminnl  racemes;  bracts  deciduous:  cal'ntwhttn 
colored,  upper  lip  truncate,  subentiro;  lor.  timbriate-ciliate,  3—4  times  longer 
than  the  calyx;  aty.  exserted.— y  A  boautlAil  greenhouse  planf.  Flowers 
bright  crimson  or  scarlet,  near  2'  long.     There  are  several  varieties,  f     Mexico. ' 

10  S.  spldndens  Sellow.  St.  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  Iroad-mate  and  ovate, 
petiolate,  rounded  or  acute  at  base,  glabrous  loth  sides,  dent-serrate,  acuminate- 
Ms.  opposite,  racemous;  bracts  deciduous;  cal.  scarlet,  and,  with  the  corolla  pu- 
bescent, upper  lip  entire,  acuminate,  lower  lip  2.toothed.— y  Gardens.  I'lsint 
i— 4f  i)igh  branched.  Flowers  2'  long,  scarlet.  After  flowering  the  calyces  en- 
large,  and  become  as  brilliant  as  the  corollas,  f     Mexico. 

21.  ROSMARrNUS,  L.  Rosemary.  (An  ancient  Latin  naino,  com- 
pounded of  m9,  (lew,  and  marinus,  of  the  sea.)  Calyx  bilabiate,  upper 
lip  entire,  lower  bifid  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  2-parted,  lower  lip 
reilexed,  m  3  divisions  of  which  the  middle  is  the  largest ;  fil.  2  fertile, 
elongated,  ascending  towards  the  upper  lip,  having  a  tooth  on  the  side.— 
Shrub,  wiib  sessile,  linear  Ivs. 

R.  offlcindlis  L.     An  erect,   evergreen  shrub,   4f  high,   much  branched. 
I^avtib  opposite,  obtuse,  hnear-oblong,  entire,  smooth,  dark  green  and  shininK 
above,  downy  and  sometimes  whitish  beneath.     Flowers  axillary  and  terminal 
ot  a  br,ght  blue  color,  having,  like  the  leaves,  a  strong  aromatic  fragrance  ^iko 
camphor.     It  yielas  by  distillation  a  large  proportion  of  fragrant  oil.  $  S.  Eur. 

22.  MONAR'DA,  L.  Mountain  Mint.  (Name  in  honor  of  ifoftarc/- 
us,  a  Spanish  botanist  of  the  16th  century.)  Calyx  elongated,  cylin- 
<lric,  striate,  subequally  6-toothed  ;  cor.  ringent,  tubular,  upper  lip 
linear,  lower  lip  reflexed,  3-lobed,  the. middle  lobe  narrowest ;  sta.  2, 
fertile,. ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  and  njostly  exserted  ;  anth.  cells 
divaricate  at  base,  connate  at  apex.— 2^  Verticils  few,  dense,  manv- 
flowered,  bracted. 

*  Calyx  densely  liairy  In  the  throat.    Corolla  purpio  or  whitish No.  1  2 

•  Calyx  naked  in  the  ihroat.    Corolla  icarlet  or  yellow ..!...'.'.".'.' ." '.'.iioi  3  4 

1  M.  fistuldsa  L.  IIOKSEMiNT.  Wild  Bergamot.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  and 
lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  petiolate,  more  or  less  pubescent; 
hds.  of  fls  terminal,  few,  but  many-flowered,  bracts  sessile;  cal.  slightly  curved 
with  the  throat  hirsute.— Hedges,  thickets,  rocky  banks,  W.  Vt.  and  Can.  to  Ga' 
Common  westward.  Exceedingly  variable.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  acutely  4-anKled' 
often  hollow,  frequently  purple,  simple,  orwitli  a  fow  opposite  branches  Lvs 
mostly  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  2  to  4'  long  and  on  petioles  l 
their  length.     Outer  bracts  leafy,  often  partially  whitened.     Cor.  much  exserted 

i/°i.  ,,^    VT^"^''"^  ^'■°"  greenish-white  and  pale  purple  to  blue.     Jl.,  Aug    (M 
oUophylla,  oblongata,  clinopodia  and  twenty  other  synonyms  aro  enumerated  iri 

2  M.  Bradburiana  Nutt  St.  simple,  glabrous;  Ivs,  ovate  or  oLlong-lanceolate, 
sul>sessile  rounded  at  base,  hirsute  pubescent  both  sides,  margin  subdentate,  apex 
.-icute;  cal.  pilous,  curved,  densely  bearded  at  throat,  segm.  subulate  splnoas 
lids,  large,  termmal;  outer  bracts  broad-lanceolate,  ciliate,  colored.— Prairies  and 
bottoms,  Ohio  to  111.  St.  slender,  about  3f  high.  Lvs.  sometimes  slightly  petio- 
^te,  2  to  3  long,  6  to  8  wide,  with  long,  bristly  hairs  beneath.  Bracts  purple. 
Cor.  purple.    Jl,  ^    ^ 

3  M.  punctata  L.  Hobskmint.  Minutely  pubescent;  st.  obtusely  angled;  lvs. 
oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate,  the  upper 
«nd  bracts  sessile;  ftrocte  colored,  longer  than  the  verticils;  cal.  teeth  unequal, 
I*'^;  /w^*  ^r^®'*^'  *^°r-  g^'''^''0"»'  Btrongly  punctate.— Barrens,  N.  J.,  common, 
to  Fla.  (Miss  Keen)  and  W  States.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  branched!  Lvs.  18"  to  2'. 
Lor.  pale  yellow,  with  brown  spots,  upper  lip  viUousat  the  apex.  Bracta  larga 
yellow  and  red.     Sept.— Medicinal 


Order  89.~-LABIAT^  t-, 

son)  in  terminal.  ofttVSa^ry  head,    rarlv^  '1^  ^""^""' '  >  ('^'■"«- 

Can.  to  the  Mil  of  G^  St  rfo  bf^vs.  f  fo '«'f  ''"'""^  "'^'i-Swan.pH. 
often   cordate,   sorrate      Head,  nft«„   «r    -p  •  u  "*^'  ^^^y  l.rond  at  base, 

bracta  tinged  With  ^h^  sam"  color  '^  t^  o  fl7"cor"S'  "^''    7«»-'— l"to 
ahort,  the  perfect  exserted.    Jl.     Handsome  and  fragrint  f^^'     ^^'^"'^^^  ^^^  2. 

3-toothod,  lower  lin  shctcitoothid,  tleSSettttTco^rbi  ? 
biato  tipper  ,p  sl.ort,  oroct,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  lowe  1U>  o  3  n" 
equal  spreading  obes,  the  lateral  ones  orbicular  rrnenl^fc^^^^^^ 
asccnd,ng,  exse.ted.-2r  Verticils  dense,  terminal  a/td  rubterm-al        ' 

than  tho'flowers,  ofi  -^S-fn^imp^":^^'^;*^^  '^''«"" 

t^-6'^W  ly  3^''l"■?•''  ''""T'^  branchr„gTl%!?;;lS;TSe  3 

purple,  with  spots  of  a  deeper  hue.    Jn.,  JL  ^°"^'  ''"''^ 

involucrate,  termbaTaTdlbtermtnaT^^^^^^^^  As.  in  dense,  approximate, 

«a  long  aa  the  calyx.^^^JiewTSrns  S^  '  ''''u^'  ^''^^'""'^^  '-■"'■^*^ 

States.     Plant  2  to  4f  iS^en^nnJ  ?     /       ","'•'  y^rr  abundant  in  the  W- 

18' to 30" long  I  ftoAst^Tt;:'^^^^     ^r'r  ,^^-^ 

Jn.— Aug.     (Monarda  ciliaU  L.  nee  Mx  )  '  ^"  •"''^'  "'  '^'^™- 

«nd  cronato ;  .ta„,en,  diverging.- /Tall,  orc'ct.     Verticils 7;^ 

Md  tl.»  anste,  prominent  L™.  araminaM  IboSh'  i,' '/''rf''"''"'!''  '»"°''™ 
asSlary  vmidE,  forming  a  terS  ««;.„  Zko  t'^.?..;.  i^'"""" '»  """^l 
abova    CoroUagrMnisl4eUo>v.    Jui;  1'^^° 'P'""' "''"'■"■'»»'•'/ ™Mn,uous 

found  in  similar  situations.  Tlio  herb^  i,  nn!^^'^,  j  .  TT'  "'*'"•■»•  """l 
2-4f  high,  purple.     UavixXnt  K  v  »l»np!il  to  dark  purple.     Stem 

fleeted  ,  sta,„o„s  appr„.x,mate,  ascending;  anther  cells  diverge„r  (plg^ 
i.      CA.W.T.     ^.roc^;,    hoary-tomentous;    Ivs.   petiolate,   cordate^ 


552 


Order  89.— LABIATE 


■!• 


coarsely  oronntcRcrrato ;  fls.  spikml,  the  whoils  slightly  pedunculated.— 2/  About 
old  bmldmgs  and  fence*  St.  square,  pulwaceiit,  bnuu-hing  2  to  Af  l.ijrh  I  vi 
very  evenly  bordered  by  tooth-like  or  crenato  sorn.turoH,  and  as  well  as  the  w hoi.; 
p  ant  covered  with  a  soft,  hoary  down,  paler  beneath.  Fls.  many,  white  or  nur 
plLsMho  lower  lip  dottel  with   crimson.     Jl.    §  S.  K.  Europe. -Eaten  groeUily 

2  N.  Olechdma  IJenth.  Gill-otrh-tiie-orouno.  Lvs.  reniform,  crenato-  cor 
about  .J  times  as  long  as  tho  calyx.- 2^  A  creeping  plant,  about  walk  he'd«o- 
e  c.  bts.  radicating  at  base,  square,  varying  in  longtii  from  a  few  inches  to  1  to 
M  I^vs.  petiolate  downy,  glaucous,  1'  or  le.s.s  broad.  Fls.  axillary,  alx)ut  3  to- 
In*  V"""-*  r"''  ^."."P'f'  with  a  variegated  throat.  Usually  tho  anthers  are 
80  collated  aa  to  form  2  little  croisoa.    May.    §  Eur.  and  Asia. 

26    DRACOCEPH'ALUM,  L.     Dhaoon-uead.     (Gr.  dpdKo>v,  drn.ou 

KKtpahj  lioa.1).    C-ilyx  subequal,  oblique,  S-cleft,  upper  fiegments  laiwr  • 

cor.  bilabmtc,  iippor  lip  vaultjil,  cmarginate,  throat  inflated,  lower  li,i 

ftpreading,  3-cleit,  inkkllo  lobe  much   larger,  rounded   or  subdivided- 

sla.  distinct,  ascending,  tho  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower.  ' 

D   paxvlfldrum  Nutt.     Subpubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  deeply  serrate,  pctiolato; 

bracts  leafy,  ovate,   cil.ate,  mucronate-serrato ;    cal.   upper  segment   iliuch  th., 

largest;  lis.  small,  verticillato,  subcapitato,  cor.  scarcely  oxcoedinir  tho  calvx  — 

(•i  Borders  of  the  great  lakes,  Northern  N.  Y.  to  L.  of  the  Woods,  ven-  rare     Fis 

bluish    rimall,    ho  verticils  almost  spicate.     Cal.   dry  and  membranous.     Upper 

lip  ol  tho  corolla  arched,  cmarginato,  central  lobo  of  lower  lip  crenate.     JL 

27.  CEDRONELXA,  Mcench.     (CJr.  KtSpov,  oil  of  cedar;   from  the 
fragrance.)     Calyx  subcampanulate,  5-toothed ;  corolla  tube  exserted 
throat  dilated,  upper  lip  straight,  flattish,  cmarginato  or  cleft,  lower  3- 
nd,  middle  lobe  largest;  .stamens  4,  ascending,  the  upper  longer,  anther- 
cells  parallel.— Fls.  Bpicate,  bracted. 

C.  cord^ta  Nutt.  Stoloniferous;  st-  and  elongated  petioles  pubescent-  Iva 
cordate,  obtusely  crenate,  sparingly  hirsute  above;  spike  unilateral;  bracts  broad^ 
ovate,  entire,  nearly  as  long  as  tho  calyx;  pod.  bibracteolate,  mostly  1 -flowered  • 
cal.  segments  acute,  almost  pungent.— If  Koeky  streams  and  Mts.  Ohio  and  Va" 
btom  about  If  high,  quadrangular.  Loaves  3  or  4  pairs,  almost  as  broad  as  lontr' 
petiole  about  as  long-  as  t!io  lamina  (I'),  upper  pairs  eubsessile.  Cor.  pale  blue 
about  1  long,  orifice  much  dilated.     Jn.  ' 

28.  BRUNEL'LA,  Toum.  Self-heal.  Blue-curls.  (German  Brune, 
a  disease  of  the  throat  for  which  it  was  a  reputed  remedy.)  Calyx 
about  10-ribbed,  upper  lip  dilated,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  lower 
lip  with  2  lanceolate  teeth  ;  filaments  forked,  one  point  of  tho  fork  bear- 
ing the  anther.— 2^   (Prunolla,  L.) 

^,.T?^Sf"*  h  ^''  ascending,  simple;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petiolate;  ver- 
ticils close,  spicate;  upper  lip  of  cal.  truncate,  with  3  awns.— A  very  common 
plant,  m  meadows  and  low  grounds.  N.  Am,  lat.  33"  to  the  Arc.  Sea  St  vary- 
ing from  8  to  2f  high,  obtusely  4.angled,  hairy,  simple  or  slightly  branched 
Leaves  few,  opposite,  slightly  toothed,  the  stalks  gradually  becoming  shorter  from 
the  lower  to  the  upper  pair  which  are  sessile.  Flowers  blue,  in  a  large,  oblong- 
ovate  spike  of  dense  verticils.  Bracts  imbricated,  reniform,  2  beneath  each  ver- 
ticil.  Flowermg  all  summer.   A  var.  with  white  fls.  occurs  in  N.  Y.  ( G.  M.  Wilbur.) 

29.  SCUTELLA'RIA,  L.  Skull-cap.  (Lat.  scutella,  a  small  vessel ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  calyx.)  Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  lip.s 
entire,  upper  one  appendaged  on  tho  back  and  closed  after  flowering ; 
cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  lower  dilated,  convex,  tube  much  ex- 
serted, ascending,  throat  dilated;  sta.  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip; 
anth.  approximate  in  pairs;  ach.  tubercular. 


OllDJH  89.— LABIAT/E.  ,;. 

entire,  as  long  n.s  tho  c-a^vx    rao  '  «i3A  '^''■f^'^f"f''f.  ^r'>«</-«fa/«,  ««<  cor<i,4 
opposite.;  cal  hirsu  0-  S  ^J«  ;.«    P     ?'  ""'"'^•'"'d.  '«"».  >nuny-flowored ;  II  ' 

•2  to  4'  by  18"  to  3',  potioloB\oari;^  long     iae    s't  r'T.''  ^'"^f '^1  t""'. 
than  ca  vx      Onr  «  ««  i"  i„       1 1         ,       °"        ^'"   **  to  0    lono'.     Ped.   nhortor 

lips.    5r(S.';o'^:d!roI'Mil5  ''""  ^'''''  ''**°^«'  ^"''^^  «"'°  fhortcr  tban  ui; 

\wd:r"o1'aJl"eo'^S;i'-eroS%S^^^^^^^^^^^  1-.  Petiolato, 

entire;   rac.  loos  <  c4ouS    1"  ^,17/^  /  /   "''''**  °^''*'''  «'«"-i-petiolat(. 

banks.  .^.  Ohio  toVa/S?oVu     at  tlufMfT'  ^^T /''''"  /'"  «/>P«/-.-Uock; 

Lvs.  us,.,Uly  thia  and  ruyou  "  1'  til '      ri  t  T\  ^  ^"  =^'^""^'  '•"°-  ^  ^  8  • 

^'cT™  olrged'inS?'"^*^'^'  of  ilrn.or  toxturo.-kw  Crleans  (Hale). 

,     margin  crenate,  apex  acS  MLru'eTeordl'^trt'"'  •""/  '''^'^'^  ^''^''  b«"°«*''. 
culate,  paniculate  bracts  1  mo«linol^7  '  ™.'^-  *'^""»»a'  ""^  axillary,  pedun- 

1  to  3f  high.    Lvs   2  to  ?  lont;     V^o'  ^-.^^^i^^'  abundant.    St.  usually  purple. 

Pli«h  spot!    Cor.  io  MonVS;  l^te  C  blue 'w^N^rP'^  ™"^^'"  ^'^^  P-' 
4  S.  villdaa  FII  ?     C!^      -ii  !      '    ^  '  ^'**^™*  ^"'^^^  ^ery  sliort.    Jn.;  JJ. 

irnce^ov\^t:%J;  o^t'  ac7"rd'tT^^^^^^^  ^^  '"^"^'^  - 

benoalli  villous,  deepirserraS  ?ao    nl^n&'.'^  ''^^°'  *''"  P«""'^^  ^^^^  veias 

<*me«  /.n7.r  than  the  ^.-ot  Te.lr  A  nn  J  \rt^.'''  ^'^i''''^'^/  »>^«n;erf,  ^awy 
long.     Wo  have  but  a^8i„glo%S„.  ^ PP'^-^^-^^^^^  ^   to  3f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2^ 

■ ""  ~'"4^^^^^^^  , !-   Petiolate,  ovate, 

./.Sl/Zor  .MSrtlTrSteTeSl''S7r'^?°^"*'    '''^-  P"^--"^ 
terminal,  ntther  short,  bracLeUiSva^^^^^  remote   pairs;   rac! 

longer.-Opeu  woodlands,  Penn  to  Ga     S     ?  t  on  T  ^«'»«' * '«  ^^^^^r  a  lit^e 
to  2f  by  8  to  18",  more  or  lei  ^cute  at  b!t  n^.     J."*^'''  P^'P"'''*     ^^«-  ^'^'  1 

late,  an^tS-tLlatT  CSr?!fo  tT''  E^''^^'^"* '  ^^  ovate-lanceo- 
lower  ovate;  rac.  loose,  Ieaf?^bSs  lantnl«.    a  "'^""'^'  ^""'^'  ^"bsessile,  tbo 
drysoils.     St.  9' to  2f^SrwKrie  S^fl' ^■•- ^f ^'•-?^  ^•'^- ^"'^S.  St^ 
(1  to  2'  long),  vary  in  brStir^nVmT  •     fu^/  '"  *°™'"^'  '•^^^'"''s.     Tlie  Ivk^ 

ti  S.  nervdaa  Ph     Slend«.  \^rZ,     T      T  ^''•>— ^''^  P'^'"  «  mtensely  bitter. 

cordate,    crZfei^serrtte    sSssT^  tZ'^'"'.^^^  '^■'-  ^'•-*-«^  ^-^^ 

upper  ovate  and  lance-ovrte    slilVlv  n«^;of.7  T'"''^^,,*^         roundish-ovate, 
Jades,  along  streams,  Crtolfa'n^dCtU^rtS!^^^ 
l^^^S,  Shfurm  stolous.    Stem  «-i5'  high,  weak.-Luavea'2-l5"' 1,;;^  f-v^^,  Z 


554 


Obd£B  89.— LABIATiE. 


middle  prtirs  largest,  ftciite  or  obtusish.  Floral  leave?  entire,  small.  Flowers  fevf, 
pale  bluo,  4'  long.     May — Jl. 

S  S.  p^wula  Mx.  St.  s-mple  or  branching  at  base,  square,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long-mate, obttise,  entire,  sessile;  fls.  smcU  (3")  axillary,  opposite.  —Pastures,  Mid. 
and  Vv''.  States.  Plant  ?  to  6'  high.  Root  generally  with  tuberous  internodes, 
and  flbi-ous  at  each  joint.  Lvs.  3  to  G"  long,  J  as  wide,  lower  3"  diam.  Fls! 
rather  numerous,  longer  (4")  than  the  leaves,  blue.     Jn. 

10  S.  galericulata  L.     CoMiiON  Scull-cap.    St.  erect,  simple,  or  branched ;  lvs. 

lanceolate-cordate,  remotely  crenate-aerrate ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  large  (1'  Img). 

U  Meadows  and  ditches,  Can.  to  Penn.  Abundant.  The  Plant  mostly  gkbroua 
Stem  square,  12 — 18'  high.  Leaves  truncate-cordate  at  base  and  acutish  at  apex, 
scarcely  petiolato,  1^'  by  J'.  Flowers  much  larger  than  tiie  preceding,  rarely 
more  than  I  from  the  a-jmo  axil,  with  a  vizor-like  calyx  like  that  of  the  otker 
species.     Cor.  an  inch  in  length,  blue.     Aug. 

11  S.  laterffldra  L.  Mad-dog  Skull-cap.  St.  branching,  nearly  glabrous ;  lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  petiolato  ;  rac.  lateral,  axillary,  leafy. — 
Meadows  an^  iif'^'.es,  lat  38«>  to  Arc.  Am.  St.  square,  1  to  2f  high,  very  brandl- 
ing. Lvs.  opposite,  rounded  at  base,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  on 
petioles  an  inch  in  length.  Rac.  opposite,  axillary,  somewhat  1 -sided;  on  long 
stalks,  with  small  blue  fls.  and  snail  lvs.  Jl.,  Aug. — The  English  tnme  is  duo 
to  the  singular  form  of  the  calyx,  whicli  after  flowering,  closes  upon  the  seeds  liko 
a  cap  or  vizor. 

30.  MACBRI'DEA,  Ell.  (Dedicated  by  Elliott  to  i)r.  Wm.  Machridc, 
of  Charleston.)  Calyx  carapanulate,  3-'obed,  upper  lobe  oblong,  nar- 
row, lower,  rounded;  coroll-i  tube  long-exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper 
lip  erect,  entire,  lower  short,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  rounded,  broad- 
est ;  stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  anthers  approximate  by 
pairs. —  21  Glabr^as.     Verticils  C -flowered,  subterminai,  bractless.    f 

M.  pdlchra  Eil. — Swamps,  middle  di-stricts,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  St.  obtusely  4angled, 
1  to  2f  liigh.  Lvs.  oblong-ulliptical,  petiolate,  obscurely  .serrate  or  sinuate,  the 
floral  short,  sessile,  ovate-entire.  Verticils  1  or  2.  Cal.  green,  thin,  veiny,  G" 
long,  cor.  18",  st-.eaked  with  bright,  purplo  and  white.     Aug.,  Sept. 

31.  SYNAN'DRA,  Nutt.  (Fig.  86,  326.)  (Gr.  ovv,  togethe-,  uv6ptg ; 
in  allusion  to  the  coherence  of  the  anthers.)  Calyx  4-cleft,  segments 
unequal,  subulate,  converging  to  one  side;  upper  lip  of  corolla  entire, 
vaulted,  the  lower  obtusely  and  unequally  3-lobed ;  throat  inflated ; 
stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea,  upper  pair  of  anthers  cohering, 
having  the  contiguous  cells  empty. — (1)  Fls.  solitary,  axilla.-y,  somewhat 
sipic  ite  above. 

S.  grandifldra  Nutt.  St.  subsimple,  nearly  smooth,  subterete;  lvs  cordatc-ovato, 
acuminate,  obtusely  dentate,  often  dilated  at  base,  petiolate,  the  floral  sessile;  fls. 
fiolitary,  sessile ;  cal.  segm.  ovate,  ^etuccouL^y  acuminate,  two  upper  larger  than 
the  two  lower;  cor.  tube  somewhat  fp.unel-fona,  mouth  mucli  inflated. — Woods, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  Teun.  St.  6  to  18'  higli.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  nearly  as  wide, 
petioles  1  to  3'.  Cor.  1'  long,  upper  lip  very  large,  rounded,  white,  lower  lip 
striated  with  purplo  lines.     Jn. 

32.  PHYSOSTE^GIA,  Benth.  LionViieaut.  (Gr.  <t>v<ja,  a  bladder, 
and  OTtyrf,  a  covering;  from  the  inflated  corollas.)  Calyx  campanulatc, 
stibequally  5-tootlied  ;  corolla  tube  much  oxserted,  throat  infljited,  upper 
!ip  concave,  middle  division  of  lower  lip  largest,  roundish,  cmarginate; 
stamens  4,  unconnected,  ascending  benoatl"  the  upper  lip,  the  two  lower 
rather  longer. —  U  Fls.  opposite,  in  a  terminal,  bracteate,  4-sido(l  spike. 
P.  Virgini^na  Bcntli.  Cal.  in  frait  ovate,  inflated ;  <or.  gaping,  upper  lip  con- 
cave.— A  beautiful  plant,  native  in  Penn..  S.  ,nd  W.  Stales,  ofteu  ingardenn. 
It  varies  much  in  stature,  is  very  smooth,  dark-green.    St.  square,  thick,  rigid,  i 


Obdkb  89.~LABIAT^. 
remote.    Bra.ta  subulate     Cor  mirn^.r^i      -T.'^*  °"™®'^'^"8,  dense,  or  often  sub- 

Au.,  Sep.  (..  vi^S;^?i!s;Lin\He^r  r2:f;rr„;s^ 

throat;  stamens  4,  ascending  i»ie  margin  of  the  dilatc<l 

.nuch  exserted,  tl.e  lower  lip  spottd^wTwhS;-  igL^of '  tS'  '''  ^"''^ 

grounds,  Penn..^rare.  §  Eur.  r^arTe^lt  Tff  iS-strip^^^^^ 
34.  PHLO^MIS,  L.  Jerusalem  Sage.  (Gr.  0A6^.  a  flame  •  ih^ 
dncd  wool  y  loaves  of  P.  lychnitis  were  used  in  anctnt  ampsT  Ca  vx 
5  to  lO-vcined Jmib  equal,  truncate  or  5-tootl.ed ;  corolKpperT 
galeate,  cannato,  broad,  entire  or  eraarginato,  incurved,  7eTowe? 
.spreading  tnfid;  stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea;  uplr  fiUeTts 
udnato,  often  with  a  subulate  appendage  at  base";  an  he^^eells  dTvar 

near  a  foot  long.     Verticils  rernite,  wi'ti  30  to  40  purpt  fls      §  E  ft  ^"'^ 

vertices  Se^u'v^erod  v^^^wSr' stSjt  t-.fT^""^"^-^"^^"'^' 
witli  its  grotesque  yellow  ill     S  iS,,  ^'  ^  *"^''-     ^""^"^  '"  cultivatiou 

35.  BALLOTA,  L      Black  IIoauhound.     (Gr.  fidXXoi,  to  reiecf 
on   .oc^unt  of  itj  offensive  odor.)     Calyx  funnel-form,  10-vein  J  5' 
oothed  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  ca  yruppt 
l.p  concav.,  ci^nate,  lower  hp  3-cleft,  middle  segnfent  largest^e,  larS 
..c;  stamens  4,  ascending,  exserted;  ach.  ovoidttriangula?.- 2J       ^ 
B.  nigra  L.     Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  undivided,  serrate  •  brapis  linoar  c,',t    1  * 
cal.  somewhat  truncate,  throat  dilated,  teeth  spr;SracSat        tJ  f  "'''*^i 
auout  hedges,  &c.,  Mass.  and  Conn,     f'te.n  2-^?^ l^pX^ent  aTw.lf  ^T^^ 
ypposue.  broad  leaves.     Flowers  purple  or  white,    f ax iCrvo^^^^^^^^^^^      Jl  "V1LI 
the  general  appeara.aco  oflloarhound  (Marrubiuu'.),  but  not^ts  Canee    §  Eur 

36.  MOLUCCEL^LA,  L.  Moucca  Balm.  Shell  Flower.  (Brought 
from  tl.o  Moluc^a  Islands,  &c.)  Calyx  campanulate,  verv  large  fho 
.na rgan  expanding,  often  repand-spinons  ;  cor.  tube  included  liX'b  i^ 
biate ;  stamens  4,  ascend ing.-^T.  '  "'^* 

equallV  5-tootLd,"eaH.'t.Se  longer'    ZT  0  Sla'SuTiwutrT''"^"^ 
plant  Ml  gardens,  smooth  ia  all  its  p'arta  and  of  agSus  gli"  !l1i  higirTiS 


CS6 


OttDRR  80- LAIHAT.IiJ. 


clilnfly   riMnnrkaMo  Tor  itM  mnpl...  MI-hIiimkhI  ralyx,  iu  iho  bottom  of  wl.lcl,  1, 

37.  GALEOP'SIS,  L.     Hkmi-  Nkttmc.     (Cr.  yrtA/},  a  woasd,  .^fAu- 
iippoamiK-o  ;  it«  j^i-Dti'squo  How.mh  uio  likomd  lo  tliiit,  nniinal )     Culvx 
6-r.MU  spi.HvscriK.;  upnor  lip  of  tlio  corolla  vuultcl,  sulujrciimt.is  lowor  li|, 
with  a  uiu«,|UHl  lohos,  l.aviiij^  2  t(H't.h  oil  its  upper  Hi,lo,  ,„i,MJo  |<,|m.  |,i,!. 
j?ost,  »!l(>ft  ami  «M-onat(> ;  HtjuiKMw  cxsortinl  In-yoinl  tlu)  tiil)o  ;  untlior  rclls 
opposito,  traiisvorso.— VorticilH  iliHtaiit,  iiiauy-llowiMod. 
1  O.  totrAhit  F,.     S(.  fnsf,ut,  fho  inti.nH.(l..H  thickciu-d  upwurdH;  Ir.s.ovat,-  hiaiwi 
xmatr;  oor.  twio,,  ..s  U.n^f  as  ll,«  oalyx,  tl.o  (.|.|M«r  lip  mwly  nlraiKl.t,  iM.iioavo-- 
A  vMiiiiium  \v.-i>.l,  iM    wa,st..  ami  ciUivali'd  utoulUm,  N.  SlatcH.     Ht.  1  Id  -J  to'-lf 
Sl'u    Tm  -^   •«-H..Kl.-.l,  n-markahly    t.iini.l    hvUnv   iho  joial,,  »,„l  (ovorcd  will, 
piicUy,  di-ll..x,..l  l.nstl.vs.      L-avo-s  l.airy  ou  both  .sid^s,  «,vat.>,  aiMUo,  Horiato     M^ 
m  doi.HO  vorlUMlH.     Oalyv  wi.U  r»  HC.t..,  biislly  t-'ulli.     Corolla  varioKalcd   wilh 
winto  and  piirplo,  uppvr  bp  ouunivu,  i)urpi..,  U.ngor  than  tlio  lowor.    Ju,,,.,  July. 

2  O.  Iddaiuim  h.  St.  fflahou,t  or  puh-so'iif,  iiit.riiod<m  ( niial ;  Irs.  lanrcotnlr  imh- 
«cm,<c-,  pubom-nt;  i.pp,.,-  lip  of  ibo  cor.  HJiKbilv  vvvm\o.~A  mnallrr  H,..'i 
Krowu.K  auioi.ff  rubbisl,  i,,  KiavoUy  noils,  Av.,  N.  Kuk.,  ram.  St.-in  about  a  IboL 
liiKh.  not  .swoIKmi  bHow  tbo  joints,  wilb  opposito  braiichos.  i'low(n-.s  in  ,|,.,w,, 
roinoto  wborls.  c.\>r..ll;i.s  usually  roao-coiorcd,  ultcu  wliito  or  vurioK«tod,  spotUul 
w  itb  cruu.son.     Aug.,  Hojit.     g  Kur,  ' 

38.  STAXHYS,  L.  IIk.xuc  Nkttmc.  (dr.  frrnvrj-,  u  spilvo;  fro,,, 
tho  intloroseourto.)  (%x  tul.o  nii.ixulur,  niiupanulato,  fi  or  l()-ribl.,.,| 
f)-tiH>tlio,l,  uppor  tooth  ofttMi  lai-i;or;  orolla  bilabiato,  wppor  lip  tMvct' 
sproadn.ij:  or  somewhat  vauitoil,  lowor  lip  spiviulii.g,  ;M<,1>,.,1,  n.iddld 
lohi!  larjrost ;  stamons  nsoondiuj;,  lowor  oiio.s  louj,'or ;  «nthor.s  anp,-oxi- 
mato  lu  pairs.— N'orticils  2  to  lO-tloworod,  api.,-oxi,uato  in  torminal 
raooinos. 

I  v\'\T  &]'17V\  "'"'V'^'.r   I*""'*'''  *^""'  •"^•'"•t.-ntcly  (,j,ron.Iln« n...  t  a 

•  I  l.i..t»  libpUI.    c«ly.\  toolli  8ul>orout.-b.-,ivos.s,il.s..,ssilo.  |.eilol..s(i  iV. !,''  lonC'        N."'  '' I 

— Koiivo.t  nil  iH,f U>|»tc,  iH'tlt.lf.s  (I  i(,  Vi"  Iom^.'Noh,'  ft,'  G 
1  S.  hyssopifdlla  Mx.  SN  nscrndiuK  or  onvt,  g]ab,-ous  cr  Mv.iwly  bairy  /,'w 
.v.«v7fc,  livur^mar,  jowly. srmilat,',  uouto,  ma^  UKU'Kiu  an.l  base  bispi.l;  vrr'ti.-ilH 
4-tiowo,vd  distant ;  oal.  and  voi-y  sbort  bracts  oiliato,  tcvt/,.  subula  o,  sjrmulina 
tu:i^.ho,^erihant}>e  .orulla.-l^  Wot  «oil.s,  ia  bai-ivus,  Mass.  to  Mo!  „„  1  H 
StiUes.  Plant  s  ondor  «  to  12'  bigh.  Lvs.  1'  i.i  lengtb  raroly  long„r  2  to  4"' 
wido.     I<ls.  .so.s,sdo,  7    long.     Tootli  ol' calyx  sbortor  than  its  tube.     Jl. 

*  l?■..^!*^*'^  ^^"!'^5'""  ^*;,Kl«l'rous  or  sligbtly  bi.spid  .iownward,  rroet,  oftc-a 
brauobod ;  Irs.  ,jlabrort.'>,  oblong-ovalo,  mnndo<i  or  irmcate  at  l>,w,.  nil  ,>rtiolat^ 
acuto  or  subaoumuiato,  sorrato;  a,l.  glabrous,  teeth  lauc-subulato,  sninulous' 
dmmaUo,as  lowjiu.  tbo  tube  ot  tbo  oorolla.-y  AVo.ods,  strounus,  N.  Y.  to  Mich' 
and  N.  states.     1  la,it  .sloiulor  or  ratlu-r  stout,  1J>'  to  lif  bigb.     Lvs.  2  to  -1'  lonir 

vm^K   M  \\V       '  ^'"''' "' '"'"'"' ''       ^""'''-   ^"''-^  «'^""^i''-'  i"''"  ''^^ 

fi.  DKBius.     Wcttk,  nniob  brauobod,  fi-om  a  docuiubont  base.— Ga.,  La. 

3  S.  paldBtiis  L  St.  stoid,  oroot,  liispid,  with  r.'troiso  bristles ;  lvs.  manv.  bi,s- 
pid,  hiHiry  Iwmith,  on  sbort  pctiolo.s,  ubiong-luuo.  olatc>,  subaouiui.mto,  ua,-rowo.l 
towards  tbo  obluso  base,  crenaie^mite ;  oal.  bi-^nd,  tootb  ucuu.inute-apinulous 
erLVt-sp^^iulu.g;  m;.  tw.oo  longer  tban  tbo  calyx.-y  By  streams  and  in  n.oi.st 
sbades,  Lan.  and  AV.s.  to  Car.  Jlerb  rtMigb  and  coarso,  1  to  4f  bigb.  Lv.s.  3  to 
6  Icmg,  jvtiolos  a  few  lines.  ]b-aeUs  longer  ,bau  tho  oaly.v.  Fls.  widely  gaping, 
I  to  8    long,  palo  re.i  spotted  with  purple.     .In.— Aug.     (ft.  liisni<la  1'!.;) 

4  S.  aspera  hlx.  St.  sl^'nder,  en>ot  or  llexuous,  retrorsely  bispi.l;  Iv.^.  sparse! u 
hisjvd,  subsessil^  ovate-laneeolate,  neuto  or  aouminate,  .sharjUy  serrate,  obtuse  at 
1>A^^\  caL  ylubrous,  Init  ri'iafe  on  tbe  angks,  imd  the  lanceolate,  spinulous,  sub- 
cixxt  tcetli.— 4  Cau.  uud  U.  S.,  m  dump  places,  common.     I'laut  mucli  moro 


Obdbii  80— labiate.. 


n  of  wlilcli  In 

«Ml.HuI,     fHfm'^ 

ul.)  i'lilyx 
U',  l(>\v<(r  li|) 
l«  IoIm!  lai- 
iiitlior  »;c1Ih 


ovntr,  hispkl, 

I,  l!()IK!ilVO. — 

1  ti)  '2  to  ;tr 

ovorcd  Willi 
H)rn»t(>.  Kl-,. 
I'gutcd   Willi 

.'UllC,  Jul)' 

nrcoliHr,  mh- 
illcr  H|i(<o!('M, 
oIhmiI  a  fool 

'fS  ill  (IrilHO, 

ilu»l,  HpolUni 

'!!<(?;  from 
i()-ril)l.(.(I, 
lip  croct, 
'<!,  niuldli) 
*  appiDxi- 
turinii)al 

, . . . .  Niw.  t,  2 
r....N.>.H. '!,  I 
iiMK.  Ni)H.  ■\  G 

liiiiry;  /iw. 
<i ;  vcriicilH 
,  s}irt;(idi7Kj, 
do.  niid  S. 
{or,  2  to  4'' 
I. 

>r(«of,  <iflt<i> 
ili  pr.tiolatf, 
Kj)iiiulouf, 
V.  to  Midi, 
to  -1'  lon^', 
ilo  nul  and 

[.11. 

many,  liis- 
,  iiihtowcmI 
-apinuiouH, 
id  ill  iiioi.sl 
Lvs.  '.\  to 
)ly  gaping, 

IS.  sparselij 
,  obtuso  at 
iiloua,  sub- 
luch  iu(U-(j 


U1 


II  IH  Kn,t. ,  mllMT  tlmii  iumrv,  about  2f  IukI.,  HJinplo.     Lvh  2  U.  .T  by  «  U>«'' 

5  S.  IIuttalUAna  Hlmttlow.     .SI  Mhul,  ,:rect,  ofton  brancrliod,  biHplU  will.  brJHlly 

«ar/o«Wt<.u<M,natobaH.s  p.tiolato ;  cal.  j.ub.Hcont,  keik  IrvmjJar,  mL  J^u 
shorter  lu^n  thr.  tn/,c  of  il^.  corolla  ormlvx.-%  Ol.io  to  T..,.n.,  nlon^  huLI  Sh 
ll.i.|t  l.gh    «n,<.,,  a  I,,  t,r  J.iKh,  with   lurKO  Jo.»v.,h.     HI.  wi  I.  Ki^.vod  hI  I. « S 
)..Mpul  a,.Kl..H       J,VH.  4  to  »'  by  IH  '  to  ^10'.     VrlidlH  romoL,^   C'o     1^1 1    " , 
will,  purplo  Htnpoa  uud  dotH,  tl.o  tubo  umcl.  «x«om,d.     ,11,  Au^.     (H.  Hylvatici 

obt.mo,  ,.r.,na,t..,  tl.o  J..KhcHt  «bort..r  ll.a.i  tbo  W:«;/.,te,  «c//7«  to../A  <,{'  tl.o  biH,S 

ou!.t     V  J''«'r  '  '^'  "1"'^'"1"'K  ''"!'«•     J'VH.  I'  or  Jem     (Jor.  i,„bo«- 

•  39.  LEONU^RUS,  L.     Motimcii-wout.     ((ir.  AfW,  a  lion,  oiV«,  tail: 
from  tl.o  upiK^araiico  of  il.o  .spikos  of  ll(,wor,s.)     Calyx  G  to  lO-Htriato  C 
t<K.tl„..I,  to.-t  1  s..l».spi,„.s(M.iit;   iipp.jr  lij.  of  tl.o  corolla  oritiro,  l.airv,  cot.- 
oavo,  or..(!t    lower  lip  ;j-lol,(ul,  the  inid.llo  loho  obcordatc:  Htaii.ons  4 
asc(!i.(Jin<;  Ix.i.cath  tlio  upper  lip.     Mostly   71.  ' 

l.o.n   to(.tbe_.l   r,in.,./o.'.,i  at  baso;  cor.   longer  tl.a.i  tho  calyx,  tho   tubo  with  « 
.a.ry  nng  w.lb,,..--'  iutary.  wbeneo  it  w,u.  Li  introdueod  inti  Kuropo      d  tT.     cS 

Malk.Ml,  rongl,  loaves  a.runge.l  i..  4  vortical  rows.  FJh.  in  many  whorh  Calyx 
r.g.d  ami  l,n.slly.  Oor  p,.rplisl,,  bairy  witboul,  variegated  within.  Jul  Vlt  ha* 
reputation  «s  a.i  ingredient  iu  herb  drink.^  for  coI.Jh,  cougliH,  Ac.  § 
2  L.  marrubldfltnim  L.  /.w.  chUmg-omte,  incmly  and  coarsely  ^rrate,  tho  floral 
u..eeoale,tapennK  ,"  .each  ♦■n.l,  inciHcJy  dentate ;  cr.  shorter  than  Urcalyx 
teeth,  tube  naked  within,  upper  Jip  Hon.cwhat  vaulled,  pube«!e,it.~IV„n  I.id 
^oJ\  '  '."       .  "*^o''""  1  ♦^7'""''  ^~*''  '"'^'''  ^■''''  "I'l"'^'*"'  '^'^^•-••"lir.K  branch.,-.; 

July!  aIIIS      ^  Sr      """"^  ""  '"^''•'■'"1'^'^*^  ^''''^'>  "i'i'^o-     ^"'•'^U'^  rudkh  whito! 

40  MARRU'BIUM,  L.  Hoauhoitn.,.  Calyx  tubular,  5-10  striat<. 
with  .5  or  10  «.il„.,|ual  teotl. ;  cor.  I,ilal,iate,  upper  Jip  erect,  ilattisli  or 
coiicave,  entire  or  bih<l,  l.mcr  lip  spreading,  S-Jobcd,  ;niddlc  lobe  broa'i- 
est,  einarginate,  twbo  included ;  sta.  included  in  the  tube.— 2^. 

^l,.y)',M^^®  ^^     ^^-  "••"•■'"!'"«'  \'''''y  I'ul^OHcent;  lvs.  roundish,  ovate,  cronatf^ 
de.  lute  downy  «^u.(..seeiitbe.ioath;  cal.  of  10  ettaceous,  unciiia  o  t<.-ell.-Field8 

LVM  pctiok  e,  1  to  2  diaia,  whiti.sh  and  rough  veined  above,  very  woolly  be- 
neath, rounded  and  toothe.L  FIh.  white,  in  «eH«ilo,  axillary,  douHe,  hairrvirt^ciS. 
Cal.  woolly,  tho  toetli  spreading  and  alternately  uhortor.  Jl.,  Aug.  6  Kur  Well 
known  as  an  ingredient  in  cough  candy.  .       e     a       •• 

41  LEUXAS,  L.  (Or.  Afmdc,  white;  the  usual  color  of  the  densely 
woolly  flowers.)  Calyx  t.ubular,  8  to  lOtoothcd,  siibeniinl.  c^r^lU 
tube  included,  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  entire,  very  hairy  without,  the 
lower  longer,  spreading,  trifid,  middle  lobe  the  largest;  stauicns  be- 
neath the  galea;  filaments  uot  iipp'  ulagcd,  acheiiia  S-auLWed.— Fls  in 
axillary  verticils.  °  ' 


^^®  0^«:b  90— BORRAGINACE^. 

.  curved,  ot^ique,  upper  SrLt2?iilf:;bf  At 5f  r^'^T^^       '=^-^"- 
flowers.     Escaped  from  gardens,  5a.     §  W  Tnd  *^  '  *"'*'  *'"^"  ^'"'o 

42.  LEONOTIS,  Br.    LionVear.,     /T.    2 - 
«  fanciful  name  allud  „g  t^he  coroHai^     cT'  u  ''^"'  r*^'  '^'^-^ 
curved,  throat  obliaue  fnl^inf^T  1     "^        '*'^''  iO-veincd,  apex  in- 

VeTp^S  the-IarS  ^'^^.S^i'l^t^r'.  ^'^"^*^'-  ^^^  *^^«^  «- 
the  calyx.-^  Waste  aud'cu  UivS Tidf^^  '^'^'«  ^''"g^'-  than 

large  and  very  showy  4  to  7f  h  X     It  ,itL  .    o  ^"f  ^* '  common.     Plant 

rounded.  Lvl  oomArttrvely  Si,.  ' -''t^'o'^-gl^Jt  20'' "n'f''^  ^"«^^ 
Clusters  terminal  and  subterminal,  near  2'  diam  iSset  w  ?h  thl  .  ^"^  ^''''^^■ 
the  brilliant,  downy  corollas  10"  in  length.    §  IfricI  *^®*»'>'^  ^P'^es  and 

OkbkrXC.     BORRAGINACEL^     Bohragewohts. 

low,  regular,  very  rarely  irregular     St,^n^.  k  ?T     ,  ^  ^'  ""'^'''*  ^''- 

4-lobed,  forming  in  fZZ^L   IZ^,'  T     '^.  '^  ^"^^  *'^^*'-     ^"'''^  deeply 

TRIBES  AND  GENERA 

a  CorolL.  lube  cylindrical,  tl.r«,t  open     Fru  t^L2"i'.f7  f'^'"''"'^'  '"'•>  I"'''^-  (a> 
a  Corolla  tuhe  couicul,  thra.it  coivstHclcL    Fr  „t    J      ^^       "  *  ^"'^ HKU.yrH«>P,uM.  2 

b  C.>.>JU  irregular.,  /.obeKuri^ulU  ii?dnV  ""  ''  "'"■""'•^  ^^>        , 

C  AcheuU  uuanned  fixed  by  thoir  excavatc.l  base,  throat  closed  (dV 
dCor.>llawhetl-forrn.     Auther*  e.vserto.l.     Blu<.     "  *'**'^'^  V<i> 

d  Corolla  tub.ilar-b..ll-f„rm.    Stylo  wsc-rted      WliitV >  -Borraoo.  R 

d  C«,«Ib.^.»ver-fi.rnv  «Uli  tl.o  slender  tuh«  "bent.    Blue ^^"i-"".,.,,.  « 

e  Ache.kw  iinarme.1,  flxed  by  their  srnull,  flat  base     Thr  Jf    '. Lvcopsis.  T 

e  Corolla  tubular,  with  t'ho  h>b..  ere'et  „„arute     S;;"^"  "  *'"^^;;'-  ^«>  , 

e  Corolla  Iol.e»  r,>un<led,  imbricate<l  In  bud.     Wl'ito  «r  velUw" '  ••:-^*^^''-^"'"™-  » 
Q  CValla  lobes  n.„«de<U  iu^brkate  In  bud      Pur  ,  1  hh.r  •^'V'**''^''^''"-  * 

e  Cornlla  lobes  raunde.l,  eonvolute  in  b.^!*      n7 '    *     T:  "'^^ Mk«kns.a.  10 

C  Acheula  ar.ued  with  barbed  pHcUc^r-il  ^^.ZZT'  ""l' '''"''"''■  » 

— torolUfunoeUforiu CvNiMii.«Ri-u  vt 

tire  Ivs.  and  secund  spikes.  sceded.-Shrubs.  with  eu- 


renate,  rugous 
ivered ;  cal.  in- 
til  small  wliito 

,  o)rd,  ears; 
ccl,  apex  in- 
;est;  corolla 
entire,  lower 
«a;  antlieiB 
tracts.     Fls. 


;  cal.  teeth  8, 
e  longer  than 
nmon.  Plant 
sides,  angles 
long  petioles. 
•X  epines  and 


rs. 

atic.  Leaves 
seldom  yel- 
>,  united  bc- 
^vairy  deeply 
)f  the  persis- 
:albuminous. 


Bmispherc. 

tout  red  dye, 
beauty  in  eul- 


■RNKFORTIA.  J 

parts.  (a> 

ulOTROPIUM.  2 

r.ioi'UYTim.  a 
...Eciiiu.Nj.  4 


-BORRAOO.  S 
IfMWJYTU.M.  6 

-Lvcopsis.  T 
(e) 

OS.MOniTM.  3 
UBPERMITM.  9 
li«TKN»IA.  10 

1y(««vtis.  U 

SU-EKMt.M.  llj 
'Ut.US&UM.  la 

?ated  to 
Botany.) 
nclnded ; 
with  eu- 


Ordbb  90.— BORRAGINACE^.  559 

T  heUotropoides  Hook.  Shrubby  at  base,  with  herbaceous,  hairy  branches, 
erect;  1  vs.  oval,  pube.sceat,  obtu.se,  undulate  on  the  margin;  ped.  terminal  2  or 
d  times  diohotomous ;  cor.  tube  included,  lobe.s  obtuRe,  fruit  globular.— fhe  flat 
are  numerous,  small,  pale  lilac,  and  inodorous,     f  Buenos  Ayrea. 

2.  HELIOTRO^PIUM,  Toumef.  Heliotrope.  (Gr.  fjXiog,  the  sun, 
TptTTW,  to  turn  ;  the  flowers  were  said  to  turn  with  the  sun.)  Calyx  5- 
partod,  corolla  salver-form,  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  sinus4  pli- 
cate and  prominent  in  the  bud ;  anthers  sessile ;  style  short,  stiff  Tia 
conical,  the  achenia  cohering  at  base,  at  length  separable.— Herbs  or 
shrubs,  bis.  white  or  purple,  in  unilateral,  scorpoid  spikes. 
^  1?;  Europium  L  Herb  erect,  pubescent;  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse  at  each  end,  pefio- 
i.rj^i'  ^^'^'^ '^^'•ai^nd  terminaU%teor>rAed,-  cal.  lobes  hirsutoTobtuse, 
equahng  the  cor.  tube,  and  also  as  long  as  the  fruit.-(D  Rocky  banks,  at  Har: 

^s  widf  ^Flf«„,ft,'^''H>''  '"""?•  '  *"  '''  '"^'''-     ^''-  '  ^  2' long,  two-third, 
as  wide.     J?  Is.  small,  white,  in  sp.kea  several  inches  in  length.     Aug.     f  §  PJur. 

^  l^fl  ^hHfa!'^^°"°^  ^-  "'''■''  glabrous,  procumbent  at  base;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
L\t  ^?SlH/ir°"'LT''''  "«'»^"7'«'-''ed;  sep.cUuse,  much  shorter  than 
wo?-!:.-  S^^^^''°'**''^,^^•  ^u>3  to  N.  Orleans.  A  foot  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
by  2  to  a  .     Fls.  very  small,  bluish.     §  W.  Ind. 

«!,-?. ^r''!®f™T^^°"°*  ^  Shrubby,  erect,  pubescent,  somewhat  hoary;  Iva 
short-petiolate,  Janco-ovate,  rugous ;  spikes  numtrom,  aggregated,  corymbous  ■  cor 
Mwice  longerr  ihar,  the  calyx.- A.  pretty  green-tou^e  shrub,  1  to  2f  h^'  Lm 
sermlate.  twice  as  long  as  wida     Fls.  very  fragrant,  white  o'r  tinged  w^lh  purpL 

3.  HELIOPH'YTUM.  DC.  (Gr.  .)A.o,,  the  sun,  <l>vr6v,  a  plant;  from 
Its  re  ation  to  Hehotropmm.)  Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  salver-form, 
throat  constricted,  5-rayed;  anthers  included;  style  very  short;  nuts 

?'  Kv    r  ,"r  •'''*  (sometimes  with  2  additional  empty  cells).— Herbs  with 
habit  of  Heliotrope. 

^bS^br3i?in?'?'/w*''''^™'^"'?^'T'"^5  Iva  ovate,  erose^errulate,  acute, 
b^  abruptly  contracted  into  a  petJole,  often  subcordate,  rugous.  veiT  vein'? 

fr  mit^?T'nf 'r'f ^'  ^'^P'e.C-r^Iy  forked!);  cor.  muchcx^A  P^beS; 
rr  miter-fo.m,  tlietwo  nuts  divaricate,  showiog  the  4  empty  cells  between - 
Waste  grounds,  pastures,  111.,  Ind.  to  Ga.     St  furrowed,  1  to  2f  wS.     UI2  to 

§  &  Am.'  T  Ind  ^    ''  '  ''  ''  ''"^-    ^°'-  *^'"°  "^  ^"'•P^^-   Carpels\ifid  at  apeL 

4.  ECH'IUM,  Toura.  Viper's  Bugloss.  (Gr.  Ivic,  &  viper-  from 
the  spotted  stem  of  some  .species.)  Calyx  5-parted,  segments  subulate, 
erect,  corolla  campanulate, -obliquely  and  uneqimlly  lobed,  with  a  short 
tube  and  naked  onfice  ;  s!ignia  cleft;  achenia  tuberculale,  base  flat, 
imperforatc-Herbs   or  shrubs.     Fls.    irregular,  in  spicate,  panicled 

^l..rjS,?«^^  .^^"  ^'•^f^o^^i  rougJi  with  bristles  and  tubercles;  cauline  Iva 
lanceolate  and  rough  with  bristles;  spikes  lateral,  liairy,  deflected  — m A  roulh 

P2,r^  sSl*"£rr2l?r't^"^  «owU  idttids^nd  wS 
whichtfA  9  ^1  A   /^^^  *"^^  '•oi'nd,  with  entire,  dull  green  leaves, 

w^i ich  aje  2-6  k)ng,  and  ]  as  wide,  ]-•        ones  petiolate,  upper  «ies  amplexi- 

Tne  an^JiSy,  |Vr"""'  ^~"''^'^  ^^'"^^^'  recurved\cjSLs,  appeariS^  in 

«jfh  f^'P^'^'O-  Tourn      BoRBAGK.     Calyx  5-partod;  corolla  rotate, 
with  acute  segments;  onfice  crowned;  filaments  converging;  achenia 

rJn'!!n;T"'t''^''*'^u'^^*  base,  inserted  lengthwise  into  an  excavated 
receptacle. — European  herbs. 


560 


Order  90.— BORRAGINACE^. 


■n^/;  ^^^°'"nTn^tyt.Zt%^  -'■  spread- 

ofthoKurclen.     The  whole  K  is  mu^wi  r£f  WiS.^,'""'" 
with  tomiinal  clusters  of  handsome  VkvKhl«'         '^ ''''''^'  ^''^ct,  2f  high, 
ibrmerly  i„  high  repute  Z  T^S'  £' vln^T'''  ^7'"^  '•^'"™«'--     ^^  v?a. 
pot-herb.  X  Eur.  -^"^  ^"""8  ^^'^^^  f^r"!  a  good  salad  and 

J>,i- -(^  Arornl';„t?y;a  '/^-  --M  va- 

blue,  appearing  in  the  sprfngtout"\^X&r„:S.^^^^^  ^'^— 

corolla  tuhular-campanulatc,  orifice  cToS  JiM?r^  V^""  5-partod  ; 

,:    nous  plant,  in  ganiens  and  loTgmundrL~^ta t^''' iS^:^'-'?'^!"^  '^'^'^^ 
dense  hairs.     Stem  3-4fhigh  winire  J  hv  M  «.il  *  7 ''''''  ^''^''^  rough  witii 

revalue  ..oe...    Co.U»  lhi":^il?^-™«  ^^^^^^^^^^ 

by  tl,o  crvcJ  "omlla  tabo!  '  ""S"'^"--®  DMnguisLea"  mainly 

;  brislly  plant,  to  fields  and  dSfN  sfi  ^  coro  la._A  very  hispid,  im^t 
branching.  ro„„disl,,  abou.TjSfhlg^-  S^'^r^titf"?"-  ^'""  ""='• 
margin  irrogularly  and  slightly  loolhed  r?7?m.n  rT"  "  '"»  "  "'''''.  "«> 
blue  will,  white  ialea  within.^  JuirJuly     §  S  L  ^'^  '"'^'-    '^°'°''''  *^- 

ments  conver<r  no-  snu]  f(,«  ^^ifi  ''»"•"»  o-cieit  Jinib,  with  the  sec:- 

cuiaSif  r™  lo;^'\?s'^i,e  ""^  "'?  "P^"'^^^'  «*'«'^-"-  ''--  ••»  tuber-' 
•bristly,  lobes  lancoSW  t' A  S^TnT  '''^'Z  "''''''''  "^'"'^^  '^^-  very 
calyx,  mese^rn.  lance  JulkaZ' SltrL^^^^^^  *'''''*  ^«"^'  «^««  thJI 

ble,  15  to  30 '  by  5  to  9  'Floral  Ivs  hr?  'r^  "*"  n'"^'  ^^'^  '««-'»•  ^^s.  varia- 
(O.  hispidum  Mx.)  ■I'lo'-al  Ivs.  braethke.     Cor.  4  to  5"  long.     Jn.-Aucr. 

'    AairsfSded  a^Ssf-^^.^'lfnLei^lt^^^^  .'^««?»^^,  »^^y-«Aefe,  Jm% 

diminished  upwards  ;Xt^«m^:S;-'r^^^^^^ 
,  longer,  limb  dilated,  aegm.  ovate    oUul'h    Lluv  ^^"'^t?^^''"" '  ''''^-  n^"""  ^^'^o 
verging  at  base.-By  slreanTV  N  V'.o  iv    ^'^'"'-"li"^"^.  «ells  scarcely  di- 
4f  higK  branched.     Lvs.  2  t"  3' o;  l'2\l  '  ^i""  '"i^  ^"-     ^t-  hollow,  2  to 

lar^e  whU,^      ^'.       ri    V   ,    ^"^ '"•^'^ '^"fi^.  "ear  1' widfi     nor  ^  to  fi"     a  oh 

approaching  tJ  ovat^  alilio'of  ^^*'  Kl^E^llL^-^^^ttS 


Obdeb  90.— BORRAGIKACE^.  .- . 

9.  LITHOSPER'MUM,  L.    Gbammeli.  or  Gbomwell     Mr    5/«„, 
"  f,f,"%«'J  ^W".  x^  ;  tlie  seeds  bei„g  Imrd  anrsLintlikB  ml 

ccmed,  bractcil,  white  or  yellow  ^  ^"^  '*" 

in  length,  with  only  the  centrSvointh«  i".?  ^'^  f^"'  '■°"8^'''  ^«^'H  I--2' 
base ;   upper  ones  subaS      PlT  '      n      kv'  °"^^  "'^^"^'^  "^"^  narrowed  to  the 

ofthe  up^^er  leaves     £rin/|r;^    '''''''  ''"'^^"*''  ^°"'«^^'  '"  *»'«  ^^''^ 
'^Sli^SS^^^^.L.SjZ.S"':^^  -*^  veiny; 

rtJirfrriis\Sis£iri^^^^^^^^^^^ 

hairy  beneatI,;rSr'"u7enti  e,  2^^  J|'7;1\rj"'  ""if  ^".f  Tf  "'''r' 
lary,  solitary,  pedicellato,  in  recKved  1  .fr  <,niko«  'a  ^  •  ''"'  ^^'"t®.  axil- 
stony,  usually  but  1  or  2  perfecteT    Jl'    gtur  "''^  *''^*''  P^"^''^^"' 

stroj^ly  veine.     Nuts  .enerallyTuI'  2?^  L^  ^  a^'rhVoa^.^  X^.  fJi; 

%te":;iKSJ'rh'an\p^pS^^^^^^^^^  -ughish  and 

revolute;  fls.  skittered  latenlaS  ronnfili  '  •  t'"  '"'"'■'  '"^''^  ^'^^^^  *%^% 
minute  'hnpressions.-Sant  prairS*  Tr^^'  "er'Vs''Sha:^.  T'"?'^  '•^''l 
westward.  Plant  G  to  15'  high.  Lvs  1'  lonJ  %u  tJ  11  "^  ^  /?  ^'■^-  "'^'^ 
longer  than  the  calyx  i^vs.  1  long.     Fla  small,  cor.  white,  scarcely 

a  little  branclied  above.  Lvs.  s.^ssile  2  to  3^  wWo  anfl  If  '  '"'^"S  """P^"'  '"'"■'^'j' 
Fls.  crowded  near  the  summi  of  tl  0  stem  rT  1  t  *""^'  **•'  '^"^'  ^'^^'^^d. 
Co.    bright   orange-yellow,    eMX^nn.,^l-?i^-°tes"3  ^';^^^^^ 

'  ^t  ":ss^«  i^aert«[z;t'Eoi'r  "f  ^r^  "r^-^^^^-^^^*^' 

kal/a,  long  as  tlie  corolla;  cT'sZn    ZoJZ     Y     K'"^-  *'*^  ^'""^^'•'  ^"'•«"to, 

.ide  at  baife ;  ac-h.  ovoid,'  sjnin^  -\  Tau?S  t^f '  -""J''"'  *"1^"  ^^"P'^  '"' 

15'  high  .clustered.     Fls.  'crowded.  ^  Sr.'lte  Id'ow  "  7'7o  T\n  ^^  'n  V 

^segm  enlarged  iu  fruit.     Apr._Jn.     (Batsohiu  SSeS  GmeV      ^^     ''''• 

nai;  cal.  segm.  linear  mucl  loS  t  ,on  h        i  "f ''  "°''"'^^'  ''"^-  ^^^^fy,  termi- 
ihe  calyx,  lobes  cSLT^ii  l^f  W?.  toT.r/  '  v""""  t^^^  *  '^"'^  ^^  '^"^ 

15hi/i,' slender.  brSSTarl?   of^'  S     rS' 3^^  ^i'j^fi"  'V^^^ 
lloral  scarce  y  as  lono- as  thoHnvirnr-      n,„    ^;,''-   ■^  ^^^  >*   ^ong,  ^  to  4     wide,  tho 


C02 


OawcR  90.-BORRAOINACfiyE. 


wo?;.  T™^f!^7^t^    (r^Injonaria    Tourn.)      Smooth   Lpko- 
between  the  i..sertio  ,  oV        1  ""^       "^  "^ '""''  ^''''  ^  *■"'''"  '»•  'i'ltf^'s 

anth.  s"b..,itta^;  ^o,:'^;!  j;^:r::;iit:;;r^'^  t^"'^  r, '"''  ^"^' 

nlly  glabrous  ami  pell.»cicl-Diiiu.f«K.    .1  •  "i^  ' '•  ""■'  '^'"'^'^^ '>'^'«- 

tiiHo;  «,r.  tubu  a  times  loiiRor       n  tir.l.v  ','"  "^  "'''""^'  ""  ^-'''t'-^'-  "<>• 

rich  soils,  N.  V.  to  S.  Car   and       '«      a^   ,'    "T"';^  '""»'"''  ^'""'  ^''«  »""•>— Dry. 

truinpot-slmpod.  10"  lot.K.  varying  il,rmSnv.r7  T,      \Tl  ""'''''"''•  ""'""w'"" 
the  sa.„o,^„t.     May.    tl-itl.cfsl^.lu ',*!ulS  tH:,  f  ^'^  ^'^  1"-  --  - 

«oaR.oly  half  as  1,,,,^  as  tho  Jabrmw  'fiS  n '"  '  ■"""•  ^""^y''  "•'•  ''^'"F'lv  <'loll 

Can.  and  nortl.wn.xlsS        'if  «..«)lla.— Soa  shoro.   N.  kL'  vnrv 

^u  tho  tube.  wlSl-o^lhil^'S'a'St'in^-  JT^^"""    ^""^'  "'"^ '-^- 

i"t.S";;°S^:;.^;;i„„:':^^^^    rr  ;;r-et;  .dioai  ,vs.  peti.. 

Jiispid,   thi-ioo  shoitcT  than   ll.n  h         .*^'  '  ""   '""""'"ato  and  voinod;  (a! 

i.ia  ovat..,  smooth  >vitl  a  s..mll  W  ''' V'"'^.  <-<>"oavo  scales;  acho- 
liao.  at  lJ,.^nh  e  0,  tfattr  b  act  ^  ^  "t  >ase  -Jlerbs,  slightly  villous. 
FIs.  never  luillary  ^        '  '''  "^^  ''''^''  **  <^'^^'  ^"'"''  '^'«-  at  the  base. 


Rftconios  onc-sldod. 
14uc«'nus  two-slUutl. 


SS"atsi,;:ia!i=:s?.i;Ma; 


No.  1 

li-'» Mos.  2.  a 


1  M.  paliiBtris  Roth.     3.  j^xxx  /Fie-    09n^     nf     .  , 

scnuvvhat  branched,  erect •  Ivs  Ii.w..ir,..7^'  •?''""''-''y  strigons  or  smootliisli 
rua  without  bracts ;  V^eis  diva  Kb  fmS  tw"'"'  ^'^''  ^""".  «-'«"ercd  hairs 

dor,  about  a  loot  high.  Ivs.  8«.ttercd  s,  1  .  '"',  .S""'  ""^  ^^-  ^  -  vcy  sle.,- 
«al,  or  often  oneof  ti.e.n  au,  ra-a  "liarv  «»::  i  ".  ".  ""  m^  ^'^'  ^  "'  •^"-  ««''•  tern.i- 
a  yellow  center.     Fed.  3  to'c"  hng^^kZ-ti      M '  '  '"  '"  ^'■"""'  •""'^'  ^'"' 

late,  acute;  ^,tls      r^h.^i     fu^W^^  ^^  oblo..g-Leeo- 

loose  racem,,,  which  a.-o  «"<  a    a7LZ  ^7  "^  '''*  ^^"'"'  'V""/ ca/j^x.  in 

Fields.  Ac.  St...  G  to  W  \Zl  Lvf  I'Ih  i""^- "'f  ""^^'''^'•^  «'  <A«ri.«^A2] 
white?  Jl,  Aug.  We  Scribe  froL  Ei^'f  '"  ''"*^''''-  J"^'-^-  ^  to  a"  broad, 
native.     (M.  iutennedia,  Link.)  ^        specimens,  having  seen  none 

lva\S"t*^or^tlXvt"^^^^^^^  ^'"O'^tJy  tubercled  hairs; 

hngasthe  closed,  unci,iatelbnstr««3  .al^  T  "'"''' ^^^^^^^^  "scen.iing,  as 
base.-^i)Dry  fields  and  hills  Conn  NY  7'^^.  ^" /'^''•'^"»f  which  are  kafy  at 
grsatly  in  aspect  at  different  sb.eea';f^Ja;.  /"",  ^^"-  "'"^  ^'"-  P^""*  varying 
which  is  decidedly  bilab  2  tKower  SVr  '^'^''^vs  recof^nized  by  its  calyx, 
grayish.  Lvs.  1' long  or  n  1 JZ  c  '  ^^  ^""?'''" '''^*''-  ^'Jant  6  to  IG' high 
white.     May-^l.     (£  v^J,;^,  fe?  TZ^Z^'i^on]''  "'''  '""'''  ^'"  ''^''^' 


«ooTn   LrNo. 

^  ^»lyx,  liiiii) 

>l<ls  or  ridjroH 

of    tlu!  tilhi)  ; 

(1  leiivos  usii- 
>i»«(l,  caulinc 


'».  liirgo,  |)o(i(). 
all  eiitiro,  ob- 
lio  liinl).— Dry 

12    to    I«'   hijri,' 

irijjT,  soinowliat 
i  liluo  oven  on 

ovnto,  obtuHo, 
I.  (ii'oply  dell, 
^-  Kng.,  rari«, 
'i  limb  longer 

!al  Ivs.  i)cti()- 
l  voini'd ;  cal. 
of  tho  jrivat 
mt,  with  lis. 


noiiso,  and 
-cleft;  cor- 
til}'x,  the  5 
lies ;  aclio- 
itly  villous, 
it  tlie  base. 


....No.  1 

.>ios.  u,  a 


smootliisli, 
terod  hairs; 
loit,  .spread- 
•,  very  slen- 
iiav.  ternii- 
,  hiuc,  with 
mitz.) 

ong-lnnceo- 
uil  calyx,  ill 
ir  base.—^ 
0  a''  broad, 
seen  nono 

!lod  hairs; 
■eiiflinjr,  as 
re  leafy  at 
nt  varying 
•  its  Calyx, 
)  IG'  high, 
1"  broad), 


Ordib  90.— BORRAGIlTACEii:.  5^3 

«.  ECHINOSPER'MUW,  Swart/.    BiruruHKKn.     (C,r.  htvoc  the  m^ 

urcl.n.,  ompfia,  aeci ;  from  the  clmrHctcr.)     Culyi  fl-partcd '  corol  « 

ypocratcM->for„.,  orifico  closed  with  concave  HcaiJs  ;  X  i„  4.    roc 

bearuig  1  to  »  n,WH  of  cchinutc  ,>rickU,.H,  n.nooth  bciween,  cor.LrM 

smarbl^'fl'       '"""""'"^  colu,„n.-IIorbs  with   bracti^d   ric.  Id' 

N  Stl  To  Arr.tf'  on  the  „>argin.-|U  An  erect  Verb,  in^ry  solH  roud   l; 

13.  CYNOGLOS'SUM,  Tourn.  1Io,;nd'«Tonouk.  {( ir.  kvo^v,  a  ^locr 
ykiooaa,  to„g„c  ;  from  tlio  form  of  tho  lonp,  soft  Jeavos.)  (Jdyx  5- 
|.artc.l ;  corolla  short,  infundib..Iiform,  vaulted  ;  orifice  closo<l  bv  6  con- 
vergiL^r   convex  «calcs;  achcnia  covered   with  cchinate  prickles,  dc- 

tKi     ';V"^r,  ^'•^■^•^' Py'-"""t''  ^"''^'""^  *^"«''  Hxed  laterally  to 
the  style.— Cor.  blue,  i)urple  or  white. 

S  jfncoines  witlioiit  tiracts  or  lUMirly  go „ 

8  K.if..n...s  bracto.l  ut  buHe,  bat  tbe  I><''llcelM  alwa^; 'cxtVa^ixlVliry.'." .•:.■.•.■.■.■.■;.•.•.•;;;; -^'n,,'  « 

1  C.  offlclndlia  L.    Common  Hound's  Tovoue.     Silkv-tmhtsrenl  hah.t,,  ih^  i^  . 
rat  oractioas,  paniculuto,  not  stalked;  nutH  margined  in  IWmt  —  ir  Wast  ■  u-roimrk 

s  eS  srrto  2rh'r'''\'"" '--?'-'"  .^•"'''•'  ^"•""'"•^ « iSbKS 

K,,  1  V"   i/  ?  ^'  ■  *°.  ^'  '"^''-     •'^'*'''-  ^''^'^  N"*^  'Jf>»'"  ""  I'oth  Bide.H.  entire   G  to  10' 

naked  pedunck.-n  Inhabith.g  woodn  and  tbieketn,  Vt.  to  Va  andlll    rare  in  n' 
ling     A  luury  plant,  2r  high,  sin.ple,  bearing  at  the  top  of  its  Jea  I  ess  m  mmit  a 

rwidr''ral  :n7"''.  "','^''"  ^'''?^'  "°^^"-     K'""'-! 'v«  5  to  6  bng  andS? 
as  wuio.     Cal.  and  pedicels  very  hairy.     Jn.     (C.  amplexicaulo  M.v  ) 

S;  ■^."*  ^?-     I^«««AR.TiCKs.    St.  widely  branclK-d;  Ivs  cblontr-lancco. 

late  aeummato,  scabrous  above,  putK,soent  beneath ;  rac.  divaVic  ue  diSomous 
Ir.  densely  covered    with    prickles,    doubly  barbed  at  the  m  ,t  _rn    n  Tb  ' 
grounds  and  rubbish.  Can.  to  Fla.   'st.  furr'ower2  tls    hi^"  w;;;;^'J"n/^^^^ 
dor,  remote,  wide-spread  braneh».s,  each  terminating  in  a  <i>  W7f  gal  Smous 

Ordku  XCI.     HYDROPIIYLLACE^.     IIvDROPnYLLs. 

.Jerfo  mostly,  with  alternate  lobed  leaves  and  regular  bluish  flowers.     Calyx  5- 
deft,  usually  with  appendages  at  tho  clefts,  persistent,  free.     Corolla  Q-lobed,  often 
2wm     "J  7  l"!  ^"7"^^'  near  the  base.     5to^e«,  6,  inserted  into  the  Cor- 
luniTs "^^     ^''"^'^  2-valved,  filled  by  the  placenta.     S«cfa  reticulatedi 
Genera  IS,  «p«cVM  77,  clilefly  American.    Propertiet  i  ortani 


s. 


504 


Okdeb  91— UYDKOPHYLLACE^. 


X       X        ,        / 

section  or  .ee.l.  /  »na  stylo ,    c,     q^jj^j^^ 

«  Placontro  contrnl.  law,  many-soeded.    Cyme,  no't  scornol.l 

.O  laco.au,  ,.aH.,t«l  (at  le,«t  In  the  ,nl.ldM/b.ir^^^^^  HrDRom.  6 

b  Lobes  of  tlu,  corolla  convolute  in  aiu vation     Z)  '         '  """'^^  ""''"*•    ^b) 

b  Lobe,  of  tbc  corolla  In.bricato  (qulncunoial,  ".n  the  bud     (d) 
O  Stan.cns  cxscrtml.     Fh.wers  in  fork.-d  s.-or,,  i,i  ^    ' 

o  su-nons  included,  ^lo^.^s  J;:^  i,;;:^^^:::^ "-«<»—•  i 

d  !■  lower,  mdltary.    Calyx  .nuch  enll^ed  In  fruit         N«mo..,.,la.  a 

d  I  lower,  racou.cd.-Loho,  of  the  corolla  entire  (soVd,  4') .V  ^^''•-''"*-  ^ 

-Lobe,  of  the  corolla  entire  (seeds  «  "acklia.  4 

M      ,»«»«  -Lobes  of  the  corolla  fringed..  •  •  •  ••  Kutoca.  .', 

1.  HYDROPHYL'LUM,    Toi.m.     Water-lea/ T^; CosMANTm-s.  « 

vdwp,  water,  <l>vUov  loJ-  fhn  u      *\^^*='^-.leaf    13urb-flower.     (Gr 

tariforous  grooves  insiflo  •  sfp. .«.       ^^>^"/,^o»g'tndiuaI,  margined  iioo- 

iVce  except  at  the  base   and  lex.- 3  VtSl^.L  ^ 

pinnately  or  palnmtely  voinedf  caulin^e  alT  nate   '*  cll""^  ^''''^''^ 
bractless.  '  »*ittrndic.      Cjraes    scorpoid, 

f  Caly.v  nppendnprpd  between  the  sepals  at  hnse     <5f„,„-.„ 

i  Calyx  not  a,,pend«ged.    Fih.u.enTmuehTOted       "' "' '""^  "^  the  corolla >•„  , 

N.  Y„  near  Rochester  to  wfs  and  Va    in  vv.Kf     If  T'^''^  «»«"'•  'ncluded.- 
Petioles   1  to  4'long.'    LvT  roundish i^ <^^,S-  „^'^  ^^  to  18' high,  branched. 

and  diverging  in  a  ftellato  nlan^er  '  Z  4    o  5'  tn.  '■°'''  ""T"'  ^°^^«  P«'"^^d 
long.     Cor.  blue.     May.  ^""&'  "PPendages  dfflexed,  1" 

ge  p«^..fe..--An  inhabitant  Kott'wScart?^'''''^  T'^"  ^"^^^ '''«^ 
Stem  a  foot  high,  bearing  largo  round LirS?!?;'.?  f  \      ^'*'';  ""^  ^  ^^«'^'-"  S^atea 

un;q?ryttro.  teetlf:  trotS.^^^^^^^^^^^  •^'"*'  f^^"'  '^'-'^^  ^^i 
/Aa;»  ^A«/orAerfpe<,o;e.._QurdES  in  kij'r'™Tf^  ^'^"'^'^"^ '■  ^^^-  ^''^'"'"^ 
woods,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ind  Stem  "  1«'  L  T™  *!^  '^'-  ^'^"'"^  "'  «'Pi«« 
divided  into  5-7  lobes.  F^c  cles  oT  fl;"^Pn  J  ?  '  '^'*^.  'f  ^^'  '«"^'''«'^  I'^^aves, 
petiole  which  seems  to  contE  the  stfm  rnr' iTT'"^^'  ''"*  '''^'■*''^  *''««  *•'« 
purple,  much  longer  than  the  ^d!ceisJn    Jl  *""  ^""'"""'^  ^''^^^'^  ^'*^ 

*  5,r^5^^S];:!^S^.  i:t^«  P'-^"-v-ely  hispid  with  white  hai. ;  ... 
into  ro«.cfe<i,  m.cr;i"S^auirne  7vZTJT'''  ''T'  ^°"""^»^'  «''  ^^^'^^d 
-al,  long-pedunculate.  ^enW^^e^et '^^  ^lat^usT^^^^^^^ 


....Htdrolia.  6 
i«eils.    (b) 


[tdiioi'iiylhtm.  1 

...NUMOI'IIILA.  a 

Klusia.  3 

I'llACKLIA.  4 

KUTOCA.  .') 

•  COSMANTIIIIS.   6 

owER.  (Gr. 
liold  water.) 
'tlagetl ;  cor- 
urgined  ncc- 
^U8,  1- celled, 
itaj  2,  fleshy, 
>"g  petiole's, 
-'S    scorpoid, 

lln No.  1 

Nos.  2—4 

er  almost  pin- 
•  and  cal.  liir- 
cute,  4  times 
11.  included.— 
gli,  branched, 
lobes  pointed 
i  deflexed,  1" 

wte,  the  seg- 
'.  longer  than 
stern  States. 
id  style  very 
evv,  on  long, 
L'ss  confluent 
-blue.    Jn. 
hallow  lobes, 
ped.  shorter 
iid  in  aipino 
rhish  leaves, 
cr  tlian  the 
tinged  with 

? hairs;  h>s, 
t,  all  incised 
cymes  ter- 
ovea  inside. 


Order  01.— IlTDROPnYLLACELE.  gg^ 

— Oi.io,  to  tho  Alleghany  Mts.  of  Va.    Stem  a  foot  Ligk  almost  loafleaa.  with  a 
tornnnul  gobou.s  cymo  of  whito  fiowor«.     iiadical  louv^ea  G  toTo  lonHhrL 
ments  ovato-oblong.     Corolla  G"  long,  stam.  10".    Jn.  ^'  ^ 

2    NEMOPH'ILA,  Nutl     (Gr.  vifcog,  a  grove,  ^cXiu>,  to  love  ;  such 
.s  the.r  usua   lo<a hty.)     Calyx  5-parte.l, ti.e sinuses  with  VeflexccI  iZn- 

ft  .1  '•'  ;'  ^«^*.«-<^«'"pa'>ulate,  the  S-IoIk-.s  convolute  in  bu.l,  obtuse, 
thetubenKs.dobeanng]0  n.innto  fold,  or  scales;  stamens  included' 
ovary  globous,  1-celled,  2-valved,  witli  2  placontiJ,  free  except  at  tl  e 
cm  s  each  2  to  12-ovuled.-a;  Herbs  fragile,  ditiu'se,  with  o^osil  or 
alternate,  pmnately  parted  Ivs.,  one-flowered,  pod.  and  cyanic  lis. 
^^^^S^l^^^r     «J"brous  decumbent,  branched:  Iva  trian, 

3.  ELLIS'IA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Joseph  Ellis,  FM.S.,  an  EnHish 
naturalist,  correspondent  of  Linn^us.)  '  Calyx  5-partercq  alK^^ 
tubular-canipanu  ate,  caducous  corolla,  sinus  naked ;  cor.  tube  w,th  5^paim 
ot  nunute  appendages  within,  limb  5-lobed;  sta.  included  •  nectary  am  u 
lar,  5.toothed;  sty  bifid,  with  linear  lobes;  caps/ovdSoKs  2^ 
valml ;  seeds  4  or  fewer  ripening.-a)  Herbs,  with  pinnatifid  Iv^  Cor! 

^■„^^r°!fnt^*,^     ^'^°"^'nff.  branching,  with  few,  ecatterod  hairs :  Ivs  petiolato 

ong.     Calyx   at  longtli  remarkably  lari^e  for  tho  sizo  of  tin  ,:u,.!  i 

meh  m^di.n.     Corolla  lobes  obtusof  emfrgin^tot'^r^urflo'r^^^^^^^^^^^ 

4  PHACrilA,  L.  (Gr.  r>a;.'aor,  a  bundle  or  fascicle  ;  alludino.  to 
|e  ascculate  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted,  not  appendaged  ;  corol  a 
t  bular  campanulate  caducous,  o-lobed,  lobes  entire,  in,brk.ato  in  bud 
ube  vithm  turnjshed  with  5  nmrgined  grooves;  stamens  5,  most  y  ev 
.e  ed  ovary  1-ce  led,  hispid;  slyle  bifid;  capsule  ovoid,  2-vafved 
valves  beanng  the  placentae  ia  the  n.iddle ;  seeds  4  to  lO.-lIerbs  h'S 
pid,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  loose  or  dense,  one-sided  racemes 

*  Racemes  forked  or  corymbed ....  Nos.  1, 4.      **  Euce.no.s  simple        No.s  ■>  3 
tWe.    C,;r.  O"  broad,  bl,,^  ,^„  f™  '?•,„ir^..^'?.,''  '■>""■  '"'■•'''^'"W  ««  pe- 


tiole. 
gins. 


cc^^o^-b^,  bK,:.,™ovo7bo.d«d";ub  s;:7:^^^^^^ 


009 


OiiDKR  Ol—UYDROPHYLLACE^. 


or  tho  radical  ivi  nSif  r^s'  iftSnt;  f  7"'"""f.  -r'*"''  ^-■• 

htono  Mt.  da.  ut.J  Ark.     Sta  H...oothis     0  U.T    l".?.      ""™  'Y"^*^  "P«^'*^^«.  "" 
broiitl,  viok-t  blue,  lO-Hpottt-,!  ..romVu    |,o  v.  II         ^^.'l  *'P""«K'3'  leafj-     Cr  7  ' 

10  I0..K.     Lv.,.  with  their  pctiolea  1  to  3'     ,,    i  .       'r  '!'"""'''  «««^'»''i">-',  «  tc 
Wuo,  4  '  wiUo.     Apr.,  May.  ^'  '"^''^  '^"'^"f-  «"^aH-     l-'ls.  lul,. 

unonr;,,rf  H"e*:ii'S;er.X"KrS^^^^^^^  !^-  .''^-nato,  v.rv 

'-;  st,^  half  2-oLi!;  .v::,^;if^;;;;:-^^;!c  f 

olongrated;  ,»^p.  linear,  a  t/Urd  L  Lmnn.T ,  I  ,        '  '^•"'»-''n^'«  sc.rpoid,  at  leiiLrlh 

5-clolt,  tube  without  apponda  c  .'  sH  r  T  ^.  c^'^pamilate,  cachicous, 
corolla;  -ctary .Hnutirov^h  iV/l.^ltt't^^r^^  .^'''^  ('"''r^-') 
caps.  2-valvod,  valves  septiforous  iif  tho  ni<I  II  '  .'''*''  '^>'-  ^''*^^^  ? 
Delicate    herbs,  with   alternate  1  r'    t     '  ^'^^'«  ^^ '•"{^^'ous.-r,, 

white  or  pale  blue.       ^"''"^^*^  ^^«-     I^^^-  lo"g,  bractless.     Fk  small, 

\nUro'o"!S;\er!autSii  i^  ll^^f  *r'"^°'  P'"""^'"^'  -^--ts  few. 
to  7  oblonj,  acute,  loies;  rac'  termirK,; kTtu'  K'""'^'^  P'""'"i'Hi.  with  6 
tiian  the  ^««^-^/«mr  a«,a& -Fields  aT.,  fin.  ...^"^T^'"'''^''  P*-''^'^''-''''  J«nP<?r 
«nd  Ky.  Plant  8-12' l,i..|  wi  h  slem  m-  h  !,  1"^'  }>''•  *"  ^'*-'  ''  ^-  f"- 
lobes,  mostly«horter  than  thepe  olo  c.^  1-  ^>  -'^'"'''^  ^"'^^^'^  ^-it'u.l.f..so 
broad,  spror«ling.  May  Jn  Jo  flmhr.af?.  t'''?<^'°^>'i'''"^'^^^'  "«''t  bi-  .  .:  ,  ,  r 
Mx.     p!  Purahti  BucS;.)       (^- "'"^'•'^'"^  ^olto.     Phaceliufiinbrla..  IL.  not 

cleft  into  5  to  7  ohhng,ohtt^el\^rS'ilV^  ^  """^'^  «^'«<"«"t«.  "PPer  sessile 
eels  about  as  lonff  ^  thrlLtl-^aTi/r  ;'r''  ""^^  "'  ^  '^  iS-flowered;  pedi- 

w,toG. .?. .  toa'tr«,;X3:^-:- j^-.j^^^ 

£>-iobed  :  staineim   i  aAh^L,.^  J  ^  .r"""^     ^■'  ^'^'^^'■•^  ^"taie-carnpanuiate, 


'iiinatlflJ,  r>  to  ;. 
'K,  acutiMh,  thoHj 
'>!,  IMxliculH  twici 

licuto  Hpocit'H,  01, 

'  leafjr.  Cor.  7  ' 
rooves  obscure!  yr 

Iva.  all  pedolatr, 
upper  with  ,/,>. 
riiiinal,  «  to  J2- 
ulato,  mnoulhiih 

ascendinj.',  0  to 
"all.     Fls.  |,ali. 

allernnto,  very 
liiml  coiitlut'iu": 
liuii  Iho  calyx  ; 

Ijright  bluo  /K 

lohc'd,  iinhii- 
"to  soulos  at 
— O0-si,'0(l(,'(|. 

foct;  Ivs.  )K'l> 
'"'<l,  at  loiif,'ili 
J  bluo  corolla  ; 

,  caulino  altcr- 
iditKj-campan- 
QcrouH.     Call- 

r,  elegance, 

li,  caducous, 

le  (friiijrecl) 

sty.  bifid; 

jrillous. ^'Jl 

l^'ls.  stuall, 


'gmenta  fow, 
atiliil,  with  6 
iicel'<  lonper 
a.,  •  U,  fa. 
with  olituso 
3l'  «  .-.  ',,• 
ai.a  iii.  not 

fits.  Blonder, 
pper  sossilo, 
eretl;  pedi- 
Tonii.  (Miss 
o  5"  diani. 

icid  (oily) 
ipanuiate, 
!,  stigmas 
goiis  pla- 


Orokh  02.~POLKMONIACELE.  ^q^ 

ccntro  n.vial,  borno  on  each  Burfaco  of  tl.o  frco,  false  dlHsephncnt,  scodn 
n.any.-lh|rbs  with  altornato,  undivided  Ivs.,  and  axillary  or  terminal 
cymes  of  bluo  ns.  "^ 

1  H.  oorymbd«a    Mad.ri.lo.      Unarmed,  Bparingiy  hJrHUto  above;    Ivs    seMJlP 

la  co-ovato  ;  branchUls  corymbed,  each  bearing  a  terminal  Jhwer ;  s^p  la'omS' 

acute    usp.d;  cor.  il.nco  longer  thn,,  tho  calyx;  caiKS.  rourKlish-ovoid  Xb  ou  ' 

to  18     onK.  with  dow.:y  vei,.9  and  rnargin.s.     Fls.  Bl.owy,  nearly  l,£l,n3 

]u~t[^    '"'"''  ^'''"''''"'''  ^'•'''  ''"''  ^  ^■^"*^  "P^t*  ""^"^  the  ^4''  (EuTtt.) 

voryaciuo   at  both   ondH,   oiiiiro;  cymes  \  to   fi-flowered,  axillary  mmtV  ^oasilJ 
luwor  pcluP  ulato  ;  soimls  ovate,  acuu.iaato,  a  little  Bhor  er  than  U  o3olla  -J 

a"ilS'''"    ''-'I'^-^'V^'"-''^^-.    «*•   *'^'' '"■?•'•     «Pine8  BtraTgir^ende?, 

fwl7^  r  "'''•     ■^^'-    ^  ^^  ^   '«"«?■      C"""-   *^"">  ^^^<^,  6   to  C'  broad 

Cans.  a8  largo  as  a  poa,  with  numerous  minute  seeds.     Jl.— Sept. 

^  fa.  andfl^'il:  h^H^''  ovate-acuininate  Ivs.  and  terminal  clustera  is  found  in  W. 
La.  and  Ark.,  probably  not  native  wilhm  our  limits.     Karoly  seen  in  gardens. 

ORDEn  XCII.     rOLEMONIACE^     Phloxwokts. 

irerhs  ^'ith  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  5-partcd,   regular,  showy  flowers 
Corolla  nionopotalous,   the  lobes  convolute,  rarely  imbricate  in  .estivation      Sta- 
mens 6,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  and  alternate  with  its  lobc.s.     Ovary  S-celled 
dtgma  3-cleft ;  capsule  S-eelled,  3-valved,  loculicidaL     Seeds  few  or  many,  albumin* 
ou.s,  uttached  to  a  permanent  columella.     (Illustr.  in  Fig.  301  ) 

.ne^';:;r;ian[;.'^'^'""  "^'  ^""^"^  ^-  ^'""'^"""'-    ^hoy  are  valued  and'  cultlvato.l  only  «  orna- 

TniBES  AND  GENERA. 
I.  POLEMONIE^.    8opal«  united  nt  base.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  to  bud.  (a) 

atoiolhisalvi-i-rorm.    FUunients  unequal.    Leaves  entire Phlox  1 

a  Corolla  bcll-forn..     Filament*  equal.    Leave*  pinnate .".'   ■"polkmoniiti.  9 

II   m\7vK\irj^'^'r\  *;na.uenl«  equal.    (Leaves  pinnately  di,«ecte.l) Gil.a.  8 

II.  DLVPLNSIK^    Sepals  dbtlnct,  oval.    Lobes  of  corolla  ImbrlcaU.d Diapknsia.  4 

1.  PHLOX,  L.  Phlox.  Lychnidia.  (Or.  (jiXo^,  a  flower;  from 
tl.c  color  and  profusion  of  the  flowers.)  Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  5-clcft  • 
coro  a  salver-lorm,  the  tube  more  or  loss  curved ;  stamens  very  un- 
cqua  ly  inserted  in  the  tube  of  tl.o  corolla  above  the  middle ;  capsule 
3-cellcd  cells  each  1-soeded.— A  highly  ornamental,  North  American 
genu.s.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite,  sessile,  simple,  entire.  Fls.  in  terminal, 
cymes,  corymbed  or  panicled.     {F\<r.  301.) 

•  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  and  entire  at  the  end    (1) 

1   »"  ,  ,    "C  ''>■'""''  "'•'""'^  '"*  I'yniMiidnl,  i.iany-tlowered v,„   i  o 

1  I  unielo  of  cy iiu-s  corymbed,  level-topptM.  li-.tters  fewer.  (2) ^os.  1,  i 

A  1  ants  glabrous.    Calyx  teeth  .-shorter  than  its  tubes. . . . . . .  Nos  8  4 

2  Plants  hairy.     (  alyx  teeth  attenuated,  loufrer  tluin  the  tube,  ly)" ' 

J  Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  lu-arlv  so ^  Kn«  ^  « 

•  T    K        .■   ^  'jfives  broad,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  etc ■..■.■."".■.■ No's^T  H  fl    Q 

»  Lobes  of  corolla  notclud  or  bifld  at  the  on.l.-lA-avcs  di»i4int......V.;;;:;::.    Nu"' 8.]^ 

—Leaves  Juibiiuated No!  1 1 

1  P.  paniouUta  T,.     Glabrous,  erect ;  lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminaie 

tuZr.Tf\  7  "T'  "''',"P*  "*  ^''''•'^'  rouj:h-edged,  flat;  corymbs  paniculate, 
8Ubp>rainidal,  many-flowered;   cal.  teeth  setaceous-anuminaie,  nearly  as  long  as  the 

tube;  pet.  roundiah-obovate.  entire.— ir   This  fitvoritn  ia  found  notM...  i..^ ic 

and  nver  banks.  W.  States  to  Penn.  and  Car.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  ending  in'a  laije'! 
oblong-pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  pink-colored,  scentless  flowers.  Lvs  3 
to  J  by  9  to  16  lower  ones  distinctly  petiolod.  Cor.  tube  a  little  curved.  12  to 
10    long.     Jl. — Sept.  \  ' 


>6d 


Order  92.— POIEMONIACEJE. 


.  p3S'f  ^^^"-^- 'i?"-s^ss3'''-- 

«l«e.    S,„,„  2Li-  Ui,,,TX  pl  SIS  ?urpr„""U.     Wei"  ,''4"" 

'Sir -^«^^»^^"i^sss'-  ^<s 

'  L?oufMn^  L^::^  c'LS)t:s:' ir-T"'^'"^'  f ^"  *^'^--<-  ^- 

cle  corymlous,  of  dense    MoZltld  c^'eJ    ^l)"? '/r,^'""''"""^  ^^'"*«  '  P^"''" 
Woods,  prairie^  Mich,  to  Ga     St  Xn  ZT  \    '  ^'ft  '"«^^'^'«fe.  ^cumi^^.^ 

pound  and  ratl>or  diffuse/leriTni  two  fl  irH.  H^''^^ '''"P'°  "' ''^''''  'o^' 

spreading.     Cor.  tube  1',  lobeaTosrpirDlo  rofSl  '"''  ^^^^^  *■"'''  P^'»t«  ««f>. 
nviTA      «!■  ^  .    ,.»,""'-'''"="  purpie,  roundish,  spreadintr  1       Miv     ri  i 
OV.VTA.     bt.rougb.shorpuberulent;  Ivs.  broad  (1^);  cor^' lool'ilioutt. 


li. 


{i\  ovata  Ph.) 
4  P'' rf^brrinfa  r  ^'"^r""'""^'  ^^-^^^  S"^^^>  shining.-S.  W.  (P.  nitida  PI,  ?) 

lanceolate,  ^/larp/y  «r«m.«afe._PrXies  3  Ivirrorw  T&- '  ^'^y;"»^^^'•ed. ;  ca/.  <ed/ 

1  to  3r  hisii,  vvUlf  liglit  green  foSo      Lv     2  t  >  '  .'  ^!'; '°  ^'^  ^"^  ^'^»»-     S's- 

.      «.nootIi  except  tl.o  mugl.  eS     Sen  udtod  tl  M*"  t    ?"^'  f  ^^  ''"  ^^''^°.  very 

9  to  12"  loni.  slightl/.ur4  iobe3  U'S^'^j-^^''?,^  ^'""'  ^°"^*''-     ^or.  tub^ 

setaceous—Fla.  (at  Quincy!)  and  elsowW^    a        '"'^ '    'T  '''"'^^'-^olato- 
Floridana  Benth.)  ^^^^V  "»'t  «-J^owhere.     Approaches  the  next.    (I'. 

*I;p"lud"cr:l*^vs"Ero'^^^^^^^  decun,bentaud  branchingat  base,  the., 

erec^  flat,  Ike  J^a^  ^^ :^:tZ^Zt^:  ^JT^  "'''  "f -'-P'"^-  su^! 
«-ftte;  ca/.  teetii  longer  tlian  it,  h,hn  ^f^'^^'J  ihed^se  corymOs  as  if  mvulu- 
rou,.di.h-cbovate,  aSa  anex  ^ir'Ji?''''  ?'  ^-^^ulate-spatuiate ;  cor.  lobes 
out  the  S.  Statek  ^ta  G  o'  "2".  m7  T  aboTrT  "'  %'  '"?'  ^'"""^"'■ 
varying  to  carmine-red.  May,  Jn  (P  nlo^r,/  m"^*  p^^";-  "^''^  P"--?'" 
/3.?     Waltori,  Gray.)  •^'  ^      P"o-i  Walt.,  M.\-.,  Eonth.,  etc.,  not  I^ 

^^ng:ae•  ^.St^S^S-^jr^^S^  ^^^  ovate  obovntoor oh. 
pet.  obovato    entire— ir    imSa  '.n  1    ^  ''''' ^''^''"'''"'^  Imear-subulato; 

|'io»e™,...^„,  r|,ii(Sr„  ";:!j;;rr'i  "."i  as  ji!.;-'; 

tagor  tl,au  ll,o  culyy.    j"no  Wuisli-purplo,  tubo  jcarcely  Iw™ 

'^iw^pScoryi/il?.  sf rf' ,'™  i^^r"'"'  '"•'"°  <"  ■>'"»••■■ 


'ell  .18  (ho  stem- 
a  Ph.) 

e-spottod;  tower 
oud,  rough  ish  or 
■ie,  about  half  ^ 
ir.  and  Western 
Lower  branches 
a  tube  more  or 
>  gardens  from 

ir.  Ga,  (Fcay). 
^      {l\  suaveo- 

'■hranched;  Iva. 
ly  acute  •,  parii- 
2,  acuminaU.— 
ish,  smooth,  9' 
or  often  com- 
tho  points  soft, 
May— Jl.  \ 
loose — South. 

litida  Pli.  ?) 
■ta ;  Ivs.  lance- 
icuto  at  base, 
■red;  cal.  teeth 
dTenn.  Sts. 
r>"  wide,  very 
li-     Cor.  tuba 

;  St.  dcclinato 
,  margin  sub- 
ymbous,  few- 
ibe. — IVairicH 
'blox,  1  to  2( 
7  to  8"  long, 
glabrous  (Liu 
itii. 

'.  lanceohito- 
B  next.    (r. 

at  base,  tiieii 
iasping,  sub- 
fis  if  invulu- 

;  cor.  lobpH 
ils,  tiirough- 
dc'L'p  purpio 

etc.,  not  h 

wnto  or  ob- 
ir-subulato; 

to  y.  Car. 

(4—9"  by 
,  somewiiat 
icely  twice 

or  oblong, 
inear-subii. 
Ua.  (banks 
Jcid     Lvs 


Order  92.— P0LEM0N1ACE.JL  g^g 

1  {»  2'  long,  acute  the  lower  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper  broad  and  clasnir.D- 
at  base,  the  floral  Imear  setaceous.     Ped.ceis  d.ver^ng,  ^  lor.gTs  the  a  vx3l 

blua'  IprXl       ""''*  '"'^■-     '"•  ""'  "  ^*  '«'''  KS-a^ni  gr^ylsl; 

9  p.   Drummondii  IIooi<.     Drummond's  Lyoiinima      Vr^of   riini.^f^„,      i 
branched    glandular-pilous ;  fe-.  ,no.lly  alternate,  oZg  or  Sola  e  seaZu^ 

?r"./T'"T  ''■''*•  '"^'^'"■'^''  *'^^'"-  ^'»"'^«»''>^«'  ^taceoureU^gated'^^^^^^ 
Me;  cor.  tubeptb,^  segm.  obovat^  entire.-'!)  Banks  of  Flint  R.,  S.  E  Ga  1  Zd 
T.,x.  One  of  the  handson^est  species  of  the  genus,  connnon'in  cuUivatfof 
Wliole  plant  gl  ibular-scabrous,  8  to  12'  high.  Fls.  van  showv  all  shXI  frn^ 
white  to  dark  purple,  and  exquisitely  penciled  witl^a  sti     M^,  Jn.  ^ 

10  P.  bifida  Bock      Low,  assurgent,  diffusely  branched,  pubcrulent-  Ivs  am- 
pexicaul,  subrevoluto  on  the  margin,  aeutish,   lower  lancLvate,  upper lan<-^ 
hnear;  corymbs  very  loose  2-5.flowered ;  cal  segments  linear,  acute;  cor  tube 
curved,   segnients  deeply  bifid  -A  very  distinct  "species,  and  very  rare  Tn  Mo 

Beck)  Cass  Co  11  (Mead).  Stem  brownish  .purple,  slender,  6' high.  '  Leaves 
mu7h  curved!"!;;.'"""  ""''  ^''^^"-     '''''''''  ''  '^^-   ^^'•-  Purple, Ibe 

11  P.  subuiata  (and  P.  setacca  L.)    Moss  Pink.    Procumbent,  ca^spitous.  much 
branched,  pubescent;  Ivs.  rigid,  subulate  or  linear-subulate,  ciliate,  f2c™d  in 

Kocky  lulls,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  abundant  in  its  localities,  in  dense  turfv 
masses  spangled  over  in  May  with  rose-colored  flowers.  Corvrab,  3-6  flowered 
Cor.  white  or  pmk,  deeper  purpio  in  the  center.     May  f        '       ' '      ""  nowerea. 

2.  P0LEM0;NIUM,  L.  Greek  Valehian.  (Gr.  TrdA./.oc,  war; 
ri.ny  relates  that  two  kings  fought  for  the  merit  of  its  discovery  ) 
Calyx  campanulatc,  5-clcft;  corolla  lotate-campanulate,  Jimb  5-lobe(i 
erect,  tube  short ;  stamens  dechned,  equally  inserted  at  the  throat  fila- 
ments with  hairy  appendages  .-it  base  ;  capsule  3.cel!ed,  3-valvod 'cells 
many-seeded.— Herbs  with  alternate,  pinnately  divided  Ivs  Fls  ter- 
minal. *  •'  ''•  ''^' 

^fn/t^^^^   ^    w"  ^"'°°''''  b™"^''!'"?-   d'«U3o;    Ivs.  pinnately  l—U-foliate 

U  Woods  and  damp  grounds.  Wis.  to  N.  Y.  and  mts.  of  S  Ca?     Stem  ll-lS' 
ugh,   weak,  fleshy.     Leaflets  mostly  7,  s.ibopposile,  smooth,  entire    sessile  .n 
inch  long  and  half  a.s  w.de.     Segments  of  tho  calyx  lanceolate-ac-ute  peSsten 
much  shoiter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     Corolla  blur,  lobes  si  ort  rounded  at 
Uioends.     Anthors  mtrorse.     Koot  creeping.     May.  f  » ^^J' W  rounaea  at 

2  P.  coBrileum  L.  St.  smooth,  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  pinnately  W  to  ll-foliat^ 
ZZ\e^7^'^{""'^''  ^^'- f '^'^"'"'S  tl'o  tuboofthf  corolla';  Jbof{a^^^ 
tinTttr®  h  l""?.^^'"^  Pl«f't:  i"  gardens.  Sts.  clustered  about  2f  high 
ho  low,  stout,  each  dividmg  at  top  into  a  corymbous  panicle.  Lvs.  mosllv  S 
ol  in.?  If  S^r'^^Votlok^:  Ifts.  all  sessile,  ova'te-lanceolate  SoSto 
obhquo,  odd  one  lanceolate.     Fis.  terminal,  suberect.    Cor.  blue,  G"  diuni!^  f  Eur' 

oani.t.)     Caly.x  5-ceft,  segments  acute ;  corolla  tube  long  or  short, 
1  n,b  regularly  5-lobed  ;  stamens  5,  equally  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube 
disk  cup.form;  capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  few  or  many-seeded.— Herb  J 
with   alternate,   pinnatifid  lvs.     Fls.   paniculate,  capitate  or  scattered, 
elegant  and  showy,  lilac  purple  to  white 

51.  IPOMOWI8.     Corollrt  f.innol-forni,  tlio  tuhe  Tniich  CTserte.l  m„    i 

^i.  (.il.iA  proper.     Cor.  lob..»  subrevohito,  tuh«  ii.diHled  in  cilVi!!!;'.::::;;; ! Nu'  ] 

^  \?:  °°^°"0Pif0Wa  ^r'cs.     Standino  Cypress.    St.  strictly  erect,  tall '  "hairv  • 
Iva  cro^^ded,  pmnaiifid  with  subulate  divisions  j  thyrso  elongated,  with  ver^  Ei 


570 


Oedkb  93.--C0NV0LVULACE^. 


bearing  at  top  a  long  (U)  thy.r'^of7c;rier;:d™eV""^::"  ^rr   j, 
a  Pom^opsis,  MX.  Cantua,  Ju^).~-A  more  slender  form  found  in  ila  is  G  llorfj: 

2  G.  tricolor  Benth,  Tricolored  Gilia.  St.  erect,  nearly  smooth  •  Iva  f„.- 
or  tbnce  pmnat  fid,  with  narrow,  linear  segments;  cymes  panicS^e  3  o  «  fln™ 
«red;  cor.  tncolored,  2  or  3  times  ionger  than  the  calyx,  tube  very  short      rf  a 
elegant  little  garden  plant,  from  California,  If  high.^   Fl"    nuSrourh^b^^^ 
Llac-blue,  throat  purple  and  tube  yellow.  J  "'«rous,  iimo  palo 

4.  DiAPEN'SIA,  U  Calyx  of  5  oval  imbricated  sepals,  closely  sub- 
tended by  mibncated  bracts;  corolla  campanulatc,  imbricated  in  the 
bud ;  filaments  5,  flat,  arising  from  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla:  anther 
cells  diverging  at  base  and  the  dehiscence  transverse;  capsule  raporv" 
enveloped  in  the  persistent  calyx,  3-celled,  many-seeded—Prostrafo 
undershrnbs  with  densely  imbricated,  linear  Ivs.  and  solitary  terminal  fls 

SI.  D1APRN8IA  proper.    Anthers  without  awns.    Flowers  pedicellate  v    ',' 

i  2.  Pyx.danthera.    Anthers  with  the  lowc .  valve  a^nj    IZVer^  ^^{u, |"-  | 

1  D  Lappomca  L.  Caespitous;  Ivs.  dense,  spatulate,  fleshy,  evergr^n '  obtu<J 
and  entire;  fls.  pedunculated.- y  A  little,  leafy  plant  2-3'  high  SS-ino-n^ 
the  summ.ts  of  the  White  Mta  in  N.  Hampshire,  forming  dense  fuVamon?  tSe 
rocks.  I^ves  crowded,  pale  beneath,  fleshy,  5—8"  by  1''  with  a  revolute  mLin 
clasping  ba.e,  and  broadly  obtuse  point,  k.  on  .«lenderT  '  longut^iuTS' 
tary  pedunc lea  Calyx  of  5,  obtuse  leaves,  longer  than  he  leaty  brSte  at  it 
base.     Corolla  white,  with  5,  flat  segments.    July. 

2  D.  barbulita  EIL  Branches  short,  ascending;  Ivg.  lance-cuneiform  nnnfn 
pubescent  nt  base;  fls.  terminal,  sessUe;  lower  %kWe  of  thHnt" er  Sked  «; 
owned  at  base.-A  prostrate,  creeping  plant,  abundant  in  pine  barrens  N  J  Z 
Car.,  forming  dense  beds.  Stems  3-6'  long,  subhispid.  Leaves  1-2"  by  i-i'^ 
Fk,weT8  w  nto  3    d.am.     Sepals  denticulate,  a.  long  as  the  corolla  tubi^    May" 

^o -"T  ®  .^""^  ^^  ^''®  """^^""^  '«  variable,  sometimes  reduced  to  an  acute  no  nt 
(Pyxidanthora  barbulata  Mx.     D.  cuneilblia  Ph.)  "  '  •>  an  acute  pomt. 

Order  XCIII.     CONVOLVULACE^.     Bindweeds. 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  sometimes  parisitic,  sometimes  shrubby  Leaves 
(or  scales  when  leafless)  alternate.  Fbwers  regular,  penta.nerous  and  S-androus 
SepeUs  imbricated.  Corolla  monopetalous,  5-pluited  or  lobed,  convolute  in  bud' 
Omry  free,  2  (rarely  3)-celIcd  or  falsely  4-celled,  or  of  2  distinct,  l-ovuled  pistils.' 
Capsule  2  to  6-sceded.  Embryo  large,  coiled  in  mucilaginous  albumen.  (Illustr  in 
fig.  49,  56,  303,  321,  338,  455,  456.)  ^ 

Geveraff),  opeHen  700,  abundant  in  tropical  climatos,  rare  In  cold 

tuhe^  The  «wcct  i.otato,'a  valuable  article  of  i^K  i"-th^;!;uir';:?\!"i;,2:;^';:^!;::':r x 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 
1l"  DyCHO^mi'i^    Lc.nu...,  parasUic  twining.     Kn.bryo  without  cotyledons... Cusc-.t..  10 
J       ?0VV0LV    ^lf;H     r   '';    ^;,'»- 2.  <l«tinct.  with -2  distinct  styles.    South... D.c,.on«ka.    !) 
I.      CONVOLVl  LL^     LcNity.    Ovary  I.    Capsule  dohi.scont.    Cotyledons  leafy.    U) 

a  Ovary  2-celled.    Styles  2.     Peduncle  longer  than  the  leaves :..Styu8ma   S 

a  Ovary  2-t;ii!cd.    Styles  u.iitca  into  one.    (b) 

b  Calyx  naked—stamens  exserted.    Tube  of  the  corolla  slender Calvnyction  0 

-Stamen.  included.-Stipmas  2,  linear Co.s vo..viii.r8.  5 

—Stigma  capitate Ipom.ea.  4 


Oavmt  93.— CONVOLYULACBLB.  g^j 

A  OwHty  a-colled.    SUgma  capitate,  granulate^,  not  lobed J .  P„ArniTw   3 

a  Ovary  4-collod.-Sta,non«  ioclude.l.    Corollas,  large lulJrl  a 

—Stamens  exserted.    Corollas  rather  small .Qir amocut.  1 

\.  aUA'MOCLIT,  Tourn       Cypress-vine.     Sepals  5,  mostly  mucron- 
JJ^'1^  t^ibular-cyhndric,  with  a  s.lver-form  border ;  stamens  ex- 

«crted,  style  1,  stigma  capitate,  2  iobed ;  ovary  4-celled,  cells  1-seeded. 

—Iwmmg  herbs,  mostly  American.     (Fig.  303.) 

1  Q.  vulgaris  Choisy.     Cypress-vine.     Lvs.  pinnati/id  to  the  midvein  ne^ment, 
haear  parallel,  acute;  ped.  l-flowered;  sep.  ovate-lanceoJate.- %  An  Sed 
ing^delK^ate  viae   Penn.  (Eaton)  and  S.  States  generally  cult^aSS     Stems 
glabrous,  very  slender,  twining  and  climbing  to  the  height  of  5-lOf     Fls  much 

E  Ind  ^  ™*  *"  ei^quisite  awning.     July,  Aug.  f  § 

2.  BATATAS,  Rumph.    Sweet  Potato.     (The  original  Indian  name 
of  the  common  potato   transferred.)     Calyx  of  5  sepals;  corolla  cam 
pnnulate,  with  a  spreading  limb;  stamens  5,  included  ;  style  simpL- 
stigma  capitate.  2^obed  ;  capsule  4-ceIled,  4.valved,  with  4  erect  s^ds! 
-Herbs,  or  shrubby,  chiefly  American.     Juice  milky 

»4o«»-  tkm  th.km«;  Kf.  ovate,  obluse;  seed,  TilZs  wS  loM^a^_?r 
1.1.^1.  bla.  several  feet  m  length,  pubescent,  Ped.  2  to  3'  lonir  r™  1  ™ 
5X1)  £:    loroit'Elir-^-      ^«-^'  cap,t.tl'T.-^Sl^'^' 

Lvs.  2  to  5  long,  on  petioles  2  to  6',   Fl.s.  showy  rose-numlp     +  w  rtwu.     /<^  ^' 

3.  PHAR'BITIS,  Chois.     Mounino  Glory.     (German  farbc  color- 
m  reference  to  the  brilliant  flowers.)     Calyx  S^epaled   Cola  cam' 
panulate  or  inclining  to  funnel-farm;    style  single;  stigma  capita?<^ 
panulate;  ovary  3  Jrarely  4).celled,  cells  2-sced?d.-BeaSurcm^ 
mg  and  twining  herbs,  everywhere  cultivated  for  ornament. 

^  fl^pffi*''®*-.   ?*•  e>"."^'"K  ^•^d  twining,  retrorsc-ly  pilous:  lvs.  rardni.  .pi,v.  . 
aufw    sUte'^s'"'  St'^i^l^^r  T*" '  t'*^'^'^'^'^  ^^''^k;  cal.  luspidi^Mn  flelds/Mid. 


572  Order  93,— CONVOLVULACE^. 

*  T'  ''*^?>»'*.  MoRNiNO  Glory.  Lvs.  cordate,  3-to&erf;  flg.  linlf  5-clort-  r,,>,? 
shorter  that,  tho  petioles,  1-3-flowered ;  s^.  Ijat^,  fem^-pom  J  den  elv'hS 
bolow._A  very  b«aut  ful  twining  plant,  found  wild,  Penn^  to  Flo  .,  1,  SL  b  :^ 

wl  H^^^l^r  "  K'*'-^^'"  r"""*'-     ^^"^  «"^  '°"^««  somewhat  ha  rj.     K^^^^^ 
large,  t'o  tube   wlnto  and  the  border  of  a  dear  blue  color(whence   ts  sncS 

4    IPOMCE^A,  L     False  Bind-weed.     (Or.  ^t/.,  tirog,  bind-weed  for 
perhaps  .^of,  ivy  ,  a„d  5fmog,  similar.)    Calyx  S-scpalod ;  corolhicam 
pnuuiate;  sta.n    ,„cluded;  stylo   1;  stign.a  capita^  usually  2- oW  • 
ovary  and   capsule  2-collcd,  cells  2-seedo<l.-A  largo  gems  of  herbs' 
dimbiur     ''"''     "     •''  *''^^'''^'-     ^"^   '^""'"^   are  I.erbs,  creeping '; 

♦  Floworscrti.itrtto,  involucnite,  small,  bliip.    Sopals  Imiry      .  >,    . 

*  h  lowers separato-Sopuls  l.rLstly  ..ill^to  ...psull:,  so.no^J^i.athaiVy. •::;;:;  '. i^'^H' , 

—Klowns  white,  iiircly  yellow ".".V.".'.".".*.".'.\os  (^Ijj 

1  I.  tamnifdlia  L.  .%  ferete,  AtV.si^te;  lvs.  hvrmle  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate, 
ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves;  Jb.  (small,  blue)  in  involucrate  heads,  brkc^s  unenu!l' 
lanceolate  or  uiear,  acute;  sep.  very  hairy,  lir.ear-subulate.-^X)  Edle  gT^ 
La.  Vme  nulmg  and  climbing,  clothed  all  over  with  tawny  hairs.  Lvs  larl 
on  long  petioles.     Ped.  2  to  J  long.     Fls.  crowded,  9"  long  blue  *'^ 

2  I.  commutdta  R.  &  S.  St.  slightly  pubescent;  lvs.  cordate,  entire  or  3.?«/W 
smoo  lush,  hairy  at  tho  insertion  of  tho  long  petiole,  auricles  obtuse  below  mlZ 
lobe  dilated  at  base  or  ovate;  ped.  about  equating  the  petioles,  2k>TuomZ. 
Sv  Tin"  '•  «™"»"!J^«./'*'i'^te-hirsute,  4  times  shorter  than  LcoroUaTX; 
hairj  .-i)  In  dry  lields,  S.  Cur.  to  Lii.     Hts.  twining  and  climbing.     Petioles  1  to 

pet,Ae^;  sep.  bristly  ciliate,  oblong-lanceolato,  acute,  half  a,  hngc^ihecorlua- 
caps.  pilous.-,J)  Penn.,  Md.  to  Fla.,  La  and  111.     A  snmll,  prS?a^  specie's  f^ 

lob  d"T>etble7l  to  r  n?'  "S-     l'\  t  }'^  ^*''  '''''^'P'^  ^«'^-^^'  «ft-  deeply  3- 

^^I'-'^/^W^.^h'^^k,   ^"5^- F/^t-^Hsliplitly  scabrous;  fe..  rowncfM,  emaryinai. 
Z,  .  :1^^    fl'er  t  uclc,  p3tu,lato,  strongly  veined ;  p.d.  1  to  5  (generaUu  zyjhwZ 

Loost  ami  isl    o<  Ua.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long  and  wide,  as  long  as  tho  nctioles  and 
peduncles.     Pedicels  bracted,  1   to  2'  long.     Cor.  near  3'  long,  purple     Jn!- 

S  I.  sagittata  DcsC     Glabrous;  lvs.  cordaf^^agitlate,  veiny,  gradually  acute  and 

nucronato  auric  cs  acuto  or  rounded,  pc4ioles%longatedf  p^.d.  as  lo  J  as  Tl  e 

petiole,  but  much  shorter  than   tho  solitary,  ampkjhwer  •  8o»   ovZ"  obhKo 

2  to  3  long,  the  sides  nearly  straight.     Ped.  very  thick.     Cor.  3'  Ion"    ho  bor- 
der  sprcadmg  2'  or  more,  purple.     Jn.— Aug.  °' 

^,L!i??w^/^/f-     '^'-  '"'"""^'i^J-  glabrous,  or  the  veins  beneath  hirsute,  pal- 

malely  l-ckft,  the  segm.  pmnatijid,  with  obtuse  teeth;  ped.  1  to  2-liowercd  as 

Slato    m-Slll"'"'.;  -pals  lance-ovate,  nearly  as  long'as  tho  tube  0^1"  eai" 

imnuUto  coiolla.— y  Ga.,   I'la.,  in  calcareous  soils  (Michaux).     Lvs.  varying  to 

sinuate-lobed.     A  twining  vine.     Fls.  white,  1' long.'    (L  dis.secta  Pi, )    ^    *' 

fnn.rin!lw^U^i'^'''^\^^^-\''^"°^^i  ^'"-  "''''^^•-  '^"""'""'"^  smooth,  the  margin 
tKriolI  c  '  f^'«lf  «l«"ff«ted;  ped.  l-flowered,  2-bracted  abo;e,  as  long  as 
the  petioles  sep  broadly  ovate,  obtu.se  or  mucronulato ;  cor.  tubular,  companulate. 
--4  r^.  Car  and  lenn.  Vino  twining  and  climbing,  with  lvs  clocantlv  heart- 
shaped,  and  large  yeUo^r  corollas.     Sep.  largo  7  to  9'' long.     (l!  dS  Ph.) 


Obder  93.— CONVOLVULACE^ 


673 
8  I.  panduritur  Moyer.    Wild  Potato.    (Fii?.  321.)    Mak-op-tiip  PAP-m     c^ 

5.  CONVOL'VULUS.  L.     Bind-weed.     (Lat.  convolvere,  to  entwine 

ro.n    he  habit  of  most  of  the  species.)     Sepals  5,  corolla  calanu^atc' 

style     ;  st.gmas  2,  hnear-cylindrical.  often   revoh.te;  ovary  2-00^  4- 

ovuled;  cpp.sulo  2.ceiled,  4-seeded,  or   by  abortion  fewer.-IIo  bs  or 

shrubby  plants,  twining  or  erect.     None  native.  "tiDs  or 

ovato;  cap.  «mooth.-^2^  FioldS  p^'r^  Ma^  o  Ca^r  rr^.oSon'^^Set 
several  feet  long,  dimbinK  or  prostrate,  a  Iktlo  hain.      Leaves  1-2'  Ion!  Z 

lanceolate,  acute;  cor.  trirohred;  caps,  villous —^D  St  wp«1  11  Vf i    ^^      n^' 

Jut/™;; 'r/,;:  s^r  ? '?  £"™'° --. -' ""^^^^^^ 

7  CALYSTE'GIA,  Br.  (Gr.  «aAvf,  calyx,  orln  a  covei-ins-  alluj 
mg  to  tl,o  conspicuous  calycino  bract,,.)  cklyx  {-parted,  ncfu'dcdb 
2  large,  foliaccous  bracts;  cor.  campanuKatc,  5-plicatc ;  st,a.  subcqua" 
shorter  tlia..  tl,e   „„b;  ova.  half  bilocular,  4.ov„led;  stV.  si  npTe    £ 

MowS,  Sair"""'  *-"^''«'-""*'  '-"■%'  or  pUr  •  Pei 

The  wiM  plant  (Coevolvnius  repens  £,)'  L"  oHlL^.o^iySr'"''  '"'- 
vc„.„re  ,0  ^ug,.es.  .CSh  ^^^.f  olilAuS'of  t^^  "^'^  """'^ '  "" 


5V4  Order  93.— CONVOLVULACE^. 

8.  STYLIS'MA,  Raf.    (The  name  has  reference  to  the  plurality  of  the 
styles.)     Sepals  5,  equal;  cor.  cainpanulate ;  ovary  2-celled ;  styles  2 
rarely  3,  stigmas  capitate;   stamens  included.— 2^   Slender,  creepin<r' 
soft-pubescent.  "' 

1  S.  evolvuloides  Chois.  Lvs.  oval  or  obloug  or  linear,  entire,  obtuae  or  rarolv 
retuae  at  botli  ends,  on  short  petioles;  ped.  lonKer  than  tlie  leaves,  1  to  3-H(>wered- 
bracts  subulate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  sep.  ovate,  acuminate,  tlirice  shorter  tliaii 
the  corolla;  sty.  distinct  to  near  the  base.—U  Dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soils,  8.  E.  Ohio 
to  Va.,  Ga.  and  La.  St.  trailing  several  feet,  subsimple.  Lv.s.  1'  to  18"  Joni'  1 
to  9"  wide.  Ped.  2  to  3'.  Cor.  8  to  10"  long,  white.  Jn.— Sept.  (Convolvulua 
aquaticus  Walt.     C.  trichoaanthua  Mx.,  C.  tenellus  Lara.) 

2  S.  Pickerfngii  Gray.  Lvs.  narrowly  linear;  Irracts  resembling  the  leaves 
equaling  thejhwer;  sty.  united  to  near  the  top;  stem  pubescence  and  peduncles  aa 
m  No.  1.— y  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.     (Convolvulua  Pickeringii  Torr.) 

9.  DICHON'DRA,  Forst.  (Gr.  6ig,  double,  xov^po^,  grain  ;  for  its  2 
seed-vessels.)  Calyx  5 -parted;  corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft ;  ovaries  2, 
styles  2,  stigmas  thick;  capsules  utricular,  1-sceded.— 2^  Prostrate' 
with  roundish-cordate  or  reniform  lvs.  and  inconspicuous  fls. 

D.  rfepens  Forst.  Lvs.  much  shorter  than  their  petioles,  pubescent  or  silkr 
beneath,  entire ;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  sep.  oblong-spatulate  ob- 
tuse,  villous,  a  little  larger  than  the  oval  cor.  segm.— Wet  grounds,  S.  States'  A 
little  turfy  creeper,  rooting  at  every  joint,  3  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  varying  from  3" 
diam.  to  9  ,  petioles  1  to  3',     Cor.  greenish  white,  1  to  2''  broad.     Mar.— May. 

10.  CUSCUTA,  Tourn.*  Dodder.  (Fig.  456.)  Calyx  5  (rarely  4)- 
deft  or  scpaled ;  corolla  globular-campanulate,  5  (rarely  4)-cleft ; 
stamens  5  (rarely  4),  appendaged  with  scales  or  fringes  at  base ;  ovary 
2-cclled,  4-ovuled  ;  styles  2  ;  capsules  mostly  4-seeded ;  embryo  spirally 
coiled,  without  cotyledons.— 0)  Herbs  without  verdure,  germinating  in 
the  soil,  at  length  withering  at  the  root,  and  deriving  their  nourish- 
ineat  from  other  plants  about  which  they  twine  from  right  to  left.  Stem 
yellowish  or  reddish.  Lvs.  none,  or  mirtutc  scales  instead.  Fls.  var- 
iously aggregated. 

S  Btigitias  fliifortn,  as  well  as  the  styles.     Capsules  regularly  clrcumscissile No  1 

i  Stigmas  capitate.    Capsule  indebiscent,  or  never  bursting  at  base.  (♦) 

•  Sepals  united.    Ovary  and  capsule  globular-depres,se(l.  (1) 

1  Flowers  In  subsrlobous  cymes.    Corolla  withering  at  base  of  capsule Nos.  2-4 

1  h  lowers  in  paniculate  cymes.    Corolla  witliering  at  top  of  capsule No  5 

•  Sepals  united.    Ovary  and  capsule  more  or  less  conical  (2) 

2  Corolla  lobes  acute,  inflexed  at  the  apex Nos  6  7 

2  Corolla  lobes  obtuse,  not  inflexed .'. Nos  h' 9 

•  Sepals  distinct,  surrounded  by  similar  imbricate';  bracts. ..'.'.'. .'.'.".'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.''.'  '.Nos.  10  11 

1  C.  epilinum  Weih.  Flax  Dodder.  Fls.  sessile,  in  small,  dense,  remote 
heads;  cal.  5-parted,  segm.  broad;  cor.  globous-cylindric,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  calyx,  with  acutish  lobes,  withering  around  the  depressed-globous  capsule  • 
scales  small,  crenate-dentate ;  sty.  short.— Middle  States,  growing  on  flax.  St.s' 
reddish  orange.  Fla.  yellowisli  white.  Cal.  thickish.  Stam.  included.  Stig. 
acute.  Caps,  opening  around  the  base.  Ju.  §  Eur.  (C.  Europ^a,  Darl.  and 
others,  not  of  L.)  «  v  r  -7 

2  C.  obtuaifldra  (IT.  B.  K.)  /?.  glandulosa  Engelm.  Sts.  low,  bright  orange 
colored ;  Jls.  pedicellate,  in  loosely  globular  clusters,  and  dotted  with  red,  shining 
glands;  sep.  rounded-obtuse,  as  well  as  the  soon-reflexed  cor.  lobes;  sty.  thick, 
subulate,  stig.  capitate;  ova-large,  depressed,  soon  outgrowing  the  withered  cor- 
o..^  .ft.iving  it  at  its  base ;  scales  large,  ofteri  exceeding  the  tube,  deeply  fringed. 
— Ga.  (Pond),  Fla.  to  La.  Parasitic,  mostly  on  Polygonum.  Fla.  1  to  li"  long. 
Caps.  IJ  to  1|"  diam. 

•  Abridged  IVom  Dr.  Engclmann's  Monocraph.    S««  Prc&oe. 


Okdbb  93.— CONVOLVULACE^ 


575 

^  S'^^^°I°°^^^  Engelm     Low,  branching  orange-colored ;  Jb  usuaUv  4-«flrfcrf 
short-podiceled,  m  scattered,  irlobular  clustprs  •  r^  tuh^nlLi     ^"^V  ^-parted, 

Wj.^o  Ark.,  aUo  m  Del.  on  Polygonum,  &c.     k.  abo'ut  1'' lonTT  gfeS 

^  SoJ°o,"*S^'^  Engelm.    Pale,  much  branched ;  flg.  mostly  4-parted  short  nedi- 

thus,  Aster,  &c.  Cor.  1"  or  less  in  length.  Caps.  1  to  IJ"  diam  '  ^^P*'^^**"- 
6  C.  decora  (Chois.  Engelm.)  (i.  pclcherrima  Engel.  Fls.  pedicellate  B  nnrM 
large,  broad-cainpanulate,  loosely  paniculate ;  cal  lobes  acutVTn<i^^w;ft'f' 
olla,  crenulate  ou  the  margin;  fobes  of  the 'fleshy  S?a2%S; l^^^^^^ 
pomtmflexed;  sty  aslong  as,  or  longer  than  the  ovary;  capTmvJloSttt 
dead  corolla;  sds.  beaked  rough.-S.  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex,  gr^o  vi^g  on  LeS^mi 
no  03,  Composite,  &..  Fls.  larger  than  in  any  of  the  pr^cedin'.  fpecies  U  to 
If  ^long,  fleshy,  white.     Anth.  and  stig.  yelloW  or  purpl.     (C.-indSm  cLs 

^  ?n^n^t^f  ^"^?™-  ^- P^^iceled,  nwstly  ^-parted,  in  loose,  paniculate  cymes 
at  length  glomerate;  cor.  fleshy,  Bubcylindric,  lobes  ^rect,  wih  the  acute  Sti 
mflexed  and  margins  crenulate;  scales  n>inute,  reduced  to  lateral  teeth -a^t 
rrVa'and^Gr'on  h""?  ^pT"''^ -''-^  bears  the  dead  cS  Stto^L 
JU.  to  Va.  and  Ga  on  Hazel,  Rhus,  Salix,  Heliantbus,  and  other  herbs  and 
shrubs,  m  open  woods  and  prairies.     Fls.  1"  long. 

°  J!'  fZ?'^^^^   ^'"''^-  ,  ^'-  "i'*""™'  *'"^'^'  "ft^»  l"gl>-climbing;  fls.  mostly  S-narted 

ISTi   T^,P'°'°K^'''°'f"*"^'^''"««;   ^°'--  tube  deepl/'campaSe    Wr 
than  the  cal.  lobes,  obtuse,  flat,  spreading,  not  roflexed;  s/ales  laV^e  ovd  deenll 

5T  o'n"::o«r  '  ''^'^rf^  j^vestedtt  base  with  the  dead  ZL^ian  ?n5 
y.  S.,  on  coarso  herbs  and  shrubs.     The  most  common  of  all  our  spedea  InW 
damp  or  shadypkces,  the  only  one  in  N.  Eng.    Sts.  light  or.nge.    Hs  iVto  1? 

^X^?^i^Ss!tJS^Sl?^VtLS^^^'^"^  ^^"°  ^°^^' 

woods,  on  tall,  coarso  herbs,     ^'early  allied  to  the  last.  "  '"^  '^'""^^ 

"stS;  tZ!'tv  fi^fr  L/'-^"''^^  ?•  '"  ^°"^P^^^*  '"'^^^^  surrounding  the 
eiun,  .sessile ,  sep.  6  (I    long),  surrounded  by  manv  SQUn/rous  bracLf  ■  mr  tni.ni..P 

campa„uiaie,  5-lobed.  longer  than  the  calyx,  witL^ri^g  ZtoTo'-'capsuk    lobcS 

lano.j.Jate.  acute,  spreading  or  reflexed;  Lalen  fi.nbriate.-ruLdanU  .  Mo    I? 

and    ow^i,  cinefly  on  the  Composita).    Fls.  about  2"  long,  formin<.  co  ni  act  c';!    1 

oSp'^aT'  Co^Jhh'*'-^T''^^^'  appearing  as  if  springing  IVomrsiefs  of 
omtr  plants.     Cor.  white  and  scanous.    Anth.  partly  oxserted.     Jl, 

bracta  mmute  ({  '),  orbicular;  cor.  tube  slender,  with  5  oblong  lobes  wiiheTinaon 
Vie  summtt  of  the  acutish  capsule,  like  a  calyptra ;  sds.  mostly^but  1  0^2  -Sk^ 
Ix^"^  fJ^^'-'T'^  R'.  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  fhe  Mts.  of  Ga.,'on  Vh  ub^  as  H^L 
Alder,  Andromeda.     Tlw  twined  clusters  in  fruit  are  often  9  to  18  "d^l 


^"^  OaoER  94.— SOLANACK<E. 

^J.  ADPR^SSA  Engelrn.     Cor.  broader;  caps,  leas  pointed:  ada  2  to  4.-I11  u 
V a.  and  La.,  on  Rhua,  Smilax,  &a  «,  oua.  .«  «,  4.— m.  t« 

Order  XCIV.     SOLANACE^.     Nightshades. 

PUnts  herbaoeous  rarely  shrubby,  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate  leaves 
FW,  mostly  regular,  oaen  extra-axiUary,  fi-parted,  on  bractless  pedicels  X 
««a  yalvato  or  phcate  in  tho  bud  and  often  convolute.  Colyz  persistent.  Sia^r^ 
6,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers  2-celled.  t^U^ 
2-celled  capsule  or  berry.     S^eds  oo,  with  a  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen 

Illust.  In  Figs.  &4,  822. 

lrS:r"  ''•  ''"^'"'  ''''  "'  '"°^''  <^«^^'  »»"»••).  g^no-l'^  dim.sed,  but  most  abundant  in  ti.e 
4l^ZMn7^>^  teStd  f,iu',irevCn«r5  ul  '''"'"'  "''  f"'^^'"'-'  by  a  narcotic  prin- 

nutritious  food,  not  In-causo  tliev  aro  free  fminM.B,, .,£»!„  •  ''"''*'"''"  """"l  "lioli'Some  and 
Jn  the  hrocessJf  cooking  or  ,i,7nlnff  n  tho  s  n  wT^^*  ','' '"?''!.''''  ^"^  ^'^''"»«  "  '«  ^•«l'^'ll*'d 
ihe  fruit  of  tlie  Tomato  awl  Zanl„\u  Tim  ^on^w  ■  /''®  tubers  of  tlio  Invaluable  /'oUUo, 
«n,l  produces  the  well-k„rvn^'fE(,£  fruU  Cul^.  pl'pfer      '"""'^  ^'■'^"  ^'""^  "»'•'"'"'"'• 

GENERA. 

1  P  ""11*  ;'';f<'';«'"*P<»J'  "'«  tube  very  short.    Anthers  convergent  (a) 
S  Con, la  bell-slmped,  the  broad  tube  Including  the  erect  anthers  (b). 
S  Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long,  and-the  limb  somewhat  irregular  (c), 

—the  limb  quite  regular  (d). 

a  S  amens  cohnato,  opening  by  slits  Inside.    Berry  torous LTOoPFRSicnv     1 

a  S  amen,,  connlvent,  opening  by  terminal  pores.    Berry  round SolAum     I 

a  Stamens  connivent,  opening  by  slits.    Berry  dryish,  angular. .  " ' "  CaprZu     I 

b  Corolla  bluish.     Berry  dry,  inclosed  in  the  enl  rged  cl  yx. i^^Z'    I 

b  Coro  la  yellowish.    Berry  juicy,  inclosed  in  the  enlarge/calyx     ::"lWus"    t 
b  Corolla  purplish.    Berry  black,  sitting  on  the  open  calyx. .  .!^  . . .  atropa     6 

C  stamens  exserted,  declining.    Capsule  opening  by  a  lid ! ". li^osc vamus'    7 

H  ^fan,      ^'■^"'7" '"'^'"''f'l.  ""equal.    Capsule  opening  by  valves Petunia     S 

d  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  tho  summit  of  tho  tube Neibembero  a"    0 

d  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube T™  io 

d  Stamens  included.-Calyx  5-angIed.    Capsule  spiny  or  smooth .V.".'  ■.".■. Datuba'  11 

-Calyx  terete     Stigma  capitate Nicotiana!  12 

—Calyx  teretish.    Stigma  2-lobed.    Flowers  small Fabiana   18 

1.  LYOOPER'SICUM  Tourn.  Tomato.  (Gr.  A^«of,  a  wolf,  wpm«dx;, 
a  peach ;  a  fanciful  iiarnc.)  Caly.x  6  to  6  to  oo  parted  ;  corolla  rotate 
with  a  short  tube  and  a  plicate-valvate  Jiinb;  stamens  5  to  6  to  oo,  ex- 
serted ;  anthers  connate  atape.x,  longitudinally  dehiscent  on  the  inner 
face ;  bcriy  fleshy,  2  to  3  to  Oo-celled.-Lvs.  pinnately  compound. 
I'cd.  extra-axillary,  oo -flowered.  J  f 

■^■sp?mi^nft°Sr  ^^'"-  •^l''^'  "f-  l^'^'-baceous,  weak;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnatifid, 
smooth  r^ktT?  ^'""If'  V  '"'■•  "'^"y-J^bed  ;  fr.  torulous,  furrowed 
smooth.--X)  This  plant  resembles  tho  potato  in  its  general  aspect.  It  grows  .3 
— 4t  liigh,  with  jagged  leaves,  greenish-yellow  flowers,  and  an  unpleasant  odor. 
Ihe  truit  IS  large  and  ab.indant,  with  acute  furrows,  at  first  green,  becoming 
when  ripe  of  a  beautiful  red.  This  plant  has  come  into  high  repute,  and  its  culti- 
vation IS  almost  universal,  for  its  agreeable  and  wholesome  fruit,  which  presents 
numerous  vanetios  of  form,  size  and  color. 

2.  SOLA'NUM,  L.  Potato.  (-S'oZt/m,  the  ground  or  soil.)  Calyx  5- 
parted,  persistent ;  corolla  rotate,  subcampanulate,  tube  very  short, 
limb  plicate,  5-cleft,  lobed  or  angular  ;  anthers  erect,  connivent,  dis- 
tinct, opening  at  the  top  by  2  pores ;  berry  2-celled,  subglobous  or  de- 
pressed ;  seeds  oo.— An  immense  genus  of  herbs  or  shrubs,  unarmed  ot 


abundant  in  tlis 


OliDEn  94.-SOLAjrACK^  ^^ 

pricKiy.     |,va.  Bomctirnps  twin  tjInnatSfl,!  «.  ,     v  -i   ,      ^ 

or  several,  1  to  oo-floworcd  ^,^,1^     f  i     ""^.'^'^«^-     Pod.  solitary 

tension  of  the  axis.  '        ""^''  ^"'  l>«com.ng  lateral  by  the  ex- 

a  l'"*«r'""^  ^'"'  un<»vt, "a  eJve'-    K^!  ""  «'f<'<«'<lln(?  the  leaves «„  , 

"to;  cor.  5-an/ed;  pedicds  jSS  -VS  vT'^'J.f'  ''/^  "^^^^^^  «°-^  S 
CorcWlerasofS.  America,  where  ir«tiirJrnL   ^"'."'?*^'«  P^^nt  is  a  native  of  the 

1.8th      The  varieties  of  tlie  potato  aravfZ  r,.^  ^^'"^  *'^"  "lid^lo  of  the 

ovate,  toothed  and  wived  :^umbS^^^.^  ?'  ^^^"^^^^^  angular,  smoothish-  Ivs 
out  beauty  and  of  susp  ciZl^ptt  abouTT^^^^^^  ^  r'^-^k'  plan^wiS 
btates.    Stem  erect,  branching,?Sar  a  L^^t^h    '  t"  '"'^  ^^'^«'  ^^-  ««d  W. 

3  Err      ^ "-  --^^^^^^^^^    £s 

to/etrSS,  gSrous^?''«S°"^'''  '^'^f^^^^^^  branched:  branches 
subumbellate,  minute  ;sSs  and  ,S\f^^*'■^  ^^^  ^"^'•^P^'^'J.  ^^ute,  yfcW  fl? 
Stem  2  to  af  high,  with  a  rid^e  dtcen^^^^^^^  ^■.  ?'''  *«  '^^^  ^^d  t 

half  as  wide,  petioles  near  l\  PerfiSfofm  «  tfi  9  '  f ''°'^-  ^^'-  ^  to  4'  long, 
ened  nodes  a  little  below  the  np^rif  pT  '  •  ^°  ^^  '°"&  growing  from  thick 
cup-form,  2"  broad.  1y  S  seef  ''^  '''"""«^  ^^^^'•^'  (^  ^°  «)  ^vhite  iS  Cor 
4  S.  pycndnthum  DunaL  .9/  h^^u 
los.  cvate^Uong,  acuminate,  attenuateT^a  nS'''  ?«">^'-f""owod,  AMp,-d; 
beneath;  ped  short,  filiform  We  1  to  q  fl/  J"'  ^«^«/'««^  puberu lent  pale 
Ga.  about  Savannah  (Dunal  aS  DP  ^^aT^J^S  «"bopposite  to  the  leaves -! 
by  3  to  8",  petioles  2\o  s"  '  Hs  noSdin/  2  to  r ' 'Z  ^J""'  ^^^^"-  ^--'  t^'  2' 
low.    Berry  globular.  '*'*'"»'  ^  *«  -^    ^road,  white?    Anthers  yel- 

^  ^^^'''Tat:'Jate,^;;!^l^^^^  '^'.  ^brubby,  ^„. 

site  and  termi,ml.-A  wXknoTn^  k."^^'"^^*:  '^»*'«»-*  cymous  suboSi 
berries,  N.  Eng.  to  Ark  stem  hrnf  ["^""^ ''^'"^'^'■'  ^^^^  blue  flowS  and  ?e^ 
hedges  and  thi!ketst^ow'g  ounds  "feerT'"'' ''''  '•"  '^^^'"^^  climbing  abS 
commgauriculateorhastat!  Cwers  dTolr'  T'"'."'^  "PP*^"-  «»««  be- 
thes.de  of  the  stem.  Corolla  of  5Tel%eXm'''t^  ''"'  "^  ^''^""'^^'  ^'■""' 
at^the  base  of  each  segment.    Berries  biKr^d  t'  br;,^is=s.^^J^ 

ia;fe.tf  LT4t«^fP?rf°^^^^  Ciierrt.    St.  shrubby;  /.,,.  e,6W 

"jontal  shrub,  cTltlvat^.     Stem  2!!!4f  STran  £•  '''^-^  A^^mall  oma- 
m  t     Leaves  dark  evergreen  smmHTo,.  ^i  •  *^'^"chmg  mto  a  symmetrica   sum- 
with  orange  anthers,  drSpln^Seeded  ,w'^'?^^  ^'^"f  ^'  '°"^     blowers  w^tT- 
8.ze  of  smaU  cherriea     f  MafriSr&c       ^      '"^  ^^'^^^'  ^^'^^^^"^  berries  of  the 

ceous; ' lvs.'fSi^]n^!!t'^^'^^;_  f^rnhhjtwinivg  and  olimbing ;  brancho-  b<  - 
vory  smooth  and  £nC   lZ\£tu'r'^-''^'i'^l ''"^''^  "*""? i^^a  to  c.^' 
Shrubberies,  arbors,  &ai?aVdvSf      a    "?''  ^'^^"cate,  roughish  and  hairy^ 
colored,  glandular.^  Lvs  tS  o?  ahnt?.'\^'"' ''''"^^'•-    ^•'anches  cinnamo^ 
t'oies  larger  than  the  oa?yx     f  Gui^n^  ^''*'  "^"^'"^  »^«^n-     Cor.  plicat^S  or  a 

37 


578 


OllDBB  94.— SOLANACEiU. 


8  B.  Carolin^nae  L.  IIoiwr  Nkttm{.  Rl.  nnd  petiolen  aoulooto;  Ivn.  oblona- 
ovate,  ix'tiolalo,  HtriKouH,  anyuUir-lobata,  uculo,  midvein  henoutlj  with  a  low  HiiiiuHT 
rar.  naked,  l«)oso,  mipni-u.xilliiry  ;  bf.rn,!.i  glolxms,— y  Uoivdbiaoft,  Ac.  N  Y  td 
111.  and  Uft.  A  rouKli  weoil,  1— 'if  IiIkIi,  un.uMl  with  Htraw-colorud,  HcatliTcd 
pneklcs.  Li-nvoH  4-0'  by  2-;}',  usually  in  uno(,ual  ,mir^,  with  a  fow  larir,.  ro- 
p«nd  lol>(>H  or  teeth.  Flowore  white,  latoral  and  tonniual.  CoroUa  white  l'2_ 
15  '  ditinj.     Bcrrios  yollow.     Jn.  ' 

0  8.  Vlrglnldimm  L.  St.  oroc-t,  prickly  ;  Ivit.  hng-pftioM,  tU-eply  pinmHifui,  lohei, 
angular-mnmitt,  acute  or  obtiiso,  i-ub»'.s(!ont ;  pctiolo  and  midvein  prickly,  uiurLriiM 
cdlato;  rac.  Uafy,  prickly.-Va.  to  Car.  (l'ur.sii.).  (Ja.  (I-Vay,  roncl.)  I'lant  nm.U 
l>raiicho<l,  IS  to  ;jf  hiKh,  bright  f(n>cn,  nMighish  with  niinuto  tomcntiim.  Kih 
sliKhtly  auKtdar.  Lv«.  7  to  9-lobod.  (Jor.  15"  broad,  palo  violet.  Anth4"' 
hui'ar.     I'rickloH  straight,  6"  and  loss,  wliitiah.     JL  "      ' 

10  S.  mammdsum  L.  Appi.r  or  Sodom.  St.  horbacoous.  villou.s  with  .scat- 
tcTiMl  HpiiK'H  ,•  Ivi*.  nmmUah-ovatc,  t^uharrdat,!,  hind,  Iwlh  aides  aculcato  and  very 
villmirt;  b(.mc»  invorwiy  ix-ar-nhaped  (inaininwa.)-f Jl  WnHto  plaws,  road-HldeH 
l.ar.  (I  ursl*),  On.,  Ala.  (MontK<'in«ry),  to  l.a.  A  woolly,  spiny  weed,  1  to  .-{niiirli' 
1-va  aU)iit  as  broad  as  long,  :i  to  7-lob«.J,  paler  iK-neath,  arinoil  on  tlu^  veins  witli 
Btraiglit  «pii,o,s  A  to  8"  long.  Oor.  violet  iwlorod,  6-partod,  12  to  15"  diani  soft 
vdloiw  mitMido.  Kr.  yellow,  at  lirst  globular.  May,  .In.  (S.  pu.nilum  Dun.,  saino 
tts  b.  hirsuturii  Nutt.,  is  prolKibly  a  «tarvod  form  of  thi.s  Bpocies.) 

11  S.  escuWntum  Dnnal.  ICou  Plant.  »«?/.  prickly;  Ivs.  ovato  .subsinn- 
atc>,  downy  prickly; /.v.  G  to  9-parted.— (J)  An  berbaceouH,  branching  plant. 
al)out  2f  high.  Tho  frtjit,  with  which  it  is  J.eavilyladen,  consists  of  egg.slmiH,.d 
bt'rne.H,  (h)iu  tho  .size  of  an  c^  to  that  of  an  ordinary  water  melon,  smooth,  and 
ol  a  gl<)ssy  purple.  It  is  considered  wholesome  and  dolicioiiH.  hike  the  toniuto 
it  ia  cultivated  from  tho  .seed  sown  e.nrly  in  wann,  dr}-.  and  moilow  soil  ♦  ' 

(i.  /V.  smaller,  white.— Oultivated  for  tho  curiosity  of  tho  fruit,  which  when 
ripo  can  scart'ely  bo  distinguished  by  its  appoaranco  from  a  heu'a  egg. 


3.  CAP'SICUM,  Tourn. 


Pkpi'er.     (Qv.   Kdnro),  to  bite.)     Calyx 


ori'ct  6-clett,  persistent;  cor.  rotate,  tiibo  very  sliort,  liirib  plaited,  5- 
lobed;  anthers  ooDuiveiit;  fruit  capsular,  dry,  inflated,  2  to  a-colled  ; 
•weds  flat,  very  acrid.— A  largo  jronus  of  lierb.-iceoiis  or  shrubby  plants 
pervailcd  by  a  lieating,  nerid  principle.  Lvs.  often  in  pairs.  Tod.  a.vil' 
lary,  solitary. 

C.  dnnuum  L.  Rrp  Pki-per.  Cayexnr  Pei-pkr.  St.  lierbacoous,  angular, 
bnuichmg  above  ;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  petiolate,  glabrous;  ped.  snioiHli- 
cal.  angular,  with  short,  acute  lobca;  cor.  lobes  spreading,  longer  th.-m  tho  stain- 
ens ;  berry  oblong  or  subglohous,  red.— Jj  India.  Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  whoso 
stimulant  projH'rties  arc  well  known.- Thoro  are  in  gardens  several  varieties  in 
resiK'ct  to  the  fruit. 

4.  NICAN'DRA,  Adans.  Apple  of  Peui-.  (In  lion  or  of  i\7ranf/rr, 
a  Greek  phy.sician,  n.  c.  50.)  Calyx  5-eleft,  5-angle(l,  the  angles  eoni- 
nrcssed,  sepals  s;tgittatc  ;  corolla  eainpanulatc  f  stamens  5,  iiieurvcd  ; 
berry  3  to  6-celled,  enveloped  in  tlio  persistent  calyx.— (i)  I'eruvian 
herbs. 

N.  phyaaloides  A  dans.  St.  horbacoous;  lvs.  glabron.x,  ample,  ovate-oblono-, 
sinuate,  angular:  lis.  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles;  cal.  closed,  with  tlio 
angK'S  very  acute.— Cultivated  in  gardens,  whence  it  has  strayed  into  the  neigh- 
bor, .g  tields.  It  IS  a  large,  coarse  herb,  2  to  Bf  high,  very  branching.  Lys  4  to 
1  long.  2  to  4  wide,  decurrent.  Cor.  slightly  lobed,  white,  with  blue  ppots  in 
tho  center.     Jl.— Sept.     g  Peru. 

5.  PHYS'ALiS,  L.  Ground  Cherry.  (Gr.  (pvaakig,  a  bladder; 
the  inflated  calyx  inclosing  the  fruit.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  at  len(rth 
vcutricous;  corolla  canipannlate-rotate,  tube  very  shoi-t,  limb  obscurely 


OiiDKR  04.— SOLANACEA 

679 

ii:;s&;:M:s^c::;^   „.,_ 

:  ici:s'-«:i;i  *s;;u';T,firr,i-s;r'" »..<  J 

«p<.tH  o(U.„  <.oa(lu(..Mt.     Fruit   vdlo^     r  1^         .'■"'^'.'''  »'ri.eniHj,.3o|Jo;,  t|.o  6 

eucherui,  p^uioJato  entire  ^^Z^nSil^^'^'^'^^t'!''  "''''''"'-^  «"^^  "^"^^ 

lowest.     FlH.  «■'  Unifr,  ydlow.     J„.Ja,j!^,^  ^  "''""''  •*  '""if-  ""  twins  except  the 

<^'^^<>'^ovT:^t^^^^^^^^  ,St.snbsimp!e,  puU..sc.nt;  ,v.. 

Btam  y.,.llow.-^4  Unrd.nl     vClZS£^^^^       ^  ovoid-Kiob<.u„.  colored 
Lv8.  :  to  4'  long,  i„elu.li„g  the  potio  o  ^  ^  ±o,I  S  .'''  "''  T''''''  ^  *"  '-^'"'"g*' 

'^'^'^zLr^::^'::^  ^-^  «t  .on^th  do. 

loariy  ont.ro ;  pod.  shorter  tl?an  thl  p  aiolea  ^r^^  H"»>.uoun.inate,  dentate  or 

18  l"Kh.  Sts.  angled  and  furrowocl.  L  «  2  to  r  u,''"'^  ^ "  ;^'"t"«-  ^''"ni  »  to 
«tom,  twin  on  the  flowering  branc  u'S  Cor  2  fn  H'  ^'"°  ?  ''  ''"^''^' «"  "« 
Among  onr  specimonH  aro  sofno  ncirr«mooth  '""*''•     ^^'-  ''''^"'"  J^""-)- 

latc^  as  long  as  the  tube/ in  fruit  trurVr-Anf  ?'•  **"'»"'•  triangular,  subih 

pot-ole ;  cor.  slightly  spotted ;  a  uh.  vi  .^^  caMn^n.S  ^  ^^f  attenuate  to  the 
-0)8.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Fcay).  A  strikinL  '  «„! '.Ip^  T  '°""'J'«»'-«vate,  pointed, 
-o^gly  angled.     Lvs.  3  S  C  long,  'faZ^ t Jo  ^[  t^  2r,^tSe.'^^'rea?r' 

^^'^""?b!^?:fy^^^^^^^^  branches  forked, 

2'«fc.;  cor.  w7th  ipots  aV^d  ripe  V  tSi' -'S'l^^^^^^^^  T''  ^'^^^'^^^  thanit 
iohtn  mature;  anth.  violet.-®  Drv  bar  ks  o  •i.»f  V,T"'  ^"^  ^'^'^  «^«^  «/*» 
-uto  at  base,  twico  longer  than  tife  p'e  io  el  Ped  '2  f^TC"  \^'''''-  ^''^ 
e.  AT'RnPA    L     -I..,,      V  Jong,  pubescent. 

human  life.)     Calyx  S-narte.'!     .Zli  '''^^  *^  ^"<^  ^'^^  t'"-ea<l  of 


560 


Obdeb  94.— solan  ACE^. 


berry  globous,  2-cellcd,  sitting  on  the  enlarged  calyx.— Iloibs  of  liiri.l 
colors.     Lvs.  often  twin. 

A.  Bellad6nna  I,.  St.  tridiotomous ;  lvs.  ovato,  entire;  borriea  Wuck - 
TliiH  poiHoiioua  herb  ia  fur  loss  repulsivo  in  its  appearanco  thatv  most  others  ocVs 
order.  The  lurid,  palo  purple  of  tho  Hower,  indeed,  looks  suHpieious,  but  not  its 
smell— nor  the  berries,  which  are  larger  than  cherries,  round,  irreen,  at  length  of 
a  fine  glos.sy  block,  full  of  a  purple  juice.  Stem  5f  high,  hranching  below,  md 
with  tho  larg(3  loaves,  inclines  more  or  leas  to  a  purplish  hue,     X  8  ^^r. 

7.  HYOSCY^AMUS,  Tourn.  Henbane.  (Gr.  v?,  i6g,  a  pig,  and 
ifvafio^,  bean  ;  the  fniit  is  said  to  be  not  poisonous  to  swine.)  Cnhx 
tubular,  5-cleft ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  irregular  ;  one  of  the  5  obtiisc 
lobes  larger;  stamens  6,  declinato ;  stigma  capitate;  capsule  ovoid  2- 
celled,  opening  with  a  lid  near  the  summit.— Coarse,  weed-like  herbs 
native  in  Eastern  countries.  ' 

^'A°»*f,®'  h  ,  J^^'i^'ijog.  cfect.  very  leafy;  lvs.  sinuate,  clasping;  flg.  sessilo.-a 
A  tall,  well  known,  foetid  weed,  growing  about  tho  rubbish  of  old  houses  road- 
sides &c.  The  whole  plant  is  hairy,  viscid,  and  of  a  sea-green  hue,  emitting  a 
foetid  odor.  Stem  2f  high,  round.  Leaves  largo,  oblong,  cut  into  acute,  sinuate 
lobes.  Flowers  in  terminal,  one-sided  spikes;  tho  corolla  straw-color,  finely  reti- 
culated with  dark  purple  veins.  The  whole  plant  is  reputed  poisonous  but  has 
long  been  regarded  as  an  excellent  medicine  in  nervous  diseases,  coukIis'  convul- 
sions, &c.    Jl,    §  Eur.  '       o    t 

8.  PETU'NIA,  Juss.  (The  Brazilian  name  is  ;je^Mn,  latinized  Pe<M- 
nta.)  Calyx  tubular,  10- veined,  6-parted,  segments  oblong-sspatulate  • 
corolla  funnel  or  salver-form,  tube  cylindric,  limb  spreading,  usually  5- 
Fobed  ;  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  tube,  unequal,  included 
anthers  cordate;  stigma  capitate;  capsule  2-celled;  seeds  minute.— 
South  American  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  the  floral  twin.  Ped.  1- 
flowered. 

1  P.  Nyctaginlfldra  Juss.     Diffuse,  glandular-villous;  si.  erect  branched- 
fv.5.  solitary,  omtt-oUhng,  obtusish,   mbsestiile,  Jioral  sessile,  cordate-ovate,  mhow(^ 
site;  ped.  a.xillary,  solitary,  exceeding  the  leaves;  cor.  tube  slightly  enlarged 
above,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  a  widc-spreainng  limb.— y  Gardens 
lis.  large,  white,  numerous. 

•  ^  ^"  "^^0^^°«,a  ^"'<^'-  Glandular  hairy;  st.  prostrate  at  base,  then  erect,  spar- 
ingly  branched ;  lvs.  ovale,  short-pet.olate,  acute,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate;  ped 
solitary,  equaling  tho  leaves;  cor.  tube  inflated,  limb  cleft  into  rounded,  acute 
lobes.— ysta.  numerous.  6  to  16  long.  Cor.  large,  violet-purple.  Both  sp-cios 
are  great  favorites  in  gardens,  and  by  mixture  .«port  into  endless  varieties,  amou-' 
which  13  '  ° 

0.  Atkinsiana.     Lvs.  ovate,  whitish;  cal.  segm.  ligulate;  cor.  tube  twice  or 
more  longer  than  the  calyx. 

9.  NIEREMBER'GIA,  Ruiz  ct  Pav.  (Named  for  Nieremhcrrj,  a  Span- 
ish  Jesuit.)  Calyx  persistent,  tubular  or  subcampanulate,  ]0-veined, 
curved,  5-cieft;  corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long  and  slender,  limb  ample, 
spreading,  plicate,  slightly  unequal ;  stamens^  5,  inserted  in  the  throat, 
unequal,  connivent;  anthers  hid  beneath  the  stigma;  capsule  2-celled, 
seeds  many,  minute,  3-angled.— South  American,  chiefly  herbs,  crcei)- 
mg,  with  elegant,  solitary,  extra-axillary  fls, 

1  N.  aristdta  Sweet.  Pubertilent,  pale-green ;  sts.  filiform,  very  branching;  lvs. 
narrowly  linear,  acute;  fls.  pedunculate,  opposite  the  leaves,  solitary;  cal.  cam- 
panulatP,  seg,  lineor-stthuMe,  acute,  twice  phorfcr  than  the  blender,  gLindular  eor. 
tube.— St.  3  to  9  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  1"  wide.  Cor.  large,  white,  tinged 
with  purple,  3  strite  on  each  lobe. 


Obdeb  34.-S0LANACE^. 


ibo  twice  or 


narrow ■Hc.Hai?t^J!Lr'l",^;^|^;'««J^^^^         diffuse;  Hts.   filiform, /.*  vtiy 

«otnc  bell-shaped,  segm,  «n«or-wiL^  !    »    '  "PP^"""  *^«  pedunck-s;  cal  ob^ 

Imn  the  calyx,  limb  unduK^  obT^elffiTotd'  ""s.'  *"'?  ^'r^^"'""-'  littiobn^r 

tubular,  I„„b  mo^th  6Aohi,i\  JrllL^lK  ^-^'^'j'^' «>'ort ;  corolla 
ti.c  filaments;  stamens  4-^ Scd^'  ?  '^^^  ,«'<>«^d  l>y  the  board  of 
rcmforn,.-Shrubs,  the  branches  end  L  in  '^  ^•''""'^ '  ^^^'^"^  ««^«'--'^'. 

(An "alteration  ^f  tho'iSc^,!?;  ri^V'^-'.^'^r^-''^^-- 
ventncous,  S-anrjIed,  deciduon«.  witK  /     ^^^'^''^   large,  tubiihir, 

base;  corona  io^.nd^Vl  orm\bfovnnPl''"S"''t'^"'^^^^^  P^^'^^tc 
pi^ited;  stamens  5  ;  st.Vna^btuso  I.I  iT'.  ''"^'  '""^  ^■'^"^>«^'  '''"J 
valved;  colls  2-3-^rted^i&  ^''T'^^"^^^^  ^^P^"'«  2-cdled,  4- 
tary,  axillary  flowed       ^^^       ^"^  ""'^^'  bluish-white  or  purple,  ^oli- 

"^^^"^P^  -ooth,  angular-dentato, 

wa.  0  places.  Stem  about  3f  bii.KnSf  hi?'  ^  T'"»  *'"""«?  '•"^^l^i'^h  in 
he  base  of  the  dichotomous  bra  cheVtiSr  'si  "  ''•  ^T^^  ^^'^""^  «'^"«t^''  ^t 
teeih  and  sinuses.  Flowers  8olih,rruvi.  ^""^  unt?qual,  witii  large,  irreirular 
tube  and  a  plaited,  S-tooZd^bt  2  S'SrT;"'  'T'^'-'lff-d.  -ith  ab  g' 
the  size  of  a  small  apple  covered  vvili.i!-  f  eam-wli.te.     Fruit  eLrp-ahanecL 

Bo.K,usandnarootie,'L'Sfo'rS;mr&c     ^"'^-     §  Neutral  AmerS JTcS 

^Pv:;d.  ''  ^"'•^'^'-   «-  ^'-'>-white.-(D.  tatula  L.)     More  common 

coaL^lo,SfgjSJftlfJf^^^,,^,f"S^^°«a  R"i^  A  Pav.     (B.  blcolor  Pers)  is  a 

J'ou.se.s.     The  yellov^  capsules  a^ou'amS         ""'  ''  ""^  "^^'^  ^'^'^^  '"Vol. 

La!,^uI!l!"llfo  «e^e  JtoT;veT^^^^^^^  1^"  ^"l?."'-  ^^  '^'^^  -^-«^  -f 

olatc.  5-clert;  oo^.la  in^liriS:     e'^^.^  7i::;,frrP''-)    ^'^'^'^  "^^^- 
«ti.-;mas  eujaririnate;  capsule   2-ccllod  ?  f    '^  ,°^''''' '  «tamens5; 

cotio  borb^  with  sim'ple  ?v    and  te  id  'Vf""'-^-!^^  "^'"''''^  "«'- 
green  or  j)urple.  leimmal  lis.     Cor.  white,  tinged  with 

^p-p^:^L  .S^^SlSS,  tSrS"^''"*'  '^^  P^^^'^^'  -"te,  en- 
J«>r  the  purposes  of  tobacco  tSSn  X  .'  «"^y^««»™e"ts  round,  obtuse.- 
'Stem  12-18  high.     Flower^  ^'XT,^^^^^  '"^^'^^  *"  ^^'^  Virginian. 

-.lie  d.;;.^„t-«n  tuLl^ai^d'^^^^^^^^^^  '-.  l^nctolft^ 

Amenea,  ,«rticularly  the  island  of  Tobam  1,7^1,1  p'  apute.-Natire  of  Central 

Z  Z^^T  ''  "^'^  fi-^t  exported  to  E^roS  T^Sfi     t^"^'''"""  "^  '^'*''^«<^«  '"  M<^^ 
the  lIMdle  and  Western  States,  and  s  exerted  i„  J  '^  «^»«««ively  cultivated  in 

'^    uu  IS  exported  in  vast  quantities.    Stem  4--6f 


582 


Order  95— GENTIANACE^ 


high,  paniculate  above.  Leaves  1— 2f  by  J— if  entire.  Flowers  roso-color,  not 
inelegant.  J  I.— The  us©  of  tlii.s  nauseous  and  poisonous  weed  iiaa  become  almo.st 
universal,  and  illustrates  tlie  despotic  power  of  habit.  Sir  Walter  Raioigli  Ims 
tlie  lionor  of  first  introducing  the  practice  of  smolcing  into  England,  more  than 
200  years  ago,  and  in  his  house  at  Islington,  is  still  to  be  seen  a  shield  bearing  his 
arms,  with  a  tobacco-plant  at  the  top.     (Loudon.) 

3  N.  longifldra  Cav.  With  long,  spreading  branches ;  Ivs.  acuminate,  radical 
ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  cordate-lanceolate,  sessile;  fls.  lateral,  solitary, 
pedicellate,  arranged  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme ;  cor.  tube  filiform,  very  pubcs^ 
cent,  5  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  lance-ovato,  acute. — Gardens  South. 
Cor.  white,  variegated  with  purple  and  yellow. 

13.  FABIANA  imbric^ta  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  is  a  fine  little  shrub  nsembling 
ft  Tamarix,  with  small  (6"  long)  ovate  Ivs.  covering  tho  numerous  branches  and 
small  violet-white  fis.     f  Chili. 

Order  XCV.    GENTIANACE^.     Gentianworts. 


Herbs  smooth,  with  a  colorless,  bitter  juice,  wit'.i  entire,  oxstipulate  leaves.  I^ow- 
ers  regular,  mostly  centrifugal  in  inflorescence  and  convolute  in  the  bud.  Calyx  per- 
tisleiit;  corolla  withering,  its  lobes  alternate  with  the  stamens.     Ovary  free,  1-eelled 

with  2,  more  or  less  projecting  par- 
jietal  placenta).  Duii  a  2-valved, 
I  sopticidal,  oo-seeded  capsule,  rare- 
ly baccate.  Seeds  with  a  minute, 
straight  embryo  in  tho  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  60.  species  450,  found  In  every 
part  of  tho  wurl(l. 

Properties:— An  intoT>«"!jr  bittpr  prin- 
ciplo  calU'd  qeniinniiie  iKTViides  thp 
wliiile  (irdi'i-  willi(>iit  exception,  ri'sidinij 
inovciy  iKiit.  ri-ndci-iPK  tlicm  tonic  mid 
fehrlfutfiii.  TliP  gevtitni  of  the  sliojis  iy 
most  commonly  ihe  product  of  OiMi- 
thiiin  liitea,  but  most  otiu'i' species,  ami 
species  of  other  genera,  as  IJiiinanthe- 
fniiM),  Sabbati.-i.  Fiiisera,  &c..  are  .idiied 
in  medicine  for  the  same  proper! ies.  iirid 
may  be  used  in  its  stead.  Many  are 
cultivated  for  orniiment. 

V\g.  is'64.  1,  Oenllana  Andrcwsil. 
2,  The  calyx  and  capsule.  8,  Tlie  cor- 
olla laid  o|H'M.  sho«inir  the  folds  (2- 
lohed)  between  the  proper  petids,  mid 
the  stamens  atta(die<l  at  base.  4,  f'ni)- 
sule  cut  across.  .5.  Seed  magnified,  with 
its  large,  I(h>so  testa. 

Tribes  and  Gexera. 

n.  Mbsv.^ntiir*  — Ci>r.  valvnto-iivlii plicate  in  tho  bud.     Loaves  alternate  or  radiral.    (a) 

a  Petals  beariliess  or  nearly  so.    Leaves  simple,  floating ...Limnantiikmiim.  9 

a  Petals  bearded  inside.     Li'aves  trifidlato,  erect .Mkxvantiies.  8 

I  Okntiasb.«.— Corolla  convolute  (in  No.  7,  imbricate)  in  the  bud.     Leaves  opposite,    (b) 

b  Sepals  only  2.    Corolla  4-partedi  tubular  campanulato Ouolaiha.  T 

b  Sepals  OS  many  as  the  petals,  more  or  less  united,    (c) 

O  Corolla  lobes  furnished  each,  with  nspurln  tho  midst , IIat.f:nia.  fi 

e  Coroll.".  Inhes  furnished  e.".e.h  '.vith  a  larpo  central  (iland Fkaskb*.  5 

a  Corolla  lob<'«  plain,  without  spurs  or  glands,    (d) 

d  Leaves  reduced  to  scales.    Corollo  deeply  4-pnrte(l Bartonia.  4 

d  Leafy — Condla  tubidar,  blue  or  white Obntiana.  S 

— Corolla  tubular,  rose  or  pink Ebytijb^a.  2 

—Corolla  rotate,  rose  or  pialt Sauhatia.  1 


Ordeu  05.-GENTIANACE^.  ^ 

lenc^tl.  recurved,  2.cel  ed    oEl' W  T'l  ^  *"  ^f  '  ""*'•«'•«  '^^«^V  '-^ 
<ieciduo,.s;  capJulo  1-cc  le^tTH^IvL     Vv.V' •''^''i,  2-partcd,  slender, 
I'erbs,  very  be:u,tiful,  wi  h  ned  '   kto^^  ""   1         mtroflexed.-®  Slendc; 
ican.  '     '^^  pedicellate,  mostly  roseate  fis.   All  N.  Amer- 

S  Corolla  mostly  9  (rarolv  7  t.i  io\  .^ 

'^'-™^ai!rs:i!sp:ii.!:3 ;»... 

a  Branches opp„sit„.-F,,,.,,,,;:,S-;;;;---Jc^ 
_    „  ~* '""■«'-^  'ose-rod,  imniciilato; ! i^''^-  ",  8 

•«•  S.  gentianoides  Ell     9t   «t  •  f  ♦  No».  o.i^) 

nol-^,  linear,  rijid,  erJci,  fiLS^^'a^T^':"^:^^''  '"t  ^"^^'^ '^«''  <^'«  «^- 
axulary  capUate  cymes;  cal.  sogm  8,  b/.lf^f:  .  .ll^"'.""^^-/"  ""'««'  ^'^'""^^na^ a«rf 
ol.tu.so  pc.tals.-Ponds  ia  pino  iSon"  G  t '  T  *'V'i^"  "'"  obovate-spatulato, 
Lv.  2.^^10,,  ^.  ve^l.aaso^l.l.^er^.-^T^^-.S-i^raS; 
/c--.  nlternat.,  1->„;,,S'  T?^;'  S'^^f^.^^^^^^^ ' .  ^--  ^-f-^«fe,  erect ;  J.a^ci., 

St.  a  foot  lugli,  .stibangular,  witii  .-.nreirJin^  hr         '"^^^ows,  Yvl.  to  (ia.  and  La. 
ino.stly  obtuse,  oval,  thin      FirL  ?  ^^. J"^'"'^'''«*     ^^^'S-  1  to  2'  Ion-   sessiH 

3  ii:no.sbng.r(lmn  its  tube,  <...c«;^«rfcr/ri        /f^"^  ^i«««/--.etec.oz.,,  2  or 

6  n.  stoU 'iris  Ph.    9t   e         1 
'^■'^■''^^^^n^,^n,l^l^2'S^T'  7f'"«'^  fork-branohed,  with  !„„<. 

yory  .sl.ort.--.M«r«lies,   Can.  to  ('1.      -^f  t.  "^.r'  f ™'"""^'  *''«  t"l>e  top..sl,a£K>i[ 
Lvs.  .bout  r  lon4^  L  upjrj^^^  itt      ^   >"S"'^"  '^'""-'y  ^^anS 
:-^...v  s,ar  bordered  Ji  deep  red      ]^' Jsont      Q  ^""''l''^'^-^^'"'-' ^^>t^ 
ti'«  iy  re.sombles.  ^  J'-— bcpt.      S.  gracilis  (EIL),   wliiclrU 

'  t  1^:^^^';^'-^-'  .  St  «%htly  4.ar,gIod,  in^.m^.^   t.-^-  ' 

u-.-I'Mio  barrens,  N.  J.  to  br^  a  StUlT'l''*^'  |?^^«  «""vnte-olong,  S 
S.  .acrop.,Ua  Hoo.     S.  terete,  g.u.us,-  Intemode.  Uvieo  longer  tbj 


584 


Order  95.— GENTIANACEiE. 


Ibo  leaves;  branches  opposite ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate-cuspidate ;  5-veined,  clasp- 
ing and  subconnato  at  base,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  panicle  fastigiate ;  cal.  aegm. 
setaceous,  shorter  than  its  short  tube;  cor.  segm.  5,  elliptic. — In  La.  (Hale,  near 
Covington).  St.  2f  high.  Lvs.  2'  long.  Fls.  smaller  than  any  here  noticed, 
about  7"  broad,  white. 

9  S.  anguldris  Ph.  Si.  quadrangular,  with  winged  angles  ;  lvs.  ovate,  amplexicavl, 
i-veined;  panicle  corymbous ;  ped.  elongated;  sep.  lance-linear,  half  as  long  as 
the  corolla,  distinct  almost  to  the  base ;  cor.  segments  obovate,  obtuse. — Wet 
meadows  and  prairies.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ark.  Stem  10 — 18'  high,  much  branched, 
branches  opposite.  Leaves  closely  embracing  the  stem,  1 — 2'  by  \ — 1^',  as  long 
as  the  internodes  or  often  shorter.  Flowers  numerous,  1^ — 11'  diam.,  deep  rose- 
color,  the  star  in  the  center  greenish.     Jl.,  Aug,     (Chironia,  L.) 

10  S.  brachi^ta  Ell.  St.  slender,  suhquadrangular,  internodes  2 — 4  times  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  branches  opposite,  suberect ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  lower 
ones  ovate,  all  acutish,  sessile ;  panicle  oblmyj  ;  cal.  segments  linear,  twice  longer 
than  tiie  tube,  twice  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  cor.  6-parted,  segments  oblong- 
obovato,  obtuse,  light  purple. — Dry,  grassy,  prairies,  la  abundant,  also  Tenn.  and 
Car.  Stem  a  foot  high,  few  or  many-flowered.  Leaves  9 — 12"  by  1 — 3  ".  Flow- 
ers 15"  diam.,  of  a  delicate  blush-purple,  the  star  in  the  center  yellow,  bordered 
with  green.     Jl.,  Aug.    (S.  concinna,  2d  Edit.) 

2.  ERYTHR^'A,  Renealm.  (Gr.  ipvOpog,  red.)  Calyx  5,  rarely  4- 
partcd,  angular ;  corolla  funnel-form,  twi.sted  and  withering  above  th(i 
capsule,  tube  cylindric,  limb  5 — 4-paited  ;  sta.  5 — 4,  inserted  near  the 
top  of  the  tube ;  anth.  exserted,  spirally  twisted  ;  sty.  1 ;  stig.  bilamellato 
or  capitate ;  caps.  2-valved,  1  or  partly  2-«3elled. — (I)  St.  subangular. 
Lvs.  connate  at  base.     Fls.  cyinous,  roseate,  white  or  yellow. 

1  E.  Muhlenb6rgii  Griseb.  St.  simple  below,  dichotomously  branched  above ; 
lvs.  ovato-long,  obtusisii;  cymes  hose,  dichotomous;  fls.  pedicellate;  cor.  tube  a 
little  hnger  than  the  calyx,  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish. — N.  Y.,  Penn. 
Very  rare.  St.  3  to  8'  high,  1  to  3  times  forked.  Lvs.  4  to  V  by  1  to  3  ",  closely 
eessile.  Fls.  lateral  and  terminal-central,  tlio  pedicels  in  the  forks  near  ^'  long, 
the  otiiera  shorter.  Cor.  bright  purple,  tube  yellowish  green,  slender.  Jl. — Sept. 
(E.  pulchella  Hook.    Exacnm  pulchella  Pli.  ?) 

2  E.  spickta  Pers.  St.  dicliotomously  branched,  erect ;  lvs.  clasping  and  slightly 
decurrent,  lower  ones  oval,  obtuse,  upper  lunceolaie,  acute;  JUs.  sessile,  mostly 
lateral  on  the  long  branches ;  sep.  linear,  acute,  erect ;  cor.  tube  slender,  contracted 
'at  the  neck,  lobes  spreading,  obtuse ;  anth.  linear-oblong,  finally  twisting  out- 
wards.— (T)  Coast  of  Maryland  (Pickering).  Sandy  marjxins  of  tiie  seashore, 
Nantucket  (Oakes).  Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  ii)tons(  ly  bitier,  6  to  12'  higli. 
Lvs.  r  long,  fleshy,  pale  green.  Cor.  8"  long,  rose  or  nearly  white.  (E.  Pickor- 
ingii  Oakes.)     g  Eur. 

S  E.  Centaurium  Pers.  Erect,  branched  above ;  lvs.  oblong,  acutisli  at  each  end ; 
Jls.  subsessile  in  the  loosely  corymhed  cymes;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx, 
lobes  short,  oval,  obtuse,  erect-spreading. — Fields,  Oswego,  N.  Y.  and  Can.  St. 
6^o  10'  high.  Lvs.  I'  and  less  in  length,  half  as  wide,  3-veined.  Fls.  6  '  long, 
Boso-color,  its  yellow  anthers  exserted,  and  soon  twisted.     Aug.     §  Eur. 

3.  GENTIA'NA  Tourn.  (To  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  discovered 
the  tonic  virtues  of  this  genus.)  Calyx  5  to  4-parted  or  cleft ;  corolla 
marescent,  tubular  at  base,  limb  4  to  5-parfed,  segments  either  spread- 
ing, erect  or  convergent,  often  furnished  with  intermediate,  plicate 
appendages;  stamens  5  to  4,  inserted  in  the  corolla  tube;  stigmas  2, 
revoluto  or  erect;  styles  short  or  0;  capsule  2-vaived,  1-celied,  many- 
needed. — Herbs  of  various  habit.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls,  terminal  or 
cynious. 

I  Corolla  destitule  of  folded  oppencia^es — and  the  gpjfmcnts  entire Nos.  10,  I 

— and  the  Kfgmenis  frinired Nos-  %^ 

S  Coroll'*  %'ith  folded,  often  toothed  appcndagott  U^tween  tlio  lobes,    (a) 


Obdkb  95.— GfiJNTIANACE^. 

Ooft 

a  Flowers  solitary,  terminal,  bluo  or  white 

a  I.  lowers  clustered.-veliowi.h  ..r  cream-whitV No.  4 

-blue.-never  opening;  tl.o  told^  nV  lou'gai seirliR.nt; ^"\, "•  S 

J  -openmg;  the  folds  shorter  tha!fsTgS.f.:.: Nof '^  J 

'^-^i'!TienlLnt'Zf^^^^^^^^  '^^  ovate-lanceolate,   acute, 

ulate,  with  5  lanceolate,  sei^Sv  TuLl^nfl' ^  ^'^^f '  f"""  ^"bular-campan. 

«ubulatc.linoar.    ©WoodsarpltrCan  anduT  4'''-  TY^^'r*'  ''^^■ 
generally   branched.     Leaves   3— 5  vpinpH    It.      •  ^tom afoot  high,  smooth, 

2  G.  crinita  Froelich.     Blue  FuiNOEDrrPvriAw     q^  *      . 
acute;  lis.  tetramorous ;  cor.  .e«S    co/itwl   St.  terete,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
n  cool,  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Sr     .Cf  "  S^:rH"''".''--^'f  uncommon 
long,  with  a  slight  curve  at  bas^  b7comin-  orf^;  f "  •  T""''"^     Branches 

single,  large,  erect  flower  at  tir^afleT ton  T?,  """"^  '^'■'.'^''*'  ^^'"'^  bearing  a 
to  the  apex,  1-2'  long  an.l  I  L  w.vie  pT  '^''^  broadest  at  base,  tapering 
the  tube  of  the  corolll  Co^  of  a^bnvSUSr''''  T^?:  '^^"'"'"''•^'^  ^'^"^^"'f 
finely  fringed  at  the  margin.    ' ^^^^^St:.S:^S:^^:;,-^  ^^^^^  ' 

the  loweltTosuL  ^paSt 'S  fT  ''  Y^'^'^'f '  '''■  '^^^^  ««^  lance.Un.ar 
elf.  lobes  ovate  ^niTnlx.^X'^^^^^llX^^^  -f^o^lt^ry;  cal.  4  (-^l 
obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  sides,  cren^te  at  L  "  oc^Lr'^  corolla;  cor.  lobes  roundish- 
Wis.  (Lapham)  N.  to  Hudson  sBw^fini^^^'^'"^'. '''^-  J'stinct—N.  Y.^ 
Stem  a  foot  high.  Leaveri-2V  bTl-3''  t-!nS?T'  '''"^  '"''-*'  ^^"'^  ««^^«™ 
des  4-7'  long,  each  with  a  sing  e  W  erect  show?  IZ.^'T  ^T*'  ^"^""- 
obconic  or  beli-shaped,  blue.  '        ^  ^°^®'^-    ^o""-  15—20"  long, 

5-cleft,  twice  as  lone  as  M  o  r.Xv    i  k  ^  '  .T'  ^""nel-form,  narrow,  open. 

the  lacerate  folds!-!  N.j'tofia  inZZfu^'^'^d  "''"^^'  ^^^^"^  ^^  1°"^ 
long.     Flower  large,  sk%lur20'^onr^^,lvvi     ^^em  a  foot  high.     Lvl  1' 

^p.  c^t.-.  va^^y  I  -'sout^(§ni^;^4^^Ss:;;^^^K 

^tt!.a'?/tt^L^^^^^^^^  «'n'.Ple.  terete;  fl..  sessile, 

the  highest  lanceolate,  bvv^e.  ?  oWaternceo  LTp  iir '"^''^ '  j^'^'-  «^«'-'««^^«"^<«^ 
obscurely  -{-ncrveJ,  ra  her  ^u^nTcc^tseamtnl?!  ''^''■Z''^  to  tlu^  sesnle  ba^, 
^ f^^  nearly  as  long\stke,reeZlZit^^^^^^^^^^^  ^"^^  ^'^"'^  ^/»^ 

about  If  h,gh.     Lvs.  much  longer  tlmn  tJfe TnterSeT    Co,  f '  .'     '"^"T     ''^'''• 

at'thesun-mlt  soli£;l  oneTr  Zti'ls'S.?"^'  T?*'  "l"  ^--^^  clustered 
half  clasping  kt  the  broad  *aL   ffradua*^iv  le.  .  i  «r*t''"'^'°'^''^'  ""'  l^n^'eolate, 

at  top,  lO-oloft,  U,„  i,u,„  iXte  piicl aS  l?S  "i"''' r""?:'"""'"'''' '-'"^^ 
Bcgm.  ov.-if.wjblonir  niiriv-  (,>»-.   t  f"'*^'"^ ^ria  IrinRvd,  equujing  tlio  oxicnnr-  ai' 


I 

'J 


536 


Obdeb  95.— GENT!  an  AC  K^. 


&  O.  Saponiria  L.    St.  ascending  or  erect,  smooth;  fls.  cluatored  at  the  summit 

and  often  in  tlie  axils;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  to  lauce-obovate,  acutish,  rough- 

margined,  narrowed  to  the  subclasping  base ;  cal.  segm.  lance-linear  or  spatulate, 

about  equaling  tlie  tubj,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla;  cor.  briglit  blue,  lobes  coimi- 

vent,  ovate,  open,  twice  (more  or  less)  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. — Va.  to  Ga  and 

La.     St.  8  to  18'  high,  slender  or  ratlier  stout.     Lvs.  1  to  2  to  3'  long.     Cor.  18" 

to  2'  long.     Cal.  segm.  varying  from  lance-linear  to  lance-obovate !     Aug.,  Sept. 

li.  LINEARIS.     St.  slender,  ascending ;  lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  rigid ;  cat 

SGgm.  mastly  linear ;  cor.  folds  very  short. — Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.    A  common 

form,  so  peculiar  that  we  might  as  well  perhaps  regard  it  as  a  species.    (G. 

Pneumonanthe  Mx.) 

9  Q.  pub^rula  Mx.     Si.  erect  or  ascending,  slender,  rough,  scarcely  puberulent  ; 

fls.  clustered,  rarely  solitary;  lvs.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  half-clasping,  very 

rough-edged,  acute,  short  but  longer  than  the  iniernodes;    cal.  segm.  lanceolate, 

.  about  as  long  as  its  tube,  half  as  long  as  the  subcampamdate,  bright  blue  corolla  ; 

.  cor.  subfunnel-form,  lobes  acute,  thrice  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. — W.  and  S. 
States.     Plant  10  to  18'  high,  very  leafy  and  scabrous.     Lvs.  9'  to  20"  long. 

■  Fls.  15"  long.     It  varies  with  leaves  lin^ar-lanceolato  and  less  rough.    (G.  Cates- 

■  baei  EIL) 

4.  BARTO'NIA,  Muhl.  (Centaurella  Mx.)  Screwstem.  (Dedi- 
cated in  1801,  by  Dr.  Muhlenburg,  to  Bcnj.  F.  Barton,  Prof,  of  Bot- 
any, Philadelphia.)  Flowers  4-merous ;  sepals  appressed  ;  corolla  sub- 
Campanulate ;  petals  slightly  united,  nearly  erect ;  stigma  thick,  glaiid- 
nlous,  somewhat  bifid :  capsule  1-celled,  2  valved,  invested  by  the  per- 
manent calyx  and  corolla ;  seeds  very  numerous  and  minute. —  ^  N. 
American,  slender,  erect  herbs,  with  scale-like  lvs.  and  small  white  fls. 

1  B.  verna  Muhl.  St.  short,  simple ;  ped.  1-flowered,  the  lower  much  longer,  often 
alternate ;  cm*,  segm.  spatulate,  obtuie,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  ova.  conical, 
tipped  with  the  distinct  style.  Bogs,  Va.  to  Ga.  Sta.  3  to  5'  high,  clustered. 
Scales  1"  long,  as  in  the  other,  the  tls.  white.  3"  long.     March. 

2  B.  ten^lla  Muhl.  St.  branching  above,  branches  subdivided;  lvs.  subulate, 
minute ;  pan.  erect,  many-flowered ;  pedicels  subequal ;  sep.  distinct,  a  third  shorter 
than  the  corolla;  ova.  ovate,  sty.  almost  0. — A  slender  and  nearly  naked  plant,  5 
to  8'  high,  of  a  yellowisli-green  color,  in  wet  grounds,  Mass.  to  Ga.  St.  square, 
often  twisted,  with  very  minute,  bract-liko  leaves,  which  aro  mostly  opposite. 
Ped.  simple  or  branched.  Pedicels  bracteate  at  base,  2  to  3"  to  5'  iu  length. 
Cal.  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  acute.     Cor.  white,  small,  1^^"  long.     Aug. 

/i.  BRAOHiATA.  Branches  and  pedicels  elongated,  decurved,  i.  «.,  outwards  and 
upwards,  and  often  alternate;  cor.  more  open,  lobes  very  acute,  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx. — Southward  (R  Moseri  Steud.). 

5.  FRA^SERA,  Walt.  Columbo.  (In  honor  of  John  Fraser,  an 
American  cultivator  of  exotics.)  Flowers  niostly  tctramerous ;  petals 
united  at  base,  oval,  spreading,  deciduous,  each  with  1  or  2  bearded,  or- 
bicular glands  in  the  middle ;  stylo  1  ;  stigmas  2,  distinct ;  capsule 
compressed,  1-celled  ;  seeds  few,  imbricate,  large,  elliptic,  margined. 
—  li  Showy  and  tall,  with  opposite  or  verticillato  leaves. 

F.  Carolin^nsis  Walt.  St.  tall,  erect,  glabrous,  branched  above ;  lv.s.  oblong, 
lanceolate,  acutish,  sessile,  feather-veined,  entire  or  wavy ;  panicle  compound, 
pyramidal,  leafy,  verticillato;  cal.  segments  acute,  shorter  than  the  oblong,  obtus- 
ish  petals;  gland  solitary,  oval-orbicular.— Moist  woods.  Western  N.  Y.,  Wis.  and 

5.  Car.     Stem  dark   purple,  4—7 — 9fl  high,   perfectly  straight,  1 — 2'  thick  at 
.  base.     Leaves  smootli,   subearnou?,  3 — 12'  by  1 — 3',   in  wborls  of  4 — 6,  rarely 

opposite.    Petals  greenish,  with  blue  dots  and  a  largo  purplo  gland  near  the  basa 
June,  July. — Highly  valued  as  a  tonic. 

6.  HALE^NIA,  Borkh.  Felwort.  (Derivation  unknown.)  Flowers 
tetramcrous ;  corolla  short-campanulate,  petals  spurred  at  base,  with 


Obdeb  95._GE1JT[A!IACE^. 


;he  sutures  o.- tile  vX!U^:!?:trht:''°*"'''''  °''"--  «^^  '» 

H.  defl^aa  Griseb.  St  erect  leafv  ivo  •>  ♦  ^  •'  . 
late,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ca2o  onP^i^i  '*'r^^'  ^'^'"'"^  °"°«  oblong-spatih 
eylindrie,  obtuse,  deflexed  hS  L  lonc,.  ^ ''"^■'''':?'"^'*'">  '^'^"t^'  "^'^sil^';  ^pui>' 
^or,  Maine  (Miss  Towle)  'n  Y  "^  Wis  r  rf  ^-?»«-p  «vvamp«.  Can.,  t 
J-angled,  smootl.,  with  fo«'  branches  above  T?  f«"' ,18' high,  obtusely 
Ilowersgreenish.yellow.intermiSfLddes  Por T'  ^*~^  long,  ^  as  wid. 
.ng  horns  or  spurs  descending  .p,.eaa- 

thoVormytrfeLt)  CXT2  ,f "  f«^^ --all  coin ;  from 
corolla  tubular-campallato  ^^alLt  :Tf 'r.^  ''^''^'  "'•  ^^^'-^^^^i 
lato;  stamens  inserted  on  the  TorX  "f  tht  fl:  ^^^''  '"*'''"  ""'  ^'■«^"- 
bifid;  capsule   1-ceiled,  2-valved    iceds^  '        '  '"^"'^  '^"l^^^pitate, 

V.   virgmica  L.     Penn  tor^ir    w  f/^t-      • 
clusters,  sub.irnple  or  with  a  folvopS&ZZZ\  S*^™  ^-S'  h.gh,  often  In 
vatoorroundish-rhomboidal,  sessiEd  decnrr«  ?  f  k""^'  ^^^'^^^^  cuneate-obo- 

o.  incwiAW  THtS,  Tourn,    Buck  Ef  aw     /p...,'  ,    » 

reputed  an  emtnenagosrue.)     C-iIvx   5  m^f    i'    ^      'f,'^  '  ^  '"'*"^^^'  "^'^o?" i 
form,  limb  spreadin*  "s-lobed  Xi«^'^^^^^^^  '*'*'''*^  "*'  ^'"""«'- 

stamens  5  ;  Lie  1  •  sti  rm«  i.  fi  ^*'V"'  '"*''^"^  ^Jands  at  the  base: 

tively  medicinal.     Lvs.  tSiate    '  "^"'^  *-"ed_Bitter  herbs,  ac: 

boggy  earth.  Stern  8-12'  lii<.h  rouii  l'«S  .  ^  descending  deep  into  tho 
puled  at  base.  Leaflets  obova?"'  Peduncle 5on^' n"!'^  °1^'  •■""""  ^°«'«^^1'^'''  «^ 
inidal  raceme  of  flesh-colored  tUwPr^l.^-^lu'^^'^  terminal,  bearing  a  pyra- 
obtuso,  about  a  third  as  Tg  ^^  oopo^H '' t^^^^^^^     ""'^T  ''  ^^^^'     «K 

£==Sii»~?trit^i^^^^^^^ 

corolla'5.parted,';ot;to,r'n:^^^^t^^^^^^ 

often  bristly;  stan)ci.s  5-  7ulT  '^'t^'  ^  glandular  scale  at  base, 

.nan,.seedi;,;  liS  op^^ii^^  t^ecr-T  g;??-^  ^''^^^d  ;  capsule 
ally  in  stagnant  water  pA.\Z\^\^-  *-""«"s  <'iq>i''vtics,  geneiu 
Collate  cym%  beW  t   '  ro  indi  h  I   l^'    T7^^  *'"'  ^^"^^''^  ^"  ^'»  •™- 

capai^e  i  producin^l;:.:  j^:::!;?  ^  ^ii;;;  i;  is^^^^^-^-  ^"^- 

1  L.  laciindsum  Griseb.    Lvs  small  (\   fn  ■<>■  r      \     L 
«.nooth  above,  pitted  and  rugous  bTntath-  corJoT/^''''^''.''^'''  ^''•'•^«^'''  ^"""^ 
obovate,  smooth,  gland  at  base  snbZile  Z'r^^       ^'''  '^  f"'f  «*  ^"^J'-^.  '-^""^ 

Petioles  1  to  3f  long.     Leaf     to  o'  di^m       ?     T'"™'.  ^^''^  *^«-'^>  ^"^^  Y.  to  Car. 
upper  fiurfii^n  ,,r-n   !nn   r  -.     ••  T     %?"  '"^^  diverging  and  .snniowhnt  -uHrA 


688  Order  96,— APOCTNACEvE. 

segm.  oblong  tlirico  as  long  as  calyx,  gland  at  base  hairy,  stipitate ;  caps  ovoiA 
twice  longer  than  tlie  calyx  ;  sty.  very  short ;  aeeda  lens-shaped,  shining  bordi^ 
muricate  with  sharp  tubercles.— Fonda,  S.  States,  Savannah  (Feay),  N  Orleans 
(Halo).  Petioles  2  to  8f  long,  according  to  tlie  depth  of  the  water.  Lvs  21  to  4' 
by  3  to  5,  purplish,  variegated  beneath.  Fls.  white,  with  yellow  center  10" 
broad.    Seeds  straw-color.     Jn.    (Menyanthea  trachysperraum  Mx.)  ' 

Order   XCVI.     APOCYNACE^.     Dog-banes. 

Plant  with  an  acrid,  milky  juice,  entire,  exstipulate,  mostly  opposite  leaves 
Fiowers  5-parted,  regular,  the  calyx  persistent,  the  corolla  twisted  in  {estivation' 
Stamens  5,  witli  distinct  lilaments,  anthers  fiiled  v-'-  -i.'.ar  pollen.     Ovaries  2 

distinct,  but  their  stigmas  blended  into  a  head-shai.,.  Fruit  1  to  2  follicles' 

or  capsular  or  baccate,  with  albuminous  seeds.  ' 

Genera  90,  speciett  TM,  chiefly  tropical. 

«nCl"{:'.tM'*'*.~T'l'->*''P''^"'^''"'**^**  .'"=.""<'  """l  often  suspicious  qualities  residing  In  the  wliitn 
iPJ^f,  V  I  '''y"''-  "'^  "'J'^""  ',*  l'.«''*'«'e<l.  no'l  in  the  se»,ds  which  arc  often  .leadly  p ohsons  Tl  o 
t\L  I  *  '^^i;^"»r  '"•  xtri/chma  one  of  tl>e  u.ost  violent  j.oisons  is  the  active  pHnd  i' of  tlm 
t^m  f  Kif  ^"■y"'""'^  N.n;-vo,nica  of  India.  It  is  sometimes  a-ltninistered  as  a  med  cine  hut 
with  doubtful  snccess.  S.  Tieuto  of  Java  is  one  kind  of  Upas.  CerberaTanshin%  tre^f  &  L? 
car  ,s  powerfu  ly  poisonous,  a  sing  e  seed  being  sufficient  to  destroy  twenty  pers^^ml  The  Am 
^neo!  are  emetic,  and  becoininu'  highly  valued  in  hydrocephalus,  etc.  The  juice  contains  ca,;S^^ 
d^tia^  quantities,  but  in  Sumatra  this  is  obtained  largely  from  the  jXe  of  iCola 

GENERA, 

a  Herbs  erect,  with  bell-shaped,  whitish  corollas  and  silky  seeds Apocvnwm  1 

a  Herbs  erect,  with  funncl-fonii,  blue  corolla  and  naked  seed-; .'amsonia    '  3 

a  Herbs  twining,  with  funnel-form,  yellow  corolla  and  silky  seeds ! !! . "fohstkbonia  3 

b  Shrubs  (cultivated)  with  the  corolla  throat  .5-angled,  crownless Vinpa.           '  4 

b  Shrubs  (cultivated)  witli  the  corolla  throat  crowned  with  5  ligules. . .  .'nkrium.  5 

1.  APOC'YNUM,  Tourn.  Doo's-bane.  (Gr.  d-no,  away,  kvuv,  dos; ; 
Pliny  says  this  plant  is  fatal  to  dogs.)  Calyx  very  small ;  corolla  cain" 
pannlate,  lobes  short ;  stamens  included  ;  filaments  short,  arising  from 
tlie  base  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  5  glandular  teeth  ;  anthers 
sagittate,  connivent,  cohering  to  the  stigma  by  the  middle;  ova.  2 ; 
stigmas  connate  ;  follicles  long,  sublinear,  distinct.— Herbs,  suffrutes-' 
cent,  erect,  with  opposite,  entire,  mucronate  lvs.  Cymes  terminal  and 
axillar}'.     Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  pale  flowers. 

1  A.  androsaemifolium  L.    Dog's-bane.     Smooth;  lvs.  ovate;  cymes  lateral 
and  terminal ;  limb  of  cor.  spreading,  the  tube  longer  tlian  the  calyx.— -i  smooth 
elegant  plant,  3f  high,  in  hedges  and  borders  of  fields.     Stem  reddened  by  tho 
Bun,  erect,  branching  above.    Leaves  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  opposite 
rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex,  2—3'  long  and  §  an  wide,  on  petioles  i'  long 
Cymes  paniculate,  at  tho  top  of  the  branches  and  in  tho  axils  of  the  upper  leaves 
Pedicels  J'  long.     Cal.  much  shorter  than  tho  corolla.     Cor.  as  long  as  the  pedi- 
cels,  bell-shaped,  white,   striped  with  rud,  with  6,  acute,  spreading  scjjmenta 
follicles  3  to  4' long.    Jn.,  Jl.— Medicinal. 
/J.  INCANUM.     Lvs.  hoary -pubescent  beneath. 
A.  cannabinum  L.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  oblong,  varj-ing  from  oval  to  lance-oblong,  mu- 
cronate, sliort  petiolate;   cal.  lobes  lanceolate,  about  equaling  the  corolla  tube  •  cor 
hbes  erect.— \n  shady  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.     Plant  widely  branched,  2' to  4f 
high.     Lvs.  smaller  and  thicker  than  in  No.  1,  2  to  4'  long,  6  to  16  '  wide,  usu- 
ally rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex,  often  obtuse  or  acute  at  both  ends,  tiio 
petioles  1  to  3"  long.     Fls.  in  dense,  uprisht  cvmes.  and  not  as  lare-e  na  in  No.  1. 
tor.  white,  with  erect  segments,  hardlj^  2"  long.     FoUiclea  3'  long.'    Jn.— Aug. 
i3.  PUBESCENS.     Lvs.  beneath  and  cymes  pubescent.     (A.  pubescens  R.  Br.) 
y.  HVPEBiciFOLiUM.     Lvs.  narrowly  oblong,  subsessile,  smooth;  ova.  inclining 
to  ovate-oblong;    cymes  generally  longer  thaa  tho  leaves.     (A.  hyperici- 
folia  Ait.j  \        Jff 


Oedeb  95.— APOCTJTACEA  gjg 

2.  AMSONIA,  Walt.     (To  CWfa  yl„,o„,  of  S.  Carolina n    Calvx 

.lZ2;'  ^  V  P^^'ca  2,  connato  at  baao;  follicles  2  erect  slei, 
Jcrf,s,f„rm;  seeds  m  one  row,  cylindric.  truncate  at  each  end  naked 
-Lvs.  alternate,  ont.re,  snbsessile.     Cymes  terminal,  eorymbons      Fk 

2-3'  lon,,  about  C-Sa'    1ii;:VS  "i7KL°'M'.T     "*' '"  -"-^ 

more  or  loss  woollv-Iu  iZ^^rt  T     ^S'"* '  ™„'-  '""">  «''''"»™  <"'<^<io  or 
Plan.  12  ,0  18'  mX    l^tS  3  ^'t^L,  ?„  %o^'\  7tYrf.  ^;^ 

•ubo  w„"i'?.  nit  ^rsuirNrr ""' ""'"  ^»°»!^ '»- «» -: 

atlengthp,micuUtclybranclied-i^  S^L        1    "^o'°;  °'"'«"  <»i-rinl)0U4 
Car  a„d  L,  common.    .?S  1  ^rk'SritlFtl'r"''  ?1»°'!,r»* 

dunculate  i„iore.e„?.  pi 'Sr'Xr E^  ^™rSii"M5°  '°"'  ■«■ 
botti!°u  "cl°'""*'  ''"^'"■-    (Dedicated  to  r.  /•.  Forstcr,  an  Enolis', 

sagttate,  adherent  to'the  sti^n-a,  tbTmimb^ou'sli     «  «d  ■  "tm": 
2-lobed  ,at  apex,  5-angled  in  the  middle  ;  follicles  2  ,kti„cTl'.    F 

Sr;nr4rsTsmTr-^"'»^"^-''™«^^^^ 

nate  from  an  ovato  base— Ham nVfA^        ^  'f'^^*'''^^  ^'^^^  «'^gm-  'ong  acumi- 
to4"bng,paIoy^llo?v.    StaTSdeV  mJ^u^^^^^  '  ^«  '  '''''^     Cor.  3 

funnel  or  silvnr  tr^  '  fl  -^-parted,  segments  acuminate ;  cordla 
orifi"  ?-anlTl'!^';"i:XnT^'heT'"  tf,''^  "'^'^  ^''«  lobes  oblique! 
fusiform  ;  s^ed  oblot.-Tmil  !.  Zib.  T  "'"■^'  '  '^""'^'^  ''  « '^^^ 
Juice  slightly  milky.  ^  ''     ^'''-  «PPos'te,  evergreen. 

May.    Sts.  several  feet  in  L^STJonnH^     /.^^^*"]^''''^'■^'■^^"'  lowering  in 

-ooth  and  shining,  aL"t  'Ztc^^:  'mtTilS'     "^""^  ?^'^' 

violet,  varying  to  purple  or  even  white,  inodoroua      fff'  '"'"'^^'y^  ^'«™«*«' 

V.  major  L.    St..  nearly  erect;  2...  ^fc,  ^mie;  fls.  pedunculate-  ^ 


ftdO 


Ordsr  97.— ASCLEPIADACEiE. 


iJ^JT'  ^.*'"«'«'«^— Shrub  with  numerons,  slender,  siraggling  branches  very 
leat>  lormmg  l.gl.t  raaaaes  of  evergreen  foliage,  Hourishing  best  beneath  thesS 
of  other  plants.  Leaves  2  to  3  in  length,  .shining,  rounded  or  somewhat  So 
at  base.     Flowers  blue,  appearing  in  May  and  June,     f  i^ur. 

I  ^-.^^^J*^,"™',  ^'  ^i-^^ANDKR.  (Gr.  vijpug,  (lamp;  rcferrinff  to  tho 
loca  ity  ot  the  plants.)  Calyx  with  5  teeth  at  the  base  outside  of  tho 
corollii;  corolla  liypocratoriforin,  sonrtnonis  contorted,  orifice  with  -i 
corona  consisting  of  5,  laciniate  leaflets  ;  filaments  inserted  into  tlio 
niuk  0  of  the  tube  ;  anthers  sagittate,  adhering  to  the  stigma  by  the 
nnudle.— Oriental  shrubs.     Lvs.  evergreen,  opposite  or  ternate. 

N.  Olednder  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  corona  segra.  of  3  to 
4  lance-acuminate  teeth.—In  the  greenhouse  and  shrubberies.  St.  regularlv 
branohod.  Lvs.  commonly  3  together,  on  short  stalks,  smooth,  very  entire  cori- 
aceous, with  prominent,  transverse  veins  b<'neath.  Fls.  terminal,  corymbcu.. 
'  ^„^;g°  ""'1  l^eautiful  roso-colored.  One  variety  has  white  flowers,  another  vario- 
^  u  Li!""*  •''  ^'"'■'^  '^°"^'^-  '^''"  '"'P>f'n<«'l  shrub  is  common  in  Palestine  (Rev  S 
Hebard),  growing  by  rivulets,  &c.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  plant  to  which  "tho 
Psalmist  alludes,  Ps.  i.  3,  and  xxxvii.  35.  . 


il 


OuDKR  XCVII.     ASCLEPIADACELE.     Asclepiads. 

Plants  (chiefly  herbs  in  tho  JJnitod  States)  with  a  milky  juice,  often  twining. 

^  ■^fiOJ'fts  opposite  (rarely  whorled  or  scattered", 

without  stipules,  entire.  Flowers  generally 
umbellate,  5-parted,  regular,  the  sepuls  and 
also  tho  petals  united  at  base,  both  valvato 
in  aestivation.  Stamens  united,  adherent 
to  and  covering  the  fleshy  mass  of  tiie  two 
united  stigmaa  Polkn  ohering  in  masses. 
Ovaries  2,  forming  folUoit         fruit. 


s  of  tropt- 

^.  Al'iicji, 

oiiiiiioa 


Genc^n  14t,  «/>«(■■»>« 910,  chieli 
«iil  ri?s;i(iii.-s  ami  fsfH-ciully  abiin("la, 
8.  liwImaixINcw  lloHaml.but  afoii,, 
in  tempenito  regrions. 

/'/•o/^e/«<.«.— Similar  to  those  of  tho  a 
C((iC.  t)iit  f;ir  Uvss  active.     The  juice  is  aci..         , 
eomdidly  to  Ix*.  »t  least,  8\isf.eeti(l.     A  fuw  „ 
(i|K'cics  rtio  niedicinitl,  but  nouo  of  much  con 
quyiici". 

FIG.  6T0.— 1.  Ascloiiinscomuti.  %  A  flower,  tlio 
IwtuJs  anil  M'pal*  riflexed,  and  the  corona  erect. 
8.  Ono  of  the  .seirment-i  of  the  coroii.'»  with  tht> 
horn  bent  iinranlly.  4.  A  jtiiir  of  jmiUcu  n  asMV* 
siisnenilcd  from  the  trhiml.s.  S.  A  mature  follitlc. 
&  Vcrti.vil  section  of  I>.  fihvtolneoiilcs  slio\vin<j 
tbe  2  ovaii.s.    7.  L<)l)e  aR<l  lioin  of  tbo  corona. 

TRIBES  AND  GENKRA. 
J    PERIPLOCK^      FilaiMentsdistinet.     Pollinia  «ini:I.  (not  in  r.«irs),.Rr.,„„Iar.  (*) 

♦  Antberabear.ledontheWk.     Pollinia  5.     »tem  twininjf..  .  I'miplocaI 

ASCLLI>1ADE^     Filaments  u>n.,at...     Follinia  10,  in  ,,ai,vs  iK.n.inlouV.VcMVlc.l.'  (a) 

a  Ilomls  each  sheathinsf  a  hUle  horti.     Petals  reflexod AscLi-ias  2 

i  Hoods  of  the  crown  destttuto  of  a  horn,  (b) 

b  Petals  rcilcrod.     Hor.-!s  err-rf,  ndnnte  to  tho  .nrithers AcntATns.  S 

b  Petals  expandinsr.     Ho«m1s  aseendinsr.  fr«H>  from  anihcr.s Anantiikri:^.  4 

b  Petals  erect.— Plant  ereet.     Anther  head  r>e<liiH-llato Vwv»-x\i.s\\.  r. 

— Plant.s  twining.     Crown  fle.shy  retime Skvtkea.  (5 

— Plant  twining.    Crown  thin,  2-awncd !.E.nslenu.  X 


ranches,  very 
Jath  the  shade 
!wliat  cordato 

ring  to  tho 
tsidc  of  tho 
iice  with  a 
id  into  tlio 
j:nia  by  tho 
ate. 

jegra.  of  3  to 
St.  regularly 
r  entire,  cori- 
,  corymbcus, 
tiothor  vario- 
;ine(Rev.  S. 
to  which  tho 


DS. 

len  twining'. 
ir  scattered), 
'-rs  generally 
0  sepals  and 
3oth  vulvato 
id,  adherent 
3  of  the  two 
g  in  niassoa. 
■uit. 

es  of  tropt- 

S.  Alricji, 

'         'i>iNinoa 

iho  .  in- 

is  acj .  I 

A  few  '), 

lllUcIl    Clltl 

A  ffower,  tlio 
toi'Dnii  ei'vut. 
>iia  witli  tho 
•I  lilt' II  II  asses 
»tiirefiillicl('. 
lies  sliowing 
ibo  corona. 


'kkiploca.  1 

:vl.  (a) 

\»Ct.KI-IAS.  2 

AmiATES.  S 

ANTIIKRIX.   i 

mWTIIiMA.  f> 

.  Skvtkea.  (5 

liSSLEKU.   r 


OaDEB  O:.— ASCLEPIADACE^.  jgj 

III.  QONOLOBr  ^,    Filament,  c.mnato.     Polllnla  10.  in  pairs,  borlzontal.  (c) 

IV   STvVFLKl'nf "'""•.    !''*"'«  »«•"""«. -'t"c..rd:Ue  leave., ...'..Oo»ou,bus     S 

lV.ST.\IKLlt.A      Hlamtntscnaut...     PollinU  lO.nsccn.li.igor  erect,  (d)         °^"'^"™-    « 

dCr<.w,.si„,pe.of5floshy.s..,M„c„t8.     Twl„i„..     CultivaLl .'    ^  „'     ^      „ 

d  Cowu  .louble,  an  outer  and  an  l„„er.     Not  twialng.    Cultivated ■.■.■;.Vstap«u1  ij 

1.  PERIP'LOCA,   L      (Or.  TOpt,  around,  nXoKog,  a  binding  or  twin- 

5-parted,  onficc  snrroundcd  by  a  5-cleft,  tirceolatc  corona,  tenninating 
a  5  fihfo  m  awns;  filaments  distinct,  anthers  cohering,  bearded  on  the 
hack;  polhnia  sohtaiy,  4-lobed;  follicles  2,  smooth,  divaricate ;  Led 
comou8.--TwHnng  slirubs.     Fls.  in  umbels  or  cymes. 

^'J?^°^  h  ,-^yf-  "^"^^'  acuminate;  corymbs  axillary;  cc;.  villous  within— A 
chmj.ng  shrub,  10-15f  long,  sparingly  naturalized  in  VVestern  NV  aW^Ttt 
.  ated  m  ga  dens  Leaves  opposite,  3-4'  long,  J  as  wide,  and  on  petioles  1'  2 
blowers  m  long,  branching,  axillary  peduncles!  ^Sepals  minute?ZcSatVa2 
Aug.     riEur.''  ""  l-near,  obtuse,  dark  purple.     Polliclos  about Ij'C 

2.  ASCLE^PIAS,  L.  Milkweed.  (From  ^vm^fw*,  the  fabulous 
god  of  medicine  and  physicians.  Calyx  deeply  o-parted ;  corolla  deeply 
fo'-frM'  7^r''  >»„«^«tivation,  finally  reflexed!  staminal  cc^-ona^ 
leaved,  leaflets  cucullate,  with  an  averted  horn-like  process  from  the 
base  carved  towards  the  stigma;  antheridium  (connate  mas,  of  anthers) 
5-ange,],  truncate,  opening  by  5  longitudinal  fissures  ;  pollinia  (mS 
of  poJeti)  5  distinct  pairs  fi.xed  by  tho  attenuated  apei'  to  a  cleft^  gW 
pendulous;  follicles  2,ventncous;  seeds  comous.—  2;  Mostly  N  Ameri 
the"'  etioief^'''''''  ''''■*'^'"''*^'  ''^'''^y  alternate  Ivs.     Umbels  between 

^  ^^*' l1'!I'.s".1I  'rf  "!';'  '"''■•"^v  <lancc-Ii„oar  in  tlm  cummted  No.  19).  (*) 

U•av,^^Jlll  ,, I, „,.sit..,  or  raivly  the  |,i!;lji..st  alternate ■'•'^  W 

*  I-e;ivMi)i<istl»' scattered  or  vorticillate  •^»"''-  ''— 19 

S  Leaves  hioader  ovate,  lanceolate,  Ac.      I'lanVsVilViuaiVc.' ■<2)' ^°''-  ^^  " 

2  SteJi.s  dnwd  ng  at,<.ve  into  l.ni.iche.s.c'orvi)ibed  or  i.anieled  v       i,  i. 

2  btems  SI inp  o.-Leaves  se.ssi le,  conlate-claspl ug  at  Ce       ?"»-  |->  }* 

^Men,.,snnpU..-L..ivespeti«l.ate,the,Kaiole,<Mt^^^  xNos.  11, 18 

3    Mowers  (small)  with  a  white  crown  nnd  piirpJisli-whi  o  cor oHi  x„.  «     ,„ 

3  J' lowers  with  a  whte  crown  nn.i  ^'leenish-wl  ito  corol  a  N'^^r'? 

3  1'  lotrer.  (I'iige)  with  both  crown  and  corolla  |Mi,-pIe-tin^;.d  '(4) Noa.  S-7 

4  follicles  sin.x.thish  (as  are  all  the  foreRoins)        Xos.  R.  4 
4  I  ollicio*  ^p^nkled  uith  soft  warty  sj.iues. . .  ' ' '  "Noi   1  3 
^r  ?°™^"  Decaisno.    Simple,  stout;  Ivs.  oblong^vate,  short-acuminata  shorU 
petiokte,  downy  beneath;  ,.edicels  s!)ortor  than  the  Wa,  deS  manv  H^w 
ored;  ccr.  lobes  ovate  relie.xed,  4  tunes  shorter  than  tho  pedS   LXof  the 
crown  ovate,  obtuso,  not  1  >nger  that,  tho  undnato  horn.-A  commmrv"  rt  mifkr 
herb,  A  to  4f  Ingh,  m  hedges  and  road-sides.     Lva.  5  to  8'  by  2  to  V      xnS 
i  3  111  most  species  "early  nt  ri-ht  angles  to  the  miUvein,     pJ  etmif  Irl    ^ 
the  petioles,  bearing  a  globular^nmbefcf  a  hundrergreelh  nurnrik;^^^^^^^^^^ 
of  which  prove  fruiifuL     Pods  full  of  seeds  with  their^long  silk     Jl 
2  A.  S-ullivantii  Engel     Tall,  mj-y  smooth-  Ivs.  ovato-oblong  erect  cordat«  nn 
very  short  petioles;  M>ods  of  tU.  crown  obovuk,  obtuse  and  oS aUpeTobtuL^; 
aunculato  without  on  each  side  at  base;  horns  .lender  but  obtuS-  Sdes^J 
scattered,  warty  spmes.-Near  Columbus,  Ohio  ("  Sullivant."   Mr  A  11  WatJ^n 
Said  to  resemble  A.  cornuii  iu  foliuga  iind  fruit,  b.it  re.rmrkab ydiflbtvut S 
lirs"-  n""''  ^  '"  '    ^°"^'  «"^"'^"  I'"P^^''     '''^'  ^--"^  aa^ong  Se'ar^ 

^  ^f^^""^/^^"®"'  ^     ^^  *'"'P'°'  ^'°^*'  P'l^onilent;  Ivs.  dliptkal  ovaie-eUlv 

<cai  or  ovate,  muoronale,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole  fimc^thabovf 

omentous-pubescent  and  paler  beneath;  ped.  ionuln^  sCt\Z^ittaJJ'. 

hoods  oblong  or  lance-ovato,  obtuse,  horns  lalcate,  acute.  abmntyVnioT^! 

zon(al.-ln  hodgea  ..nU  thicket.^  N.  IL,  ilasa.  to  m^  and  K^ft    3    or  ^r^ 


598 


Order  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^. 


lugli  Himplo  or  slightly  branched  at  top.  Lva.  with  the  midvein  pMrnlo  C»\ 
small,  grt.e„.  Cor  dark  purple,  with  rolloxed  segments.  Crow.rju.-p  ?  twice  a. 
long  us  the  a..thendiu...,  the  points  of  its  honis  lying  close  u,K)n  ir  Jl.' 

*  ^.JJ^^'^fj^"  ^'"  ^""^'f'  '"^'-'*'  '""•  '>«^t'^-<i'-»rruruitn,  very  aeute,  aubcordate  w 
romde,  at  ha..e  oa  very  short  petioles,  glabn.us;  umbels  oa  hug,  n  ostly  CuuZ 
P^J^I^i;  f-w-fl^w^ed;  hoods  of  the  crown  ac^te,  rather  longer  than  the  Sr 

1  to  21  hig^  with  a  pubescent  lino  on  ono  siilo.    Lvs.  3  to  6'  bV  1  to  •>'  in  rp,„„f 
pa.rs,  the  ,.p,K,r  scnetin.es  alternate.    Te.!.  1  to  5,  2  to  3'  long  ,^1^    I  o  "    '" 
lis.  purple,  tl^  crown  red.    Follleles  ventricou.s.acuminate,  sinoEsh.    J     Aui' 
(A.  laneifoha  Mx.     A.  acuminata  Ph.)  """»"-    Ji.,  Aug. 

^  ;?r„  P'^Stolaocoides  I'h.  Pokk-leaved  Su.kweed.  St.  simple  erect  nnho 
mloxM-  Iv,.  broadly  ovate,  aUenmkd  at  base  ami  apex  acutr smoothUl.  Wi' 
8|des,  glaucous;  ped.  whitish  puberulc.t,  many-llowefed;  rSS^rSe  k^  ' 
abou  asloug  as  tho  podu.iclo ;  anthoridiu.n  stipitate;  Ws/rJ^.  SiZ' 
quui  Mk;  hor..s  subulate,  exserted,  suberect.JTall  andSdso,nf  k.  Tow  tin  Iv 
grounds,  Can.  toGa.  and  Aik.  St.  4  to  5f  hiffli  Lv«  G  to  a'  iT"  t,!  1'  i't  .  7 
near  tho  top  on  lateral  pedu,.cles  4  to  6' 1,?/ with^lbout  20^li.^^^^^^^ 
n.ldi..g  pedicels  near  2' long.     Petals  ^.^::^:^^,^o!^l^^ 

^.t'h  ^^^S^^^  L.  St  simple,  erect,  smoothish;  lvs.  ovato  or  oval  abruni  at 
tS  "''t  "'"'■™"'J^«'  .f?''^bro,is,  glaticous  beneath ;  ped.  lateral  or  tTrn,hK„e- 
thrd  us  long  as  tho  leaves,  u.nboilato,  inany-llowered  •  cor   seirm    ov         ;,     ^ 

j«to..,afed  o(  ta,„  into  a  b.j,  f,Uk,  minutely  putenilont,  .»TO;TSr  L3. : 

10  to  lo-flowered;  petals  oval;  hoods  obU>ng-obfuse,yeUoxvish  whiti hmrt^l 
iiigli.     J.\s.  2  to  3  long.     Cor.  buds  tinged  \\  ith  puipk.,  about  2".    J„ 
t  P*^^,^P'a  I'h.    Half-shrubby  and  branched  at  base;  sts.  ascending  *moo/A  - 

!S  fl  ""  ^T*""'  ^^""^  <'^  ^'^  18  -flowered;  umbels  smaU  pubescent  wit 

_     small  flowers;  petals  ovato.  thin,  thrice  shorter  than  tho  pedicels    hoods  ova  o 

WtialSbV  ;"  to  Ti''      T-    K     '"^  •'  very  eafv.     Lvs.  4  to  6'  (including  the  1' 
bng     JUAug         ■  '"""     •  *    ^'''^'    ^^'■-  P"""?''^^^  white,  bud  i" 

\^  Ztf^I^S!tF^-     ''-rT^'  '™P'r'  ^™'"^"^ '  ^'^^-  ^'""^th,  thin,  short.petio- 
iaie,  ovale,  acuminaie,  smne  oj  tuttn  m  wiorls  of  4-  ■  nmhr !«  f..«r  1.,^  ^^.   1        . 

,      mmal  or  axillary  peduncles;' W3  elliptic^Z^i^'^X^aZ^^Z: 
de^nt  sixties  ,n  dry  woods.     Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  about  2f    iXslSr  clt. 

/3.  LANCiiOLATA.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate  nt  hnth  end=   the  unnrr  -vhorlod  • 

11  J.  \r":iir^'^'  ^"^  *""^ '"  ^-'^•)-^--  (Hi-rd) '  i.;d.7Hu.'nme;f ' 

create  se^lJp.i^H^''-     ?'  ^™P^', "'^^'t ;  /,«.  vblong  or  oblopg-ovaie,  obtuse,  viv. 

S£   tXrA.      n       "f  ^^^rP't'^'"''*'^''  ^"^"'"t'*.  very  smooth  both  sides; 
umbels   ttrmmal,   many-flowered,    glabrous,   long-peduuculato ;    hoods  abrupt 


Order  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^  .„., 

alrrnMt  trunrale  at  apex,  lionis  arcuato.   Cilcato    infl«vf.r1      t.,   »i     ^ 
prairies,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States      St    2  to  ^f  hi  J  T-  ?'"''^^  grounds, 

terminal  un.bel  of  30  to  40  Kr^',  reddish  Ireen  jleS.T/  '""*^''l  <''*™'>^  ^l 
l<n.K.  a  tiurd  as  wide,  with  a  ^A^^ZZZZr^'r^^^^ 

ing  up  numerous  .lems  2r  IiIrI,,  Icaly      Ly,'  ,clLd  „!'h,t^T'  "'"'''^-  '""''■ 
merouj  b„gl,t  „„„p.col„r«l  fl„,ver».     I.otal,  .ml  ,Uvu  „   ™u  JSm-  '," 

»n»wl,a.  panioM,  p.^.  ov,uo,  giWni,!,  whui;  "1*  2™  ^  JSj 

tads  ^™„i3,L^','''  •,"':"■  ^  '"•'  '""i^' ' '" '"  »■'<"•  «to>.ut,K™,  'fi"w'; 

pat  TrgSSirH,)'""''''™*'"^""^-    ""»■■•'"•    <-^-  '-"S""'-  M-  i" 

J  itauow  8  Lan.  and  U.  S.     Lvs.  in  whorls  ot  4  to  C,  3  to  5'  lonp,  a  lino  in  vidtl, 
lea^-es     Jl.'"'"""''  ''''''''  "'  ''"""'  ''^''"'  ""'^^^^-     I''"'^''   '^^^  as "mig  L  ulo 

iJe«.  1  0,  L  at  Up  of  the  skm,  vmld  pubtrulent,  few  (G  to  I0).fiowered  ■  f/^  in^n.. 

fn1Sct-?;f'j'-^rr ''^  "h'^  ^^^''■^'■'  ''""'^  "^"^'^'  ^iIate?iTo:^'ho2  sS  t' 
included. -N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  L..,  m  wet  woods.  St.  3  to  4f  hiirl.  very  smooth 
Lys.  gictn  on  both  sidc.«,  rough  on  the  edj^es,  mostly  very  narrovs^  PcXSe 
4    long.     Cownsfpitato,  yellow.     Jl,  lug.     (A.'lanc.^lata  Walt )  ^    ^   ' 

•f  o  r  fll  '  ^^^Sf /'-'^«'"to  ;  V^d.  aUervate  at  the  nak^d  mmmit  of  /tern,  very  fcw 
(J  to  Orflowered,  hnu-tonlato  •  wtiiLf  ,niu-  nhi-,--,  m  ■.  j  •  l  .- '  r 
Aoorfs  «/;«»'/^r  ihL  ■ -^^'--wii,,  peum  ,.„!>. ob'oug,  ihnce  A-fwricr  than  ik,,  pedicels ; 
nooa^  sUmter  than  the  stamens,  n,cludn  g  the  horns.— Dump  barrens,  8  Car  to 
i<la.  Sts.  very  slender,  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long  Petals  2  to  { 'Ion -I"  n? 
an  ashy  and  glaucous  purple.     Jn.T  Jl.  ^  ^°"°'  °^ 

ton!  w  '="'^«"^,vica  I-  Tlalf-shrubhy  and  branched  at  base,  nuborulent  •  st. 
terete;  /...  Lncar-lanceolat,  and  hnceolate,  acuminate,  petloLto ;' S.L™ SarJ 

38 


004 


OBDKn  97.-ASCLKriADACi:yB. 


Tall  «ua  e^Kani.  v^ 'J:zi:  ::;;:ij'::z:^^  •; v"i:r  """'^-^^-'-^ 

j^^^^^^^^  AschjM,.«._2;  Lv8.  oi.pos.to    or  nltoniato.     ILnboi; 

'•^■""  l^""v..lat..,  will.  «  ...ov.'i,        \?  \     r'V"^^^^  ^"  ul.U.n«.<.v«,.  <,r 

ir'li.vl.;  ...own  H.^-n.  ol.lon^,.  .  ool  L  I      i.o      'iV''''  "T'^  "'  "•■"R.'s.h. 

<>>>•  to  (;,..nn.|   Ark-.     Sts.  ,L  t  -f    i    ',         L   "  """'/.''V'"  »'""■'">•  ''^'i'^ 

olophw  biniKinosa  Nutt.  ?)  l"'"^- ^-  "•  ^V..ts.,n).     riui.t  ntm  "•  J.igh.     (As- 

^  j:^;.K°:^?^!^:;;il';.  r^ii'r  ;;;tr::5^.  ir -'"'^  ;t^!^:  = "-  ""-""n 

prairios.    i>UMi.  stot.t,  2-;!n,i,^l,      I Iv, .         '      '       '  *''^'  '"  ""■'"'"vvs  a.,.1 

»ini.,?!!*!',;it;ii',"{;.,.^;;:.:;)  %-^rfr'  «■*•'-•  -  "™"=  -^ 

petal.  i.,„ uiiy „v; ,:,,■,  ,:t,.,i    11  .T'  '"r" ■'"■""■■' ■■•'■•■""■''' 

Asi't>nas  — .r    II.mIw    ..,.,w.f     M    '"  '.•""■'^^  »»t''ilv.     Otherwise  as  in 

Pts.  about  2CI,igU.     ],vs   18    o"o'     on7i*        o'    '•"."'  ^"J'"'""'  <'''^-'>    -''■^:-v- 
i^-y^^^^m^  A.^.^^Z^JSl^^'^'    ^-'«-     i'c'tals5'lo.g.     J„. 

raiiicilato  at  tl,;lafy  ^um  ,t    i    o  ".fl    "     Pj't'olt'S  pubescent ;   p.d.  3  (o  5, 
rra«;M  5,v,»/.  spread  ni^^'ri;  tin?,  fi^^'^'J'''^  'P'''"^  «'«'''.  ( reot-.^preadir.g 
like  peti.-('ja    S'  ToS   ^A^-W   'f^fr"'  "^  f""^>^  «l'«rtcr  finu/ti.e  leal! 

"Wait.)  *^      l-^-'-^r-uca  pauiculata  Decuisnc.    Asclcpias  viridis 

Jnfe  the  cal^x,    crown  pedicellate,  segmcnta  5,  without  horns,  .hort, 


OKDKn  9t.— ASCLKPlADACRvB.  gg^ 

lie  att.n,Hl..l  n[...x,  coniprosscl ;  Htignni  «1c.i„vnhcm|,  fi-anirlcd  ;  f.,lli,.|,.» 

i......  or.,,,  u,„  cr„»:;it;i;;L4'"i;,£;lT  "m'I;,'",;'::''  "•'""""" ''™-" " ' 

(i^^nt'n-lri^rN'z:)  -"'  '"■•"•  '^-"y  ■«..  &»•.„,;„.„,.„  „;;;i::i: 

l^ui^H  ;°i\-rK''??a""!:.  J'v5  ,^|:;"-  "'--Pubesocnt  and  with  .of^  sca.teroa 

Klubrc^us  above  ;yr*7.;^"lT£'S:"1u'n^"^^     '"",'1'''  "*  ^'-'"^'^" 
at  suunnit;  peiJ,  Immr  or  /w    //Z  '      f'      '^' ^' "^'•''•t'^.  ^^'H'  li near  bracts 

tl.o  loi,es  at  baso  rou,^    rind  oTv  n""'"'.'''  '  *"  ''•     ^'"^-  *'""'   *  »<>  «  bv  2  to  i ; 

^  at  arH.;^xt;L";;;ur  'S:;^i:n^^r  i-  ^"i:;  «'r  ^'^™r- 

CuliT,  J3.  M.)  ■  --    '     '>    1   .     Jn.,  Ji.     (u.  dis- 

'''1'virix.f'"*  nearly  smooth,  cor.  sogm.  smooth  both  sides.-South.     (G. 

^  iSnu^td^pubcsc^Jt  y,!l{,  'iS'r^r?'  ly-"-  '•'•oad.ovato,  acuminate,  cordate, 
/  luucsccnt  both  sjdcs;  ptd.  shorter  than  the  peUoks,  fcw-dowerod,  wiuj 


596 


Order  98.— JASMINACE^. 


tlio  last,  from  which   this  species    echn,S  ,iflr        .*'  ^"'^.^^^     ^'Vs.  as  in 

line,     t  Ji.  Ind  fctuhou.o.     ils.   paik-colored,  m  douso  vmbel^  very 

Order  XCVIII.-JASMINACE.E.     Jasminworts. 

tube  oftho  corolla.'    ra;-,t    til  ed2^t^^  "  TTIr-     ^''"'"'"  ''  '"  '"" 
Se^-  erect,  with  little  or  no^^uL^I^'i^^V  "'''  '"  ''''''  "^  ''"^^^"'^•• 

couHt,  as  well  a.  lor  their  beauty,  the.e  pLtl!  are  culti vuie'd     "•'''"'^"'''>'  ♦^"«'-""t-     On  tliis  ac 

J  a.  iCur.  ■  — -  u    -u-Jq.     1  ropagHteu  by  lavcrs. 

sub';t,;I;ulaSfh'':p^sitrrmp;und"ft;   ^rA  ---'y^^^-bin,:  iranck. 
cle^  torminarfew-flowGnfJ    rn^^K      '  *".^'  ''"^n^eolato,  acumi^'ato  ;  pani- 

Stem  BeverI;ifc:t"hriTngih"1^rowe"'So"Vtr"  ^"^r"  ""/■^'^-^- 

ufeui.     r lowers  white.     Botli  species  are  beautiful  and 


Ohder  99.— OLEACEiE.  .„^ 

our 


Order  XCIX.     OLEACE^     OtirEs. 

TVees  and  shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  «omotimo,s  pinnato-kavos,  with  fl<ymrs  4 
partod  regular  rarely  apetalous,  the  corolla  valvato  in  the  bud:     iwL  2  [o  4 
...ostly  2,  and  fewer  than  the  co.,lla  lobes.      O.anj  2-colled,  with  2    .^^l^  .I'; 
m  each  cell,  and  frmt  fle«hy  or  capsular,  aeeds  4  (or  fewer  by  abortionr^.  abt 
diuit  albumen.     Fig.  2U5.  /  """'"on;,  wui»  aoun- 

pcan  F.  Ornus.     Tho  specie.  „r  ill;!  -Juro'wtiriuun^^Vor  "luVir  •t^';{l',^^^^^^^^^  "'  »'-  ^"- 

TRIDES  AND   GKNERA. 
1.  I''11AXINK^.-Friiit  a  dry,  winded  samara.    Leaves  Dinnitfl  i- 

n.  SVUINGK^  -Fruit  a  dry.  ..-colled  eapsnle.     Loavor.Zt,;  ;i;nV.:;-  a) '""""•     ' 

a  Calyx  iwr.slstciit;  corolla  salver-form  cyanic  •       >•  ^• 

a  Calyx  (leei.luon.s  ;  corolla  subcHmpa.iulate,  yellow ••.'"""'*•     * 

b  Coro  la  lobes  Ions,  liiu..-»r,  pendulous,  stamens  included C,  ov  vL,„.  . 

bCorolla  lobes  short.    Stamens  included.    Fruit  a  berry     <^»'ONANT,.,m.  « 

b  Corolla  lobes  short.     Stamens  exserted  (c).  L""1.-«t.u;m.  5 

O  Stylo  2-iiarted.     Leaves  si^rato.  ri^ 

C  Styl.sim,de.-I)ru,.o  shell  bony.    \v,:nu;i::>- ^{^^y. Osmant.„^.  e 

IV    FOT-FSTIT-PP^J-     P     >    -""'I'«  «•'«"  Pniiory.     I'anloles  terminal Visia.ma  H 

IV.  1.0LEHTIERL^-Fru,ta«eshydrm.o.    Corolla  „„„o.    Leaves  simple..  Fou..:s™:  I 

I    FRAX'INUS,  Tourn      (Gr.  0ap,^.f,  a  separation ;  from  the  facilitv 
.-.thwlnclaho  wood  splits.)    Polyj^ainous  or  dioecious;  calyx  4-toothcf 

a.-oly  obsolete  ;  petal.  2  or  4,  coherent  at  base,  oblon/.  or  linear  or  al 
together  wanting  ;  stamens  2;  stigma  bifid  ;  samara  2-celIed,  flaUened 

nnged  at  apex,  ce  is  2-ov,.  ed,  bnt  1-seeded  ;  seeds  penduio.is  cS 
l„e..sed.-lree.s  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  odd-pinnate  Ivs.  and  k  ra- 
coined  or  panicled.     American  species  are  all  dicecious  and  apetalous 

S  {'lowers  witli  a  corolla  of4  or  2  white,  linoar-obh.nsri.tah     Cultivated  xr     „ 

I    'lowers  ap.laouN,  poly^-amou.s.     Leallets  11  to  18     V'u  lUated        "      ^!*-  5 

i  1' l..wer»  apetalous,  diu)eiou8.     Fruit  always  wiujied  „t  a  ,ex  (i  ' ^"-  ^ 

*  Ca  yx  persistent  at  the  tereU  base  of  the  HamaVa'.  „      , 

*  Ca  y  X  luTsistei.t  at  the  narrmv.jMtened  h(,>~«  of  il',;;  IIm\\:..\ v ' '    .?•  1 

*  Calyx  none,  the  samara  naked  at  the  broad  base  ^;"''  ^-~* 

IP.  Americana  L  White  Asir.  Lfts.  ^  to  9.  potiolulato,  ovate  or  lanco^'ju 
long  acuminate,  enfre  or  obscurely  subserrate,  shiniug  above. '(,Saua>usbeneaU, 
peioles  and  branchlets  terete,  .smooth;  bud.sVcUlowlh-velvetj^^  Z.I.Je  cim' 
pound  axilary,  loose;  samara  linear-oblonf,^  obtuse,  narrower  a^d  toe  eat  tlo 
calyculate  base,  seed  portion  half  as  long  ns  wing —Woods  Can  to  r^n  i  t 
A.bresttreo,40  to80f  high;  trunk  i  io  :U- Ln  S  J  H^rr/atX  j'"^ 
smooth  Ifts.,  winch  are  -i  to  4'  by  ]H  '  to  2'.     Fruit  Kl  to  15"  by  2  ^o     V     Vnr 

^^^'^Z^^i^iS'''-  ^^^•)-^™^-  li...tAougha^dst^E^ 

^^^^^r-=r2^zr^:i:  dt;z^^^ 


598 


Ohdeh  99.— OLKACE^. 


to  3  oy  18"  to  2'.     Timbor  les3  valuable.     Apr.,  May.     (P.  tomen- 


benoat'i,  2 
tosa  Mx.) 

conoolorMuhL     F.  juglandifolia  DC )  i^'^^t  12  to  U    long.     May.     (R 

» f off a»,%£,,f-4- .Su'ri,?'^;^^^^ 

corol  .  «.i,x.v-„„,„,  tubo  ».voml  'time,  longor  tl.an  tl,o  ca  yxfli  i  b      ft 
...to  cloop,  obtuse  s;,rca,)i„g  valvate  sog,„c°,ts  ;  stamo,,,  si  o't      elude 

w,  IHU  the  tube     CWulo2-celled,  2.varvod-6rieutal,i  owe   ;"^S^ 
uith  snnple,  entire  leaves,  '^""o  s>"iui>s, 

,-„^-..^,.-r^f**°*  f-     P?f' -^N  Lilac.     Z^«.  te„c«;tote.  Ar*.^^.  ^mooti.  L-th  sh'ip, 

S/t    nir;  flT  «m  I     .  fi '    "°  "^  ''""-^'"^  """''^'•«-     The  leaves  vary  from 
cuuic  CO  pinn.ttiH.I,  small  at  flowering  tiino.     Apr.   May.  f     Persia 


OBDKn  99.— .OLEACEA 


17-    (F.  tomen- 

or  ovate-lance, 
ightly  glaucoiii 
brous;  samara, 
-A  small  treo 
renn.  and  Car. 
ig.     May.     (F. 

Uptie,  acuto  at 
scent;  samara 
ate,  and  often 
:,  3  to  5'  lonp, 
le  middle,  ta- 

itly  3-wiugc(l 

ate-lanceola(o 
ns  beneatli  at 
embanous  an- 
^  end,  naked 
owa  Trunk 
2  to  5"  long. 
2r  strong  and 

,  lanco-ovato, 
ertion  and  in 
se  or  eniiirgi- 
ids,  NortluTii 
rown.  Buds 
ked  at  base  J 
and   basket- 

ance-oblong, 
inear-oblong, 
3ties,  among 

I  lanceolate, 
owny ;  pan- 
1  tlio  calyx ; 
J'^ur. 

1  from  tlio 
)cr.si.steiit ; 
limb  cleft 
,  iticliulcd 
iig  shrubs, 


irons,  green 
>  are  many 
thyr.se.  ;5. 
iiid.  Apr., 
luugary. 

botJ!  .sides 
lb  tiian  tlio 

vary  from 

end,  hairg 


&09 


3.  FORSY  THIA,  Vahl.  Calyx  very  short,  companulate,  4-parted. 
deciduous;  corolla  somewhat  boll-shaped,  lobes  twisted  in  the  bud  • 
stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  included  :  ovary  2.celled' 
cells  oo-ovuled ;  capsule  ovoid,  2-cellcd  ;  seeds  many,  pendulous,  nar' 
rowly  winged.-Shrub  with  opposite  branches  and  scalv  buds. 

r.I:.u^^^^^f^  Vahl.— Shrubberies,  comn,  Lvs.  often  in  'whorla  of  3s  or  4. 
petiolate,  sunple  or  pmnately  divided,  serrate.  Fls.  preceding  the  leaves  ono 
from  a  bud,  ped.celled,  yellow,  with  long  lobes.  \     ChiL.     (s/ringa,  Thunb.) 

4.  CHIONANTHUS,  L.    Yihginia  Fringe  Tree.     (Gr.  v.a3.  snow 
r  K  V      ;  T:7^''^^     Calyx  4-parted,  short ;  cor.  lube  very  shoit 

imb  4-parte(l    lobes   linear,  elongated ;  sta.   2,   inserted  into  the  cor 
ubo,,nduded;  sty.  very  short ;  drupe  fleshy  ;  putamcn  bony,  1 -eel led, 

1-seeded.— rroos  with  opposite  leaves.     Branchlets  compressed.     Ral 

cemes  terminal  and  axillary. 

C.  Tirginica  L.     Lvs  oval  and  oblong-lanceolato  ;  pedicels  lonsr,  l-flowered  •  cal 
glabroas;  cor.  segm.  Imear,  acute,  fiaccid.-A  shrub  or  smalf  ree  hTghhr  ornt 
mental   m  woods  S.  Penn.  to  Fla.,   Ky.,  Tenn.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  LooihoHa 
nous  forms,  oval    or  ovate,    rhombic,  lanceolate,  etc.,  on  the  same  tree '3  to  6' 

length.    Diupes  oval,  purple.    Apr.-.In.-Par  South  it  is  called  Uld^man^s-beard. 

5.  LIGUS'TRUM,  L.  Privet.  Prim.  (Lat.  ligo,  to  bind,  from  the 
use  made  of  its  shoots.)  Calyx  minutei;  toothed;  cor.  tube  sTiort' 
li.nb  with  spreading,  ovate  lobes;  sta.  2;  sty.  very  short;  berry  2- 
celled,  2--4-seedc<l ;  seeds  convex  on  one  side,  angular  on  the  other.- 
Sarubs  with  simple  lvs.  Fls.  in  terminal  panicles,  tetramerous. 
^'•J!^^f^^^  \'    ^.^«-,''*nccolate  and  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  on  short  petioles  •  ran- 

rrel'''ir;es  which  are  1     '"f""'  T^^-^'-T  ^"'"'  '?PP"'''"'^>  ^"^"•^'  «"'°»''^-  ^ark 
tit',  a  round^rf   nhn!!,  ."^'  *•  ^'  ^'t""^  '''^''^'"^  ^""""^  «b°^'«t«  to  elliptical, 

11.1  ^   '^"unded,  obtuse  or  acuto  point.     Flowers  small,  numerous,  white      An- 
liers  large    exserted.     Berries  black,   in  conical  bunches,  bitter     It  s  said  to 
have  been  introduced  from  England  where  it  is  used  lor  hedger  May,  June 

6.  OSMANTHUS,  Lour.    (Gr.  0(7/z7y,  fragrance,  ^Jt'^.)    Calyx  short 

bcll-.shaped,  4-tootlied  ;  corolla  subrotate,  4-parted  ;  ai.thors  adnate    o 

e  inner  side  of  the  fi  aments ;  style  2-parted,  lobes  thick,  acute.- 
Habit  of  Olea.     (Olea  Thunb.)  »        i-^. 

O.  fr^grana  Lour.     Lvs.   elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabroui-    corvmbs  or 

aio  ana  tUvor  tea.     The  lis.  vary  to  red.  f    China  and  Japan. 
J'  ^i'^^f.J*'"'"-     ?''^^^-     (<^'--   ^^«'«.  JLat.  olea,  the  Olive  tree, 

toHlIa  tube  short    limb  4-parted,  flat,  spreading;  stamens  2,  inserted 
n  tiie  bottom  ot    he  tub.,  opposite,  exserted  ;  ovary  2-ce!led,  2  pendu- 
lous ovules  in  each  cell ;  drupe  fleshy,  oily,  shell  bony,  2  or  llseeded  by 

th^        ;~f  *"!  ^,  ''"^"'  '"*''   ''VP^^''^'~\  entire,  coriaceous  lvs.  and 
White,  often  fragrant  fls. 

^'ntt-m.^jS^?"^  ^'-    }'?•  l'»n^*^«l^'to-elliptic,   entire,  smooth  and  shining,  acute, 
ate  uated   to  a  petiole;  rac.   compound,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  petiole ' 

X'"Tl^;P"'^''''"Ai•''■^^'''*^^'""^=  fruit  globular.-Iu  the  low  count^^^  \'»: 
to  1-la.  J  he  American  OJivo  is  a  treo  15  to  20f  high.  Wood  line-craincd  hard 
uud  when  dry  difficult  to  split.     Lvs.  4  or  5'  long,  petioles  1'!     fissmdllf^i 


600 


Ordkb  99.— OLEACE^ 


grai.j,  tho  fertile  ami  barren  o»  Aopamto  troos. 
l>urplo,  dryish.     Apr.,  May. 


Prupea  larger  than  peas,  violrt. 

'>t  4  oltloiiiT,    imiiuto  .son-ik-    2  flr>«., „  i-    ,,     'v  '' ^^""t'OUs  calyx 

ofe>.|..to;  „t;ry  tippers    /„  ,t|"  '.'"'''"''f''  «'"''<'»''<^ ',  U" 
coU,.l,  colls  2i"lL'^;  drupe  w  tl,  1  slcSr    i'  "V'l  "'«■""•  2" 

trco,  „i.i,  opposite.  si,„pi„'iv.,.;,Ki  if:xSwrSi7S''li;;;rj 

/loshy,  glaucous-purplo  drupe  -lTX£dtjJ       "n  oblong-cylindric,  pointed, 

0.  (Mac.,  Mot\au^r!).     ShruJ^IS  .^r' lV"  tl  KloV' 1  '^'^"•^^'^.  l*^ 

1.  War.  Apr.     (A.  acuminata  M. v.     R  ligusL.a  Gr)  '""&  Petiolo 

UMtmiaeiicnlll:  Btiiminalo  «owcr»  in  .m,%  i  ,  V  ,°V'  ""'I™"  »l>arecly  pu- 

'  ,wo?sri^^  »5i.wJ?:f '^TuSrS  °te '""  "'■  r-»".  ™*»' 


Ordrr  100.— ARISTOLOCHIACEiK. 


tfOl 


Cohort  3.    APETAL^, 

Or  M0NOCHLAMYDEOU8  ExoGENs.  Dicotyledons  with  no 
corolla,  the  calyx  01;  perianth  green  or  colored,  consisting  of 
a  single  series  of  similar  organs,  or  often  wholly  wanting. 

Order  C.     ARISTOLOCIIIACEyK.     JJirthwouts. 

Lowherhs  or  climbing  ahrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  flowers.  Perianth 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  brown  or  dull,  valvato  in  the  bud.  Slamerus  6  to  12, 
opigynous  at.d  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  stylos.  Ovary  G-celled,  becoming  a  g' 
<.'clled,  many-seeded  capulo  or  berry.     .SW  albuminous,  embryo  minute.    Fig   133. 

<ra  are  successfully  employed  In  .nedlcino?'  ""''  "'"""'""^    ^"t>'  *''<»  f"ll"«rJng  gmr 

1.  ASA^RUM,   Tourn.     Wild  Ginger.     (Gr.  a,  not,  a«pa',  a  band 

.{-cleft ,  stamens  12  placed  upon  the  ovury,  anthers  aJnate  to  the  middle 
or  sum.mt  of  the  hiaincnts;  style  very  short;  stigma  6-rayed :  fruit 
Hcshy,  G-ccl  od,  crowned  with  the  calyx.-2^  Herbs  with  creoni  L 
•  luzoines  and  1  or  2  Ivs.  on  each  branch.     FIs.  solitary  ^  ^ 

peduncle,  and  close  to  the  ground,  sometimes  even  buried  ust  S.eatir  ^e  sur 
face.  Cal.  purphsh  of  3  broad,  long-pointod  divisions  abriptJy  sDrcadii  Q"  ^11 
longer  than  the  anthers,  their  tips  (connectile)  produced  be^o^d  tlS  L-5  " 
-Tim  rhizome  .s  a  popular  medicine,  used  in  measles  and  whooping  ^ougl? 

ct'^/al^SeXuso-fr;  h'^""?''  '^'^i<^^r'^<^'-^   ^^«'-"-''"*'  coriaceous,  deeply 
naif    r™;?  r  f.'     l  «"*'-^'^ssdo ;  cal.  short,  submmpamlate,  glabrous  exter- 
nally.— Crows  m  light  soils  among  rocks,  and  Mts    Vi    Kv  f«  p  .      T  ,   '^  ^'t''-'^ 
loss  plane,  very  similar  in  I'abit  to  ti.^prLeS     1  ^cKnd  of  flw^^^ 
bears  a  terminal   leaf  and  a  flower     LoafT!  fr  .if       b'^'*""'' of  the  rhizome 

with  spots,  the  petiole  twi^e  ton^^  £  Itl  etrde7Jnd  ^^^^^^^^^^ 

itg  ;;theiri!ks?  'i^^^is^r'' '"'- '"  ""^'  -"^'^'^''^  p-p""«"-^'-r^ 

2.  ARISTOLOXHIA,  Tonrn.  Birtiiwort.  (Gr.  docrrroc  oxcollent. 
fnffi  f  V'^-^"-*h  ;  /"'"Cling  to  the  mcdicinll  properS.)  Calyx 
tubular,  tube  variously  bent  and  inflated  above  the  ovary,  border  un^ 


602 


Oedeh  101.— XYCTAGINACE.fL 


equal;  anthers  6,  subsossile  upon  the  stvle;  sti^nia  C-lobcd  •  cansnlo  tx 
celled,  septicdal,  many.«eoded._St.  erect  ir  twining.  '     ^  "'"  ^• 

I  sLm«  dlmMnl'"'^''  f"**^.  'i^''""'''  <^-  *••  *^'<=«  f-^nt  "k»  tl,o  lotter  S^  v       -,    » 

S  SjUiiicJiiiibltig.     calyx  tube  lecuivud,  «noe  bent  uowunla     ^'^ '^' ^»s.  1,  2 

«      .  '  Ni»s,  8,  4 

1  A   serpent^rla  L.     Virginia  Sxake-root.     St.  erect  flexuous-  /«,«,;, 
oblong  or  ovate,  thin,  cordate,    acuminate;  ped.   radS    V^ifv  bnctid    f     ? '' 
*moo<A^sA,  contracted  in  the  „,id.st,  limb  olsLroly  2    pped -{  c uH.mM  vf   V 'r?" 
m  hedges  and  tliickets.    Penn  to  111  and  I  i    ^f  St    ir.-  /^  ^' """«  vegetablo 

CW  dull  p„ple,  or  a  loatliory  texture,  tubular,  7  to  9''ow  tS  Vr^lif  ; 

erjL? w- tr"  r;;'"  ""* """ '  '""^  *- ""s^  Ci^ts: 

chmber  .a  nlouiitainous  woods,  Western  Penn  1o  Kv  and  S  S?./.  .'"t    ^'"7' 
twinnig,  and  aseendinif  trees  30  to  40f     Tp  vpa  r     U    y    ^-    ^"-^     ^*-  ^^^o'^^. 

r^  aid ti^;;- -  -  ^?;jl,^^t^;^^)  contraeteKj^i 

OrdehCL     NYCTAGINACEJi:.     Mauvemvorts. 

5-.r5,  (slmahs  or  trees)  witli  tumid  joints,  entire  and  opposite  leaves  F.owers 
surrounded  w,th  an  involucre  (calyx-like  when  the  flower  is  solitary)  X  Ja  del 
cate,  colored,  funnel-ibr.n  or  tubular  perianth,  deciduous  above  the  /celled  1-seecd 
ovar3Meuvn.g  Its  persistent  base  to  harden  and  envelop  the  fn.it  (rceniu,Z^^^ 
kmd  of  per,cap.  Stamens  1  to  several,  definite,  slender,  hypogynous  oierted  tn- 
equal.     Lmiryo  coiled  around  the  copious  white  albumeL.     Pi^?  373,  4Go' 

Gener<n(i,  .pccie>>  110,  chiefly  tropical, south  of  the  equator. 
Fourl'^cuX"^''"  '""^  "^"  ^'''^'''^''^  ^'P'^'^'^^'y   tl'ose  of  the  beau'tiful  cnltiv..to,l  gcnuB- 

GENEU.V. 

•  Involucro.cnlyx-llke.  involving  bat  a, single,  lai -re  flower MmA.m,,  l 

♦  uvolucre  involviHg  several  (:J  to  .5)  Mnall  flowers. ...  •  .AI.RAMius.  I 

Involucre  none,  d.e  minute  flowers  with  deci.luous  bniJt^V.;;:.";;;;." ;' ■ilsH,"^!";^;  I 

6-Iobed,   l-flowered,  h.bes  acuminate;  perianth  (calyx)  tubular^funnel' 


I 


vMtoil  genus— 


Obdkb  102.— POLYGONACKfi.  ^q.j 

form,  limb  spreading;  stamens  6,  scarcely  with  the  stylo  exserted  • 
Hchonmm  enveloped  in  the  persistent  base  of  the  CHlyl^Tuek 
mostly  Mexjcan  and  Peruvian,  everywhere  cultivated 

tio^j^ar  A  3^?^  tarsus  s.t^  ^sr  p- 

in  the  evening  and  niirht.— This  is  thn  ir-Jv^nlZ\.\^'  P«"an'h  opeu 
nous  brilliantllowers  ft  Ibout  tha  hour  P  M  for  TE  8^20^  T'"'"''" 
days.     Their  variety  in  color  is  infinite  f     Pe'iu  *^  «"ccession  of  summer 

perianth  strict,  witf  a  ..^Z  .ca^l^ir^^^-Sr  3^2^"^' 
smaller,  yellow,  red  and  white,  f     Mexico.  "fueas,  icss  irequeut.     Fla. 

3  OXYBAPHUS,  Vahl.  (Gr.  «|./fe>.,  „  shallow  .up  o  ZZ- 
.lludmg  to  t  ,0  for,n  of  tl,e  involucre.)  Involucre  6<left,  col hZ  3 
to  6  flowers  (m  one  species  ,  persistent  and  spreading  in  f  uit:  Sth 
w.tl,  a  very  short  tube,  and   a  plicate,  bell-shaped,  decMmuf  imi 

to  Tenn.,  rare ;  common  in  Nebraska.     (Xutf.ll  j'^^"''^'     ^  ^""^'^^  ^^'Is,  Wis. 

'  ^.  ^r^a^t^ttidf  buT^^^^^^^^^^^  f  7-te  branches, 

thosubsessilo  base;  ped.  several  ii^TIh^Tthal  S  zl,  '         n'  "''"'r"'^  *° 

3.  B0ERHAA;VIA,  L.     (Dedicated  to  Ji^rrhaavc,  of  Holland  a  friend 
and  patron  o  Linnrctis.)    Involucre  0  ;  bractlets  dedduous    ,Te  i^ntl  f  m 
le    or  bell-form  colored,  5-lobod,  upper  half  dociduo,,s,'lLu  perss  - 
cnt;  stau,ens  1  to.4;  fruit  5.ribbed,  truncata  at  apex,  l^seedel -Lvs 
opposite,  mostly  pctioled.  ^     '      ''^^"'^*^''     ^^^' 

mcrously  dividing,  above  in  o  filit,,,.     -rect  brnH  ot.      T  v.     M?f    '"->"»- 
roundish  at  base,  on  petioles  nearly  u.  lo'.;?  '^StL^^^o.  ''ju.l'stp'':"'  '   ^°"^' 

Order  CH.     POLYGONACEyE.     Sorrelworts. 

^erfo  rarely  shnibs,  with  alfernato  Ibavog  anJ  mostly  slieatl.injr  stipules  lorhr.,.^ 
surroundmt'  the  stem  above  each  tumid  joint.     Flowef^  n.ost  ^ner  Zf   It 

to  15  pengynous  or  free.     Ovary  I..olled,  free,  with  a  siu^iroroct  ovule    X/.t 
or  stigmas  2  or  3.     FruU  a  3-angled  achcuium  eucW  iu  tie  ^    L  ere^ 


I/.' 


m 

f 


<'04  OncEE  102.— POLYGONACE^. 

;i)t 4or4'o"4i3%t:fo3,Ti2""''  "'"'^'  ^'"''■^°-  ^^"«*-  -  ^'«^ «».  "f^ 

peSr::n e!*'  "^"^'^  ""'  ^^^"«"''^>  ^^"^"'^  '"'^-''«  '"  «"  '-"S  but  ,noa  abundant  In  tl.o  to.. 
of  S<,rrel,  I  ho  |.etl„les  of  Gar.len  Kh   barb  'etr  lo  ™1  ?"'  "T  '"'""^  "'"'  "<''«-« 

TKIUES   AND  GENERA, 

II.    POL^QONE^..  Flowers  not  involucratc.    Ochren;  p.esont.  (a)  ••••^»"o«onum.  1 

a    CvvrrTf'T""'-     «'*•"«'"''«•    Sty'<^«2.    Acl.cnia>vingccl Oxvru  2 

a  Ca  >  v  6-parte(l.    8tan,ens  !).    Sepals  all  similar,  short. .  ,.^,  "    '  , 

a  Uyx  C-pa,to<I     Stamens  0.    Sepals  3  inner  incre^Kln^r,  tubcVculate::;;;;:  ■•"it",'^"-  4 

a  Calyx  5-parte.l  (irregularly  4-parte,l  In  one  species),  (b)  

b  Sepals,  the  3  inner  flu.briate-pectlnate.     Pedicels  .solitary Tiivsanp,  ,  »   -> 

b  Sepals  entire,-,.  clo.se,l  on  the  achenla.  or  all  open.    Po.fi;;is  VolitaVy  .pI";  .  .'      ^ 
-a    closed  on  the  acl.enium.     P.dicols  usually  fascicled. .  PoLvnov,  m'  7 
I      ERIOCONHM     7        ;r"v'-    ^•-"-'^^-'^•^'•'"thobract...F.„o..vK.:M.i 

I  ERfOG  ONUM  Mx.  (Gr.  ^pwv,  wool,  ydw,  knee  ;  beinjr  woollv 
,  at  the  join  s,  etc.)  Flowers  many  in  cad.  common  5 -toothed  involucre^ 
ca^yx  deeply  S-cleft;  stamens  9  ;  styles  3  ;  achenia  3-an^led  or  3^ Xd  •' 
embryo  m  or  near  the  axis  of  scanty  albumen.-Ilerbs  clothed  S 
dense  cottony  wool  Lvs  alternate,  exstipulate,  mostly  at  the  basJ  of 
the  stem,  the  upper  bract-like,  often  whorled  at  the  forks  of  the  x  mbol 

toi  rflowerd"''"   '  "  ""'^  "'■  ''p'*"''-  ^^^^"^^'^  ^^'^^""  ^^- 

fiint^a  fi>pL-ori .  K..,w.»„  ^-     .       •       ,  "H-"^'  i>  a.  .•jcaiioreu ;   utiiiicle  ample,  several 

2.  OXYR'IA,  E.  r,r.     MousTAiK  Sorrel.     CGr.  otur  aciil  ■  l-i  ,11,, 
s,o„  to  tl,o  C|„ulitic,  of  it,  loaves.)     Caljx  hcrbLo;,^  L";   '.1    |f  J 

racked  ,,r  sulp„„icul„,o.     jT    (RmS  <ligX  M  °  ^^  ^^^^  ^  "* 

3.  RHE'UH,  L.     KnuDARD,     (ff/ia,  the  river  Vo|.»a  on  whoso  1™,K 

pa'lides.  '        ""'^   '  '".■'■•gmcd,-2t  FIs.  fasciculate  ii>  racemons 


indant  in  tlio  tMiw 


.  ..Ebiooonvm.  1 


Onoiiii  102.-POLyGONACE^  ^(,5 

May.     t  Slb6ria.-Tho  |"to"-Sc,  mU,  JS  Z^Vi'"  e'<«"'»h.wl,ito  flowers. 
Their  ag^able  acidity  i,  Z  ZL^^LZ  SL't«  oHiSe  ""'  '"'"^  '""'^ 

Valves  bearing  grains  on  the  bacli.  (♦) 


S  LAPATirUY.    ^'<"'''"  ""  ">•  '""stiy  perfect. 
•  Valves  entire  or  merely  an«iilar.  (a) 

b  Leaves  Hat,  all  Uperini?  to  l,„tl.  ends  ^°^ 

b  Leaves  wavy,  the  lower  cordate  or  Bubi.Vrdato" 


.Nos.  1,  2 
.Nos.  3,4 


■V.I  —    ,      ""'Ji  lue  lower  cordate  or  Bubponlntn 


Nos.  5,  (5 

C  AP WnS  -"■"i''.:i"Mi.siy  lootnea  on  each  side  near  the  base U ^"''-  ^'  ^ 

SACLTOSA.    i  lowers  d.cBciou..      Valves  gr.dnless.' '!«'.:;•  aeidi.mstate).V.V;;te  ?ri^ 

bearing  a  grain.-^  Can  and  11%  a  ^^""i  V  ^''^''^'  broad-ovate,  cordate,  ead 
about  rubbish  etc  mnH\  ?n  h"  ^  '''^'''^  *°°  ^°'""'«"  '"  cultivated  proundV 
smooth  cha^;eKf,Z  a  ellow  SZT:  f  "'^,  '^""^'•-  ^'^^  ^Jlf  high,' 
panicle  consis.ing  of  many  acrmlroHn  r  h  f "" -T  ""'"^'•°"«.  i"  a  largo 
Pedicels  3  to  4"  bng.  Cyx-valveroach  ^^  f^^^''^^  'ntenpersed  with  leavea. 
-The  root  is  used  i?  medtno  fol^^'uTntuTdls^J^er  '"  ""  '"^'-  '^"-  §  ^'-• 
valVJs'?n\?f  J"  adt  J-"ea?h''be^^^^^^  o^>fon,-^a^.oto,  ac..«  at  eack  end; 

cIo«e  Whorls ;  P«./.iL%tU?  th Sd"  4^^./- J'^t^^tT  t''  "°"^'^  '", 

naked;  verticils  at  first  disn^rl/f,        '  f'^,"?^«^«;  panicle  compound,  at  length 

longer  than  tho  frui  ng  caU^'  tS  6  oaX!,f  .  ^^^f  \ "fJ'^"  !  pedieels  twice 
g.in-b^.ing.-Ma.     ^ugel^^S;^^  S^^t  ^^;^c...„.^  aU 

lt.X'r-tire''^'SXtflL "^^^^^^^^     Glabrous    tall,  erect:  ivs.  flat,  ihicJ, 
Bon,ewhat^sSund.  liflCltle  iS^le^ie^^:';;^  ^  al^f '  T^H'^^'^' 

hroad-cordaie,  one  Qraniferout   on#  rtW;,,;  j.7' ,    ■  ""  ^    f-'a^'Jes  larger, 

3-<if  l.igl,,   sllshUy  branclied  Svf  Van-fils-  Tv  J  "^ ,  ■"*'  "'T'.''"'""' 


006 


Order  102.— POLYGONACEiE. 


Bpreadmg,  Uafy,  with  remote  axiUary  verticils,  the  highest  leafless;  pedicels shortw 
timn  the  sm.ill  fruit  calyx ;  valves  ovate-oblong,  blunt,  all  grain-bearing.— H  DiK-hoi 
and  wet  places,  N.  States,  Can.  St.  2  to  'M  high.  Lower  Iva  on  long  pet  oles 
Grams  largo,  rod.     May.     §Eur.    (R.  acutua  Stn.)  »  F^i'oies. 

8  R.  sanguineuB  L     Red-veined  Dock.     Lvs.  lance-oblong  wavy,  acuminate 
obtuse  at  base,  or  the  lower  cordate,  mostly  with  red  veins!  pan.kafle^  eM 
atba^e    Mb  distant;  pedicels  shorter  than  fm it  calyx ;  valves  , mall,  obovoZ 
oblong,  obtuse,  I  or  2  of  them  grain-bearing.— Wasto  places    N    Stat<.«  «iui  p  ,„ 
St.  reddish,  2  to  3f  high.    Jl.  'g  Eur.-la  J.  vm.ms Srvdns  are  green         ""' 

9  R.  obtusifdlius  L.  Lower  lvs.  mate  obtuse,  cordate,  wavy  on  the  margin  UDner 
lance-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  all  petiolate;  panicle  leafy,  uM 
distant;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  fruit  calyx ;  valves  hastate-ovate,  with  3  or  4  spread- 
ing,  siibulate  teeth  on  each  side,  one  valve  chiefly  grain-benring.— N.  Eng  Mid 
and  W  States.  A  weed  as  unwelcome  as  the  first,  in  fields,  door-yard's  &c' 
.^t.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  large  (6  to  12' by  3  to  8),  sometimes  red-veined.'  Jl 
g  Ji^ur.  * 

10  R.  maritimus  L.  Golden  Dock.  Lvs.  long-lanceolate,  the  lower  abrupt  at 
base,  the  upper  attenuate-acute  at  each  end;  whorls  dtnse-flowered,  the  lower  sub- 
distinct,  witii  linear  bracts,  upper  confluent;  pedicels  filiform,  longer  than  fruit 
calyx;  valw.s  rhombic-ovate,  bearing  2  long,  bristly  teeth  each  side,  with  an  acu- 
minato  point  all  grain-bearing.-®  Borders  of  brackish  waters,  Ma.«<s.  to  S  Car. 
Low  (If)  and  much  branched.  Calyx  in  fruit  yellowish  green,  densely  clustered 
Jl.     (R.  persicarioides  Hook.) 

11  R.  piilcher  L.     Lower  lvs.  oblong,  cordate,  often  fiddle-shaped,  upper  lanceo- 
late  acute,  obtuse  at  base;  panicle  leafy,   whorls  distant;  pedicels  shorter  than 
Iruit  calyx,  thickened;  valves  ovate-oblong,  unequally  grain-bearing,  each  with 
several  straight,  strong  lateral  teeth.— If  About  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Elliott)     Jn 
Jl.     ^  Lur.  ^  ■'■ 

12  R.  Acetos^Ua  L.     Field  Sourel.     Sheep  Sorrel.     Lvs.  oblanceolate-has- 
tate  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  the  auricles  divaricate,  oblong,  a  third  as  long 

■  (IS  the  blade,  m  tho  upper  lvs.  smaller  or  wanting;  fig.  dioecious,  valves  not  increas- 
tngmjrmt  nor  pram  bearing.— 2|  Acommon  weed  in  pastures  and  waste  grounds 
throughout  tho  U.  S.,  preferring  dry,  hard  soils.  St.  6'  to  If  high,  leafy  Lvs 
very  acid,  but  p  easant  to  tho  tasto.  Fls.  small,  red  or  reddish,  collected  in  pan^ 
icled  racemes,  tho  valves  destitute  of  granules.  Stamens  and  styles  on  separate 
jjlants.    Jn. — Aug.  ^ 

13  R.  Engelminni  Lcdeb.  Lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear,  hastate,  the  lower  2  or  3 
times  shorter  than  tin.  long  petioles,  the  auricles  very  small,  acutish,  many  times 
fihorter  than  tho  blade;  panicles  entirely  leafless;  fls.  dioecious;  valves  increas- 
t^r^J  in  fruit,  orbicular-cordate,  grainless.— 2^  Ga.,  Fla.  to  Tex.,  also  Mo.  Sts.  1  to 
2f  high,  much  furrowed.  Lvs.  pale  beneath.  Fls.  purple.  (R.  hastatulus  Baldw. 
nee  Campd.)  ^ 

5.  THYSANEL'LA,  Gray.  Calyx  colored,  S-parted,  lobes  all  erect, 
the  two  outer  cordatc-sagiitate  at  base,  t!ie  3  inner  smaller,  pectinate- 
timbrmto;  stamens  8;  styles  3;  achonia  3-angled,  acuminate.— A 
smooth,  erect  herb,  with  tho  habit  of  Polygonella.     (Polygonum,  Eil.) 

^•«f™V"f**  ^l"'^^--;^'",'"  barrens,  Ga.  and  Fla."  St.  2  to  ."if  hi>rh.  terete,  branched. 
Sheaths  truncat^e,  cyliudric,  entire,  striate,  fringed  with  long,  soft,  white  bristles, 
bearing  the  leaf  at  top.  Lvs.  linear,  parallel-veined,  acute,  1  to  2'  long.  Fls  in 
crowded  pamcled  spikes.  Bracts  (sheaths)  obliquelv  truncate,  tipped  with  a  long 
awn,  1-fiowered.     Cal.  white,  tinged  with  roso  color.     Jl.— Oct. 

6.  POLYGONEL'LA,  Mx.  (Lat.  diminutive,  implying  a  little  or 
dwarf  Polygonum.)  Calyx  5-scpaled,  colored,  persistent  and  Avithering, 
erect-spreading,  or  at  length  the  3  inner  senals  increasino-  and  ronpi- 
vent;  stamens  8,  included;  styles  3  or  almost  wanting;  adienia  Ji-cor- 
nered,  naked  or  inclosed  in  the  3  inner  sepals  become  scarious  valves; 
embryo  straight,  axilc  or  lateral  in  a  groove  at  tho  angle  of  the  albu- 


Ordkr  102.— POLYGONACE^ 


607 

men.-.Horbs  or  slrrubs  witli  very  narrow,  deciduous  Ivs.,  and  tho  snvill 
fls.  solitary  in  cad,  o.^.rea.     (Polygotn.m,  Nutt.,  &c  ) 

1  p.  parvif^lia  Mx.      Somewhat  shrubby  •    braiichoq  Rtriot    !-...«„        i 
long,  1  ,03"  wMonbovo,  torluou^V  .p,.^!,,^.''  FN  .S^Xtr  '^  ' 

0  3f  l.i^h     Branch.n^r  issuing  from  between  tlio  joints     Lva  foS   1' t.  i s'^fl' 
ris.  noddmg,  1"  ion.  longer  than  tho  peduncle,  iht  or  liilSorc.J  °"^- 

*  7^;.  ^.'^*°"^^*"™  *f«i«"-     '^^-  erect,  with  erect  branches,  soon  nearh,  naked  •  hs 
«e«r,  car/Kcot.s  from  tho  top  of  tho  tubular,  truncate  s!  oatlis     sS4r,,  n.iclof 

fJ^r/fT' ,     'i''  *''«'>•''"  ^J'-y  grounds.     St.  slender,  .strict,  1    o  k  hitrl 

Lvs.  G  to  1  by  1  obtuse.  Fls.  flesh-colorcd,  showr,  1"  long,  on  n  ,d  ini  Inir 
Lke  ped>andes  Ach  not  inclosed,  triangular  ncum  nato.  Au^  -  u' u^roir 
gonelb  m  hal,.t  and  character,  as  tho  genus  is  defined  by  MeisnlTr;  ^ " 

7.  POLYG'ONUM,  L.  Knot-guass.  (Gr.  ttoA.V,  many,  yov.  knee- 
'.  e.,  plant  >vuh  many  joints  )  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  rardy  iJ^J^,  coU^^^l^ 
greenish  s:n.,!ar,  imbricated  in  bud,  at  length  all  connivent,  persi  ton^ 
stamens  8  rarely  fewer ;  styles  2  or  3,  mostly  3,  short  fuTor'n  ;  acl  en  a 
3-cornered  or  len.s-sh:-.ped,  inelosed  in  the  dry,  withered  calyx  embryo 
curved,  lateral,  lyini^  u.  a  groove  at  one  angle  of  the  albumen—A  vast 
genus  of  herbs  with  ochreate-jointed  stems  and  small,  white,  red  or 
greenish  fls.  >         '^>-.  '^"^i,  ur 

§  Stems  unarmod   twining.    Leaves  cordate-hastate.     T.niaki.v Nos    17  1£ 

ffetoins  erect  or, lecuijibeiitnimmicMl.     Leaves  Imr.lly  ever  cordate.  {»)   

*  Cayx  unequally  4.cleft.    Styles  2,  lonu' .letlexid.    Tovaiua  .\..  v„  ,« 

♦  Calyx  equally  5-(mrted.    Styl,  s  erect    (^)  -No.  15 

aHlieathssalver-forrn.     Sta.uensT.    Si ylo  S-parted.    Tdl.      Ami.lyooomi-m  \o  11 
a  bliea  1.8  Mibcylindri.-al.     Man.ens  5,  (i,  8.     t^tyle.-*  2  or  3"-.j,.-"""'-''"''"*"'«-^"-  '•> 

b  !•  lowers  in  lea«e.'<s,teriiiimil,h|,ike-likoiaceiiiei..'    i'Kiisicvri  v    (   > 

C  Kacenio  one,  dense     Stem  at  l.ase  or  rliuon.e  deeunibent  Nas.  13  14 
C  Kucines  several.     Slieatlia  naked,  not  li  inaecl  ,os   II     i 

C  l>aeenies>everal.     Sheaths  bristly  rnn}re-cill:,te.  (V) ' 

d  Stylo  2  (or  «)-clef  .     Aelienia  ti.it  or  lens-sl.np.'d     .   -JTos   S-IO 

l»  T-i  a  Style  .t-elelt.     Achenia  sli:irp  y  ,S-cornered k  b—1 

D  I'loweraaxill.iiy  or  seldom  lorinlMjjr  a  leafy  raceme    (-"»  »•  .^i 

O  Aeheniiirii  j  rotni'Mnu'  liev-in  I  the  cilvx,  S-;ini;led  ^•„^  <>  ± 

O  Aciieniuni  included  in  tho  calyx,  G-angled V.'.'.'.".'.'.'.".'.,os,"  V  a 

1  P.  avicularo  L.  Emo's  KNor-ORvea.  St. procumhenl ;  lvs.  cWptical-lanceolats, 
rougi.-cdged,  acuiisli  at  each  end;  fls.  .'•ulwesslL';  ah.  sirMte.  dud,  i..n,.s.-.l  ■  .tau' 
A  ^^  r'-'  '}  ^■""""""  ^^'e^-J  '"  liclds,  higliwaya  and  door-yards,  U.  S.  jind  Lrit" 
Am.  Sts.  slender,  j  to  l^f  long,  striate,  smooth,  branching,  wit!,  short,  white.' 
torn,  remotely  veined  .-tipules  at  tho  j;;irit3.  Lvs.  Ftnooth,  except  Iho  ed"e«  1' 
by  J  ,  more  or  less.  Fls.  rcddi,-h,  small,  2  cr  3  together  iu  tl:o  axils  of  tho  Imves. 
appei,riug  all  summer.     {?.  liUoralo  ileisn.) 


008 


Order  102.— rOLYGONACE.E. 


>•.  BRECTtrM.  KtcmsascondiDjifororeot;  \vn.  larger,  elliptic  or  oval,  petiokte- 
fia.  iKHiicollato;  stam.  montly  5.-In  richer  or  ibody  soil.,  n.o^^onuno,; 
weatward.     (R  oroctum  L.)  t-ommon 

2  P.  t6nue  Mx  St.  slender,  rigid,  erect,  with  hng,  simple  l>ranchts,  acule-angUd- 
Ivs^huear-l^nceoUite  and  linear,  erect,  acute;  alioaths  (stipules)  briitly-frir.god  al 
top:  fl.s  alternate  subaol.tary;  ach.  included.- A  small.  sJeoder  plant,  or,  nikv 
Ho,lH  N.  Lng.  to  tl.o  Mt8.  of  Gtt.  and  Wia.  St.  6'  to  If  high.  I  J.  i  to  Z'S 
1  to  2"  wide,  3.veinod,  sesaile.     Fls.  white.     Jl.,  Aug.  ^        *" 

3  P.  maritlmum  L.  Prostrate,  diffusely  branched,  glauroui ;  st.  striate,  with 
very  short  iu(erm>des;  sheatha  gibbous  at  base,  hyaline,  torn;  Ivs.  fleshy,  ova  or 
hnear^oblong  nearly  ve.nless;  fls.  sessile;  acA.  sharply  angled,  a  little  Wver/i 
*moo<A  anrfsAminj,.— y  Sandy  shores,  K.  I.  to  S.  Car.     Sts  6  to  12'  long     Lv^ 


few  an.l  small,  2  to  4"  long.    'FIs.  often  crowded  irT'leaf^'racomes,  rosc-purX 
long.     (I».  aviculare,  /3.  gluucuin,  2d  edit.)  ' 


green  at  base,  I" 

*  I;.H?!"°''-^""/"."f"  ^l""-  "^'^  /""'  '"■'"'  "'*  °*'^«»*'«!7.  much  branched,  striate- 
.heaths  (,-veim'd,  at  lo.igth  torn;  Ivs.  lance-oblong  or  linear,  petiolato ;  fls  subJoli 
tmy,  po<l.cel.ate,  greenish;  acA.  cxB^rto.d,  smooth  hut  c/«/.'^  Ij  Sandy  shores  of 
streams  and  lakes,  Mich,  to  111.  Much  like  P.  aviculare,  but  rigiiC erect  2  to%f 
with  larger  petiolato  Ivs.  2'  long,  and  larger  sepals,  U "  long  in  friit,  grJen  with 
narrow  white  borders.  *-     i    »         b         ^'^,  js't-*-",  wjui 

5  P.  hirsiitum  Walt.  Haiut  Knot-orass.  Jlirsut,;  with  long,  spreadinn  tawnv 
hairs;  sheaths  cihate;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtuse  at  6a.«,  graclually  nJrrowc.f  toT.e 

fo  8   'sS -feU'  ''  T'^  ^'"''" '  >r  "1""""^  '^-^  '  -  -^  P'^liceirstlmen   7 
to  8  ,  8  ylo  J-cleft;  ach.  shming.-^jj.  Swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     St.  slender,  root- 
ing at  base,  ascemh.ig  2  to  4f.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  4  to  10  ■,  mostly  smooth  above 
sometimes  donse-hairy  like  tho  stem.     FIs.  whicc.     May— Aug. 
^  Z-  ^^y^r.°P*Peroide8  Mx.     Mild  Water-pepper.     St.  smooth;  sheaths  hairv 
bn.st  y-cihate,   long  and  narrow;    lvs.   linear-lanceolate,   tapering  to  each  en  l' 
shghtly  appressed-hairy  {mt  acrid);  spikes  2  or  more,   slender,   lose-flowered  at 
ba.se;  cal.  glandless;  stam.   8;  stylo  half-S-cleft;  ach.   shining:- 7^  Ditches  aid 
we    ground,  common      St.  branched,  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  narrowed  into  a  sC 
petiole,  not  acrid.     lis.  rather  large,  whito-roscate,  rather  close,  4  or  5  Irom  each 
bract.     Aug.,  Sept.     (P.  mito  Pers.) 
/?.  SKTACEUM.     Lvs.  lanceolate;  stip.   conspicuously  fringed  with  long  bristles 
—In  clayey  soils,  .southward.     (P.  setacemn  Baldw.) 

^  ^.;,*?'^®.P-  ^-  \  ^h  "^''<^"'l'n&  slender,  glabrous;  sheath  smoothish,  fringed 
with  bristles,  bearing  the  leaf  near  tho  base;  lvs.  acrid,  lanceolate,  acuminat,^ 
yjft/om,  interrupted  at  base;  bracts  truncate,  I  to  S-fiowered;  ped.  scarcelvcx^ 
sertcd;  stam  8;  stylo  3-parted ;  ach.  :{-cornered.-Wet  places,  ditches,  com- 
mon fe  and  W.  Cal.  greenish  at  base,  flesh-colored,  brown-dottod  like  tho  lvs. 
Ach.  shiniug.     J].— Sept.     (P.  punctatum  Ell.     P.  hydropiperoides  Ph.) 

8  P.  Hydropiper  L.  Water-pepper.  Glabrous;  sheaths  bristly-ciliato ;  lvs 
ancc'oate,  lapenng  to  both  ends,  minutely,  pellucid-punctate  {very  acrid) ;  spikes 
loose-f lowered,  A/end.r,  short  (2  to  0')  nodding;  ped.  exserted;  cat.  glandular- 
punctate;  stam.  mostly  G;  sty.  2  or  3-cleft;  ach.  Hattish  (rarely  obtusely  triangu- 
lar), duU,  mtnutdy  roughened.— ' X  Damp  waste  grounds,  ditches,  Ac,  1  to  2f  hi.'h 
Lvs.  not  more  tiian  G"  wide.  FIs.  green  and  rose-colored.  Ach.  black  Jl  — 
Sept.     ^  Eur. 

^  T'  9^^^7^  ^'"^^'-  ^^-  ^'■''^''  ^'■'■««'e,  much  branched;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  with  scat- 
tored  and  appressed  hairs;  stip.  scarious,  tubular,  truncate,  hairy-ciliato;  spikes 
axillary  and  terminal,  on  very  long,  nodding  peduncles  thickly  beset  with  glandular 
hairs;  Btam.  G  to  8  included;  sty.  2 ;  ach.  orbicular-ovato,  mucronate,  tumid, 
ehimng.-<L'  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  ?  Plant  3  to  6f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  C  by 
0  to  1  ,  miivein  and  margins  hairy.  Cal.  greenish-purple,  tinged  with  white, 
minutely  dotted.  *-    r   >       o  , 

10  P.  Persicdria  L.  St.  erect  •  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  upper  .°.i'.rfacn  usually  markM 
luith  a  brownish  spot;  stip.  fringed;  spikes  dense,  oblong,  erect;  ped.  smooth;  stam. 
0;  sty.  2,  half  united;  ach.  shinir.g,  flattened.— 1  A  common  species  about 
buildings,  fences,  wet  grounds,  &c.     Ht.  smooth,  branched,  leafy,  1  to  ' 


OnnER  102.-roLYGONACE^ 


oflon  colored.     Lvs    2  to  /i'  in  r 

nato.     Fl,^  roHo-colorod,   ia  S^hSI   Ttn'r'  r*'""^'  "'""''^''talked,  acumi. 
Aui<.     J5  i'-ur.  "*"J'  "P''^'^'^   A   to  2    long,  6  or  6 '  tbiok.     J^l. 

brancl.od  above,  2  to  411.1^1,  J  vV-  »,.  r' i  r^"^'  ''"'"'""n.  8t.  w'nic-nlattt 
«PproH«ed  l.air«.  Spikes  ntrt  t d  dense  So^  a/  i^''^'  ''"^''^'^  -"^ rouH  wS 
largo,  rose-colored,  pedicelJute.     JL  *^  '  somewlmt  nodding.     FJs. 

lanmScr^ireS^^  Sf-  ^"T'  ^''^'Im  smoothish ;  Ivs. 

ongth  elongated;  cal.  minuXglSnS'tft'  ^^Z  t^f '«"^«^  --^W  at 
f«/A  concave  sides.^T  In  ditchoH  and   iok  W  ^n^i'  ^%  !"''"" '  «''''-  >«"<ii'ular 
Lvs.  5  to  0'  by  1  to  3'.     Fis    fleah-colr  ^^r      . -f      '^-  '^^"*"''-     i^^-  2  to  3f  high 
Sopt.     (P.  lap;tthifolium,  2/1  Edit )  '^  ^    '  '"  '''"''''  ^  *°  ^'  ^ong-     Ji  ~ 

^^fi^^^l^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  0'  ^f^^^'nt  an>ase,  rooting  nt  the 

base,  pctiolato,  mnooti,  acu  o  orlcu"  ilto  ^to?''''  %  T '"^''^  «■■  ^^'^"'«  «* 
long,  denso;  sta,  5,  sty    2-clefL~-\f.l\  ^^.^'  "I"'^"  tt'nninal,  ovoid  or  ob- 

North.     A  ;ory  variabfo^ocS^Swn^""''-''  ^'".'-  ^"'^  ^-  ^'^•'  '"-''^  -"""on 
tng  ht  red  flowers.     Stip.  £rgo  '  Z^- ''  i'f T^rj  J^'t"  ^^ '"."•'•  '«"«"  ^P'^e  of 
to  a  long,  the  shorter  mostly  thicker    Vvu^      1>  n       '  ^'^^  «•''"'%'•     Spikes  1 
/i.  AQUATICU.M.     Floatin/fimnr^l,     Z-^"^-     \  coccinum  Muhl.) 

inK.  thick;  ^V^eTSoZXlxl::,^^^^^^^  shin- 

y.  TEuu^.STRE.     Ascending  or  XcSn'o'^.t"      /.^  •  ""'^ans  Katon.) 
acute  or  acuminate;  sheath  lir^^rosnikoi'''  '"'■""'"'  '"«•  J«"ce-oblong. 
\  anes  into  the  other.     (Mr.  S.  il!  WHglft )  """  co«>"'ordy  elongated.- 

^\^pi^;^&^SrLcet^^^^^  ,?■  ^^^  ^'•^^^  '•'•om  a  creeping  rhizome 

AVhite  Mts.,  N.  If.  to  ArcJ  Am  ilvlf  i°  "'"'"^^''''^  'P''^^  linear,  soUtary.S 
spike  of  white  /lowers  which  ^re  o£  traS?^;f T'^  ''  1''^'"'  ^''''"•'"^  «  «'"k1o 
stem.     Lvs.  1  to  ]  f  by  2  to  3''   vvid  oni.v      w   "'''^  "''°  ''"'^^1*^'*^  ^v-hilo  on  the 

large,  with  I-airy. tdvL'S  ^tT^'st. 't  "r"  P-'-^^^^ly  branched ;  Iv.. 
naturalized  in  fields  and  roadsider  I  n,,,  .      I'.f^^V  ■-     ^  ^"tixo  of  the  East, 

ollen  cultivated  for  on.::^ti£r^tT  '^Z  ti^    ^  ^"^''  '^'"^^^'^^  P'S 
J^kes^numoro.^^^^^^^^ 

and  lanceolate,  aSnale,  Irp^^E "2at[;TT,'-''^  >-  -'ato 

nal;  fls.  remote,  solitary  in  each  sli  'ith  ^  if  '7^*'^'  ''^^-  'W'and.like,  tcrmi- 
bent  downwards,  hooked  at  "^L   af  on't  t^f^"^^^  ''  '"-'ude'l  ^tv."  , 

nmm-y  Shades,  Can.  and  U  s'    St    a^to Vf' t  i '".\""'  *>^'"'^l-lenticular  aeh:: 

terrupted  raceme;  oaL  ob     el^S^^^^  T,  axillary /oJcfc.-  "•';: 

iields  and  waste  grounds,  Can  to  Car  %^  Purphsh-black,  dull,  exserted.-q) 
by  7  to  15",  petioles  half  as  long  CaL  t  hit?^f  f  *''  ^  1°  '^  ^°"^-  ^'^'-  '  t^' 
Jl.,  Aug.    §  Eur.  ^      ^^'^  ^'^'''^'''  twice  longer  than  the  pedicel., 

^IL'^lai^yXfi,  f xtoSrrvite'ic;""'  f^f.  ^^^^  «^  ^-«  -^''^ « 

rac  ;,amct^fe,  loose-flowired  axiS/^^^^^^  "^'f.  ^^^^ceiy  hastate-; 

19  P.  dumetdrunxl.    IIkook  Lxxnw.En.     ^/.  .„..,,  twining  and  clixnbi«g. 

30 


010 


Ordbb  103.— PIIYTOLAOCACEiE. 


jolnta  naked;  Iva.  cordato-liastato,  ocuniinato,  auricles  acute:  fla.  in  looqc  no 
<Junoulato  mwinca  whiol.  uro  i.ak  ni  <„•  U.^fy  ■  cal.  wUk  Iheli  oui,r,ej>.  aruMM'l 
and  uun,j,'.don  the  bmk,  dosoly  covi-riuK  tl.,-  Hnu.oth,  black  acl.cniuii..-Kl)  Thickets 
0:m.  and  U.  S.     St.  a  to  8  to  nflong,  diiiiliing  over  biialio.M,  &c.     J.vh:  '>  U)  V.'  by 
1  to  2 ,  pctiolos  nearly  as  long.     WihKa  of  tlm  calyx  narrower  tliau  Iho  ihiii 
produced  otlen  at  the  apex.     Jl.—Sept.  "  "un, 

20  P.  sagittatum  L.     SrruTo.i  (iiuss.     St.  prostw.te,  rouRh-anKlcd ;  Ivs.  lan- 
ccolate.sa,jUnte;Jb.  rajntatc ;  sta.  8  ;  ,ty.  :«._'  |  •      Wet  groumiH,  Can.  m.d  U    S 

^i,b"n  •  u"        i^  r  ^*'"r'  ^  *''  ''[  "'  '"■'"»^''''     '^'-  «'>"''""^''  ^''"  »»«1^''^  very  n.ugli 
^^l  h  p  ..■kies  pomtniK  downwards.     Lv8.  acute,  2  to  :{'  Iomk,  u  third  as  wide 

whU:s:?'"!h;.    ^"'■'"'"'   ""'^   """'''"   '^^'l'^'''^'''^-      ^"'''-   ■"   »'"'^"'   t^'rminar  hea'ls 

^\Z:  f*"^^^""™  ^^-    .i^f.  nculento  wiU»  rovorsed  prickles;  Ivs.  hastate,  acuminate 

Sf/!!l'n'w '/''■'"'''?'' """''^'''*'   ^I""^^'^  ll.w-(lowerc.dIi.s.  di.stinet;  «ta,n.  «' 

bl^'ittTTr^.r  1    >f' ■'?";  ''  '  M  •  *"  ^'"•,  '"'•'  ^^'-  ^^""-'^-     ^i«ti"K"iHla'd  Ihm,  the  last 
by  ts  lurKcr,  hal bert-ahape.l  h-aves  which  an>  2  to  4'  lon^  an.l  i  as  wide.    P.^tioles 

braudi  r^Jn    lu  '"'"''''""""•  "'''"^"''■'  '""^^''  f^^^-fiowered,  at  the  ends  of  tho 

8.  FAGOPY'RUM,  Tourn.     Buckweat.    (fJr.  «A«>r,  Ocrrnai.  SPudv, 
r^-njr    tl.o  booeli,  TTiyjof,   who.-it  ;-lM.ocI.-nut-wl,oat.)       Calyx   colored 
(U]UHlyopait(Hl,_8p-u!i.iij,  withoriiijr,  ,u,t  onliir^rod  in  fruit;  stamens 
8,  with  H  nectanter      ;  jrhu.ds  bet., eon  ;  stylos  .'{  ;'  stigmas  obt.iso  ;  a.^iie- 
n.a  .J-anjvlcHl,  nuicK  .  .<c(-edi,.n;  tho  oaly.x.-^n  Ilorbs  with  conJate-hastate 
Ivs.,  oblKiuc  sh(>aths  and  patiiciod  rao.  of  whitc-roscato  ils. 
F   escul^ntiim  Mcrnch.     Krect,  stnoothish;  Ivs.  coniato  with  obtuse  k)be,s;  ad, 
anu:le.s  wiu.i^leHs    entire,  the  sides  ovate-trianKular.-Old  fields,  sparingly  u.tu^ 
ral.x.e.l,  euh.vated.     St.  •-  (o  4f  hij:!..     Lvs.  2   to  -i  long,  half  as  wide      Ss       - 
merous,  very  grateful  to  bees.     Fruit  black,  a  valuable  g  ain.     f  g  Asia 


Ordkr  cur.     niYTOLACCACE/E.     Pokewouts. 

Herbs  witli  alternate,  ontiro  le.ivcs  and  perfect,  5.parted,  l.ypogynous  (loworo 
Calyx  iree.  Slamens  5  to  ;!0,  alternate  with  tho  sepals  when  of  the  same  number 
Ovary  usually  compound,  of  several  carpels,  each  l-ovuhd  cohering  in  a  c.rdo 
Styles  and  sLyma,s  as  many  .us  i-arpds.  Fruit  baccate  or  samara-like.  Seeds  erect" 
will  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  firiiiacoous  albuineii.  ' 

J^:7^z:z^:':i^:;':::::;:a:iia: "'  '"^  ''''"'■  ^^'^'^  "-p""-  -  p-e^"-  or 

1    PHYTOLACCA,   Tour...     Poke.     C,A.moT-wEED.     (Or.  (hvrov,  a 
plant,  Lat.  larca,  lac  or  lake  ;  f.-om  tho  juice  of  the  berries.)     Calvx  5- 
pa.-tod,  i-esombIi.,g  a  coi-olla;  stamens  5  t-  2:>',  styles  and  ca.-pels' 5  to 
12  ;  bony  superior,  depressed,  giobula.-,  uith  as  n.auy  seeds  as  styles 
—Herbaceous,     hac.  term.ual,  soon  beeo..iiiig  opposite  the  leaves. 
P.  decdndra    L      Lvs.  ovate,  acuto  at  both  ends;  fls.  with  10  stamens -ind  70 
styles.- If  Roadsides   U.  S.  and  Can.,  c-ommon.     itoot  verv  large  and  bandll 
m;t  r      e^    r'-f   ^  *"  ^'  ^  '"•  ^^"  •"■■^'''  ••"'""''  '^"-"•'th.-bnmchii...  a       Si 
n  sily,    .  3    ■  ^>''"'^'"'^'  '""J-',  "t  fi'-s^t  terminal,  bocomin-Minallv  on 

=.i  a  b^Sl  .S.i^="-J.'^epr"^  ^  ^^'-^  ^"'•^■'«  ^-^^  ^*"'^-« 

frnt^s':?   .]•'■"  '*?'"'*'"'•  ^-^^'-'-^'^^^ol^'tc ;  .sopals  e(,ual,  snberect  in 
fru.t,    stamens  4    or  H;  ovary    l-ceiled,    1-stylod,  1-ovulcd.  berry  at 


Is.   in  loose,  po. 

y>.  acutely  keiM 
1.— <1)  Thickets, 

JiVH.  2  U)  ;'.'  by 
tlillU    llio    Ihiil, 

iglcd;  Ivs.  lan- 
Uun.  untl  U.  S. 
It'H  very  rough 
third  U.S  wide, 
LTuiinal   lit'iuis, 

late,  arwninalr, 
iiK!t;  Ktiini.  (j; 
d  from  tlio  last 
wido.  Petioles 
ho  enda  of  tho 


•nnan  3?udv, 
lyx  colored, 
lit;  stamens 
btiise ;  acho- 
•<Jate-liastate 


ISO  lobes ;  neli. 
pariiigly  iiatu- 
ido.     Fls.  nu- 
Asla. 


ITS. 

'nous  flowor<i. 

Batuo  number. 

■^  in  ii  eirclc. 

Seeds  erect, 

ro  purgntivoor 

r.  (fivrnv^  a 
Calvx  5- 
•arpels  5  (o 
Is  as  stylos. 
leaves. 

mens  and  10 
id  braiic'liiiig. 
ir,  and  wlicii 
preen  color, 
ig  finally  op- 
y,  with  juice 

of  Botany 
mberect  in 
,  berry  at 


Order  105.~CMENOPODIACK^ 

oil 

wliite,  green  in  fruit;  ntan..  4  sen  ov  V.l^^^  ^'i''  *'"'"  ^'"'  '"'^•*;  "«•  '««<^- 
».iKl.,  much  resornhling  i„  spect  iL^li  ^'J-T.n''-  ""]  '^Y  ^''"•"  «  ">  ^» 
2',  petioles  1'  to  !«'.    «ep.  Llargod'lu S^  tl^'a  rZ^''    "^'^  '  ^"  '''  ^^  '  '» 

Ordku  civ.   basellace^:. 

Ilerhs  glabrous,  oflon  twining  and  climbinc-  with  ni.,..     ,    , 

''Bri.:T.'»r«m''t'i"  ■'"'"' """'"  ''^'■^■''  "»■%  '"T'-l 

..„.,.„,,„ „^.„, .,,  C''i'^X"''ii::Tu™^ -'-is,'' 

O,,o.„cy.    CHENOPOniACE^    0,.KoPo™  OH  n„„,,.,„„„ 

Z/-«te  chiefly  weed-liko  and  homely,  moro  or  les.  flo.hv  .„•,)     u 
lute  leaves.     Bra..ts  not  scarious.     rLer.  minute  Lm'  ^""■""'''  '"'^^'P"" 

cated  in  bud.     Stamens  porigynous  as  1^  al'  ^T"'    '  '"""""■•     ''"'^^  '"'^'•'■ 
or^wer.   .,^-'-.  ^-style^I ''l^  CcT^  ri^ZT"  1^ '^^^^^^     ''^'^^ 
KrnJ,ryooM.a  into  a  ring  around  the^.lbuna.n  orspir  1  wUho      alb  n     "  "r'"^"- 
(r'enera  72,  .jn-cU.s  r.lO,  ofton  nmritf.r.P  „ian,  VVilliout  albumen.      J.'ig.  435. 

'X:Z^r  "^«''-'"'' -<' -^{"h'm"  """''  """'"  ^'^•"''■'"'^  ^^-^"«.  "'>'"""lin«  i»  the  tcnpe. 

from  their  uehes  in  g,..«t  ubun.laaco.  "'  '^"""'" '""  "'"'  ""'<-'f  «e«-ai<Ju  .peclJa  yk'id'soda 


f;o  otvf5ynI;ar,';\rnenl^  ^ "l/^.  'Vc.  rrmnvo.l,  .howlnR  the  „v«ry  and 

«"l'itmuui,  with  tho  fleshv  oal-x      s    vi  ..f,  .•  "•  9';"''^  ""^  "  ^''^cr.     7.   KInw  .,  ..r  ".;.„' 


«ii|Jltutuui,  with  thu  fli'shv'oal«'¥  '  k    v„,..T,"i .•  ""   V\"'J' "i  h  nitwcr.     7.   Fln.iv.- -.r  ui;.,,., 

,   .ai,x.     H    \e,tie:,Ucxt.u„  of  the  ovary.     «.  FlowcTofBotavuIgarll 

.  „„,,_,  SCnOHDEUS,    THIBES  AND  GENERA 

j'oaunuiai.-.Ming.    Leaves  uieuibrunoi.s,  flat,  or  none.    (♦) 


^12  Obdm  105.-^HENOPODIACE^ 

C  Seed  vcr  ca  .    Perjcarj,  thin,  smooth,  mostly  in  a  fleshy  calyx l^L^^^l 

C  Seed  vortical     Pencarp  thin,  glandular,  in  a  wrinkled  calyx^ Roin   Iva'  I 

O  8.0,  horizontal.    Pericarp  thin,  in  a  plain,  nnhordered  calyx CenopZum'  3 

C  Seed  honzon  a  .    Pericarp  thin,  in  a  calyx  bordered  all  around Cyc'ZH'  2 

C  oeed  horizontal.    Pericarp  thick  and  hard,  calyx  rbbed .^!beta.  1 

1.  BETA,  Tourn.  Beet.  (Celtic  bett,  red,  the  usual  color  of  the 
I  eet-root  )  a^Iyx  urceo  ate,  S-clefr,  persistent,  fi.ially  indurated  at  ba  e  • 
stamens  o,  with  no  st^vminodia  ;  ovary  depressed,  half  inferior;  stimnas 
2;  utricle  with  a  th.ckish,  hardened,  depressed  pericarp  enclosed  in 
the  ca^vx ;  seed  honzontal.-IIerbs  with  fleshy  roots,  furrowed  stems 
alternate  lvs.  and  greenish,  spicate  fls.  ' 

4^?;7"^^^"?  h  ^  ^''^-  ''''"*^'  ^^'^'^''o^s,  undulate  or  entire,  green  or  purplish 
the  lower  ovate-obloup  attenuate  at  base  into  a  long  petioleT  upper  subSno' 
oblong;  Hs.  greenish- white,  in  sessile  glomerules  of  2  to  4  form  ngllendrsp  S 
which  are  arranged  in  large,  somewhat  leafy  panicle8.-<|;  Fields  and  Lrdens 
everywhere  cultivated.     Rt.  mostly  deep  red.     S.  Eur.-Tllis  useful  culinary  bv 

'S4TtL'ZZ::':or'  ^^"^'"'  '''''''^''  ^^'^'y  'y  ''^  ->- -^ 

''•s^u|?^^;5id,s?^;;tsr^i;:f  ^  ^-  -- 

y.  KAPA.     Turnip  Beet.     Root  short  and  thick,  sweet  and  juicy,  white  or  red 
cJ.  MANGEL-wuuTZEL.     Root  vcry  large,  mostly  white.     Cultivated  for  stock 

2.  CYCLOLO'MA,  Moquin.  (Gr.  KvKXog,  a  circle,  Xu)ua,  border- 
referring  to  the  appendage  of  the  calyx.)  Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft,  lobes 
strongly  keeled,  persistent,  finally  appendaged  outside  with  a  circular 
membranous,  horizontal  border  or  crown;  stamens  5  ;  styles  3-  utricle 
depressed,  enclosed  m  the  transversely  winged  calyx.— ef)  Herbs  with 
furrowed  stems  alternate,  petiolate,  lobed  lvs.,  and  a  spreading  panicle 
ot  small  sessile  lis.  °  ^ 

C.  platyphjrlluin  Moq.  Sandy  banks  of  the  Miss..  111.  (opposite  St.  Louis)  and 
westward  bt  wide-branched,  ascending  1  to  2f  from  a  prostrate  base!  whU  - 
downy  above  Lvs  2  long  more  or  less,  oblong-lanceolate,  petiolate,  inuato- 
toothed  or  lobed,  lobes  sharply  mucronate.  Fls.  less  than  1"  long,  1  to  H-ZZ 
erate.     Panicle  leafless.     Crown  ^carious.     Seed  black.     Jl.,  Aug, 

3.  CHENOPO^DIUM,  Tourn.  (Cr.  ^/iv,  a  goose,  novc,  foot;  from 
the  resemblance  ot  the  leaver.)  Calyx  bractlens,  6-cIoft,  lobes  often 
keeled,  never  appendaged,  more  or  less  enclosing  the  fruit ;  stamens  5  ; 
styles  2  ;  utricle  depressed,  membranous,  seed  mostly  horizontal,  lentic- 
ular.—Herbs  often  glaucous  or  glandular,  with  alternate,  often  rhombic 
leaves,  and  the  minute  fls.  glomerute  in  panicled  spikes. 

§  Plants  !.mooth,  never  slandiiliir,  lll-soonted.    Embrvo  a  eoinplote  rins  (*) 
Herbage  preen,  rarely  |>uriili.sh,  not  trlaiicous  <ir  tnoaly  (a). 

a  Loaves  entire,  ovati'-ohloiiit,  iin  sleniliT  petioles f^„  i 

a  Leaves  toothed  or  lobed,  petiolate '.'.'.'.'."..'.'..'. No's  ''—4 

*  Ilorbaae  glaucous  or  whitish,  oovoroil  with  meiillnoss.'. .'.','.'.".".'.'.'.'.'.'..,'.".'.  .'."."'.'"'lij,,^.' 5_7 

5  Plasit:^  siiin.iuliir-niibfrtiifiit  ;:rfi  n.  jiriini.itic.     Embryo  a  iiuU'iintiVb). 

b  Mowers  (riomornto.  axilhiry,  in  .splko-liki-  raroiiios N„.s  s  9 

b  Flowers  cyntoiis,  Innuinerahle.  in  lonj;,  raceme-like  piiniclos. '. ...'. '. '.' ! '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...  nIi.  10 

1  C.  polysp^rmum  L.     Trocumbcnt  or  subereet,  branched  from  the  base ;  lvs, 
petiolate,   divaricate,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,   thin,   entire,  giabrcius, 


Ordee  105.-CTIKNOPODIACE.E.  gjg 

S;^S;^^:;^S:^S:  J-^-^  -^  «^^in^  mnr,i„  acute;  .uit 
smooth,  pale  green  or  purplil  f  or  mom  |lh  r  Z^'  ^."*''"'i"™  Sm.)  'piai.t 
length  spreading  and  the  li-uit  naked.     §  Eu"  ^"^  '"'""**■''  ^"''"^  "^*»««.  «* 

^  rf^^^Sr;  d't.pl^^SuaTanSTtt'    n  ^^'"^1'^  <'^'«^'^«)'  *'--^.  «'^- 
lobe  longest,  all  aouSLtrupper  delt^W  f^*-'"'  "'«  t'^'-™'"^! 

^^J...velned,Tto  ?5/;-,^^^^  ^^-|r.i« 

aeulo-edged,  very  flat  fr.  ahnWSo^t^^l'tel^ '''''"r^ '  ^eedduU,\ngol^ 
rare.  SL  12  to  IS'  high.  Lva  2  to  3' b7r  to  ?s  "•  Tu  •"?'  ""''*''  ^"^  ««»"N 
Pis.  mealj.     Stam.  exserted.     Aut     §  Pu^  1  <•«  18  ,  subtnpliveined,  petiole  l\ 

tlnn,  green,  tl.e  highest  iance-lineS^uben.ire    .t  "^"''^ '"''^ 

'■-^fX^'^^li  rh^^^^^^  tlunly  branehod;    Z,..  petio- 

pulrerulent,  p^Je  green  or  wi?it^     uppe^obLVorT  '"'^^^^^^     '''  «ubentire,  thin, 
or  loose,  subpanieulatBL  nearlv  I.aflr£.      ^^   ^''"^''"^^''' ent'ro:  rac.  densd 

t«  7f  high,  beautifully  striate  with  green  and  nnr.i J     ?,^  ^^'^'^^"^-     ^t.  2  to  4 

cen,hng.     Lvs.  18  to  30"  Jon..  retiofeT»S  ^  ?        J^ranches  subsimpie,  as- 

^  (a  vind^o  L.,  a  ^^reener,  narrow-lC-li  var.)        """  ^°"^-     *^^  ™««'^-     ^''-Sopl 

'■^^^^^'^^^' otte^ST^^^^^^  f^-<^'-i;  ^-  petio. 

green  above,   nieaiy  and  white5aZTu7,£,"^''"""^^^^  thin,%aIo 

dense-flowered,- seed  sliinins  aourrClfhri        ?     '   '^"''-  *^'"'P'*^'   leniless,   [a  her 
I'iant  ...neuhJt  tieshv,    l^io"Tt.S^Zi'l7V'r^^  Pom..,  ra  e 

abomvc^.  2  or  a-iobed;  and  the.f  tf/e'S  d  i^  e a'ct  '^Ko  hT     '^''''"  '""''^'"'"^^ 
8  C.  ambrosioides  L.     Mfxican  Tim      T  .       ,      ^^ 
;^e^«'^.<i  ascending,  oblor.s  the  imLr  om"        ?'*"  ^"'''''*^  Jranc^ied;  /,,,   .short- 

l-J  ^riant  yel£.iS>^^t, --  --^^^^^ 
9  C.  anthelmfntic-um  L     Wnnw  cr-rr.     i-     . 

P>"ml,M  thin,  snK)otbi8i,  g"|aiii  brn5..2>tLlr ''■'^^^  "''  ^^'^'^^  «^'S 

H'"H,t.^  sinning,  obtuse-ma^^itKid     frui't  wKr-  i  ''^T'''^  ^'^^  «'«*%a;  seed 

ur,;j  and  waste  grx^unds,  imoi  sou  h  itSf'^l"-^/'^  "'''''t  "'^"^  P«- 

to  -i^  high,   with  small  branches  ror  nonei  w!-'    ^'"."^  ^'ronplv  aromatic,  1 

spikes.     Jn.-Aug.  ^'"^  "'^"''^  *«™'ng  a  leafy  panicle  of  leafless 

'ivfio^g*Sei  «ni':rnrobtSr;i'"'?*n"?''^^'  ""-^  b'-"-'^-'; 

t,  ouiong,  obtuse,  smuate-aubpinnatifld  with  obtuao 


6U 


Ordku  105.— cm  KNOl'ODIACK^ 


lobca,  glandular-pubesceiit,  glaucous  green,  the  floral  bract-liko ;  fls.  cymous-pani 
■      culuto,  in  long  ascending,  raconie-liko  panicles;  seed  smooth,  nearly  globular  — 
J)  llant  1  to  2f  high,  branched  from  the  base.     Lvs.  low,  1  to  2'  long  wihAva 
hall  as  long.     Fls.  innumerable,  minute,  clammy,  covering  nearly  the  wliolo  nlant 
Jn.-— Aug.     Strongly  fragrant  of  turpentine.  * 

_  4.  ROUBIEWA,  Moq.  (Named  for  G.  J.  Roubim,  a  Fi-nch  bot-m- 
I9t.)  Calyx  obloiisjr-urceolate,  5-tootlieiI,  in  fruit  rnjrous  and  inclosiu ' 
tho  utricle  liko  a  capsulo;  stamens  5  ;  stylos  and  stigmas  3  ;  seed  lei- 
ticular,  vortical,  embryo  a  complete  ring.— IT  A  diffusely  branched  pi'- 
bescent  herb,  with  alternate,  nmltifid  lvs.  and  small  green  fls.  ((.'hono. 
podium,  L.)  / 

R.  multffida  Moq.— Waste  grounds,  waysides  about  tin-  citv  of  N.  Y.  (riolton) 
A  strongly-scented,  prostnite  herb,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  small,'  1'  less  or  more  lonj' 
pmnatihd  with  oblong  lobes  Fls.  numerous,  glomerate,  axillary.  Pessilo  hi 
bracted,  panieled  racemes.     Fruit  nearly  I  '  long.     §  S.  America.  "     ' 

5.  BLMUM,   Tourn.      Blite.      Calyx    3    tf>  S-p^irted,    finally    „n- 

c  winged  or  becoming  juicy  and  berry-like  in  fruit ;  stamens  1  to  5,  with 

liliform  filaments;  styles  2,  utricle  compressed,  inclosed   in  the  calyx- 

seed  vertical,  embryo  a  conjpleto    ring.— (D  Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate' 

>  rJs.  glomerjite. 

S  Hoivls  (fflonipniles)  nxilliiry,  stibspionte  iibove.    C;il.  tliickonod  in  fruit.    Stiff,  iinitpd  Nos  1  ■» 
^  Heads  lormmg  a  di-iisc,  terminal  tii>ilxe.    Culy.x  dry.    Stigtim*  (l^^til.et T!.   ...'■... No.  ;5 

1  h.  capitat-m  L.  Rtuawheury  Bute.  Lvs.  triamjulur-hastate,  toothed-  hds 
tn  terminal,  mterrnpted,  kafless  fpike.s ;  stam.  1  to  5;  fr.  consisting  of  the  red- 
dened flowers,  appearing  like  strawberries,  full  of  a  piifpio  juice,  taste  insipid  •  seed 
dull.— Va  to  Arc.  Circle.  A  weed-like  plant  growing  in  fields,  and  sometimes 
cultivated  in  gardens  as  a  /lower,  or  a  culinary.  Sts.  purplish-striped,  branching 
1  to  2f  Ingh.  Heads  of  lis.  sessile,  near  together,  on  tho  branches  and  summit 
of  the  stem.    Jn.  f 

2  B.  marftimum  Xutt.  Much  branehed,  angular;  lvs.  lanceolate,  attemaie  at 
each  extremity,   nic-isely  dentate;  hds.  axiUari/,  .ses.sile,  fpirate ;   oal.    somevvhat 

leshy,-  stam.  1;  seed  shining.— A  coarse,  unsightly  plant,  in  salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 
to  ^.  J.  bu_  1  to  2f  high,  very  branching.  J.vs.  fleshy,  witii  2  or  more  large 
teeth  each  side.  lis.  very  numerous  and  minute,  becoming  thickish  in  fruit 
beed  much  flattened.    Aug. 

3  B.  Bonu8-H6nricus  Reichenb.  Goon  Kixo  TIentiy.  Plant  mealy  a^mnd- 
ing,  subsnnple ;  lvs.  triangular-hastate,  entire  or  sinuate,  given ;  glomerules 
forming  a  terminal,  leafless  spike,  not  fleshy  in  fruit;  stam.  5.— Waysid.s,  Can 
N.  L-ng.,  rare.     §  Fur.  ' 

6.  AT'RIPLEX,  Gaert.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  S  I^ract- 
less;  calyx  3  to  5-sepaled  ;  stamens  3  to  5,  hypogynous;  pistil  rudi- 
mentary; ?  ovary  2-styled,  with  no  stamens,  inclosed  iHtwecii  2 
leaf-hke  bracts,  or  in  some  species  partly  furnished  Avith  a  5  se|.ale(l 
calyx  without  bracts;  fruit  compressed,  inclosed;  seed  vertical  (hori- 
zontal when  the  calyx  is  present),  embryo  annular.— Herbs  or  shrubs, 
usually  clothed  with  scurf  or  mealiness,  with  alternate,  petiolate  lvs. 
and  densely  glomerate-spiked  gi-een  lis. 

1  A.  hastdta  L.  Ascending,  diflusely  branched ;  Iva.  alternate  or  subopposite, 
triang^ilarhastate^sinuately  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  tho  upper  laiicoolute,  entire; 
.r.y.t  ..racts  tnangular-deltoid,  Kli^ritly  muricate,  margin  deutieulato  or  eulirc— 
®  Marshes  and  waste  grounds,  N.Y.  to  Ga.  Sts  1  -2f.  long,  siriato  with  f^r.en. 
Lvs.  including  the  petiole  1— •{'  long,  ihin  and  green  (mealy  in  maishe.s).  Fls.  ia 
glomerate  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.   $  and  s  mixed!     Aug.-Sepf. 

/i.?  OBLONOI FOLIA.      Lvs.   all  oblong-lanceolaie,   scurfy-dolled;     I'licts   verv 
large  in  fruit;  stem  rigid,  erect,  1  f.  or  more.    L;iko  shores.  N.  Y.  {Hanl:ensoii.'i 


OiiDBR  105._CHE.VOPODrACE.E. 


7.   OBrONE,  Oaorf     PJ«    . 

>"<'rc  or  less  united,  at  lon<rth  i„fli7  3'''^"?  ^  ?  bibracteato,  bract 

"o';V;  «tyl.'s2;  fruit  comp.x.se    Si  ^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^'^'^'^ 

vertical  |,eake<l;  e.nbryi  ann  lar!:  ^iV;  "?  '"'^'"'/^''  i^racts ;  seeds 
yH^;^y;  Ivs.  alternate  or  opposite  jL  ''"  "  ^'■,  '''''^•«^''  «^^«"-fy  or 
(Atnplox,  Tournef.)  ^^     ^^^     ^ ''•  ^>«"««ly  glomerate,  greenish. 

"'•'.aT;   Iva  i-petloled^aS  a,scen<iinjr,  branched    nn 

^^nunuio-n^ueronl,  fh T.rac  f  ^£0^'.^:"  ^T'"'^  ^"^^"-"'  -tire  "th^'upp  ; 

<>n  ncTOiirit  of  the  pricklv  fniit  1      a      ('"''V''".""'  "  "P'""  or  prickle- 
t..  4.t,«tJK„l,  l.ardoni,,,,  „t  I,,,.,,',  ?,  ,  '^7  ,'   «  ''"'>7  '"bular,  inflated,  2 

.co.,_,..t,ea,.-,,  H„,,.  .it,.  .it:s:';a;z'T.rzi:;t£; 

9.  SALICOR'NIA   Tonm     a 

;"""7sod  ,n  the  excavations  of  the  iZe7.  "i^'^'''''^'^'^-)  ^^'owe,^ 
'>!^^'I'  or-],ko,  denticulate  at  npcv  .t,  .'h-  '"  "'' ^  *^-?^^''«'- i  «alyx 
g..H;.l,  mclosin,^  the  oon.pres  ,d  „t  .i<   '  ?     "^""^^'  "'O'nbranous-.nar- 

lent  glabrous  and  ahnost  eafles  w  tf;.;;!;.  "  ''^''^  J^'""ted,  .succu- 
sessile,  sj.icate.  '  '''^"  opposite  branches.     FJs.  „,i„ute, 

T^^^^Zl  ^^Zi;::i!;'lX^.^!^'fT'^'^'''''^''  ''"^^^^ed  at  tl,e 
the  sumrmt.-8alt  marches,  N    kC  to V'n  '  *''^f '"*''  ""•*  ■""^''er  obtu,s,    n! 

into, simple  hraiidic"*   8  fo  jV  i  ;  .   ^V     ^'^•'  "'^"  **t  SaJina,  N  Y      Sf    ,);„;.■ 

toa-boachoa,  R.  I  ,„  Fl„    Sis  wot^dvu'l,!;!      ''''P'"''*''.  obtuse  tec&r-Snnj; 
ax'^-ta    A„g.,  Sept.  ^  """"^  •"  ''"*•  I'ras'"""  Item  long,  eroepiiJZt 


((16 


Ohdeb  106.— AMARANTACEiR 


10.  CHEROPODrWA,  Moq.  Glas.hwokt.  Flowers  ??,  bractcolato : 
calyx  urceulato,  5-parted,  fleshy,  in  fniit  subbaccatc  ;  stamens  5  ;  stigiuiw 
2  or  3,  sessile ;  utricle  tlepressinl,  iiicloscMj  in  the  calyx  ;  seed  lenticular, 
horizontal ;  albumen  0,  )r  scanty  and  divided  into  two  portions  above 
and  below  the  flat  spiral  embryo. — Smooth,  nuiritime  plants,  with  alter- 
nate, sessile,  fleshy  Ivs.  and  axillary  fls.     (Chcnopodium,  L.) 

C.  marftima  Mchi.  Branches  diHusp,  ppostnito  or  erect;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  semi* 
terete,  upper  sliorter;  Hs.  in  .sessile  axillary  gloniorules,  2  or  3  togetlier;  fmit  cal. 
inflated;  seed  shining. —  J)  Salt  marslios.  Can.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2t"  long  or  liigli, 
becoming  wooily  at  base,  southward.  Lva.  (i  to  15'  long,  I"  thick,  acute.  Flu 
very  small,  green,  with  roundish  calyx  loboH.  Utriele  thin,  somitranspnrent,  con- 
taining a  black,  shiniug  seed.     Aug.     (C.  inaritinia  L.  also  Salsola  Unearis  EIL) 

li.  SAL'SOLA,  Gaert.  Saltwort.  (Lat.  sal,  salt ;  the  plants  con- 
tain much  alkaline  salt.)  Flowers  ^  ,  with  2  bractlets ;  s(;pals  5,  at 
lenjjth  winged  horizontally  on  the  l>ack,  forming  n  broad,  scarious  boi'- 
der  ;  statnens  5  ;  styles  2,  tuiited  at  bstso ;  utricle  depressed,  inclosed  in 
the  base  of  tb*  stellately  5-wingod  calyx;  seed  horizontal,  globous; 
embryo  spiral  (cochlcato)  with  no  albumen. — Maritime,  fleshy  plants 
with  terete  Ivs.  and  axillary,  sessile  fls. 

S.  Ketli  L.  Ilerbaccnnrt.  decumbent;  Ivs.  alternate,  snbniate,  channeled,  spinous, 
smooth  J  fls.  solitary;  iruit-calyx  wings  larger  than  tlio  sepals,  orbicular,  .spread- 
ing. (V)A  rigid,  prickly  and  very  branching  phuit,  of  the  sea-shore,  Can.  to  Ga. 
St.  1  to  21'  high,  ditl'iise.  Lvs.  about  an  inch  long,  sessile,  ending  with  a  spiuo. 
Fls.  green,  succulent,  sessile,  bracteate,  the  wings  in  frait  pale  roseate,  li  '  long. 
Seed  with  a  thin  testa  and  a  green  embryo  coiled  like  a  little  snail  sliell. 

fi.  CauoliniXna.     Suberoct,  glabrous,   often  purplish;   lvs,  dilated  at  base; 
fruit-calyx  wings  rose-purple. — ^So\ithward.    (Si,  Caroliniana  Walt.) 


Order  CVI.     AMARANTACE^     Amaranths. 

Uerhs  woed-liko  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  a  bracteate,  spked  or 
capitate  inflor«sceiice.  Fbwtrs  generally  with  an  imbricated  involucre  of  3  dry, 
scjirious  bracts.  Sepals  3  to  5  (rarely  but  1),  persistent  and  oden  colored,  imchangod 
in  fmit.  Stamens  3  to  5  fertile,  hypogynous.  Ovary  compressed,  1 -celled,  1  to  oo- 
ovuled.  Style  I.  Fruit  a  usricle,  caryopaia  or  berry.  Seed  vertrical,  albuminous 
Embryo  annular. 

lllustrat«'(l  in  fiu's.  ISS,  406. 

(re  nerd  4>i,npfcieM  4S(t,  most  nbiimlant  within  tlio  tropics.  Their  properties  nro  not  imiwtant. 
A  fuw  are  ciiltivutvd  tor  their  rivhly-cuturi'd  iiiiixtrlshulilo  Uowkirs  ;  ulU«r»artt  uwrv  wveds. 

TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 

I.  CELOSIE.1E.    Anthers  2-ccIIc<I.    Ovary  many-oviiliMl,    (Cultivated) Cku)81a.  1 

U.  ACIIYltANTllK^t:.     Antlicra  e-ctllod.    Ovary  onii-tiviiU-d.    Leaves  alturmitc.  (♦) 

*  Flowers inou(cciuu»  or  i>flygttiu»>iis» — Utiiele  circuuisci.-^sile A.m.\kantc's.  2 

— Utricle  indehiitoeiit Euxolu*  •'! 

•  Flowers  diofcions. — Utriele  indeUlscent  and  valveless , Acmua.  -1 

—  I'tricle  dcUisecnt,  circuiuscissllo .Montklia.  5 

III.  OOMPHRENF,.^     Antliers  one-celled.     Ovary  one-ovuled.    Leaves  »,i.i>uoile.  (a) 

a  Stttrile  stamens  none. — (!''|i>wers  white,  paniculate) 1ki:sink.  6 

a  Sterile  stanKiis  none. — i  i'!<;\vers  crimson,  Ac.    Capitate.    Oultiviti'd) Gomi'iikkna.  T 

a  Sterile  .'vt3inttns5,  the  5  !Vv;;le  Ina  lube.— He."si!.".  »i!i!s!-y Tk!,ant!1!  t.a.  I^ 

— Spil;e»  teruiiD.il  arid  . .  illary Fkbuciiia.  9 

1.  CELO'SIA,  L.  Cockscomb.  (Or.  ft-7/Aco5-,  shinin^.^;  i'haracteristic  of 
the  brilliant  colors  of  some  species.)  Flowers  {>erfect,  3-brr.'^ted  ;  calyx 
of  5,  erect-spreading  sepals;  stamens  6;  anthers  2-C'.'Ur;{:  stigmas  2, 


OnoER  106.-AMARANTACE^. 


?,  linear,  seinl» 
tlier ;  fmit  cal. 
■  long  or  high, 
k,  acute.  Fls, 
nsptiri'iit,  ooa- 
liiiearb  EIL) 

)  plants  con- 
R(^j>als  5,  at 
scarions  boi-- 
1,  inclosed  in 
al,  globous; 
tlcsliy  plants 

nelod,  spinous, 
>icular,  apreiwJ- 
?,  Can.  to  Ga. 
;  with  a  spina 
eato,  li'  long, 
alien.  " 
atetJ  at  base; 
k'aJt.) 


IS, 

;ate,  spked  or 
acre  of  3  dry, 
red,  imehangod 
colled,  1  to  00- 
\\,  albuminous 


re  not  imiwrtant. 


CkU)81A.   1 

late.  {*) 

..AMAKANTI'9.  2 

EuxoLU*  •'! 

, ACMUA.  -1 

MONTKLIA.  5 

wile,  (a) 
liti:siNK.  6 

..GOMI'IIKKNA.  T 
.TK«,ANT!irr.A.  S 
...KKKUflllA.  9 

iracteristic  of 
r.'^ted  ;  calyx 
t :  stigmas  2, 


617 

brilliant,  s^arious  is.  '''^'  "'^""'^''  ^^^'^^  -'*'»  -'ternato  Jvs!  and 

pyLS'ap^^On'^cultitLnTti^eS^^  ^^^^^  «»b«e«sllc.  ovato- 

excessively  branched;  fl.s.  8Ubses.sde  2'ltd  1,?!  *''"''''^*'  °*  *''«  ^^P^x,  or 
braot.s.-_j,  Gardens.  This  curious  and  S.V  ^m,.^"'™""/"'  ^""^''  ^hun  'the 
l^^^^l.  broad  spikes  a.  of  l.nt.tic  s'S  a^dTSU^i- j^  :;;;X  ;^^ 

2.  AMARAMTUS,  Toum      /Tr    „ 
floue,.;  sc.  unfading  fiowe '; )   ^Ama?AvI  '  ''rf"'^'''  '^  ^«^^'  «^'^«'". 

rudiments;iyleO;..ti.S2^^^^^^^  l'"^*^'"^  '^^  '^  ^i,  with' no 

inclosed,  circumscis  ilet    eed  ]  -m  I    H     ""T^'  '^  '^^""^^'^''  I'^-'^'y 

i"g  to  a  petiole,  and  nlint  e  g;eo®  o^t•rS^  f '  •""'^'  -ir"^  ^^P'^^ 
Jiiinal  clusters.  *  I'"'p'isl»  ils.  in  axdlary  or  ter- 

1  A.  hypochondriacus  L.     Prince's  F.mt,....      ..^ 1 ^"'■*''' 

.n.id  .somewhat  reddened;  Ivs.  o,^^p'tiole;7"b L.^'^S^^'''^"''''^'  ^'^"'''^^"A 
end,  roughish  beneath;  panicle  SSod  1?/  ^'f ''"''''"*•  ^'""'^  ^^  each 
o««  m«c/.  th.  longest  and  ^S.ye..  latS  sJiort  ?„  .  r^^'f '  ^'7  "''^"^'^  ''''  ^'^'^^ 
shorter  than  tiio  long-awned  liX-V^  S  ^"  ^rovvdod;  Hs.  deep  purple;  cal 
cultivated.  Very  talf  (.3  to  '  to  inZltt.7  ^^1''^;^  spontaneo,!s  aV-d  often 
same  length,     f  §  Mex.  '  ^^-    ^""^  *  ^«  ^   ''^"ft  petioles  nearly 

•nargin;  panicle   very   bM^^JSZ^.T'''^  ^'  ^-"ch  end,  purplish  on  tho 
froci,  short.awn,d,  a  littl  longer  SSfX-Su  '  «r"'?'^*^^  Wood-red 

petilT^ovfrortbrlSe'aS  ^'«"<««^^  i7'-^ ;    Ivs.  long- 

pyramidul,  spikes  «Wo«y.c>.«i^S"'^'^^^;J^^^«/'/P<^>^    undulate;    panic!, 
hardl^j  longer ;  fls.  dense,  pale  green'   bracttt'«,n    i   . '^"^I  ^"''^«'  ^'"^  ^'•'«»««' 

I'lgh.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  IS  to  30''  u-i      nri,  •     ^.  "'"'  '^^'"^^  grounds,     at.  2  to  41' 
^  to  9  '  tliick  and  rather  short.     JL-Sepr      '     ''''"''  P'""^"  "  *"  '^'-    ^P^kcs % 

»fowe°rs;°J°*c?e°Sne™'wUh^,..T''^  '''^'^'  ■'7'-^«»'  ^  well  as  the 

Aracfo  a  third  longer  than  te^H  utri7""^'  terrninal  spike  longest  andJtexuoT 
fvatcd  and  waste  grounds     sf^V ialf\"-  ?''t^'  ^^''^'--wis^-  as  in  No.  'i.-^ui: 

tit/^^^^J;-  pSSrbSci'ir  S'"'  'V  rr-^Wong  or  o.a^*. 
one  long,  rigid,  lateral  short  cloi^^  li  ^  ^  ^'''/'f '^'"'■'-■'''^'■'««-  terminal 
bracts,  ^,  long  a.  the  utricV-.cZsJ^A^Ti^^^^^  cal.  .Uortev  than  the  awnej 
bigh.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  bv  9  to  IS'  r!i.f  f  ,  ^  ''"'^  Pi^^unds,  common.  St.  2  to  4f 
with  rod.     JL-Sept^  VV,\:  ^*'  ''"'  ^"°^''-     ''^"'^'^^  ^«"fe'.  sometimes  tinged 

branches  ;'/t,^^on^!J!JtLrd'"oT^te"ri.Ji;r^'  ^"btercte,  «.fe/fcA,  with  spreadinff 
l^ghl  green;  glon.orSies     en.o  ein  1 1^^^  'lubrou\^ 

dense,  preen;  cal.  much  shor^r /L*^      '    ^  ^1'   ''''*""*^'"  *'"'"  '•>«  petioles-  fla 

teer  than  Ihe  utrE-J^o^or^!^  d'^a'd^d's"''''''  ^""^'^"^  '-ts.VwfcJ 

"i"ion  we. a,  roadsides,  wa.ste  grounds,     Sts.  1  to 


ai8 


Order  IOC— AMARANTACE.E. 


2f  high,  at  length  diffuso.     Lv.s.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  7",   petiole  1  to  2' ;  branch-lv^ 
much  smaller.     Clusters  4  to  5-Howt'red. 

7  A.  melancholicus  L.     Love-lies-bi.eedi.vg.      Erect,  glabrous,   usually 
dark  purple;  Ivs.  long-i)etioled,  lance-ovate  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  eruarginatc- 
gloinerulca  geminate,  aubpeduncuhUe,  shorter  than   the  petioles ;  fii.  denie,  dark 
i^t^r/jfc;  bracts,  calyx  and  utricle  subequal.     Gardens.     St.   1   to  2f  high,  simpk. 
cJlor  ^'''*'''^*^  "  ^"  ^'     ^^"^^^"^  amplexicauU  f  Asia.— Varies  mucll  in 

ii.  TRicoUm.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  young  red  with  a  yellow  apex  tlio 
adult  bright  red  at  base,  violet  in  the  middle,  green  at  apex,  the  old  creen 
with  a  violet  base.     f.  '      >  & 

3.  EUX'OLUS,  llaf.  (A  name  intended  to  signify  ^w/^c^sc(/ ;  re. 
fcrniig  tothe  valveiess  utricle.)  Flowers  monoecious,  3-bracted  ;  caiy.x 
8  (2  to  5)-sepaled,  sepals  equal,  erect,  glabrous;  stamens  3  (2'to  5)  ; 
stigmas  3  ;  utricle  ovate,  1-seeded,  valveiess  and  indeliiscent,  or  tearing 
open  ;  seed  vertical,  embryo  annular.— 0  Herbs  with  the  habit  of  Aniar- 
antus  (Amarantus,  L.) 

§  spines  2  ;n  oach  axil.    Bracts  not  lonser  tlmn  tlio  ."Ssppnls.  v^  t 

§  Spmoa  none.— Hiacts  l,)iij.'ui- tliaii  tliu'8  to  &-se|.ale(l  calyx '^w  ->  •> 

— llructs  shorter  than  tlie  S-sepalcil  cal.vx '.Nos.  4'  5 

1  E.  apinosus  Feay.  Smooth,  striate,  purplish,  much  branched;  lvs.  Ioiir- 
petioled,  riiomb-ovate,  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  dull  green,  with  2  axillary  sp'nes  • 
panielo  sparingly  branched,  spikes  erect,  acute,  the  terminal  longest;  fls.  crowded' 
5-parted;  bracts,  sei)ais  and  rugous  utricle  about  equal  in  length,— Cultivated  and 
waste  grounds,  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.  States.  St.  and  branches  Hexuous,  1  to  31' 
high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  petioles  nearly  as  long,  spines  sharp,  3  to  8  '  lone, 
Utricle  certainly  valveiess  (as  first  noticed  by  Dr.  i'eay),  and  folluig  without 
opening.     Seed  dark  brown,  polished.     Jn.— Oct. 

2  E.  lividus  Moq.  Erect,  branched,  smooth,  livid-purplish ;  lvs.  long-pctioled 
elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse,  cmarginate,  upper  acutish ;  axillary  spikes  shorter  thml 
the  petiole,  the  terminal  long,  slender,  rigid,  acute,  somewiiat  interrupted  •  Hs 
crowded;  sep.  3,  thrice  longer  the  bracts;  fr.  rogous,  acw/e— Cultivated  and  waste 

•  lands,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  stout,  hollow,  striate,  2  to  Sf  high.  Lvs  3  to  C 
by  2  to  3',  petiole  2'  to  30,",  purj  le.  Terminal  spike  2  to  4'  long.  lis.  3-partccL 
Utricle  sliglitly  exserted.     Jn. — Sept. 

3  E.  deflexua  Raf.  Ascending,  dlffnsely  branched,  ashy  greeyi,pube')-ulen!.  hranchea 
deflexed;  lvs.  petio^ate,  ri  10111  b-lanceola to,  obtuse;  spikes  th:cki-^h,ok.se,  some- 
what nodding,  axillary  and  terminal ;  fis.  crowded,  sliort-podicelled ;  sep.  3  to  5. 

^  longer  than  the  bracts ;  fr.  smooth.— Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Mid.  States. 
Sts.  branched  from  base,  slender,  If  long.  Lvs.  wavy,  prominently  veined  l)eiiealli, 
6  to  15"  long.  Stigmas  2  or  3,  very  short,  .vhi'to.  Utricle  exserted.  Aug., 
Sept.     §  Eur. 

4  A.  viridis  Moq.  Erect,  smooth,  livid,  purple;  lvs.  long-petioled,  ovate,  obtuse; 
spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  paniculate,  ratlier  long,  loose,  acutisli ;  sepals  3,  twico 
longer  than  the  bracts ;  utricle  roundish-ovate,  rigulous. — Cultivated  and  waste 
grounds,  Ala.  and  La.  St.  sulcate,  1  to  2f  high.  Teruiiaul  spikes  2  to  3'  loug. 
Readily  recognized  by  the  baldness  of  the  minute  tis. 

5  B.  pumiluB  Raf  Low,  very  smooth,  diffusely  branched,  lvs.  stibsessik,  orate, 
obtuse,  smooth,  fleshy,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  Jts.  in  ;>mall,  ax- 
illary glomerules,  fiessWc;  cal.  5  parted,  purplish;  fr.  smooth,  ovate,  twice  longer 
than  than  the  calyx.— Sandy  sea  coast,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Aug.— Oct.  (A.  pumilus 
Ell.)  o  K      f 

4.  ACNTDA,  L.  Water  Hemp.  (Gr.  a,  not,  nvidi],  the  nettle ;  a 
■nettle-like  plant  which  docs   not  sting.)     Flowers  dia'cious,  3-bractcd. 

(5  Calyx  of  5  equal,  erect  sepals  ;  staujens  5,  anthers  oblong,  2-celle(i ; 

$  calyx  0;  ovary  1-celled,  ]-ovu!ed,  with  3  to  5  stigmas;  fruit  a  fleshy, 
valveiess  utricle  ;  seed  vertical.— (Xi  A  marsh  herb,  with  alternate,  peti'o- 


OnDEU  lOC.-AMARAXTACKyK.  gjg 

^C'ndtSLI^iS  -'=^^^  ^-,  «ubpedicil,nte  fl.  i.  „en<ic. 

^  to ?r^utic^k~ubtrT'l^^  C--  to  aa.  and  La.     St  la' 

wavy,  euneato  atk's'Tetolo  1  to  2  ,o  "  Xf"'  ' -^  V"  ''  ^""^-  "'^•™'-' 'i 
ovate,  sLorter  thau  t!,J  Llyx  $  nie-,  Snll  l  P''""'°  'T°-  ■^'•''«''"'  ^  '»"''^- 
Jl.— Oct.  •'^  '   ^  i-"P'>r-*ubuIate,  vejy  unequal.     Fr.  near  2"  Ion- 

as  t  S^^-S^tlVm^s"  /Ir?  ^'■'T'  t'^T'"'  '"«--ccncc,  nearly 
thin  utricle,  with  SJ;  e  ,ln  "^''  ^r"ft^."'P^^>'  ^'''"'^''''y  5  ^''^it  1 
.u.  ^^^^io.^.^:^^  Her.  ,., 

by  6  to  J5",  petiolo  as  ]oug.  Spikes  k;t™'  ]'''''' ff' J^'-  ^^nce  oval.  1  to  6' 
above.  Bracts  ,5  acute,  shtrt^  ,an  tifca  f  o  "^^^'''^  ,^'  ^'^■^^'  co^tiauou. 
ovary  wiiicli  in  fruit  opens  by  a  tortuous  ?i  i  '  L.7l'  ?^"''^'^  ^""g^''  '''^n  th;j 
-Sept.     (A.ruscoc.arpa  an/altsSrM         A    vr^  Wn,  polished,     .ll! 

tl.e  dusters  all  axillar>,  l.ardl/foSg  spikes.       ^^'^'"'''"^^  KiddJ-Varies  witU 

<'alyx  of  5    erect  seffT.r™:^  ^  ^  ,  3-brnctod  ; 

"triolo  roundish  ova^  Civets   T^^^^^^  --led ;   stigmas   2,  3 

vorticah-llerbswitl/oppos   r'neS  t  Sv     "  '1^   ^''   ^''«  T^^  ;  seed 
^ateor  capitate,  oftea  wl^o„y  tis'::;^^!^],::^^::;^^^'^^  ^^--b'  «i>i- 

■i;-S^^Li!?^rS>^StSrj^"^'-7'  '-  -^--.runcta.,^ 
dense.-A  tall  handsome  annual  3  to  4f  Si    n'n^w       °,'"'!'P""'^^''  ^'""S^'  ''^tl'o; 
liuf,  to  Jll.  and  La     Lvs.  taperin<r  to  tLl^t  ?  ,       '"'  >''"''''  ^''''^  "'^'*'-  t^i»^-i"- 
2  to  4'.     Panicle  <.f  delicate,^;vSslUI     h^o    "  ?.  '^  "'"T*^,  P^''°'^^'  ^  ^^  0'  ^v 
and  pedicels,  nearly  or  quite  leadei     Sept.f6er        ''^  ^'""'''''^'  branchlw, 

A^Ts^Zlat'^i^^^^^^^^  ^'T''  P--^-t  or  polv. 

filaments  dihited  and  S-deft  't  wv  .n-fii      '  '?^  ''  "''"*^*'  ^^^"'^'"-^  >>. 

■•'"tlier  ;  stig.na  capitl>       tritlH;!  '  \"'''\  ^f^'"'"'^^^  ^''^'  ^  ^^'"^J 

-iyx.     Herbs  or  sln.bVo    i    Atn;   ^  "\ '""^''"^  ''^''^^^^^     '"  ^Lo 
capitate.  ^vrnerica.     Lvs.  opposite.     FIs.   usually 

pcdunculute,    tern.inal   heads  ;  K  Tl^li!ou/1<'  .  ^"'^'^  '"  f '"^"^^'•'  ^-b'-aoted, 

of  5  sop  ds  ;  stan,cns  5   !v   I.  ^  ^r       ^^     ^^  't  1''''"^*^^"^'  ^-bracted  ;  cal  vx 
«nther   1-celled     s^vL  si         ^    "■''""'-'  ^''^"g^-^ted,  sterile  filament's' 
included  in  the  ^d  :x        L  ;  ''^"'?"^J"*"^''^5  "tricle  valveless,  1-seeded 
tenninal  hds  of  fls^  ~^^" '"  ""  ^'""^^  "'^''  «PP-'t<>  ^v..,  a;illar;tul 

^•<f°!sf^j,s-to^^5  pjir^^r^^^'^r^^^--^'^^'.^^'-^  ^v. 

obtu.0,  fls.  xvhitish  silverv    b  acts  i  "  .h      *i  "^^  ^  '"^  '^  together,  ovah 

""^^quaUepals,  inner  sep.  •Lirv-^CutL^^  the  ovate-aeuminate,  mucronate,' 
01  the  coast,  S.  States.  '  Sts  Xnd.r  1  to  ^^f  ^"■"""l^''  "^^^^'^'^'-'^^  in  the  vicinity 
^  15     by  4  to  7".     lids.  3  to  4'  ion.       Fob      Oct  "'^"^'"^  '^^°  P"''"^'*^  * 


820 


Order  lOt.— LAURACEiE. 


9.  FR(ELICH'IA,  Ma^nch.  (Named  for  J.  A.  Frolick,  a  German 
botanist.)  Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted  ;  calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  apex ; 
stamens  6,  connate  into  a  tube,  appendaged  with  as  many  sterile  fila- 
ments ;  anthers  1-oelled ;  stigma  capitate  or  tufted ;  utricio  valveless, 
1 -seeded,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  which  bears  2  or  5  longitu- 
dinal crests. —  (X)  Herbs  w'tiv  yjinted,  villous  stems,  opposite  Ivs.  and 
spicate  fls. 

F.  Florid^na  Moq.  STearJy  simpie,  strictly  erect,  arachnoid  pubescent;  Iva.  lin- 
ear, tapering  to  tlio  base,  obtusisii  at  apex ;  Hs.  imbricated,  in  short,  dense,  clus- 
tered,  cottony  spikes. — On  sandy  river  banks,  111.,  also  Fla.,  tia.  to  La.  Plant  1 
to  3f  high,  with  a  terminal,  virgate  panicle  G  to  10'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5". 
Spikes  6  to  12"  long.  Calyx  white-scarious,  persistent,  contracted  above,  en- 
closing the  utricle.     Jl.,  Aug. 


Order  CVII.     LAURACE^E.     Laurels. 

Treea  and  shrubs  aromatic,  mostly  with  alternate,  simple,  punctate  leaves.     Ilow- 

trs  with  a  colored  perianth  of  4  to  6  slightly  united,  strongly  imbricated  sepals. 

Anthers  2  or  4-c;elled,  opening  upwards  by  as  many  recurved,  lid-like  valves.     Ovarij 

1-colled,  1-ovuled,  free,  in  fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe.    Seed  without  albumen. 

Genera  50,  iiptuieH  4.^0,  ehiefly  native*  of  the  Tropics. 
PiopeitiM.—'Vhe  specit.s  of  this  hijthly  iiii|M»rtttnt  ord 


>  pear.     Some  of  the  following 

epecieu  are  also  moderately  medicinal.    The  classic  JLiurel  is  Laurens  nobills  of  S.  Europe. 

GENERA. 

{  Flowers  perfect,  the  calyx  persistent.    Leaves  evergreen Perska.  I 

{  Flowers  diclinous.    Culy.x  deciduous.    Leaves  deciduous.    {*) 

*  Involucre  none.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valvod.    Lvs.  lobed Sassafras.  2 

*  Involucre  4-leaved.    Anthers  2-cc'lIed,  2-valved.    Leaves  entire IJknzoin.  ;^ 

*  Involucre  4-leaved.    Anthers  4-cclled,  4-valvcd.    Leaves  entire Tktha.ntuek a.  4 

i.  PER'SEA,  Gaert.  Red  Bay.  Bay  Galls.  Flowers  peifect,  um- 
bellate, with  no  involucre ;  calyx  of  6  sepals  persistent  in  fi-uit ;  stamens 
12,  the  3  inner  sterile,  reduced"  to  mei-o  glands,  anthers  4-celled  (2  cells 
above  and  2  below) ;  drupe  oval,  seated  on  the  persistent  calyx,  con- 
taining 1  large  seed. — Trees  evergreen,  the  fls.  in  axillary,  pedicellate 
umbels. 

P.  Carolini^nsis  Mx.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  pointed 
at  each  end,  coriaceous,  entire,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  simple  or  compound, 
on  long  peduncles;  sep.  coriaceous,  velvety,  the  3 outer  smaller;  drupe  oval,  blue. 
Va.  to  Fla.  in  swamps.  A  tree  ao  or  40f  high,  with  a  deeply  furrowed  baric  antl 
coarse  branches;  but  more  commonly  in  poor  soils  a  stinted  shrub  filling  the  sandy 
swamps.  Lvs.  evergreen,  about  6'  by  18",  attenuated  to  a  short  petiole.  Drupe 
6"  by  4".     Apr.,  May. — Wood  of  a  flue  rose-color,  once  used  in  cabinet-work. 

2.  SAS'SAFRAS,  Nees.     Sassafras.     (Spani.sh,s«/iq/>as,  saxifrage; 

from  the  supposed  resemblance  of  properties.)     Dioecious;  involucio  0; 

calyx  6-parted,  equal,  deciduous ;     ^  stamens  9,  in  3  rows,  the  inner 

with  a  pair  of  stipitate  glands  at  the  base  of  each  ;  anther  4-ceIIcd ; 

$  stamens  6,  imperfect ;  ovary  ovoid,  acuminate  ;  style  short,  stigma 

Onnifnto  *     d**'"^"    /wnirl      /\r>     a     fl""^"    T\r>flt...-.l  ^^^„.,    A^^'.A—^..-     .-•^tl.    fU.. 

fls.  yellow  in  tenninal  clusters  appearing  before  the  leaves.    (Lanrns,  L.) 

6   offlcindle  Nees.     Lvs.  of  two  forms,  ovate  and  entire,  or  3-lobed  and  cuneate 

ut  base ;  Us.  in  terminal  and  axillary,  corymbouu  racemes,  with  linear  bracts. — U. 


Oedeb  lOS—LORANTHACE^.  ^g, 

with  mnmn/SS  vimte  IC     rT'''%^  ^'°"-""-     ^'"'"'  ^  ">  ^'  '"B''. 
3  fro.  „..,.  La     B^p^'S"  tTMaS  "AlTStlS  /it)"^"' 

«l,rnh  «  f^  iKf-i  •  t    t^'J'*^,'^^'*^— '"sandy  swamps,  boidera  of  laaooni  V.   fr.  pk 
Drupes  red.     Feb,  Mar.     (Laums^niculata  Walt)  ^'"°'  '  '"  ^    '^'^^• 

Obder  CVIII.     LORANTIIACEJi     LoaANTua 

usoid  j,uli.  „f  tlie  fruit  vftha  Mistletoe.        ^  a^tii.igfiit.     Blrd-liu.a  im  fu,-,„ed  i„  j.^^t  froui  the 

PHORODEN'DRON,  N«tt.     Mistletoe.    (Gr  <6(;5o  a  thiof  r?/.^^„ 

a  fee  ;  they  live  on  stolen  food.)     DicBcious     ealfx  §  to  ^lo  fc 

obed   lobes  erect;    6  anther  sossile  on  the  I.Lo.  ..f  oarh   •*•'     n'"^.   i" 

the  cells  divergent;    ?  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovarv" ;  sti^^'^ 

t^TT^''  Lf "''  ^  P,"'P^  berry.-Herbage  flesh  v,  Velbwi.h  green  8t,' 
jomted  bnttle,  woody,  firmly  engrafted  on  the  limbs  of  treef  es^cialh" 
Oab,  Elms,  Apples,  ^-c.    Fh.  in.bedded  iu  the  jointed  rachl.   ^       ' 


622 


Order  109.— SANTALACE.E. 


P.  flav^Boena  Nutt.    Branches  opposite,  fomotiraes  vorticillnte,  terete ;  Ive.  cu- 

neato-oboviue,  3-veined,  obtuso ;  HpikoH  axillary,  solitary,  about  ua  lon>f  aa  tiio 
loaves;  bTries  white,  soini-trarmparcnt. — S.  J.  to  111.  (L.ipliain),  and  iho  8. 
States.  StoiiiH  1 — U  liiKli,  rather  thick,  much  branched.  Leaves  9 — iU"  by  4—1 
9 ',  sijinotli  and  entire,  on  sliort  petioles.  V\s.  stnall,  sterile  ones  mostly  3-parted. 
Berry  with  a  viscous  pulp  adhering  to  the  limb  it  touches  until  it  strikes  root 
April. 


Okdeh  CIX.     SANTALACEiE.     Sandalworts. 

Trees  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  alternate,  undivided  leaves,  witii  the  calyx  tube  ad- 
fjerent  to  the  ovary,  limb  4  to  5-cleft,  valvato  in  SBstivation,  the  stamens  na  many 
o^  the  Hopal.s,  inserted  at  tiieir  base  and  opposite  to  tiiem,  an  ovary  1 -celled,  with  a 
fn-o  central  placenta  bearing  at  top  2  to  4  suspended  ovules,  but  ia/ruii  drupaceous, 
l-seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  caly.K. 

Oenfr(t  20,  /ipf.Hfn  200,  natlvos  of  Kiiiop^  Ainorlca,  Australasia,  Ac.    The  frairrant  aandil- 
wooU  IS  Uio  jdoiluct  of  Santalum  album,  <fe<i.,  <it' India. 

TRIHES   AND   GENERA. 

I.  nUCKLRYE.'Fi.     Fls.  ilifeclous,  tlio  plstllliUc  <lii'lilainy(looiis,  with  no  stamens. 

$    Culyx  lobos  4  ;  iut:il.s  4,  caducous,      i  stiimcns  4.     Slirul)s nccKiETA.  t 

II.  SANTALK/E.     Flowers  inji-fcct  or  jxilyijiitnous,  always  inouochlauiydeuuii.     (a) 

a  riowLTA  in  spikes  or  racemes.     Drupo  pyrllorm.     Shrubs PvRiu-AitiA.  2 

O  Flowers  in  cyiiious  umbels.     Nut  ovoid.     Half  sbrul»by C'o.ma.shua.'  ,•{ 

1.  BUCKLE'YA,  Torr.  (To  S.  li.  Jiiu-klefj,  an  active  and  successful 
botanist.)  Flowci-s  ^  ?,  tlio  ?  diclilamydroiis ;  outer  (caly.x)  lobes 
4,  lanceolate  ;  inner  (coi-olla)  lobos  4,  ovate,  acute,  1-veined,  caducous; 
stamens  0  ;  stylo  included,  4-lobed ;  $,  nionochlamydeous ;  lobes  4, 
ovate,  acute,  valvato  in  bud,  opposite  the  4  stamens  inserted  at  tlieii- 
base;  disk  concave,  lobes  4,  alternate  with  tiio  .sepals;  fruit  obloiiij, 
drupe-like,  lO-furrowed,  l-seeded. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  sub-' 
sessile,  entire  Ivs.,  the  sterile  fls.  clustered,  pedicellate,  the  fertile  solitary, 
all  t:;rminal,  small. 

a  distychoph^lla  Torr.— Mts.  of  E.  Tcnn.  Shnib  with  the  .slender  twigs  vel- 
vcly-pubonilent,  as  well  as  tho  veins  and  flower-stalks.  Lvs.  ovate,  acnininato, 
9  to  18"  long,  thin,  ciliate  on  tho  margin,  obtuse  at  base,  on  very  short  petioles! 
i  Hi.  IV'  broad,  in  tlio  midst  of  caducous  bractlets.  ?  YY  subtended  by  4 
bra.tlots.  Yr.  8  to  9"  long,  uaiTowed  at  baso  into  tho  short  stipe.  (Borya  distv- 
chophylla  Nutt.)  i        \      ^  i 

2.  PYRULA'RIA,  M.x.  Oil-xVut.  (Diminutive  of  P//ru/t;  its  fruit 
rcseml>li.:i^  a  little  pear.)  Flowers  dia-cious ;  calyx  6-cleft,  subcam- 
panulato  ;  disk  5-toottied,  j^landular,  half-adherent  to  tho  ovary  ;  style 
1  ;  stij^inas  2  or  3,  sublenticular;  drupe  pyriform,  l-seeded,  inclosed  in 
the  adlierinij  basj  of  tho  calyx. — Shrubs  with  the  habit  of  Celastrus. 
Lvs.  alternate,  entire.     Rac.  termitial. 

P.  pilbera  iix.  Shrub  unarmed ;  Iva.  oval-oblong,  acute,  pubeniient,  pellucid- 
punctate;  rac.  ."^pike-like,  terminal. — Margins  of  mountain  streams,  Penn.  to  Ga. 
ahrub  4— Gf  high.  Root  fetid.  Leaves  2—3'  by  1— H',  entire,  acuminate,  pet- 
iolate,  veins  prominent  beneath.  Flowers  small,  gnenish  yellow.  Calyx  tube 
ehort,  nearly  filled  with  tho  glandular  disk  in  the  S  flowers,  the  segmenis  retlexed 
inthe$.     Stamens  alternate  with  the  glands  of  tho  di.sk,  oppasite  to  those  of 

.   the  calyx.      Drupe  ;  to  9"  long,  5  to  1  "  thick.     May.     (Uamiltonia  oleifera 

3.  COMAN'DRA,  Nutt.     Bastard  Toad  Flax.      (Cr.  /rw/zT/,  hair, 
dvdpeg^  stamens ;  stamens  connected  to  the  petals  by  a  tuft  of  hairp.) 


reto ;  Ive.  cu- 

i  Ion)?  aa  tlio 
,  and  iho  S. 
—  16"  by  4— • 
atly  3-parted. 
t  strikes  root. 


2l>jx  tiibo  ad- 
iens  ns  many 
Jelled,  with  a 
t  drupaceous, 

ragruDt  aandul. 


.nCCKLETA.   1 

(a) 
rviiin,AniA.  2 

.C'OMANDUA.   .'{ 

I  successful 
ilyx)  loboH 

caducous; 
;  lobes  4, 
(1  at  their 
lit  obloiiij, 

with  sub- 
ile  solitary, 

;r  twigs  yel- 
,  acnininato, 
ort  petioles, 
funded  by  4 
Borya  disty- 

;  its  fruit 
,  subcam- 
iry  ;  style 
ncloseU  iu 
Celastrus. 

it,  pelliicid- 
iim.  to  Ga. 
linate,  pet- 
Calyx  tui)» 
Its  reMexed 
O   tilOHO  of 

Ilia  oleifera 

!//f/,  liair, 
of  liairp.) 


Order  111.— RLEAGNACE^. 


929 


Oalyx  gomcwhat  nrceolate,  tube  aJhcrcnt,  iin.b  4  to  6-parted  •  stamon. 
4  to  5   opposite  the  sepals,  a.ul  counected   to  them  by^atft  of  E 

m  lobes     fruit  drupaceous,  1-seeJed,  crowued   with  the  Jiu  b  of  th. 

n^s:^°v<^^!:7sst'i,^:::s;<i^:, «.., 

on  slender  podunclos      Pedi.-i.la  i  «r  o"  i  V/""-*  siiorter  than  tlie  leaves, 

ObdebCX.    TIIYMELACE^.     DAPimADs. 

i«  l-celled,  1-ovuled,  the  suspeudod  seed  with  little  or  no  albumen 


ICui 


- ..v.,.'w    vi      til./    tilL/UIIJUH. 


vJ  Juiimica  i.s  particularly  rctnu.-k»bie  lor  tins  p,,,|K'rty. "''""*''''••     ^1'" lace-bark  trco  (LotfL-Uo; 

DIR'CA,  L.     Leather-wooo.      (Or.  dlpKa,   a  fountain  •  the  Rbmh 
grows  near  mountain  streams  or  Vivulets.)  '  C^aiv^  Sr^j    tubu  a. 

longer  than  and  inserted  into  the  tube;  stvie  1  ;  berry  1-see.  ed -Lvs 
trcthbu"r-     '"•  ^-^^'^"^^'"^  before^he  oblon^^obott'-lvstl- 
5^,^;£z;Sn?t^^ 

iraduStSS. ''  ^  ^'"'  ''''''""°  ^~"^  ^^'•^'^  ^^  ^^^  '^'^-^^Z  calyx  limb  and 
""•o^aSX^^uS^^^^^     ^-  -^^-  Lauroolawith  evergreen  Iva.  a« 

Ordee  CXI.   EL^AGNACE^.     OtEASTERs. 
5ftrtti^  or  ire.*  usually  with  tho  leaves  covered   with  a  silverv  scur"  Pnttr*. 
^..er,  mostly  diceciou,  the  calyx  free,  entire,  pe^isten,  becoLng'in T^'/p^^; 


624 


Ordkb  112.— EUPHORBIACE^ 


and  berry-like,  inclomng  the  1-cellod,  l-seeded  achenium.     Seed  ascending  embrro 
struight,  albumen  scanty.  '^'  ^^'^^^o 

Genera  4.  «/>«,,>«  30,  thinly  ,ll«,K.r»ed  throughout  the  Northern  Lemisphere. 

fl.«'l^I*^'*"^'*'P*^'  ^.""'     (I» ''«''o«- of /u/m   ^/^epherd,  curator  of 
the  botanic  garden  of  Liverpool.)     Flowers  ?    A  .-A  Calvx  S  f? 
«ta.  8,  ulternuting  with  8  glululs.      $  Calyx  tube  closely  il^titfl^* 
ovary,   but   not  adhering  to  it,  limb  4:iobed  ;  sty.   1;  stig    obfauo^ 
berry  globous,  con.posed  of  the  llcshy  calyx.-Shrf.bs  ;itK^^^^ 
b.-anchos,  and  opposite,  deciduous  leaves.     Fls.  aggregated      ^  '"'''"* 

^  W/W  ))?y*^1""'  ^'."I.^-  ^^■'''-  '^^■'Pfi'^-ovate,  nearly  smooth  above,  clothed  beneath 
With  Mla/,j  hairs  and  ferruginous,  deciduous  scales -A  shrub  (5-8f  hi^l>  fnn  . 
•n  Vt.,  N  \ .  and  W.  to  Wis.  (J,apha,n),  and  Can,  by  stream,  and  or  r S  "in  U 
Leaves  obtuso  at  each  end,  the  upper  surface  Kreonf  with  feu   seXred  st^ll  f 

^  r.a^  se^iloeluster^^'  Sl^  U  Sd^nsisul^  ^f '^  H^ShrS^!^- 

nleS  shrub     '""  '"  '''  '"'''  ''''''''''  '"  ^'''^  '"^^^-     ^^  "^  curiouranJoTna: 

*.«?,!?;  ^'■fi^^n^ea  Nutt.     Zw.   ohlong-mate,   obtuse,  both  surfaces  smooth  ind 

equally  covered   witli  slverv  scales A  siiriU  tro,.    t>     ler  i  •  i        ."'     , 

branches      Le-ivo^  )~'2  hJd     v'      i.\-         ,.  ,    '  ^^— l^f  high,  with  thorny 

2.  ELiCAG'NUS,  L.  Oleaster.  (C.r.  eAam,  the  olive  ;  the  tree, 
having  a  resemblance  to  the  olive.)  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4 -deft 
campamilate,  colored  on  the  inner  side  ;  sta.  4, alternate  with  the  rhv 
iobes;  anth.  s.ibsessile ;  .sty.  short;  fruit  baccate,  consist  ngof  ho 
achennm.  inclosed  ,n  the  dry,  farinaceous  calvx  tube,  marked  w  tl  8 
aSilucr"^""  ''  ^''"•'^'  "''^^^"^^^'  '^^  '''^'  -Ivory  foliage.     We! 

1  E.  argentea  Ph.  Lvs.  broad-ovate  or  oval,  u-avu  acutisli  ^^  onoh  ««,?  k«*i 
«urfaces  particularly  the  lower,  silvery  and  shining.  iSlfSLhous  ea^^^  -  V 
dro"  ef '  t  M^'  "'"*  ^^''''^''  ""'"^^  ""'^  -'^^^''  roundish-ovi^^ca^titgi;;;^ 

i.r?.f^"  ""^"^^^'■o"^  JT-     /^^5.  ««rr«w./an«oto^^^  aouto  at  each  end  cntiYc  -.l- 
ternate,  smooth,  eanescent;  fls.  axillarv,  aggregata-A  tree  of  middle  .iJ^^^^";!' 
vaf.d  for  its  beautiful  foliage  and  pleasant  datedike  fr,l     f  Jiur  '    "'"' 

3  B.  latifdlia  L.     Lvs.  ovate,  evtnjreen.     f  E.  Ind. 

n«?*t^y?'^?^^'?^  rhamnoides,  with  linear-lanceolate  lvs,  snvery  white  be- 
neath, Wm«</mi*-,  d<ee<uousJimcers,  an.l  a  crowd  of  yellow,  acid  druv^e^iriiw 
pean  shrub,  .xx-iwionally  seen  in  shrubberies.  ^     '  "" 

OuderCXII.     EUPIIOIIBIACE^     SprROEWoRrs. 

fferbs,  shrubs  or  rre.;,  usually  with  a  milky,  acrid  juice,  r.o^rs  diclino,:.,,  «orn^. 
t  n>es  enclused  n.  a  cup-shaped  involucre.  Cat,j.r^  inferior,  sometimes  war,tin,-.  Cor- 
oUa  scale-hke  or  colored,  often  wanting.  Ovanj  free,  sessilo  or  stipiiate.  2,  3  (ur 
more  -carpeled ;  s.yles  distinct  or  united.  Fru:t  of  2,  :J  (or  more),  1  to  S-seixlCl  L 
pel3  (rarely  of  1  carpcj)  united  to  a  common  axis,  at  length  separating.  Embryo 
in  fleshy  albumen.     Fig.  371.  t-         b  j 

t.f/^f"  T'  l/?'":'>«2&)0  <TJn.ll..y).  rhlcfTy  natives  of  S,  A,„„,V.    -<>f  ^^r-  tlnn  m  .-.^Hp, 

r.rvX^j;r;i;^f;^^|;!-'i;!;:i;;';;:,-::|;;:'^;--         -sm-..  ^MeAy  m  »i,.  ...iay  i,■ic^ 

notlv*.  poisons  ;  imt  it  is  vol,  to  h  i  r.  ns  Iv  .  v..,^II ,?. )  ^  ''^""  •  ""'•,*  *""'"•""»••*  ">  "i"  '"""t 


Okdeb  112.— EUPIIORBIACE^. 


'ilxl^t^S'i^!::!::^^'^^::;^!:;- ^yj;:-Hin.^  „„o.,ro  t.,  heat.  c.«tor.o.i  „ 

i»  ylehled  in  abundance  bys::"Z^^:  AC^erio^ll'iaJ!'"  '""'^  "^  ^'•"'""  '^''«"""'-    ^'^ 


62o 


T 


Cuuutcliuuo 

Fiq.  C37.-.1.  Ifouil  „r  capltiih-m  of  Kii- 
phoi  bmuoioliata;  with  the  corolla-Uku  In- 
v..l,icr.>,  and  prdicWIato  pistillate  flower. 

/  fi,  '"'"'*'""'"'■'""''"«"'  "l"'",  itliowInK 

J  tlio  inoiiandrou.s,  Ktarninato  flowers  siir- 

W.  rounding  tl.o  idsMllato.    8.   One  of  tl,o 

(/    ^""wers,  with  a  toothed  bract  at  bitf,.   4 

(ross  Kectlon  of  the  ovary,  bhowing  the  3 

§  Cell.,  of  the  ovary  one-ovulod  ;  fn.it  3  (rarely  2  or  l).8cedod.  (♦) 

Flowers  n  a  cup..shaped  involucre,  the  i  ,„a„y,  each  .nerely  i  stan,cn,  with  one 
«  flower,  an  ovary  e:...erted  on  a  pedicel.   ..  ?" 

I  lowers  not  in  an  involucre  b  ,  all  apetalous,  having  a  c,;iy.;'o,;i;*  Va) ''•"^"'O"^''^-  1 

a    'lowers  (liandrous,  in  a  terminal  Kpilte.     Plants  clabrous  c 

a      ower  2  to  S-an.lro..,  in  racemes.'   Plants  i J  ry  o     h     ny -^"'J^'-nA.  2 

a  P  lowers  8  to  P2-andro„,s,  in  small  spikes  with  lajo  bract       •  •  .Tka...a.  S 

a  Flowers  10  to  ]5-an(lroii.s,  in  cymes  „ ith  whlln  tl  1       J.'" ' '; A<ur.vPnA.  4 

a  Flowers  polyandrou.s,  in   -anicLT;  fr  it    d  i      0      P  "t  .Tf"'' ' "  •^^'T"^'''"-  " 

b  Ova.  !t  (rarely  2).cc.|led  and  seeded.     Fls.  clustered      W.u.ul    1  ^°^ 

b  Ova.  l-eelled,  l-seeded,  in.U.hiscent.     Fls    ax  Ih  v  s,n!ll      ^;,   ^^    ^^  <"•  «curfy.C,:oTON-.  7 
S  Cen,s  of  the  ovary  2.ovuU.d  ;  fruit  0  (or  .l.ln^X^ll^^La':^'  -urfy.C„oxo.OPs.s.  S 
0  Calyx  0-parte,l  ;  Mamms  .-?,  nnite.l.     Flowers  avlllnrv  M.ml 

C  C,dyx  4-parted  ;  sta.nens  4,  distinct,  lar.e.    FwSn    :S;d;p;i;;.;-  -i/^'"""'^"'™-  ' 
C  Caly.v  4-parted  ;  stan.ens  4,  distinct.    Flowers  axilltrv     S   r  ,1      T  ' " "  '^''"^■•*'^-'"""^-  1'' 

altunate>v,tli  as  niai.y  large  glands;  Howors  achlamydcous    th«fTl9 

f  ^l'!!::?  ."!•'">•'  ".'i'^'<.  <TO«t._S.ipuIe.,  /one.    Flond  leaves  .c.rlet. 


el  of  many  rav.'*.     Sti.in.l..av,...  r, .....     .    ''",•.'1''  '.'•  (   ' 


..No.l 


■n. 


.N0S.2, 3 

Nos.  4,  5 
"      6 


♦  luvolucro  w „^......, 

I  rmbel  ;:?  nt:i:Zi  fol^'^T-''--'-  -'--;''^t^rn;.te.     seeds  sn.ooth 

D  ileads  near  v  se.s^  it!      I  ,.iiv,..i  iviii.  i...   '  1       1  '  ^"' 

b  Heads  peduii:..Mla,e:Jur;'^;;'^^^^^  No.  T 

b  Ifeadspedmculate    umbellate.  X'     4^^^^^^^^  "^"' ^"•^.  «,  » 

»  lavolucre  with  1  to  .H'h.n.ls  n.itlHT  pett^:  ko        "l~^^  ^'''«-  l'>.  H 

C     nf^ore.scence  in  cnipou.,.!  cymes  with  1     ,,     .'h     '/^ 

C  l«llo,-.;scence  in  eoml-ound  nu.W-i:^^^^^'^^-; ■  ■■■ No.  12 

d  Seeds  relieu  uled  or  wrinkled.     Leaves  Jrr  he  ' 

d  heeds  s.Mooth  and  even,  in  a  r.,nd/, \v arty  f  ,4    ^•"^-  Vh  ^* 

e  Lea.,  serrulate  or  .er^^il^^'  S^";s'i;;;.Xnell'^ft,r;t^^h;^::r  ^?:^\^"'-    ®   <«> 


0.(1 


G26 


Order  112.— EU-PHORBIACE.E. 


many .«•;../.& ,4.,  will  sevira   soJSlt „  f  T''^'''  "'"^^^-J  "'" 

fru:t  iioarly  smooti.— Fields  M-iss    rOil-n«\    r„.f        "  "^'"^*^,"^  >  i"*"""  ^-■'wniec/; 

Bh.,d»  lunate,  »-Itl,  2   l„,..      "r„3     iv'ari^  ^Ih  ,  ',    ,";'''■"  'y?  "»"'  ""■''Kl 
.ws  of  «,._wa«;  ,„a».  NSj:"r:ri'."''s" '}",'  1?!S  "1 S""'"  °"''  ' 

iiumort.us  and  arranj^n'd  in  4  rows  en  tlio  ^ion,  T ',  .  i  c  .  •  •TT'*  ''«^  '^"^  ' 
AvitI,  a  central  .subsc.s.silo  iu.ui  Jl Isonf  i'  J.-,^;  ^«,  °^  ^  ^f  tjc.llato  branohoH 
polling  moles  from  tl.o  ground  ^        ^  Lu.._bupposed  efficaeious  in  ox- 

n.ons  ;  involuerate  ivs.  oblom/corS  colon  n,:^^;^  ',"''""  '''  *'"^'"  '^''^''"^«- 
dens.     §  Xativo  in  Nebraska  ''  """'^""'-     ^^^^^'^^^^  ^-s-Ped  from  the  gar! 

°^t^^ars^f;::..ft,S''t5/-j;^  ^-  opposite 

.%/.  inrolucrc-u  N-ar^Knoxvi'llo  -'enn  Jl  ^Au."'7Mr'  "^^'"■'■^'/-'•-:/  <» 
.seuro  and  long-l<,sfc  species      ^Ve  L^at luTe,?  ."  «!,,  i        "'•  (-^''^''"i''-^')— A  very  ob- 

/r.    LCU.J  .ca/.'enrf.  '  It  is  abont  9'  IH,    s^    o  I       Lvs      T''^  ^ 
villous-eiliate  on  their  lower  nv,rm„u   ,,  i   ''"'""V     ^-L^^;  1   Jo"K,  enure,  obtuse, 
utely  edged  with  white  ^    '  "'  "^  '^"'^  '''°''*  I^'^'^^^'^-     J'""^'-  l"bcs  miul 

tin,.,  Ji.  „r  tr  <  .So^ufJ^^J    "drt^  "^^^^^  '  "»«'■•■"'""«  '">■'  ^  •"■  ^ 

oroc,  ,_..,■  ,,ig,,,  ,„„  ™iiy  Sn,;;.'.!  't;^'  r-  ieuv^'Vion*",',  *■"*;'■ 

linear,  very  ciit  ro  seift.^vwl  rm  «i,„  .  '"^^i".  i^tavts  1—2  long,  often  qmtd 
The  umbel  i';;!,%-;i.f;.i  l*"-.*!":,.^'^'"';  v^'';t;^'-  lattMmd  opposite  in  the  umbel. 
...,.:..     ,  --  .-"-V  q"f-  .-^^..-.-a.iy  subdivided.     Corolla-liivo  involuero  large, 


fi.   AX 


or  less 


CUSTIPOLIA 


Order  112.--EUPH0RBIACEJE. 


ir  or  Dioro 


627 

Lvq    »-,  If.  ]<>"  i.>.      1       •;,,-,    speues,  allied  to  h.  coiolata,  about  JO'  liiirh 

pine  tarroM,  a  Oar  („  F     %:  i ,  s  J  'yS'  l"1"  r""""?''-  <:  '"-^'V 
Lv».  8  ,„  ,r  1„,,  very  var  Jo  ".'wmS.  'Va^^'Ap  '°"'  '"""  """  '"""S'- 

....ally  i„.„ .  or  rrp„"d££^  tisT  j:X'juirti-i""'""'' ""  ""«■ 

fr.  iniiriMo,  will,  wan-llko  i»,i:  t,-  stvl-,  2df>    .I-  ™  .   "™   'i''""'' 

even.-Waslo  Rround-,  fan'  ,„  Va   a?,    V  4,,'  "'"■.' °"''"'?r"''  ""'""'  »"<> 

to  3f  Infjh,  srnootl.,  rarely  branched  hvlow  tl.o  u,„Lv  Lv.'  3  to  I'hlv  •  ^ 
or  slightly  serruhito  ab,-.vo,  t!,oso  of  tiio  stem  altert,.  t,".  rff  fi"<f  i  ,  "^  ^  '  """® 
imd  nearly  as  broad  as  bn-^     Wo'      iuv"    d  rnl     '  fr  "!;"""  "''^'"'•''*'' 

Lngtl.  nearly  smootli.     May.^u/ 'e' JlJ^LlCK:  ^c^St.;''"""     ^''P^"  ^' 
17  E.  Ipecacudnhaa  L.    Iitcao  Fpi-rcv      Vrr^n,-,ry,u,  ^^  , 

i^_u  n.itl.iiud.— 4  ha;uly  soil,  near  tho  coast,  Couh.  (Rohbins^    ,,  (U      m  t' 
nial  very  long.     St.  rather  thick  and  succulent,  a    o  8  Iu.k      Ls^  1  (    o  .'*;;!"; 
W^  -rym,  from  obovat.  to  linea.     llda   solita^^    W^^^  ^i!^  ^^^ 

all  on  siend.7Wioier;n;r2f;i:^/rrK„^:;.^ 

5  ovuto  lobes;  IV.  largo,  smoo.h,  sJeds  ovoid,  tube  c  le  |  -  W   I  I         lovaVr'''' 
Bens).  S.  to  (1,.  (I'ond).     Plant  of  singular  as pect,      to  af  hi;.!  v.    ^^'1'": 

long,  on  stalks  Iialf.s  Ion.  usually  narrowed  iu  tho  n.idd  lo    fa  fiddk  sli^pe  tl  e 


028 


Order  112.— EUPHORBIACE^. 


ilM'j 


Invol.  reddish,  witli  a 


velvety;  L™cl.  globular   JubeSoJ^ir^hfirH''  ''"T"'  '">""■  '''■•  ""'"""Ij- 
WU.  „„o  or  „,„,.  °,tiliS  glSi  XS  ';r:^rj';,"i:S°^  '"  '^"^      '-ol. 

fst  STaKa^^  a.:i^-^sii'  ;:™iHf  ^'^f  "^'^ -'-: 

brandies  often  pubescent     loavo^  "tri.i   "  •   " ;"^"3^  P"''?'*?,   very  smooth,   tho 

^  ;vfo5r,Sf e'^tifiTt  llZ^l  'S£S  "-'"-'f;'^  '"'-^  o""'-^ 

liairybencati,;  Ped  crowded  in  latorS  H?,«flr.7^.'^  "*"'""  ^''•'  ^P*-^-^'  ^^P'^rsdy 

emi  (not  wrinkled),  UTS-Ckf  ^f   1.  A"'"'"'-  '*•""/'''•  "^*""'^'^  '"^3^'' 

and  southwestward.     Lvs Tto  r  bv  2 1  i^^  M  Hs.s.s>pp,,  St.  Louis  (Eu^olmL) 

^in^sspoued^^ov.      ^^V^l,:^^^  ^^^S^^^J^fir^^^^'  -o- 

*^5  ^b^^'bot,fSrtS;S^r-^"!-f  "^'  ^— ^'«"- 
neatb;  pe,l.  clustered,  lon,!rtkanZli^^^^^  !''"  -'^''^'  vinous  be- 

(Ilale).     Spreadinj,'  n  largo  natclios  witl.   vJu^^a  V  ,-  ^>  ^-  ^^-  ^^'^^^^ 

with  a  One  dustyVool     Lvs  of  S-o  So«     '*"'  ^'T  ^°''"^"^'  ^'"""^'1  "^  over 
ra:nial  scarce  halfas  lafge.'^'eel  l^u  Sn"  ''"'"°  '  ''  '"  '»'  '  *"  '"'  '^<^ 

/ary;  seed,  larae  (l"  lon.rsl^.;^ ^^^1  f  "^"t.i" A''°_"-^''?' "^''«  ^.^""-•'^^■«-  ^oli- 


tary  seeds  large  (1"  long)  smooth,  ovoid.-^D  Seashore; 
smooth    siiwM  ,  -if    .^-„„f_„i„   -  1      .'       .  ,         ..r    ^^'-'*  ="on.H 


L  toFla.     A 


very 


-  ■  ,  "^  \-     — "o'  ""■""111,  u>uiu. —  i;   rsea  si 

smooth,  succuhnt,  prostrate  plai-t,  with  niili^y  juice  Stem,  fi  in'T'  "vV 
tomous,  procumbent.  Leaves  oblon<r  and  liu.^^rN,n^'  ,^™  ^— '«  long,  diclio- 
a_5"  by  I",  petioles  about  l"^'r.n      ^'"f^-^f  ^^^e"  ate,  rarely  ,orda  to  at  base, 

the  forki^of  thrpurJL  stm  '  June!  S"  ""'"^'^'^  '"'^  ^™I'^^-  ^''^"^^  «™'^".  ^^ 
a.  the  leases,  loosely  duUer^  subtoS    if''  '"'"f "'"  ^'^'^^  "^"'''^  "*'  ^""^ 

-s  /  ii._  serpeas  ir.  B.  K.  (Engdman).     Prostmto    pnrn..,]!,.^.   „,„u-...,     ,, 

i-moK,  rounais  i-oval    obtuse   nt   h„ii,    ^v,,;„         -  -■  -r   -r" ttg,  giEcTuuS;  L's.  very 

i«.fc*  solitary  or  BovWairthonv      t      i  '^"^"•^•;  ■?^««^- "^"'•/^  'o^'.'^r  </..«  rt.  ;, ' 


Order  .112.  -EITPHOPBIACE^ 


629 

Our  most  dolicato  species.     Lvs.  1  to  2)["  long  and  less,  elegantly  variegated. 
Seeds  minute,  light  brown.     (E.  herniurioidea  Nutt.)         "^       »       J'  »'*''^«- 

2.  STILLIN'GIA,  Gard.  (Named  for  Dr.  Benjamin  StilUnn fleet  \ 
Fowers  §,].!  a  terminal,  dense  spik-,  apetalous ;  6  calyx  cup-form 
lobcd  and  crenulate ;  stamens  2,  filaments  e.xserted,  with  short  2-lobed 
anthers;  ?  caly.x  3-lobed ;  style  trifid,  with  3  diversrinrr,  simple  stiff- 
urns;  capsule  3-lobod,  3-cel!ed,  3-seeded.~PI,onts  sumoth,  erect,  with 
alternate  I  vs.     fertile  fls.  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 

^  ftth7}7i^^^''f-  J'-     ^'^^Z ''^'•^"«^«"«  or  shnabby  at  base ;  Ivs.  oval-lanccoMe,  cuneate 
at  the  suhses^sde  base,  obtuse  ai  apex,  sarulate ;  spiko   .solitary,  simph,  wit  i  lar^e 
cup-si.aped  glands  among  the  yellowisli  flowers.- 2^  Sandy  Voil.,  Va.  to  Fla  and 

spikettoTt.r-'i;;;?;/'^ ''  '-^^'-  ^-  ^  -  ^  -  ^'  ^-i-,  tni..,  smo^s.'! 

glands._ln  Ga  and  Car.,  n,argi„s  oCstreamr    Plant  6  to  12f  Idgl,  lD;,c^^ip^^^ 
compiled  from  Micliaux,  Pursh  and  Nuttal!.     We  l.avo  not  seen  tl,e  planT 
3  S.  sebffera  L.     Tallow  Tree.     Arborescnit,  with  very  sn.ootJi  branches  Im 
hng-petiokd  rhonboidal  acuminate,  entire;  sterile  lis.  very  srnal',  many  fror.i'ead; 
mvoluere;  fru.t  stalked,  large  (ir  diam.)  for  the  genu^.-Seacoait,  S.  Car    ^a  to 

pJiiolS^^^St^^if  "•§  ^^;-  ''-'  -  '-^  ^'  -  ^')'  -P^-usly  poSeS 
3.  TRAXIA,  Plum.      (From   Tragus,  an   early  German  botanist.) 

oT  i  \  'T!  ''  "^"^ ',  ^  "'^'y-^  ^-P'""**^'' '  '^taniens  2  or  3,  distinct  ; 
11     i^o""     n*",    ^"^  8-parted,  persistent;  style  3  cleft,  sti.r,„as  3;  fruit  3- 

obed,  3-ce  led,  separating;  into  3  bivalve,  1-seeded  mi'tlets.— Zf  Herbs 
(or  tropical  shrubs)  often  climbing.  Lvs.  mostly  allernato,  pubescent, 
stipulate.     Us.  small,  raccmcd.  * 

•  Stem  twinin-     Loaves  conlnto,  sharply  sprrato  v     i 

•  fcteiu  civct.-Loav^.s  siibcnlato  at  base,  acutely  l^r^do No''  ] 

—Leaves  cimeate  or  obtuse  ut  ba.se,  obtusely  serrate  or'cuuVeV.' .'.'.'. .". ." No.,,  li,  I 

^  iT;  *",*°''°°^P*  }™-     Reclining,  much  branched,  its  slender  summits  twin- 

ng,  sparsely  h.r.suto;  lvs    Jo.ig-petiolate,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  sci- 

lalir'si^Ti  'iTf^'^'f-  ^^^'°-7lI<^'^*^'=^.   C'opses,   Ky.  (Mi.liauxfto  La. 

nolr  ll    H  1    r  ''"■^'-  /i^'"'-  ^/''■^'^  (^  '°  ^  ^""""S),  «-vactly  heart-shaped.     Fr. 

nearly  half  an  inch  diam.     (T.  cordata  Mx.)  -^  j  i  • 

2  T.  urticwfolia  Mx.  Erect,  Iiirsute,  sparingly  branclied;  lvs.  ovato-lanecolate 
unequal  y  and  sharp ly  serrat.,  subcordato  or  truncate  at  base,  on  short  petioles;' 
rac  axillary,  elonga  ed ;  fr.  vcTy  hairy;  sds.  globular,  very  smooth,  hoi  ow.-S 
States  common.  Plant  1  to  2  high.  Lvs.  2  to  II'  long,  i  .If  to  a  fourth  as  wide, 
l-ruitd    diam.     May— Aug.     (T.  aiigustilolia  Nutt ) 

3  T.  iireno  L.  Erect,  branched,  villous-pubesceiit ;  /r,9.  obovate-oUonn,  varying  to 
lance-lmear,  cuneate  at  base,  subsessde,  coarsely /ew-/.o^/t«ci  above,  oA,uJ-  rJ 
axillary,  bracted,  few  or  many-flowered;  fr.  downy.-Dry  grounds,  Va.  to'  Fla 
and  Ala.  A  hoineiy  v  o.,::',  10  to  15'  high,  half  shrubbv.  soft  downy,  and  not  (as 
Linnaeua  supposed)  sang;ng.  liranches  mostly  simple.  Lvs.  1'  or  more  Ion-  Fr 
downy,  about  4    dium.  n-    ■>-'• 

li.  LINEARIS.    Lv.-:  •,  l.,ngiUod,  linear  nearly  or  quite  entire.— Ga.  to  Fla.    Seeds 
usually  hollow  as  in  all  the  varieties.     (T.  linearilblia  Ell.) 

4  T.  betonicaefdlia  Nutt.  Much  branched  from  a  decumbent  base,  liairv;  lv.-> 
oval,  oblmoat  both  ends,  coarsely  crenatcdentate,  short-petioled  ;  stip.  oval  con- 
spicuous:    fls.    niostlv   snlit.;.rv     o.>r,o^ito   *-.    <l.-    i V-_,,„„_',,   '       ^-T  '      Vi 

UrleaiKH  (Hale).     Plant  If  high.     Lvs.  1' or  more  long. 

t\  ACAL'YPHA,  L.     TiiREE-SEEDKD  Mercury.     (Gr.  dicaXychn,  the 
nettle.)      x^lowcrs  8  ;  corolla  0  ;  6  very  sm:dl,  in  short  spikes;  c-ujx  4- 


630 


Order  112.— EUPHORBrACEyE. 


a  tcH  s  a,„cns  8  to  12,  fila.nc.ts  very  short,  united  at  base  with 
1  lv.H  anthers  ;  9  calyx  a-parfe.l ;  styles'.!,  elon^mted,  2  or  3  cleft  1 
fnngeJ;  tru.t  separating  into  3  bivalve,  l-.seeded  nutlets,  ra'ely  .,17 
~j.xjilerks  or  trop.cal  shrnbs)  re.sen.bling  nettles,  Lv  .^Ite  ?  * 
pot  olHte.  J<k  ax.lary,  the  fertile  in  short^lusters  at  the  base  o  t  J 
httle  stani.nute  spdces,  surrounded  by  a  large  cut-ioothed  bract 

«lend  T,    ,.e.luuck.d,    usua        evcc^;  i  l/   J  ^nSi  ""'''"^^    J"'"^  =  '^^'^'•"^  ^Pi^e. 
ui^  utius,  uin.  iuui  u.  Is.     A  rouu- 1  wocd    10  to  '>0   ]u,rU  r,rt,.     1 

IfaoL'r;!'!'"'""'' '"  ""■  '^""°  '""^  ^°'"""-  "■°"°-  i»  -lug.-  'X  r 

2  A   Carolini^na  Walt.     iMinuioly  downy,  branched-  Zy*   o;W^  ^n^,/,,/     ;     , 
and  .slronjly  serrate,  acute-  stor>)o  snikcs  si  orf  /^wv/'iV        """'^^' ,<'oraate,  closeh, 
inyol.  br.;c^  deeply  pahnatc^wii!^  lEa  ^^^^^.S- ^^"1  ^Slf^iS  r'lr'':' 
colorcHl,  roughrncd  with  hard,  f  .-k  pninl^^^\'toV       ,^^^ 

5    CNIDOS'COLUS,  Pohl.     Spuuok  N.ttl..     (Or.  .nJ.;,  a  nettle 
^/ra;Aor,   a  pnckle)       Flowers    <? ,  showy;  calyx' colored,  'con  Z' 
pral.H..;  con  laO-,  hypogynous  glands  5,   S    stamens    ]0,nn      It 
base    alternateb^  short;   9    calyx  5-parted ;  styles  3,  each   2  or  n  o,t 
clett;  capsule  3-carpeIod,  3-seeded.-nerl,s  often  beset  with  stings. 
C.  stimulosa  Grav.     Hispid,   with   bristly  slintrs-  Ivs    nalm-iffW  t  f,.  r  ,  ,    . 
cor,  .te  at  ba^o,  oiliato.  lob.s  aoto  or  a<nJnd.udcf^^Mtl^ftn™  oJ^U  ■    ifh   h,'^ 
ral  obes  2-parted  ;  ^is.  ter.ninal  at  len-Hh  opposite  the  eivos  ™'s :  m '  w  i  o" 
oval,  spreading ;  styles  n.any-defl  at  top  ;  caps.  hispid._y  A    "w  hc'rb     ,  s      hi 
sods,  throughout  tlK>  South,  painfully  ci^nunon.     ll  varies  muXi    [  0  wi  1  l'  S 

SnuSo^a^Sf     ''""^  ""''^  ^"^"  ''■'''  "'^  '"^"  ^""^-     ^^--^^iM^l 

6.  RIC'INUS    Tourn      Castor  Oil  Plakt.     (Lat.  rJclnus,  a  bucr- 
from  the  rcse.nbl.mce  of  the  seeds.)     Flowers  G  ,  apetalons ;  .  d yx  3  'to 

aC^J'^m"  ^'".'"''  ^  ^^^"""^  ^'  ''''''  i-gu^uly'nnkc!:^ 
fahuneits,  ?  .stylo  short,  st.g.nas  3,  2-part.d,  phnnons,  colored  ;  cap- 
sule eelunate,  ;Mobe<l,  3-celled,  3-seedcd.-IIerbs  or  shrubs.  ^ 

R.  commiinis  L.  SL  frosted  or  glaucous-white,  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  peltate  nalmat^ 
lobes  laueeohue,  serrate;  caps.  priekly.-Nativ'o  of  the  K.  Indies,  wSkK;  ^ 
a  tree,  aitl.ou.di  an  licrbaccus  annual  iu  the  N.  St.-.tea.  In  Oa  La  and  F  ■>  t  i! 
asm,  shrub!  St  tail  .nooth,  of  a  light  bluish  greeu  c^alor.  I  "'4  ^  V'' 
dm  ,.,  oa  long  pcl.oles.  l.Y-.ni  its  seeds  is  expresse.l  the  well  known  cistordl 
?[,  :?  ^^S'-^  I'or  tlnspru-pose  it  is  exteasively  cultivated  in  the  kind  W 
States.-i ho  purgative  pr<,i,erty  resides  iu  the  end.ryo,  not  iu  the  albumen.  " 

7.  CROTON,  L.  (Xainc  in  Creek  of  the  same  import  as  Ricinm  ) 
Flowers  0  ;  6  calyx  4  or  5-parted,  cylindric-valvate  i:i  bud;  corolla  of 
4  or  .>  petal.,  olten  small;  stamens  5  to  20;  ?  calyx  5,  rarely  8-cleft ; 
corolla  o  ten  minute  or  none;  styles  3,  once  or  repeatedly  forked  ;  cap- 
sule ;j-!ol)ed,  3-collcd,  3-carpcled,  carpels  l-sf-e<led.— Phn.t.  .(otiu'd  with 
scurf,  down  or  wool,  usually  glandular  and  aromatic.  Hairs  stellate 
Ijv's.  iilternate. 


Obdeb  112.— EUPIIOKBIACE^. 


631 


f  PlanU  .l,iwny.     IVrtilo  calyx  r.-partiMl.  with  2  styles,  pendulous  v     , 

iiiiMiircii  ,t  liio  |,.,K»,    ifiioiati',  lanci.-.iljlijiijt  ur  inoawiUim.-  airralc.  /«,w,,.,  9 
iTl'S  ,fr,""'l  "'  'T''  "%"'  ■""""  '■"■»'"■".  ™l»  1"  II  i"ork™,it  "i^,f 

n,onc,u:s^-24  Dniu,,.  «a,Kl.s  along  the  sc-aeoust,  S.  (Jar.  to  I-l    a..d  tU"   (i  Wl 
.m.  .     Sts.  strag^dinj,  and  spreading  2  to  ;jf:     Lvs.  .hininy  vit    a  .^^  ^tI  scS 
not  liany  beneath,  nearly  as  broad  as  Ion-  "^  ' 

*?/°f?^*"*J^^,-^^''^-     ^'"'""'.  ^\'<'olly  "r  tonicntons,  hoarv,  branched  •  lvs    hnn 

12  J iv  i™  t  ni' ";' '? ' ^ iT' *'  5""'-^  ^-'^^•/■^  ^"^■^•^' '•  «t^""^""«  10  to 

^diitl^d'Sl^'??^  ^''"r  "^  ^'^'■"^'-  ^'^''^"'''^-^'  '''•^^t'  tricl.otomoush'  branched 
UotRduih  a  dense,  hoary  tunientuni,  Irs.  oblonK-lanceolato  round-d  arsuh- 
<M  at  Oas,.,  acute,  entire,  lo^ver  petioles  elonKate.  ;  ./.^  'n  n  and  n^^ 
fork  ,  vuxcd  or  separate,  sterile  ILs.  n.any,  scssiie,  fertile  lan^T  2  r '  ■  1,  ,a.^ 
or  alone;  eal.  very  woolly,  $  7  or  8-,art,..l;  sU'les  ;?  Hc^  o  ll  r?^  Lked 
K.d;  ova.  veo^  villo„s.-yands.  near  thJooast,'!.,:  Tex  '  hh  ubTta  I 'hinf^' 
2  to  o  long.      $   F1.S.  a  mass  ol'ru.vty  wool,  o"  broad.  "  ' 

8.  CROTONOP'SIS.  Mx.     (Xamoa  f.,.  its  rosotnLIan-o  (:,/.,)  t>  tho 
gens  (roton.)      Flowers  o  ,  ntinnte,  i.t   terminal  ami  axL  ryUike^ 

p.uted,  c'orola  iiono  ,  stamens  5  rudimentary  scales ;  sti-i  uu  3  oaeli 
Md;  ovary  sunplc  ,  capsule  l..ellc<I,  1 -seeded,  indchisce.rt.-T  'lie  b 
slender,  branching,  sdvery-scuriy,  with  small,  alternate  i^s.     Upper  fls. 

C.  linearis  Mx.—Sandy  swamps,  K.  J.  to  Yh.,  Lx  and  III   fLanlnrn^      St^  n<, 
slender  as  iho  tlax,  at  length  repeatedly  forked,  I  to  2    h ^ .  S  T witli lus^J 

1V3.     ir.  oval,  acute,  iMuneato  glandular.     Jn. — Sept 
gmal  species  are  apparently  lloriiorucs.)     Flowers  i' .-  S  Caljx  per. 


632 


Ohdkr  113.— ULMACEJL 


«tylo,  3,  bifid;  capsule   icellc-d     cci?2.v  K„,l    ,      i*''  1  !"  "j'  ''■ 

p.  Carolln^nsis  Walt.     (P.  obovatu<i  AVilM  \    Qf  .,     , 

nato  brauchog-  Iva   «im., .    nn?^^       i  k        '     ^\  '''''^''^'  ''^rbaceons,  wltli  alter- 

to  111.  and  Soutb.     Stem  o^i^lo'  i    '  7:";:'-]  ''^  f"'^ "-'eaved,  delicate  plant,  Penn 
the  stem  0-8"  by  4_J^'  of   ho  h,?'  f    ''^'"''-  *''"  ^^'-'^''^''t'^  «l'»orm.     Leaves  of 

tbe  lertilo  below  tKerle'  Srsutrr,:!'?"'^''^''^  «^-"' ^"""wei^d, 
Vii.  and  R  Tenn  to  G'l      St.,  r   «  q  i  t^  ^  *"'"  ^  "''^''''"^^  bracts.— Mts.  of 

row  spike,  wbich  a^o  atut  tlfo  sarien^^gl.    "Zl^^  ^'^  ^^  ^^'^""  ^^^^  «'"- 

opposite.  '     '''''  ^—^^''''^^  --in^l  trees.     Lvs.  evorgrein, 

itta^;.lTaf  a7«c!™a  "{::;  So;  Pf '"'"^,  ''^'7  "*  ^'^^'^  '  -"'.  ovate,  sag- 
the  dwarf  bo.v  ba^oTova  ^  ■avc3VS,t''  ^T'''  I""''  «^-^^«^"co8A. 
for  edgings  in  gardens -The  boiubh  L         ^"^'^  '''^'^^'  '"'ol'V  cneemed 

instrunieut  makera,  &a  txienaively  used  by  engravers,  uiatbematical 


OuDEuCXIII.     TJLMACE^.     Elmworts. 

subcam,  anulato  b^a^^'  V.^S'''"""^  '"  '°°^"  ^'"^^^^''•^'  »«ver  in  ament..     (7a/,. 
...ponded,  .itb  no  albumen  J  i:^ZZ  'pl^^a  Tm  1'^     '''' 

(uin.u.  ..i^;^;.:;  -^^  ^y  ^'u:^.^^'"S;;::rSct:'']^:^^}^^        T^  ^ir^ry  e,„. 

«       r.lvv     '  ■''•   (^^'•^L^t"»"''^'n«.lVom  6^;;,,  Teutonic)  Flowers 

?  .     Calyx  campanulate,  4  to  8-cleft  •  st-iniciw  4  t .  «  .    T\     L 

_a  Ki;:w;;:;;;;;i^n;i^:^2;n'mrc!;;;:Y  n-.  i 

I  Sa..ura  .lestitute  of  u  ningo. ^uW^yriho"    . "       o:.'.';''^ /"^'^'-i 


Order  113.— ULMACE^, 


603 


1  IT.  Americdna  L,    White  Elm.    (Fio-  437  \    ivq  nr..f«  »««    •    . 

2  U.  racemdsa  Thomas.  Cork  Elsi.  Brarwidets  dimnu  often  with  thirl-  mrin 
ridges ;  Ivs  oraie,  acuminate,  auriculate  on  one  ,;uie  ;  (Is.  iuracoS  DedS'in  d li' 
tinct  fasciclos,  united  at  tlieir  bast.  IVuit  ovate  ollin  ic  ^A^lii'  XiT'.e  ,  "' 
lo^  grourKis  Meridon,  N.  II.  to  KY.,  and  we'stwal-d  '  Se  u^T^  and  bnncl.o« 
W  s'S-4'lnf «  S  w- f  '^  f"- ""--ous,  corky,  wingVifo  ^.^ji^o^rtT 
™ff  «T^  ..  *^;  *  '^^^'^'  {"'".'^•^^'''d  '"to  a  rounded  auricle  on  one  side  doublt 
serrate    smooth  above,  vema  and  under  surfaco  minutely  pubescent    VlmvP^ 

White  An  „„  I  „to    1         ,   *  "°  ',"■""■>  «'''*"  »'«'  '<>"8l>er  Ihan  those  of  tho 

«  a  majesUo  tr.e  60-70f  high.    Tho  main  trunk  ITZSw    ™4,  ?n3l' 
lra,,d,os  ngid  „„,!  thrown  olT  at  a  largo  anglo,  f„ha»o  dc„«/  hXm  ittoo* 

trar;rr,a°r;y'r^S'h^.:,r-x:fr.:';r=^^ 

rather  resombhng  our  Slippery  Elm  than  tiie  White  Elm.  ^  ' 

7  tr.  crassifolia  Nutt.     "Uith  verv  Pmall  H' inner'*    ihwv  «,   1     i  *        1 
.rows  in  W.  La.,  probably  .otE.  of  tKCT"  il  S.  mterolh^^^i^^J 

rJ\  ^Ik^^"^'  ^"^  ••      ^^"  ,^'^"''''  ""^  '^^''^  '^-  ^^«'^'^'''  '•»  ^^niian  bota- 
rst)     l^lowcTS  monflecous-polygatnous;    caly.x  campanulate,   4   to  5- 
cleft     s  aniens  4   to  5  ;  st.-.nas    2,  oblonir,  diveririnjr ;    f.uit   l-celled 
Ulmur  '  "'"°      '    ^■^''  ""'■''''''  indehiscotUlVecs  with  life  habit  of 

^"axilhn^'frf.i?'"?''^-  h';  «'"«"-.«"'0"t'>,  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  equal  at  base-  fla 
ax  lar^,  ui  clusters  of  2  to  5  ;  sig.plumous;  nut  roughened  with  scale-likenointJ 
-Iliver  swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Ua.     A  tree  30  to  40f  high.     Eeb    Mar  ^ 


634 


Order  114  — ARTOCARPACK/E. 


3.  CELTIS,    Tourn.      Nkttle   Tukk.     ScoAU-nERuv.      {Celtls  wis 

Culvx   0-,)ar...|;  sta.nons  6  ;    ^   calyx  5.;)artc<l  ;  sturueus  5  ;  stylo  2- 

h  1)    0  alb»,„en._r.ves  or  Jargu  HhruU.     Lvs.  mostly  oblique  at 
base.     Ms.  subsolitaiy,  axillary.  i  «-  at 

1  C.  occidentMis  L.     Tz-e..,-  J^s.  ovato,  flul)cordato  or  truncato  animinato  m 

30t    ,i,rh  m  N.  h  ,g.  wl.ero  it  w  raroly  found,  imicl.  larger  (;}  to  Sfdiatn    50  to  70r 
high)  and  moro  abundant  Soi.tlj  and  West      Tli,.  tmnl/ i.-i  V.  . .  .  .    .'  ""V   ,    ' 

bark,  with  numerous  slender,    I^r Lnt  1   br      ■!  e^  ft  n  in./.^^^^  S^ 

dense  top.     Lvs.  wUh  a  long  acuu.iuation,  an^  remarS    m.equ  1  nt'  .ol^^ 

^abov^      [iso.h^e   r.t\''n^        ^orrate,  oordato,   .lark  green  and  mottfo 
aJ:r;in  mSii::!:;;^^^"  "  "^"'^  y^^^^^^-^W^aa   m  open  lands,     lioth 

of  the  lvs.  perleet.;  entire,^.;.:  ^^i  ^ilri^.e'l™  Twir  iT^'notZf 
o  hers  notched  a  fourth  of  the  eireuit,  &e.     (C.  Missis^i^^Liis  Bo' e  r""^' 

ii?o     eH?i   ■    •t'ut'l  C   "^  tT '"'''  ^l^'""  1">  (ChattahooelK').    Flowering^ 


OnnE:t  CXIV.     ARTOCARPACE.E.     Artocahps. 

fI^Z  r;<:t  :l:tn  "f  ^^r''  ^^I  "^f- J^^'--  -^^^  largo  deciduous  stipme. 
£.owcry^  ?  or  5),  collected  into  dense  heads  or  aments,  naked  or  witii  a  lobed  edvx 

U9  4"  0,^M  ^'"""'  '^"''  '^'^  ^••■'''^''  "'^  P°»J"lc.us,  albuminous  seed.     Figs.  ;!G, 

Genera  .^l.  .ipecieit  240?  ffencrnllv  niMwna  «^  ♦!.„  *      ■ 

..^E:r  T,!^^;!;;!^::.i:;i'^:^!,«':^>::''[;;^^  a  ..i...  .,o,roo.  u  contain. 

of  Antnu-is  toxicaria  ,.f  the  Indian  Air  n M.'I  i       ts  ,  ,  .l',  ."''  '"""'"*'  '"■  '^"'  '"""^■■ite  j„ice 

nigra.     F,o.ti.;  a  y.ilow  .lyL,  is  the  Wo,,,l  of  a'i    tin'tori',!'.,' S   AnleH,'.;"'^  '  """''-'•'■'>v  .,f  Moru.s 
I  Flowors  insi.U,  the  oxoavated  recptucle,  l.oth  kinds  to.-cthor         " "  v  , 

S  !•  lo.v,s  exfrnal,  the  2  kinds  M,.ara,e,  in  t...  kinds  of  a,ne   ,;: "  ^ "'  ' 

•  Cn  >x  4.8ep.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  globular  anu-nt.     Thon.v  m 

•  Calyx  4-,,arted.     Fertile  an.ent  globular.     Style  1  •  •   •  .Maclur.v.  3 

•  Calyx  4-„arted,  lobes  ^.reading,     fertile  an.ent.  oli.;;;,: '  St;.e;-2:.V;::':::!:M:u;-s:  I 

*-MO'RUS,  Tourn.    Mui.bekrv.  (Celtic  wor,  black  :  the  color  of  tlm 
fruit.)     Howors  inonwcious  or  d'a-oior.  tl-n   x   W,   )    ^''^ '-°'^'  ^*  7« 

.p.^»  t.„i3  c.,„snnitn,g  .1  c„i„,.oun<l  borry  (soiosis.j-TrcWivitli  allor 
nato,  gencrall).  lobed  Ire.     fk  inconspicuous.  "••i^s  ^>itl"  alti.- 


OaDEB  lU.— ARTOCAKPACB.«.  Q35 

^  s^oonHf?./'h.  ^""^  MULUKRBY.  /.«..  ,ca6ro<«,  /,u6«cen^  beneath,  rounded  or 
sabcordato  at  base,  .,y'*'^%  .^"/ra^.,  acumimle,  ovato  or  (in  tlie  you..,^  trees)  pal- 
matoly  nnd  o  Idly  lobed ;  tbrtilo  Hpikos  cyliudrio ;  /r.  dar&  red.-In  N   Kn^  a  raro 

jSm'  '".?"'  r*^"- .  '"  ;''°  ''''^-  '^^  ""'*  ^^-  ^'^^«  ''  attains  tl.oolovuioai 
f-?T  i  "  ,"  ^""r"'"'  '^^  '  *'■*  '-''•  "'^'^  y^"'^^-  'f '•^"k  covered  with  a  Rray- 
isli  bark  much  broken  and  furr,Mved.  Wood  line-grained,  stor.g  and  durable 
Leaves  4-6  lonjr,  5f  an  wid.>.  entire  or  divided  into  lobes  thick,  .  ark  r^o 
Flowers  snuU.  Frmt  of  a  deep  red  color,  with  the  aspect  of  a  blackberryTm: 
posed  of  tho  entire  catkin,  made  pulpy  and  sweet.     Apr,  May        ^'•''''''"^'  '''""• 

2  M.  dlba  L.  White  Mu'i,UKUuy.  Lvs.  glabrous, '  cordate  nt.d  oblioue  at 
base,  uu,(jucMy  serrate,  either  undivided  or  loboil ;  /..  '';;^/<M.-(Jultivated  Ttho 
^iko  o   >ts  leaves  as  the  food  of  silk  worms.     A  tree  of  Immblo  j^owS      Leaves 

or~lL.k"°'r'  ">!!;•  «^l^'^'.Ift'">'^t"-  .  J^lowers  preen,  i.>  smaiC roundish  spikes 
or  heads.     J      t  of  a  yellowish-whito,  insipid,  f     China 

-Shrub!'"""     ^'^""''''"'  ^^^'^"^'""^■•)     I^^^-  J^rgo  (4-7'  long,  !  as  broad.) 

3  M.  nigra  L.     Black   MuLnEimy.     Lr.i.  scabrous,  cordate  ovate  or  lobed 
obtuse,  uneciua  ly  serrate  ;  ferUle  .pikes  om^.-Cnltivat.d  for  ornament  anS  shaSe 

iromatio'a^ifl"'  "'  '"-/ other  countries.     Pruit  dark  red  or  blacks  1.  of  arl 
aromatic,  aci.l  flavor,     j  Persia. 

2  BROUSSONETIA,  L'llcr.  Papku  Muu.kkhv.  (Tn  honor  of  P 
N.  y.JJroussonct,a.  (listinguishe,!  Froncli  imtiiralist.)  Flowers  dioc- 
coous;  S  ainent  cylindric;  calyx  4-(,artcHl  ;  ?  a.ncnt  globous ;  rc- 
coptado  cylHulnc-clavato,  coinpcund  ;  calyx  3  to  4-tootired,  tulmlar  ; 
ovancs  becoming  fleshy,  davato,  prominent;  styb  lateral ;  sc'ed  1,  cov- 
ered by  the  calyx.— Trees  from  Japan. 

m,wM J'.f^i^'T®!'^  Z?"'-  ,  ^i''^-  "^  ^^"^  Jonu^or  tree  roundish-ovato,  acuminate 
mostly  undivided  of  tho  adult  tree  3-bbed ;  fr.  liispid.-A  fine  hardy  1^^0001 
sionally  cultivated.  It  is  a  low,  bushy-headed  tree,  .-f  rapid  gr<^^i  h  S lar^e 
light  green,  downy  leaves,  and  dark  red  fruit  a  litil.,  j  .rgcr  tht .  poa^  w  h  loS' 
purple  hairs.     Tho  divide<l  Ivs.  res.mblo  those  of  the  whito  mulberry.  ^' 

ot  the  L.S.,  a  distingmshed  geologist.)  Flowers,?  ?,iiiaments.  Calyx 
0,  ova.  numerous,  coalescing  into  a  compound,  globous  fruit  of  1- 
sceded,  compressed,  angular,  cuneiform  carpel.s ;  sty.  1,  filiform,  villous. 
-A  lactescent  treo,  with  deciduous,  alternate,  entin..,  cxstipulatc  leaves 
and  stout,  axillary  spines. 

^.tc°"  Wes7  ftlt^>T'fl'''''  "'"^f'^T™  ^'"^  ^"^"^-^  «''  "'«  ^^^'^-"^^^S 
.vc.     i-taves  4-5  by  li— 2.},  glabrous  ami  shining  above,  stroiitrlv  veined  in, 

paler  beneath  on  short  petiole.,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  nmr^in  obSJly  dentS 

late,  apex  subacummate,  rather  coriaceous.     Tho  fruit  is  about  tl  o  Lo    f  Tn 

orange,  golden  yellow  when  ripe,  suspended  bv  an  a.Killarne  u  S^  Id  tho 

deep  green,  polished  foliage.     Extensively  cultivated  for  hedg£ 

4.  FrCUS,  Toiirn  Fig.  Banyan.  (Gr.  avH-T,.  Lat  fie ns.  Celtic 
A</ueren.  leutonic/c./..  Anglo-Sa.xon /7r.  English/^)  Flowers 
inonoecimis,  uunute,  fixed  upon  the  inside  of  a  flcshv,  turbinate,  closed 
receptacle;  5  calyx  3-partod;  stamens  3  ;  ?  calyx  5-partc-d;  ov'ary  1 
«ccd  1  ,  fruit  (syconus)  composed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy  recptacles 
inclosing  t!ie  numerous,  dry,  imbedd.'d  arhenia.  ^ 

^1  F'  ^,^"°*  '^''"'^-     Common  Fia.     Lvs.  cordate,  .3— S-HK^d  repand-dcntate. 
So  t""^"'',r'"?''"!'""'^'  P""^^'^^^"^  ••ene..th.--:SuDp(,sed  t^  te  a  nS*^^ 

ES^"  V  v^iiil^t  S""  — -^y-    The  delicious  iruit  is  well  knowa 


^  ^^J^ 

"^^X^^^ 

^  .^^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


% 


^. 


7 


1.0    !i:«^  IM 

116     111       r.r. 


I.I 


1.25 


S  lis  ill M 


1.8 


JA  116 


^^'y 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STKEkiT 

WEBSTER  NY.  14580 

(716)  0724503 


636  Order  115.— URTICACE^. 

Order  CXV.     URTICACE^     Nettleworts. 

nerha  (and  some  tropical  shrubs)  with  a  watery  juico,  a  tough,  fibrous  bark 
Leaves  stipulate,  often  opposite,  >t«er5smull,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  panicles 
racemes,  or  dense  clusters,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx.    Stamem  opposite  to  the 
calyx  lobes.     Ovary  l-celled,  ovule  erect,  orthotropous.     Fruit  a  simple  acheuiam 
Figs.  50,  459.  ^         "«ujum. 

Genera  in,  ^peciet  700'?  penemlly  diffused  in  all  climea.    We  retain  tinder  tliis  ord^r  tl.„  n 
nabmeje,  dismissing  the  Artocarpea.  ti.u,  constituting  «  group'whicria„^Was7%*!?rt^^^^^^ 

ProperUefi.—The>  Nettleworts  are  remarkable  for  the  caustic  secretion  of  tlioir  cri»„.i.,i- 
B  inKing  liairs  whicli.  l)ad  cnou^li  in  our  common  nottlo,  ntt"  is  aTrXiav?rulin.«  ff  ".'"''• 
K.  Indian  species.     The  .juice  of  the  Ilempworts  is  bit  er  an  1  narcotic  Sav^rn^^^^^^ 
Uol  "VX"'''"^  liquor  from  tl.o  Hemp:  and  the  more  civilize, UstronSi^uI«"ntrm''the 
Uop.    The  fibrous  bark  of  Hemp  and  other  s|.ecies  U  highly  valuable  in  the  arta. 

SUBORDERS   AND   GENERA. 

I.  UUTICE^._FiIaments  crennlatc,  expanding  elastlcally.     Pertilo  calyx  3  to  5-sepaled  or 
tootiied.    Seed  albuminous,  with  a  straiglt  embryo  (*). 

*  Herbs  with  stinging  hairs — Stamens  4.    Leaves  opposite Urtica     1 

—Stamens  5.     Leaves  alternate Laportka     2 

*  Herbs  stingloss.-Stamen8  3.    Fertile  calyx  S-sepalod.    Leaves  opposite!   .     P.lra'    3 

-Stamens  4.-Fls.  in  slender  spikes.    Lvs.  opp.  or  alt....B(EnMKRiA."    4 
— Fls.  in  involucrato  cymes.    Lvs.  altern     Pauiktapia     i 
n.  CANNABrNE^.-Filaments  straight,  or  not  elastic    Fertile  calyx  of  1  sepal,  lateral  em 
bracing  the  ovary.    Seed  exalbuminous,  with  a  curved  or  spiral  embryo  (♦)       ' 

*  Fruit  a  vaivelessachenium,  in  a  strobile-like  ament.    Twinini;  ...  HuMuurs     f 

*  Fruit  a  2- valved  caryoiwis,  in  axillary  pairs.    Lvs.  digitate. . .  T. .". .....  .'.'.Cannabis.'    7 

1.  URTICA,  Tourn.  Nettle.  (Lat.  uro,  to  burn ;  in  reference  to 
the  stinging  species.)  Flowers  8  ,  sometimes  ^  $  ;  <5  calyx  4-sepalecl 
with  a  cup  shaped,  central  rudiment  of  an  ovary  ;  stamens  4  ;  $  calyx 
persistent,  4-sepaled,  the  outer  pair  minute,  the  inner  at  leiigth  sur- 
rounding the  shining,  compressed  achenium  ;  stigma  1,  sessile.— Herbs 
with  stinging  hairs.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  green,  in  a.\illary  or  subtcr- 
minal  clustei's  or  racemes. 

S  riiisters  compound,  lonsror  than  the  petioles w       ■,    » 

§  flusters  Bimple,  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles..' .*.'!.*.'."!.".'.".' I."  "" '.["nos  8--5 

1  U.  prdcera  WiUd.  -S-^.  tall,  simple,  i-sided,  slightly  hispid  with  few  stings;  lvs 
lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  rough,  hispid,  prominently  5-veined,  acute'v  ser- 
rate; panicles  axillary,  very  branching,  numerous,  interruptedly  spicate  lower 
ones  sterile,  upper  fertile.— Borders  of  lields,  waste  places,  N.  Eng  and  Can  St 
3  to  5f  higli,  with  a  tough  bark.  Lvs.  with  tlie  serratures  incurved  acute  or 
somewhat  acuminate  at  apex,  3  times  longer  than  the  petioles.  Fls.  in  glomerate 
panicles  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.     Jl.     (U.  gracilis  Ait.) 

2  U.  dioica  L.  Stingino  Nettle.  Very  hispid  and  stinging;  lvs.  cordate  lance- 
ovate,  corLspicuously  acuminate,  coarsely  and  acutely  serrate,  tlie  point  entn'e  net- 
loics  thrice  shorter;  ,fls.8  or  s  2,  in  brandling,  clustered,  axillary,  interrupted 
8p:kes  longer  than  the  petioles.— If  Waste  places,  common.  Stem  2— 4r  high 
branching,  obtusely  4-angled.  with  opposite,  short-stalked  leaves  which  are  3—4' 
.iong,  and  about  ^  as  wiilo.  Flowers  small,  green,  in  axiil.ry  clusters,  of  mean 
aspect,  corresponding  with  the  insidious  character  of  the  plant.  Jl.,  Aug 
§  hur.— Its  power  of  stinging  resides  in  minute,  tubular  '.laira  or  prickles,'' which 
transmit  a  venomous  fluid  when  pressed. 

3  U.  Cirena  L.  Dvarp  Nettle.  Lvs.  broadly  elliptic,  or  ovate,  petiolate,  S- 
voinetl,  deeply  and  acutely  serrate ;  clusters  in  apike-like.  loose,  simple  pairs.— (T) 
Wecd^  m  cultivated  grounds.  Stem  12-20'  high,  hispid  with  venomous  stings, 
branchmg.  Leaver  1  or  more  long,  half  as  broad,  on  short  petioles  and  with 
large  serratures.  Stipules  smal'  .tnoeolate.  reflexed.  Flnwora  m  drminnig  r— 
dunculate  clusters  about  as  long  as  tho  pjtioles,  both  the  sterile  and  fertile  in  the 


OaDBB  115.— URTICACE^ 


687 


0  5-sepaled  or 


Feb.,  Mar.  (South),     Apr.~Jn. 


than'the  pet  oL.  dense  aS^^  ff/omer^  capitate,  much  shorted 

to  18'  high,  clustered   \vlv„rieS?iM   ^"P-'^y- *"  I^^-     «is.  purplish,  12 
—May.  variegated,  1  long  ana  wide,  petiole  6  to  9".     Mar. 

^  «^igoSsTe*atTfXr^^^  ^*K  '^^-  ^^''-^^  ^«'''.  ««•-«*«. 

of  Ga.  (Pursh.)    Lvs^mTlI     I  in  J'whtl^'  subglobous,  reflexed.-On  the  island 
a  variety  of  U.  urens'?  ^         ^  ''"'^  ''^''■^  conspicuous.     May.-Is  this 

2.  LAPORTEA,  Gaudich.     AVood  Nettle.     Flowers  3  or  ^  o  •    a 

«  Calyx  of  8  or  4  o^-aUe^X  '  sfan  e„T°3T' ''        cSo?  s"!;!  '  ' 
_S  sepals  .Jiglilly  unegual.-^D  I„  wj"  St™  It'TS,  "'• '»  ?':"«  "I^'s"; 


petioles  ot  about  tiio  same  leno-tli      Q/.r.  «,.,  7  7  T"  f'^^"'  ^  >.<j  ^   uy  oio  lu  , 

ceolato,  acute  so Jont, •  5tam£,r  /•    6     l^    f^''  f "P"'"'''  "'"'  ''"" 
tor"l  ^         ^  ^'"-  "PP"'""  »■•  "Iton'to.     I'ls.  clus. 

3  to  o'  lonp,   la  f  as  wide  DctiolPH  •?  to  -i'  <i  „  !        '  •     ^  '     ■^^•^-  ^-veined, 


638 


Orukr  lie— empetrace^ 


€ 


short  petioles ;  upper  spikes  long  and  sterile,  lower  short,  dense,  fertile —Bordera 
of  ponds,  S.  W.  States.  8t.  strict,  2  to  Slliigh,  very  rough.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long  a 
fourth  as  wide,  thick,  on  petiolen  4  to  7'  long.  Fertile  spikes  as  long  as  the  pet- 
ioles, sterile  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

5.  PARIETA'RIA,  Tourn.  Pellitory.  {Lat.i?ane.s',  a  wall ;  some 
of  the  species  prefer  to  grow  on  old  walls.)  Flowers  inoiicecio-polyirii- 
mous,  in  clusters,  surrounded  by  a  many  bracted  involucre.  <^  Calyx 
4-sepaled ;  stamens  4,  at  first  incurved,  ehistically  expanding.  $  Calyx 
tubular-campanulate,  4-lobed,  inclosing  the  ovary ;  stigma  tufted  ;  aclic- 
nium  polished,  inclosed  within  the  persistent  calyx.— Herbs  weed-like, 
with  usually  alternate  lvs.     Clusters  of  green  fls.,* axillary. 

1  P.  Pennsylvdnica  Muhl.  Lus.  oblmg-lanceolate,  veiny,  tapering  to  an  obtuse 
point,  entire,  punctate  with  opaque  dots;  invol.  longer  than  the  flowem.—fl)  K 
rough,  pubescent  herb,  found  in  damp,  rocky  places,  Vt.  to  Wis.  and  Ga.  Stem 
erect,  simple  or  sp^iringly  branched,  6— 1  V  high.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  hairy 
and  rough,  about  ^'  wide  and  3  or  4  times  as  long,  petiolate,  and  ending  with  an 
obtuse  acumination.  Segments  of  tlio  involucre  about  3,  lanco-linear.  Flowers 
dense,  greenish  and  reddish  whito.     May,  Juno. 

2  P.  Florid^na  Nntt.     Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  opaquely 
punctate;  Jb.  as  long  as  the  involucre.—'^  Damp,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla,     St 
decumbent  at  base,  branches  erect,  10  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  small,  1'  long,  includin'' 
the  filiform  petiole,  3  to  5"  wide.     Bracts  linear.     May— Oct.  ° 

6.  HU'MULUS,  L.  Hop.  (Lat.  humus,  moist  earth ;  the  hop  grows 
only  in  rich  soils.)  Flowers  S  ^  .— $  Calyx  5-sepaIed ;  stamens  5  ; 
anthers  with  2  pores  at  the  summit.  ?  Bracts  imbricate,  large,  entire, 
concave,  persistent,  l-flowered,  forming  an  oblong  ament;  calyx  of  1 
sepal;  membranous,  entire,  persistent ;  styles  2 ;  achenium  invested  by  the 
t!iin_caly.\;  embryo  coiled.— 2^  Twining  with  the  sun.  Lvs.  opposite. 
Fls.  in  axillary  panicles  and  strobile-like  amcuts. 

H.  liUpulus  L.  The  hop-vine  ia  found  wild  in  hedges,  &c.,  throughout  this  country, 
and  is,  as  every  one  knows,  extensively  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  ameat-liko 
fruit.  It  has  a  long,  annual  stem  of  rapid  growtii,  always  twinirg  with  tlio  sun, 
rough  backwards  with  reflexed  prickles.  Leaves  very  rough,  generally  3-lobed,' 
deeply  cordate  at  base,  on  long  stalks.  Flowers  of  the  barren  plants  innumer- 
able, panicled,  greenish;  those  of  the  fertile,  in  aments  with  large  scales.  Cal. 
and  seal  -s  in  fruit  covered  with  reddish,  resinous  atoms  (lupulin)  in  which  tho 
virtue  resides.    Jl. 

7.  CAN 'NABIS,  Tourn.  Hemp.  Flowers  $9.—  $  Calyx  5-partcd ; 
stamens  5.  $  Calyx  entire,  oblong-acuminate,  opening  longitudinally 
at  the  side  ;  styles  2  ;  caryopsis  2-valved,  inclosed  within  tho  persistent 
calyx  ;  embryo  curved.  (I)  Lws.  opposite,  digitate.  Fls.  axillary,  $  in 
cynious  panicles,  $  in  sessile  spikes. 

C._  sativa  L.  Lvs.  palmately  5  to  7-foliate.— The  hemp  springs  up  spontixneously 
m  our  hedges  and  waste  grounds.  It  is  a  tall,  erect  plant,  with  handsome  petio- 
late leaves.  Llls.  lunceohite,  serrate,  3  to  5'  long,  \  as  wide,  tho  middle  ono 
largest,  Fls.  small,  green,  solitary  and  axillary  in  tho  barren  plants,  spiked  in 
the  fertile  onea  It  is  cultivated  in  Ky.,  Tenn.,  &c.,  as  one  of  the  staples.  Jn. 
§  India. 

Order  CXVL     EMPETRACE.^.     Crowberriks. 

Shrubs  low,  evergreen,  hcathlike,  with  crowded,  narrow  leaves  and  small,  diclin- 
ous flowers.  Calyx  of  4  to  6,  hypogynous,  persistent,  imbricated  scales,  the  inner 
often  colored.     Stamens  2  or  3,  pollen  grains  quatu'uato.    Ovary  free,  2  to  y-cellod, 


Order  117._PLATANACE^.  ^gg 

iprr^lSe  iSeir^'  ""'''  ^  '"^"^  ^-^^'^  ^^     ^^^^  ascending,  albu- 
««*/uTiriuloL;rTret;errt:«ro  nuiruff  ^  ^-  ^"'*'''^  -""^  ^l**  Straits  of  MaselLn.    i>mp*,.. 

.   _  OKNERA. 

*  Stamens  S.    Stlj?m«  6  to  9-rnye.l.    B.rry  C  to  O-seeded 

found  on  tlm  granite  rocS  of  ihe  w£  £  T?  V'^  Tf "'  P*""'*™*^  ^'"•"l'- 
tains  of  Vt.     Tlio  stem  is  1  to  'f  or  IfU  f  ."•'  ""*^  ^'''^  ."alcareous  moun- 

nll  around  witli  evergreen  Lvos   whir'a^«"?  '^'''^'^^'^  ""^  ^'"^^'^^  ^^^^'''^'l 

bractlots,  the  3  inner  seoaord  ^l  ^  ^o^'  ^*^"^"^^  of  5  or  6 
sorted  filaments.  ?  Sv  3' or  4  117^'%^^?^  '' ^^'^^^  ^^- 
Avith  narrow  sti-.,nas-  drZllnhnt?  •  '  5'''- ?''^''™' ^  ^'^  ^"^•^f', 
diffuse  undersSr'Lt^Lar!         '  '"""'''  "''^^  '  ""  '  ""^'^'^^- 

""mfS^^^'efrLIr;;  fnJS. -LtlS rS"?'  '7  ''"^^['  '•-^'"•^  ^  «. 
Me.  to  N.  J.  Sts  If  li^h  with  «  r.L^  1  "^"^"^^^  Pl^'ns.  here  and  ti.ere,  from  Can.  ? 
branches.     LvTevovT^^^^^  ^'^'^'  ^vitli  short,  verticillato 

linear,  revolute      jTs     n T^rmr^l    V  '  ."^''^l '''"  ^Perfectly  verticiUate,  3'    lon^ 

purpi;  stamens  and   1;L!1pSs"S''«       '"• '"  ''"'  '"''^  "■"^""'^  ''''''' '^^^ 
or  $.     Mar.  Apr  ^  "'"''  ^°'^  common  tiian  those  with  i 

2?oTo   :     f^ .    T'r  2  cxserted,  anthers  2-eelled,  roundish        0  0  3 

aceroush:'i;:;:\.:;;i;:-tos:!;rfls;^''  "^"^''^^^  '^^-^^^^^^^  ^-^^-^ 

close  vvhoris  ..f  3h  and  Isahont  r-  1  ^    ■  ^.""""^  Ir^mchlets  downy.     Lvs.  in 
Plo.     l^r.  yellow£,^"l1,%tSgLt!^4;!:'Sepr'"-     ''"^  ^'^^'^-^ -'^-- Pur- 

Order  CXVir.     PLATANACE.^.     Svcamoues. 

Iv^    WdT-ShT  '"'"'  '^^"'"'  ^^^''"^-thonosidestigmatic     S 

davate,  fppod  ^v■th  the  persistent,  recurved  .tyle.       Seed  solitary,   albuminou^ 


040 


Oeder  118.— JUGLANDACE.E. 


Oeniit  1,  tpectM  6t    Trees  of  the  largest  dimensions,  natives  of  Burbary  Levant  and  N. 
America. 

PLAT'ANUS,  L.  Plank  Tree.  Button  Wood.  Sycamore.  (Gr. 
■nkarvg,  broad ;  in  reference  to  the  ample  foliage.)  Character  of  the 
genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

P.  OCCident&lis  L.  Lva.  angularly  lobed  and  toothed ;  stipules  obliquely  ovnto ; 
brandies  whitish;  fertile  heads  solitary. — The  largest  (though  not  ilie  loftiest) 
tree  of  the  American  forest.  Along  the  Western  rivers  trees  are  found  whose 
tiunks  measure  from  40 — 50f  in  circumference,  or  more  tlian  13f  in  diameter! 
It  flourislies  in  any  soil,  but  is  most  frequently  met  witli  on  the  stony  borders  and 
beds  of  streams.  Leaves  very  large,  tomentous  beneatli  when  young.  The  pet- 
iole covers  the  axillary  bud  in  its  concave  base.  B^is.  in  globular  aments  or  balls, 
which  hang  upon  tiie  tree  on  long  pedicels  most  of  the  winter.  Tlio  bark  is 
yearly  detached  from  the  trunk  in  large  scales  leaving  a  white  surface  beneath. 
May. 


Order  CXVIII.    JUGLANDACE.^.     Walnut. 

Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  oxstipulate  leaves  and  monoecious  flowers.  Slerik 
JUmers  in  aments,  with  an  irregular  perianth.  Fertile,  solitary  or  clustered.  $  Calyx 
regular,  3  to  5-lobed,  tube  adherent  to  the  partly  2  to  4-celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  tryma 
(§  564),  with  a  fibrous  epicarp  {shuck)  and  a  bony  epdocarp(«AeM).  Seed  large,  or- 
thotropous,  exalbuminous,  with  lobed,  often  sinuous,  oily  cotyledons. 

Oeiiera  4,  ape&ien  27,  mostly  Nortli  American. 

Properties.— T\ie  well-known  fruit  of  the  Uutternut,  walnut,  pecan  nut  is  sweet  and  whnlo- 
sonie,  pbounding  in  a  rich  drying  oil.  Tlio  epicarp  is  very  astringent.  Tlio  timber  is  hi'jljlv 
valuable.  °    ' 

1.  JUG'LANS,  L.  Walnut.  (Lat.  Jovis  plans ;  i.  e.,  the  nut  of 
Jove  ;  a  name  given  it  by  way  of  eminence.)  $  Flowers  in  an  iinbri- 
bricated,  simple  ament ;  calyx  scale  5 — 6-parted,  somewhat  bracteato 
at  base ;  stamens  about  20.  ^  Calyx  4-cleft,  superior;  corolla  4-parted  ; 
stigmas  2 ;  fruit  drupaceous,  epicarp  spongy,  indehiscent,  endocaip 
rugous  and  irregularly  furrowed. — Trees  of  large  size.  Leaflets  numtr- 
ous.  Sterile  aments  axillary.  Fertile  flowers  terminal.  Pith  separating 
into  thin,  transverse  disks. 

1.  J.  cin^rea  L.  Whitk  Walnut.  Butternut.  Lft&  numerous  (15—17), 
lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  soft-pubescent  beneath;  petioles  villous; 
Jr.  oblong-ovate,  with  a  terminal  obtuse  point,  viscid,  hairy ;  shell  oblong,  acumin- 
ate, deeply  and  irregularly  furrowed.— A  common  tree.  Can.  to  Ga.  and  W.  States. 
It  is  40— 50f  high,  with  a  large,  but  short  trunk.  Branches  horizontal,  and  un- 
usually wide-spreading,  forming  a  very  large  head.  Leaves  12— 20' long,  con- 
sisting of  7  or  8  pairs  of  leaflets,  with  an  odd  one.  Barren  flowers  in  long 
amenta ;  fertile  in  short  spikes.  The  kernel  is  rich  in  oil,  and  pleasant-flavored. 
The  wood  is  of  a  reddish  hue,  light,  used  in  panneling  and  ornamental  work. 
Bark  cathartic.     April,  May. 

2  J.  nigra  L.  Black  Walnut.  Lfts.  numerous  (15  to  21),  ovate-lanceolcte,  scr- 
rate,  subcordate,  tapering  above;  petioles  and  under  side  of  tho  leaves  subpubcs- 
cent;  fr.  globular,  gUibious,  uneven  with  scabrous  punctures. — A  common  and 
stately  forest  tree  in  the  Mid.  S.  and  W.  States,  sparingly  found  in  tlie  Northern. 
It  arises  60 — 90f  I  high  with  a  diamete-  cf  3— Of.  In  open  lands  it  spreads  widely 
into  a  spacious  head.  The  duramen  of  the  wood  is  compact  and  heavy,  of  a 
deep  violet  color,  with  a  white  alburnum.  It  is  used  extensively  west  of  tho 
Alleghanies,  for  building  and  fencing,  every  where  for  cabinet  work.    Apr.,  Ma/. 

2.  CA'RYA,   Nutt.     Hickory.     Shagbarks.     (Gr.  Kaqva,  the  wal- 
nut, frotn  Kapa,  the  head  ;  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  nut  ?)      $ 
Omenta  imbricated,  slender  and  mostly  3-partcd  or  trichotomous ;  scales 


Levant  and  N. 


Obdbb  118.-JUGLANDACE^  041 J 

3-partcd;  stamens  4-6;  anthers  hairy.  $  Calyx  4-clcft,  superior; 
coio  la  0 ;  style  0 ;  stigma  divided,  2.1obed,  the  lobes  bifid  ;  epicarp 
4-valved  ;  nucleus  subquadrangular,  even.— Large  trees,  with  hard  and 
strong  timber.  Lfts.  few.  Both  kinds  of  fls,,  and  the  Ivs.  from  the 
sanio  bud,  the  ?  terminal.     Pith  continuous. 

!  f!!!S^**  l^'  *?,^^  scythP-sliapcd.     Not  oblonc,  tl.ln-«holle(1,  vory  swrct N«  i 

I  fecHtU.  7  to  11.     Nut  will.  «  IcikUt  «1k.1I  nn.l  very  biltt-r  keriK.f. V, .  2  S 

*  K"",?*?  *  ^*  ».-Nut  roundish,  luml-suelleil,  swcvt  nnd  culnble.  <♦)        '  ' 

•  Va  v<!8  of  the  eplcari.  distinct  t..  the  lm»e.     Bark  with  I.Kise  i.lotes.  V„,  4  a 

•  Valvea  of  the  epicarp  united  below.    Bark  continuous,  firm. V.V. V.V.K'os  (5— 3 

1  C.  olivaBf6rmiji  Nutt     Pecan-nut  (pe-cawn).     Lf.  with  a  slender  petiolo 
and  13  or  la  lanceolate-falcato  lfts.,  all  stcuminate,  sharply  serrate  and  short  pet- 
lolulate,  fr.  oblotig,  4-angled.  valves  distinct;  nut  (olive-shap,  d)  obloDir,  with  a 
thin  sheU  and  dolicious  k  rnel— Low,  inundated  river  banks,  Ind.  (Wabashi  ir 
to  La.     At  Terre  Haute  are  apwimens  80  to  90f  high,  with  a  rough,  shaggy  bark. 

he  smaller  with  bark  slightly  broken.  Lfts.  seldom  le.s8  than  13,  often  1 5,  5  or 
G  long  by  1  to  2 ,  decidedly  falcate,  nearly  smooth.  Tiio  kernel  fills  the  shelL 
and  not  being  divided  by  bony  partitions,  is  easily  extracted.  Its  rich  flavor  ia 
well  known.     Mar.— May.  •«  «» 

2  C.  amara  Nutt  Bittern  ut.  L/ts.  about  9,  ovate-ollong,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate,  smooth  botli  sides  except  tlio  pubescent  veins  and  midvein,  odd  one  sub- 
sesmle,  the  rest  sessile;  fr.  subyloboxi^,  with  the  sutures  pmminent  above,  vaivea 
half  united;  wJ.  white,  very  tiiin-.«<helled,  smooth,  subgloboua;  kerne!  bitter  — 
Grows  in  mos  ^t  the  U.  S.,  but  attains  its  greatest  size  in  Penn.  and  along  the 
Oliio  valley.  Wmter  bud  orange  yellow.  The  nut  may  be  broken  by  the  finjrera 
and  contains  a  kernel  so  bitter  tliat  animals  will  scarcely  touch  it.     May. 

3  C.  aqu^tica  Nutt  Wathr  Eittehnut.  Lfts.  about  11,  lanceolate,  oblique, 
acuminate,  subentire,  sessile,  tho  odd  one  petiolulate,  fruit  pedunculate,  ovale,  sutures 
promment;  nut  small,  angular,  compressed,  with  a  very  tender,  reddish  sheU  and 
bitter  kernel.— Southern  States,  in  swamps  and  rice-field  ditclics.  Tree  30  to  40f 
ngh.     I  As.  slightly  mequilateral,  of  a  shining  rich  green  both  Fides,  resembling 

the  peach  lea£     Fruit  wholly  unpalatable,  and  timber  of  little  value.    Apr. 

*  S/Z.^fo-?""-  S"^^''^*«^;  ^f-  long-petioled,  of  5  lfts.,  tho  3  upper  oblanceo- 
late,  the  2  lower  much  smaller,  oblong- lanceolate,  the  termiruil  peiZulate,  lateral 
sessile,  all  subaeummate,  sharply  serrulate,  downy  beneatli;  fr.  d^pressed^lobulaT- 
valves  distinct;  nut  roundisli,  compressed,  subquadrangular,  with  a  thiiTshell  and 
a  ge,  sweet  kernel.-Native  from  Me.  to  Wis.,  S.  to  Ga.     In  forests  it  is  veiy 

fri?«,'^.  "*,  ^',*'"u^'"'  ''''*''  ''/""«^'  ^^^^^y  ^^'^  consisting  externally  of  Ion  J 
broad  plates  loosely  hanging.     Lfts.  uniformly  5.  the  .  lower  deflexed  odd  ono 

apenng  to  a  stalk  5  to  8"  long.  Aments  3  on  ;ach  stalk,  long.  sSerrilr 
lou^  Fertile  fls.  2  or  3  together,  sessile,  terminal.  Wood'straight-grain^^ve^y 
hssile.  heavy,  elastic,  excellent  as  timber  or  fuel,  while  the  fruit  is  of  the  richest 
navor.     Apr.,  May. 

^5:r*l'^°^**.^i'."-    TniCK-SHELLUAKK.    Lfts.  1  or  9,  oblanceolate,  acuminate 

rangular,  4.furrowed,  valves  opening  to  the  base;  nut  longer  than  broad  poiSl 
at  each  end,  v^ith  a  very  thick  shell  and  rich-flavored  kernll.-Penn.  to  of  rarV 
bu  common,  W.  of  the  Alleghanies.  Tree  40  to  80f  high,  with  a  shaggy  £rk 
m  loose  narrow  plates.  Lfts.  oflen  9,  tho  lower  pair  smflbr,  odd  or'o  SmlJ 
8e88ile,-agood  mark  of  distinction.  Nut  usuaUy  twice  larger  than  in  C.  alba^ 
and  scarcely  less  delicioua     Mar.— May.  "  '"  v..  aioa, 

6  C.  tomentdsa  Nutt     Mockernut.    Leaf  of  1  or  9  lfts.,  odd  1ft  netiohilntn 

l^lateral  sessile,  all  oblong-lanceolate,  obs/ureV  serrate-^or  entire  r^J^Zly 

sSfrfx^l      1"'^  *"   *«  </i«;A  peitbfe;  arrumts  very  slender,  hairy;  fr.  globular  o? 

suboval,  vaivea  united  at  base;  nut  subhexagonal,  with  a  v^y  thiSc  sheU  and 

and  *Sr   A^  W^T^'Ir.  *5r?'?*.  ^^«  "'""^'•^  ^"*  more  abundant  wS 
SSt  «r^h     w^  I'^u  ^IT  ***  *,°  ^^^  ^'«^  '"  ^^•«°*^»-    ^^••'^  thick  and  rugged,  but 
not  scaly.    Wmter  bud  large,  hard,  grayish  white.     Lvs.  stron<.lv  resinouf-^oe^t-'i 
iruit  varying  m  a,zo  from  I'  to  2'  diam.,  with  a  very  thick  husk,  rounded  sheU 


642 


Ohdbb  119.— cupulipera 


nearly  glabrous  both  X/Vn^ftLlLZS    "'"'''"''/ ""^^"™"'"^.  «<^>Tat^ 
smooth  and  even  or  ^lighlyZgJlTM^^^^^^^  '"■'"'^''^d ;  nu 

kerneJ.-Foresta  U.  S.  and  Can    .imS*^?.     f  •\'^"i'  ^  ^•"'^"«f>  but  eatable 
2if  diam.,  coverc^d  with  a  rT^'SJev^en  btl^  ^  to 

imes  9,  tl.0  odd  one  tapering  to  a  slmrt  sSlk     f  ho  f^t  T,    "^  •',' ''".?  ^'  «««>«- 
">  form  and  quality,  ofton  poar-sL^  thpn  '.J   .  "  considerably  variable 

what  bitter.     Wo6d  exceed fS  ^''^"  o^ovato  or  roundiah,  always  sotno- 

May.     (Juglans,  M^r  C  ';;i?ilZtt )  '  '^''"'"*  ''''  '"^'-     ""''> 

valves  thin,  united  belovv  nuttkTZl^ri  TJ?  v^l"^"^ ' .^-   '•'>^^di8h.ovoid, 

t^e  60  to  80f  high,  in  mdsTtSl^X  iCn ^k^'^trT^^^^^  J^ 

/I  diam.  with  an  even  barlf     TOa  .v,„„*i  '^;""- "^  ^7-  »"«  lenn.  /     Trunk  lA  to 

surface  tufted  hi  the  Li?s  of  the  ve.^Si^  ^'"^'"  l\  \^  ^'  ^^  ^  *«  3'-  the  undo! 

Fruit  about  the  size  of  a  nutter  Sut  S  aTi"n^^^^^  ^'"^'"'«'-  ^'''■ 

May.  **     ^^"''  ^""  **  thin  shell,  not  mucronate,  eatable. 


Order  CXIX.     CUPULTFER^     Mastworts. 

adherent  to  the  ovary  th    too  h  J  1.    r'"'  '"'''^'^  '^^  "'  ''''^-      «  ^"^^/^  t^^o 

474.     46.  B.  ''  5'  •''  '  ^»  138,  ]o9,  140,  202,  418,  438,  471,  472,  473, 

rcSTJ^  .'npm^,„*u"uS"fit",i^tlu,?S^^  "'  "'"  ^"'■'**'  °'  ""  ""''^""  temperate  ■ 
The"^?^'' P^^i^l  ?h':f[,':;,^^^^^^^^^^  Is  well  known  for  it.s  a,,trln«ent  qunlitle, 

?•:",!?  the  bark  of  Qticciti  S  her  N?/  ' 'i^}:'^' *^;X.o";V^''''  ^"'"""  .^'l  '<'<'"'^«  cleWtlon.' 
As  a  Minor,  being  caused  by  woun.ls  „  "e  by  iZit^  Pnf  m  '?•  ^'f  •'';""'.^'*  "''  <*•  fnfect.iria  of 
and  value.  ^  ""^  ">  ""'^•ct»-    I'Ut  tbo  tiuibor  is  of  the  highest  quality 

GENERA. 
%  Sterilo  flowers  Jn  amenta,  fortilo,  solitary,  or  few  together     f*> 

•    nvo  .0,.  „r  .oft,  |„|.Uy  «.,,.,.  4.„,„„,  .,il„.' Z?; "%"":  I 

Invo  ucre  scales  in  pairs,  with  their  e.Iges  united,  inflated. Qstrta   -S 

Involucre  scales  In  pairs,  distinct,  .S-lobed,  becoming  leaf-like. . . . . . .  .^^'.'i.'.C™,:  « 

1.  QUER'CUS,  L.  Oak.  (Celtic  quer,  fine,  cuez,  tree.  The  Celtic 
name  .,  drys,  hence  druid.)  $  Fls.  in  lo'ose  ament  ;  ca  yxYnostlv  6 
cleft;  stamens  5-10.  ?  Cnpnle  ctip-shaped,  scaly  ovary  sTeilod 
6-ovuled  (Fig.418),  2  of  the  colls  and  5  of  the  ivnles^abortfvY;  st  ™ 
ly  To  tlZlr'^'T'  /"'"?^'  1-eded,  surronnded  at'the^base 
rarelv  .hri^h?  A  ^'^^P'n'  '"^'^  «»P»lo.-A  noble  genus  of  trees, 
sem;.t!    n  n  .-"^  ''''"^'^'  pendulous,  filiform,  with  the  flowers 

biLnkn  '"r?"\'^"V«"'"«t  "maturing  fruit  until  the  second  year  (fruit 
biennial),     limber  invaluable.     Fi"-.  420 


OaDKR  119.--CUPUUFERiE.  6«3> 

{  Lcftvcs  mostly  entire,  tho  ends  subequnl,  the  Mdolet  virj  short.    Fruit  ®.    (•) 

•  I  I'lluiiclo  loiiKor  timn  tlio  oblonx  ftcorii.    Loavea  evurijtreen No    1 

•  redunclo  shorter  tliun  thu  ucorn.— Leiivos  downy  beneath .".'. .  .'.*N*»i«.  2,  it 

ST     „„.oiK    1      jjii»    I    V.  —I-enves  smooth  both  sides .' .".'.'.".' No*.  4|  8 

Lenvcs  8-lobed  onrt  dilated  »bove,  sliort-petloled,  awidexH  when  mature.    Kr.  (V),  .Nos.  «,  7 
Leaves  3  to  O-lobod  or  plnnutiAd,  broad,  lobos  uttactoudy  owned.    Krult  C»).    (•) 

♦  Leaves  ot  base  cuneat.*,  short-|ietloIed,  »  or  6-lobed.    Shrubs  or  small  trees.... Nos.  8-10 

•  Leaves  nt  has*  abniiit  or  truncate,  uiostiv  long-petloled,  7  to  9-Iobed.    (a) 

a  Nut  one-third  Immersed  In  the  8»Hcer-8ho|>ed,nne-scttled  cup No*  11.  13 

a  Nut  near  hair  Immcrsuil,  In  the  heiiilspherleal,  coiirse-scoled  cup.    (b) 
b  J-*uve8clnerou8-(l(iwny  beneath,  acorn  also  downy No  1!} 

i  b  Leaves  (except  when  younn)  glabrous  both  sides .' ' "  NoV '  i4-LiiT 
Leaves  B  to  9-lobed.  divisions  obtuse,  never  bristlc-awnod.  Fruit  d),  sessile  " '  Noii.  17—19 
Loaves  ly  to  25-to(.thed,  downy  beneath,  teeth  awnless.    Acorn  sweet,  eatable     (o) 

O  Acorns  largo  (1' h)n)r)  pedunculate Nos   20   21 

O  Acorns  small  (8"  long)  nearly  sessile '.'.'.Nos.'  22,'  28 

I  Q.  Tlrens  Ait  Live  0\k.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  cUiptic-oblong,  obtuse,  downy 
and  paler  beneath;  cup  turbinate;  nut  oblong-obovoid,  on  a  slender  pedunclo.— 
In  tlio  maritime  or  low  districts  of  tho  S.  States.  Tree  40  to  50,  rarely  70f  high, 
of  slow  growtli.  Branches  widely  spreading.  Bark  blackish  and  thick.  Wood 
very  heavy,  close-grained,  yellowish.  Lvs.  18"  to  3'  long,  short  petioled,  the  old 
ones  cincrous-greon,  revolute-edged.  Peduncle  about  r  long,  acorn  9"  by  6", 
maturing  tho  second  year.  May.— Tho  timber  is  in  great  demand  for  ship  build- 
ing and  is  fast  disappearing. 

1  Q.  cin^rea  Ph.  Upland  Willow  Oak.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  tardily  deciduous, 
lanceolate-oblong,  entire,  apex  acutish,  mucronate,  margin  revolute,  white-doumy 
beneath,  attenuate  at  base;  cup  subsessile,  saucer-shaped,  nut  subglobous. — Sandy  or 
pmo  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  A  slirub  or  smaU  tree,  4  to  20f  high,  trunk  not  exceed- 
ing 4  to  6  diam.  Lvs.  partly  persistent,  1'  to  30"  long,  resembling  those  of  the 
live  oak,  but  mucronate,  and  on  tho  shrubby  stocks  often  toothed.  May. 
/?.  8ERICEA.  Dwarf;  lvs.  silky;  tomentous  beneath,  1  to  3'  long,  deciduous.—  .' 
South,  m  pine  barrens.    (Q.  sericea  Ait.     Q.  pumila  Mx.) 

3  Q.  Imbricdria  Mx.  Laurel  Oak.  Shingle  Oak.  (Fig.  138.)  Lvs.  decid- 
mus,  lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  briefly  petiolate,  very  entire,  shining-glab- 
rous above,  subpubescent  beneath  {but  not  hoary),  mucronate  at  apex;  acorn  sub- 
globous, in  a  sliallow  cup;  scales  of  the  cup  broad-ovate.- A  beautiful  tree,  very 
abundant  in  the  W.  States,  also  common  along  rivers,  Penn.  to  Ga.  Trunk  40— 
50r  high,  1— 2f  diam.,  with  a  smo(rth  unbroken  bark,  and  a  large  head  of  coarse, 
irregular  branches.  Tho  leaves  are  dark  green,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  3—5' 
by  1— H',  forming  a  dense,  heavy  foliage.  June.— The  timber  makes  miserable 
shingles.    In  Indiana  it  is  called  Jack-Oak. 

*  Q'.^^j^^®*  ^  Willow  Oak.  Lvs.  deciduous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  in 
each  end,  very  entire,  glabrous,  mucronate  at  apex ;  acorn  subglobous,  in  a  shallow 
cup.— .\.  tree  30  to  60f  high,  borders  of  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  W.  States. 
Trunk  straight,  10  to  20'  diam.,  covered  with  a  smoot)-  thick  bark.  The  leaves 
which  bear  considerable  resomblanc3  to  those  of  the  wiilow,  are  of  a  light  green 
color,  dentate  when  young,  3  to  5'  in  length.  Acoma  G "  diam.  May. — Tho 
timber  is  of  little  value. 

iS.  MARiTiUA.    Low,  shrubby;  lvs.  evergreen.— Sea  coast,  Ya.  to  Fla.    A  few 
feet  high. 

5  Q.  laurifdlla  Mx.  Swamp  Laurel  Oak.  Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  lance-obovate, 
acute,  mucronate.  entire,  or  some  of  them  with  2  lateroi  teeth  above,  glabrous  both 
sides,  base  abruptly  ending  in  a  very  short  petiole ;  cup  saucer-shaped,  nut  de- 
pressed-ovoid.—Damp  woods,  and  otlen  planted  for  shade,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  A  tree 
with  handsome,  dense  foiiage,  partly  evergreen,  30  to  50f  high.  Bark  blackish, 
rough.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  coriaceous,  green  both  sides,  shining  above,  often  ap- 
pearing tncuspidate.  Ped.  IJ"  long.  Acorn  as  broad  aa  long,  cup  6 '  across. 
May. 

^.  OBTUSA.     Lvs.  obtuse,  not  mucronate,  sessile.— Ga.  (Pond).    Fruit  the  same. 

6  Q.  aqudtica  Mx.  Water  Oak.  Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  entire,  or  mostly  dilated 
and  obscurely  3-lobed  above,  not  mucronate,  glabrous  both  sides,  gradually  attmu- 
\f*i  ***  */®''y  ^^^^  petiole;  cup  svisessile,  very  shailow,  nut  trlobular.- Swamna. 
Md.  to  J?  la.,  also  planted  for  shade.     Jt  is  a  handsome,  round-headed  tree,  with 


M4 


Obdik  119.— cupuliper^ 


'I 


8 


s 


very  dense  foJiago  of  a  bright,  Bhininff  gKcn      Lva.  2  tn  r  i~,     ,  . 

or  tcxnhod,  setaceous-mucronate  when     ouni  si 

</o«;«y  beneath;  viJloas  in  the  axiJs  of  t ho  vShh  ^1  TI"  '  1'"^^,/^°''''  '■'^^^- 
(/^6«/«r  ««/.  scales  of  tho  cup  obtuse  scarfS-T  Z^  '  ^f^^^^^  the 
dark,  massy  foliage,  in  sandy  sdls,  N.  J  to  Jll  "ad  S   S'  '^"n"""'"';'   "■"'^'  ^^-'f'' 

V.  cniooa  Mr,    Downy  Hi.Arir  Oii.-       r        ii 

base,  on  very  short  petiolol,  SoS  at  u^o eS WtZ'^T^'"''"^^  «^"*°  »'  ^ho 
cronato  with  sotacec^s  awns  middle  one  loLrr^'*^"^''*'  ^'"^'''  '«''^«  mu- 
pressed-Klobous  acom.-A  treo^f  mDld  ^roS7  ^r'^^^^'^lr'l  -"^^  ^'"P  «n<^  '»  Ke- 
rens of  N.  J.  to  Fla.  Lvs.  very  SrS  t hoS  ,?  L  °  '^'^f  '"*'''•'  *"  »''«  Pi"«  ^ar- 
often  5.!obod,  approaching,  pS'apTloolselvtr^'  ^^f  '  *°  ^2'  lo„g  and 
reconinionded  for  hedges.  ^  *''®  "''''*•     ^ny.—lt  has  been 

barrens,  Car.  to  Ga.     A  tree  20  to  25f  S    w?tl.   .L       ."PP*""  ."'"exed.-Pino 
6  to  10'  long  and  nearly  as  wide  smoo  ,   at    on^  ,  ^   """^  ''"""^  ''"''^P^'^'- 1^'"^^'^- 
about  8"  bt^ad,  nut  covered  wUll  rasll;;  moir^Mar"""''      "'"'"'•    ^"^ 
10  Q.  illcif61ia  Willd.    Shrub  or  Scrub  O^k    Bear  o*v     t 

vate-cuneale,  with  S  or  5  a;  aularlohe<i  f.i.tir„  ««  ♦.'  •  ^^^-    ^^^^'  Pe(">iate,  oho- 

cup  subturl,i„ate ;  aooJn  o?S.-A  's  S  cor^nl"''lT'  f  "''"'*  *'«'«y  *««^«''"; 
n«  only  on  gravelly  hills  and  barro  s  ShirToc  '2 

"^L.^reri^  onronSouX?-^'^^^^^^^^^  «^  *'-  -in.;  cup 

Georgiana  Uavand.)         """  °'  *'"'  '^^  °">  ""t—O"  stone  Mt.,  Ga. !.'    (Q. 

"foS  ^iSe?  Lo^ZZ^JZw  ZuS-  r.i"^''/  '™"°"''  °'^*»««'^  «'""-te, 
smoothish;  ««a«Wo.o4^Tho  redol  'i^^^  '"''f  /  '^"P  «I'allow  and  Hat 
Northern  States  and  in  Canada!  It  is  a  iSv  u  I  >  '"°'^^«»"""on  «Pecies  in  tho 
with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.  L?;^  "c-lO'  1  oni  ^r^^^  ^f'  '«*'  *"  ''«iff''f. 
and  rounded  sinuses  between  ^.onnrro.^  m.u!:  'T"*  'u""'  ^°^''  '''''^•'''  ^'^'^  d^c-p 
in  May,  succeeded  by  largo  aeons  (9  ' Z-^^^nt  •'"*?  ^^"''''-  ^''^^  «°^^'-«  «PP^'«^ 
to  reHo,r.ble  saucers.^  ThCood  fa  L&l'""  '  '".'^T-'^^'^'^''^^^^"^'''^'- 
but  e.xcoIieMt  fud.  "^'^'^'''  ^«'»'^«e-gruined,  of  little  value  ns  timber, 

12  Q.  palfistris  Mx.    Pm  Oak.    ^^'ater  Oak     /Fir,    c    ns     r 
petioles,  oblong,   deeply  ^(.Je^/  ,„,y;i  Vj:',,    "•^'^•,  /*  ^fs.    6— P)    Lvs.   on  long 

veins  tufted-villousTeneati.  foS  diS-^^^^^^^  *"''"'''  """'^'''  «-^"*^  °^t''° 

flat,  smooth;  acorn  sZlCnea^^sptZt^^^^^^^^^^^  r^"''  '^'^'t^'^'  ''''^"^i  ''"P 

W.  States,  and  the  adjacent  distriSHf  r  t^r  i?  ?  '  •  ".x"'  ''^-^■""'^"t  in  tho 

swamps  and  cold,  clay  ^1      Su"^^^^^^^^^^  ^1^"«\'  P'-"^^'"?  - 

light,  open  foliage.    Bark  blackish     I  onflnt.1  2  »  diameter  of  2  to  4,  and 

Wo<,d  i^arse-grtined,  little  :stid'i"'l:r"''Tc;or;sr^       ^P-- between. 
low  cups.     May.  "u'oer.     Acorns  7    Jong,  round,  in  shal- 

^ro?nde?°af  bas^  ashyTentSiT'bene-S  iTf'^'"'"*'^.   ^[o^S^ted,  obtuse  or 
rarely  .3,  nan-ow,  bri.tlVpointed  sinnflfn^^  """"'^  *«''«^'  '"^'^«  ^  to  7, 

small,  roughened,  g"oSa?;in'8hJ.wsnh«'^«'^^^  °'-  ^^'  ^^^'^''■'  '"^'^ 

Fla..  in  the  lowe^l,.S.rYJree  of  la^^^^^^^^^  incurved-Va.  tc 

.  flourishing  in  Mid.  Fla     Lvs  5  to  6  W Tvf  ""'""'^r'  ''^  ^'^  '«'' '''-'"'-  ">«*' 
b  *     1.V8.  0  to  b  long,  on  vigorous  shoots  much  >arger'  peti- 


Oedbb  119.— CUPULIFER^. 


04d 


«Ies  about,  2'  lonj?.  Cup  6"  across,  1}"  deep.  Nut  fuBcou.,  with  a  brown,  as. 
mn>retit  seed.     Timber  reddish,  couree-grained.     Apr,  Ma/  "^wn,  a». 

d  THiNACurs.     Lvs.  3  and  5-ibbed  the  terminal  lobo  lonj?  ond  nnrrow-lancco- 
lute,  narrowed  to  its  base;  petioles  3'  long.-I^rgo  trees  «t  Tulluhassce. 

14  Q.  tlnctdrla  Bartram  Black  Oak.  Yelww-mahk  Oak.  Lvs.  obovatc 
ohh.g,  .s;nuate-lohed  or  pmnatitld,  p«te,sre„<  ber^th,  finally  ylahv.,,  Mc,  ohlovn 

out  the  U.  S.  It  13  one  of  the  lott.est  trees  of  the  forest,  80  .o  90f  in  iieight,  uud 
4  10  or  Cham.  Baric  deeply  furrowed,  bincic  or  deep  brown,  yellow  within.  Lm 
6  to  8  long  bro.ulest  toward  the  end,  quite  variable,  yellowish  atter  frost.  Acnrna 
l-rown,  7  diain.,  about  half  covered  with  the  subses-sile,  scaly  cup,  whichi^T" 
diara.    Bark  used  in  tanning,  al?o  yields  quercitron,  a  useful  dye. 

15  Q.  coccinea  Wang.  Scarlet  Oak.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  oNrmq  in  outline, 
deeply  mntuite-pinmUfid,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  nmrZy  truJile  at  ha^ 
lobes  divaricate,  dentate,  acute;  cup  turbinate,  scaly;  acorn  si  ort,  ovate —Mosi 
abundant  m  the  Middle  and  Southern  Slates,  but  is  often  met  with  in  the  more 
sou  hern  parts  of  N.  Eng.  to  111.     It  is  a  large  tree,  80f  in  height,  with  a  diame^c? 

1 1,    I^^av^es  of  a  bright,  shining  green,  with  3  or  4  deep  sinuses  each  side 
remarkably  rounded  and  broad  at  the  base.     By  the  frosts  of  a.itumn  tliev  are 
changed  to  scarlet,  unlike  tho.so  of  the  red  oak,  which  become  dull  red  or  brown 
Acorns  large,  similarly  rounded  at  both  ends,  half  immeraed  in  the  cun     Bark 
very  tliick,  used  in  tanning.  ^' 

16  Q.  heteroph^lla  Mx.  Bartram's  Oak.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  coriac«eouii 
obbng  or  oblong-ovate,  round  or  subc-ordate  at  base,  margin  with  a  few  ifuUl^, 
tooUi-like  lobes,  or  often  ovly  wavy,  lobes  setaceous-acuminate;  ac-orn  subffloboua 
in  a  hemispliencal  cup;  scales  of  the  cup  oblong-ovate,  obtuse— Ohio  to  111  rare 
Lvs.  exceedingly  variable,  4  to  6'  by  1 J  to  2',  smooth  and  shining  above,  t^men^ 
tons  along  the  veins  beneath,  generally  broad  and  abrupt  at  base.    Fruit  9"  diara 

.i!      ;'"'*  ^^-^    ^"''  specimens  well  agree  to  Michaux's  figure  and 

17  Q.  dlba  L.  WiiiTK  Oak.  (Fig.  139.)  Lvs.  short-petioled,  cuneato  at  base 
oOlmg  tn  outline,  at  longtii  coriaceous  and  amootli,  sinuate-pimuitifid,  lf^<=s  subeaual 
obtuse;  aoorn  sessile;  nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  only  a  third  immersed  in  the  subhemi- 
spherical,  tubercular  cup.-  U.  S.  and  Can.  A  tree  preeminent  among  the  sons  of 
the  forest  for  grandeur,  strength  and  usefulness.  With  a  diameter  of  4  to  6f  it 
attains  t!io  height  of  70  to  80f;  but  its  magnitude  varies  greatly  with  the  s^il. 
Lvs.  3  to  5  long,  downy  beneath  when  young.  Acorn  8  to  9"  long.  Bark  whit- 
islL  limber  useful  fur  innumerable  purposes,  and  tho  bark  for  tanning  and  iu 
medicina     May,  Jn.  6  «  «  i« 

^^J?"  "*°f°°^'T'a  ^^^-  <^i5-  140,  194.)  Lvs.  deeply  and  lyrately  sinmte-lobed 
(most  deeply  m  the  middk\  lobes  obtuse  and  repand,  upper  dilated ;  aoorn  verv 
Jarj/a,  cup  very  deep,  composed  of  distinctly  imbricated  and  hard-pointed  scalea 
Uie  upper  filifonn-pointed,/orm%ayr%e;  nut  globular  ovoid,  more  than  hatf 
melos.d.-N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  IlL  and  S.  States.  Tree  60  to  70f  high,  with  riclu 
green  loliago.  Lvs.  duwny  beneath,  at  length  nearly  smooth,  6  to  10  to  15'  ionjr 
stalks  not  i  .  Acorns  12  to  15  '  long,  sometimes  nearly  fringeless  cxr  nearly  co* 
cr  d.  May.  (Q.  lyrata  Mx.)  A  beautiful  tree,  with  valuable  timber.  rAlso  a 
oliviefor.nis  Mx.)  ^         ^ 

^IS  °?^?*^^*»Ja,  ^I^'-  Iron  Oak.  Lvs.  deeply  sinuate,  cuneiform  at  the  basa 
pitl)tsce,A  ben^i,  lobes  very  obtuse,  ^/le  'i  upper  ones  dilated,  each  2-lvbed-  cuD 
leuiispliorical;  acorn  oval.— Tiio  iron  oak,  called  also  post  oak,  box  white  oak  iur- 
ken  oak,  is  common  m  the  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng  It  is  a  tree  of 
moiJerate  size,  with  widely  spreading  and  very  crooked  brandies.  The  bark  is 
grayi-ili-wliito.  Lvs.  thick,  strongly  tomentous  beneatli,  in  4  or  5  lobes,  which 
are  sometimes  arranged  so  as  to  appear  cuneiform  or  stellate.  Acorns  very  sweet, 
limijer  is  lino  grained,  strong,  and  durable.     May.     (Q.  stellata  Willd.) 

20  Q.  Prin-us  Willd.  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  obovate. 
acute,  pubescent  beneath,  with  large,  somewhat  equal,  obtuse  or  rovmded  teetl^- 
acarnshnri-ptdunrkd,  large;  cup  tubercular,  about  half  inclosing  the  ovoid  nut 
■— ihis  oak  IS  seldom  met  with  in  N.  Eng.,  but  abounds  in  the  rest  of  tlie  country. 


m 


040 


Obobb  11».— CUPULIFERiK 


j£ 


It  is  a  lofty  tror,  nrisinpr  to  tho  lieight  of  50f;  witJ.  Uh  tmdivide.!  Htr..,,,!  t  .  . 
Umu  trunk,  a.ui  tl.on..  with  its  ux,«inHivo  to,,  to  t  "  Xh  oTh  JS^  '""• 
iurgo  and  Hww-t.  I'od.  3  to  0''  lon^.  ttoorn  12  to  13  '  'H  o  fh.l .  \  Z^'"*'"'^ 
|.rimw  palustria  Mx.)  "J^,  "wjorn  ij  to  lo  .     lUe  tlmbcT  vuluublo.    ((^ 

rocky  or  Hao.ly  soil^     A  largo  tr^.  41)  to  GOf  S,   withr^it  i"  r    '""'  '" 
hark.     LvH.  4  to  G'  long,  n.orS  nearly  resembling     o  'h^  tnuUo^  '    "a  /at 
oak.     Aconn  about  9"  long,  swoot-tlavorod.     Used  for  Sand  llSr       " 
23  Q.  pilnoldes  Wilid.     Dwark  Chestnut  Oak     Shruh  uith  /.,.   ^     v. 

CA:'Zf'  ""T.  "'  ""  '"««'  g'-eourbenoatl,  S'la^ «  L;  ^U^ 
«atefc.^t  callous  at  tl.otip;  cup  l.emiftplKjrical,  ncc.rn  ovato -Vila  isTo  ,^^^^^^^^^^ 
m.«  d.m;nut.vo  ofall  tho  oaks,  never  oxceedi.Tj  3  to4f  i^.  ho'igli      JU   \  .1  .'! 

^ur  m  May,  followed  by  a^-oms  of  n,iddlo-Bizo,  very  «woct  and  very  aLndar' 

«  I?;  /'^^ly*?!^'  '^'*'"''?-   J^'^^-'''^-''     (Oastanea  was  a  city  in  Thes. 
saly  famed  for  the  fjrowtli  of  cl.ostnnts.)      S  Flowers  clustorcHl  in  o  . 
jtMider,  cyl.ndnc  aments;  calyx  6  to  C-partod;  stamens  5  to  15     Q 
Mowers  m  3s  inclosed  in  a  4-lobed  involucre,  which  in  fruit  beconJs 

rthTrto7ooir?ri''r''h'  ^'^■^^ '  *^  o-iobed,tubc  adh:;::,. 

to  the  3  to  6-cclled  3  to  O^vuled  ovary;  stamens  6  to  12,  abortive- 
stjgmas  as  many  as  the  cells;  fruit  a  4-valved  involucre  encl^sin-r  i  to  3 
one-seoded  nuts.-Trees  and  shrubs.     Lvs.  mostly  deciduous,  alle mat 
acuramato,  expanding  before  the  flowers.  "utrnau, 

^  ^^^Tut  lnostt"i  or"?T„:!T''^''i  ncuininato,  mucronatcly  sormto,  smooth  both 
theU  S  iTtM.wl?'"'-"^^""^""*  '"  particular  districts  throughout 
Hie  U  b.  It  IS  a  lofty  tree  in  woods,  with  a  large,  Btraight  trunk  Lva  G  to  0' 
long,  i  as  wide;  teeth  mucronate,  with  tho  prolonged,  Ira  ght  veina  Arnc.,?, 
whoT«V'^*''?''*-^'t,""^^""'""^°"«  ««  to  impart  their  ydlowisMme  to 
•      tTi  ini        J'""  ?  ^''^r"'-     ^"*^  «f  »  P««»"^'  brown,  villous  above,  Sosed 

•~^  iSe^h^Jl*tn!ii?.^-  ?""'Qy,*^»'^-  ^>^*-  "Wonj/,  orate  or  ohovate,  mucronate-scr- 
Tnd'lt^n^  sTrnh  r  1 9^^* k  '  «"1  «:«'«'T/-Sterile  places,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Ga. 
»hl;  ,^  ^~^  ^^  ^'^^'  ™"^'^  branched.    Leaves  3—5'  by  li— 2',  smooth 

fecZ/XTK  ""^-T.  "*  ^"''l  '''''}^  «*  "^P^^'  '»«'^'»*  mucronate,trth'the  pro! 
aSS  t.  2Yn  J""i^^-'  Pf  *'"i'*  ®' /'*°»;  ""^«^  ^"••f^^'  ^'^y  white.  An.fnt3 
flowS^'  niT'  '*?"?'"?*^;  ?T^0  '°"^'  "PP^^  f--^""^'  with\emote,  pistillato 
^Tm«n  "J""^  ^"^  ?"**.,^"f*'^  »"^  P'-'^k'j^'  4-lobed.  Nut  (by  abortion)  soli- 
tary,  small,  ovoid,  sweet.    Fl.  Jn,    Fr.  Ocu 

3.  FA'GUS,  Tourn.    Beech.    (Gr.  0f/ydr,  the  beech ;  it  also  signifies 
»o   /     u  novtCTa  ill  a  capiiutu  ameni,  euspendeu  by  a 


O«0B»  119.— OUPULIFERX 


647 


also  si'jmifies 


slonckT  peduncle;  calyx  ednft,  cnmpamilatc;  nimnem  6  to  12.     i? 
Howen.  U,  within  a  4.1obc.I,  prickly  involucre  composed  of  united  linear 
scacs;    calyx  with  5  to  0  minute   lobes;  ovary   3  celled,   (J-ovuled 
KtylcH  3;  nut  l-seoded,  acutely  3  angled,  enclosed  within  the  enlarired' 
8|.iny  involu.^re  or  capsule.— Ufty  trees,  with  smooth  ash  colored  bark 
Lvs.  alternate,  plicate  in  vernation.     Buds  slender,  j)ointed. 
P.  iiylvdtloa  L.      (Pip^s.  4.18,   471-t.  4(5,   B.)      Lvs.   broadly  ovnto-lnnopobta 
bmtly  pcfoliit..   obtUHo  nt  ba.se,  dliaU,,  with  soft   white   haira  whcM^  vounT  at 
ength  nourly  KlabrouH,  w.lh  small,  re.note  tc^th,  «pex  aouminute;  burSeJ- 
lak.-,yi,n,  ric^  i.nhricato.l  with  brown  houIoh,  develoi^.g  both  leuvt^  a,S^  flowef, 
nuts  ovo.,   triangular,  obtUHc-nmm,u.^.._A:  co.runon  Ibrost  trc-o  alS,    h.  t"^ 
U.  S.  «n.l  Can.     The  trunk  i.s  tall  an.l  straight  in  fort-st.,  60-80f  l.igh  but  owoJ 

.'lllhr)!;  T  T^T"''  '■'•'^'.V"  "'•""  "'^'"^''"'"^  "'^^'^v«  known  by  Slight  gray 
.inbrokon  i,ark.  Loaves  with  very  regular  an.l  straight  voin  lets,  4-4  Sm  km 
wido,  oOon  ,,c,rHKstc.,.t  through  tho  winter,    s  A.nolltH  pubcsSrt  podu^Ses  2' 

ong.  Nut  small,  2  togoth.-r  in  tho  4.1obed  burr,  o.ly,  8w?ot  aTnutdS  Tim- 
bor  compnot,  flno-graitHuL  May.  (F.  fc-rrugineUS.)  Tuk  ttEri[Sjri8uow 
rog|,r.lod  on  y  aaa  v,u-ioty,  with  tho  wckmI  sJift.r,  and  of  more  oiy  doavii  a^.d 

.orhaps  a  s hght  difror.„co  in  foliage.     Then,  aro'sevcnil  beautifuUarioS  S 
t.vat.u.H  with  purple  ful.ago,  silvor  foliage,  &c.     See  garden  catalogue! 

4.  COR'YLUS.  Tourn.  Hazel-nut.  (Gr.  «opvc,  a  bonnet;  to  which 
tho  ciiimlo  enwrapping  tho  nut  may  well  bo  compared.)  A  Flowers  in 
a  cylmdno  mnent;  calyx  of  2  scales  unite.l  nt  base  to  the  bract:  sta- 
mens 8  ;  anther  1-celled.  ?  Involucre  of  2  to  3  scales,  1  to  2.flowc.red  • 
calyx  adherent  to  the  2.celled,  2-ovuled  ovary  ;  stigmas  2;  nut  ovoid! 
muTo,inded  with  the  enlarged,  coriaceou.s,  lacerated  involucre.-Shrubs 
Amonts   and   capitate  fertile    clusters  subterminal,  expanding  betbio 

^  m'n,^.^®r^°^»"?  ^"^':>  ^'"':  '•"""^^'^  «"-'^fe.  actiminato ;  invol.  roundish,  cam- 
S -Shrub  Ktnr''f*^r^'""  ^•'".'•"""^'t.  ""*•  '^'  ^<>rd^- dilai^d  a,ui coarmy^Tr- 
a  t^lln^  3  ngh,  growing  ,n  thickets  and  fxirders  of  fields,  U.  S.     Lvs. 

6  to  6  Jong,  f  as  wide.  From  tl.o  ends  of  tho  branches  hang  the  lor.ir  Dendulom 
ZTjf^^TT  flowers  in  April  The  nuts  aro  re.imrkably  dint hfgu^S  by 
the  largos  bell^haped  invoI.  in  which  each  ono  is  enveloped.  They  are  uwelK 
flavored  iru.t,  though  somewhat  inferior  to  the  European  hazoIorjaL? 
C.  rostrata  Alt.  Lvs.  ohlong-ovaie,  acuminate ;  stip.  linear-lanceolato-  invnt 
ZSlLTtn  'r^^'  l""i-^'-'"  °"^  ^.parted,' with'  dentate  ^Tn^.J.7uL 
cnieny  uincrs  from  it  in  tho  involucre  which  is  covered  with  short,  stiff  liairs.  and 

3  C  Avelldna  L      Filbert.      Lvs.   roundish,  cordate,  acuminate-   stio 

garde  .s,  Ac      Lvs.  nearly  sessile,  doubly  serrate,  3  to  5'  long.     Sterile  anients  3' 

long,  the  fertile  clusters  at  their  base.  Nut  large^  than  tho  naUve  spe"L    f  Asil 

5.  OS'TRYA,  Michel.   Hop  Horndeam.   Iron-wood.  Lever  Wood 

[hr  varpeov,  a  scale ;  in  allusion  to  the  conspicuous  sacs  (not  scales)  of  " 

sh-ovato,  cilmte,  1-flowered;  anthers  8  or  more,  conspicuously  bearded 
Jowon  '"T  ',  ^^'?^«^^^  geminate,  in  a  loose,  imbricated  ament; 
Uowcrs  enclosed  each  in  an  inflated,  membranous  sac  which  at  length 
leaS       ''''"*^'"'  ^^'^  matured  nut.  — Small  trees,  flowering  beflrc 

O.  Vlrginlca  WillU.     Lvs.  ovat^  acuminate,  eerrate ;  fertile  ament  oblong,  pea- 


648 


Ohder  120.— BETCJLACE.K. 


s^TnV'i"'?  ."»tl»er  acute—A  small  tn«  disseminated  throu^Iwut  t).«  n    ^. 

and  strong,  mnch  uaed  for  levers,  &c.    Apr.,  May.  ^  *^*"^^''  '^'»'"'* 

6.  CARPFNUS,  L.      Hornbeam.    (Celtic  ca-  wood    and  «,„«  ^^ 
■  head;  a  lading  to  its  uso  in  making  yoke,  tor  caU\^\'^So^\t 
ong  cyhndncament;  eal.  scale  roundish,  clliate;  sta  slu   XLVv 

C  Americana  L,  Lvs.  oblongovate,  acnrainateL  nnequally  serrate  •  90flV,  «f ,. 
fertile  arnent  3.parted  ti.e  middle  oegment  mSch  tria^rg^s^  oblique  «"K 
fi  ■li.T^tT-^  Bmall  tree  {12-20f  high),  common  in  woods  t  uouSut  leV 
e.  iho  wood  13  very  flne-^rained,  compact  and  white  covered  wifh  1  iLV* 
or  ash-colored  bark.  Leaves  2-4'  long,  A  as  wide  n^tiXe  Frnm  u  *  '*  P^ 
the  branches  hang  the  long,  loose,  pale^'g^iriea'yCent^'  consi™in«Vf1S^^^^ 
nate  pairs  of  enlarged  scales,  with  a  dark-colored  nut  at  thVba^eofeafh     5; 

Gbdkb  CXX.    BETULACE^    Birchwoots. 

Trees  or  *Ara6*  with  leciduous  stipules.  Bark  separating  into  thin  layers  /./,«„ 
alternate,  simple,  with  the  veinlets  running  straight  to  th!  margi^  fZ'JZ" 
OKMous,  amentaceous,  mostly  naked.  3  in  the  axil  of  a  3-lobed  bract.  $  Stamen, 
definite  d..anct.     ArUI.rs  2-oolled.     ,  Ovary  2.cellod,  2^yu!3d,  becoming  in^S 

•?J    .  "1      '^'''^  ^''^  •''''•"■*'°">  membranous  and  indehisceut.     Seed  pe.,dulou3. 
without  albumen.     Fig?.  17,  90,  106,  111,  41D  420 

1  BETULA,  Toiirn.  Birch.  (Betu  is  the  Celtic  nwmefortho  birch  ) 
S  if  lowcm  in  a  cyl.ndnc  anient ;  bracS  deeply  3-parted,  peltate ;  calvx 
a  scale  ;  stamen*  4  ?  Ament  oblong^void/scalts  trilobate  ;  calyx  0  • 
ov-anes  3  under  cr.h  scale;  stigmas  2,  fiiifonn  ;  nut  compressed,  witll 
a  me.nbranous  margm.-rrees  and  shrubs,  with  the  outer  bark  lam- 
inated and  horizontally  fibrous,  the  ian.r  aromatic.  Branchlets  dot- 
ted.    Lvs.  ovate,  serrate.     Figs.  419,  420. 


1  B.  ezo^lsa  Ait  Yello'.v  Lrncir.  Lvs.  ovate-flli,.iu;,  subacuminato  •  sub- 
cordate,  coarsely,  sharply,  and  doubly  serrate,  smooth  iv  h.  'u  old,  i  "  "  downy 
petioles;  fort,).,  amenta  erect,  ovoidob.ong ;  lok.s  of  d.u  bract^  subequa  "cute 
divergmg.-A  common  forest  tree,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  Can.,  arising  h.  w3 
to  he  height  of  60  to  801;  with  a  trunk  2  to  3f  m  di.m.,  invented  wSi  a  tC 
yeJlowKsh  savery  outer  bark  stripping  of.  i.  transverse  s'l ,rods.     BaTrin  anS 

2  B.  16nta  L.    Black  Biactt.    Sweet  Bmcii.    MAuoaAKY  Birch.    (Fip.  202) 
lvs  cordate-ovate,  acumuiate,  acutely,  finely,  and  doubly  serrate,  veias  bcneatl 
and  petioles    mny;  MuL  amenta  erect,  oval-oblong,  ,l,ik,  obtuse,  ^LS 
mo     in  uf^'  v'   "^''  «'^/"«^«;;t'^^q'i"'.  <iiv.'rging.-Ti,i.  noble  s'pe^cies  is  com' 
taou  in  the  Kaattrn  and  Middlo  bt„  .os,  often  t-xceeding  COf  in  Lei-ht  with  a 


Ordee  120.— BETULACE^. 


C4D 


pliere.  Prop-rtie* 


diameter  of  2  to  3f.  Tlio  trunk  is  invested  with  a  dark  brown  or  reddish  bark 
winch  becomes  rough  in  old  trees,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  agreeably  aromatic 
fragrance  and  flavor.  Leaves  3—4'  long,  about  J  as  wide.  Sterilo  aments  2—3' 
long,  fertile  mrich  shorter  and  thicker.  In  spring  the  cambium  affords  tha  boys  a 
delicious  moiBeL  Wood  reddish,  strong,  compact.  Apr.,  May. 
3  B,  nigra  Ait.  Red  Birch.  Lvs.  rhombiocvate,  acule  at  each  end,  doubly  ser- 
rate, or  obscurdii  9  ta  U-lobed,  glaucous  beneath ;  fertOe  ament  sessile,  erect,  ovoid, 
scales  viLous,  the  segments  linear,  equaL-A  tree  30  to  50f  high,  growing  on 
banks  of  streams  and  in  river  swamps,  Mass.,  111.  and  Fla.  (!)  Trunk  covered 
with  a  reddish  or  chocolate-colored  bark  which  at  length  becomes  very  loose  and 
torn,  hanging  in  shreds,  and  finally  rough  like  that  of  the  black  cherry.  Branches 
arched  and  slender;  branchlots  almost  filiform,  often  clothing  the  trunk  to  tho 
base.  Lvs.  dark  green  above,  about  3'  by  2'  often  smaller,  petioles  6  to  8"  Jonir 
pubescent.    May.     (B.  rubra  Mx.)  *" 

*  ?»  PopulifAlia  Ait  Poplable.wed  Birch.  White  Birch.  (Fig.  106 )  Lv 
deltoid,  lawj-acumvnaU-^  unequally  serrate  ovobscurelu  vmny-lobtd,  very  smooth  m 
smooth  p3tiole3;  fortilo  aments  pedunculate;  scales"  with  roundish,  lateral  lobes. 
—Like  the  next,  distinguished  for  the  whito  cuticle  with  which  tho  trunk  is  in- 
vested. It  IS  common  m  tho  rocky  and  mountainous  woods  of  N.  Erie  where  it 
seldom  exceeds  30  to  40f  in  height.  Tho  branches  aro  covered  with  a  reddish- 
brown  bark,  very  slender,  and  throw  out  in  May,  long,  pendulous  aments 

S  B.  papyr^cea  AiL  Papsr  Birch.  Caxoe  Birch.  Lvs.  ovale,  acuminate, 
ffly^iratetx,^  veins  hairy  beneath;  fertile  aments  nodding.7edunculato^' 
lateral  lobes  ot  the  calyx  sliort,  roundish—This  birch  is  abundant  in  tho  hillsido 
woods  of  JS.  Jing.  to  Wis.  and  Can.  It  sometimes  attains  tho  hei<rht  of  GO— 70f 
but  IS  generally  smaller.  Trunk  1— 2f  diam.,  covered  with  a  tough  cutic-ie  con- 
eisting  of  numerous  laminae,  the  outer  of  which  is  snow  white.  Of  this  tl.e  Ir 
dians  construct  their  light  canoes.  Branches  dark  brown.  Leaves  2—3'  lono-  l 
as  wide.  Sterilo  aments  1-2'  long.  The  wood  is  of  a  fine,  compact  tex^urc^ 
easily  wrought     May,  Jn.  *  ' 

^'  "  w^^.    x^y"^  Tu  "?'  ''^"*°;  glabrous,  acute,  some  of  them  roundish-obtuso. 
— VViute  Mts.     Shrubs  G — 9f  high. 

6B.  pumilaL.  Dwarp  Bmcii.  Shrub  erect,  {tz  ascending  branches  j/.'anc^ttinr- 
fwctate,  glabrous;  lvs.  obovate,  entire  at  base,  obtusely  «ermte,  glabrous •  fertile 
ament  cyl.ndrical,  about  as  long  as  tho  leaves-  scales  half  3M  lobes'  ovat^ 
oblong  middle  one  rather  longest;  nut  orbicular,  conspicuously  margined  —  \ 
beiuitiful  shrub  nihabiting  tho  mountainous  districts  of  N.  and  N.  W  State's  N 
0  Hudson  s  Bay.  Heigi.t  2  to  Cf  Lvs.  about  y"  by  6  or  7",  very  .vgul'arhr" 
toothed.     Amentsof  botukinds?  to9".     (B.  glanJulosa  Mx.)     '•'*'•' 

'^'rfti^.f^l^i  ^  '^T  ^'""P"' .  vf  "■"*'  ^'"'  ^'■"'''"2''  ''^°^"'  ■'  ^''-  orbicyJar,  nrna^, 
reticulated  beneath;  scales  of  Ihe^  ament  deeplyi-parted;  seeds  orbk^hv,  nearly 
i6.«^Zes«.-This  miniature  tree  is  found  on  tho  summits  of  Mt  Clinton,  Mt.  Frank^ 
i;n,  &c.  of  the  White  Mts.  It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  foot  in  height  cfion  but  a 
ew  inches,  the  branches  few  and  stragglin-  the  lvs.  *  to  f  diam.,  s,>,ooth  boti 
sides  pair  and  distmctly  reticulate  beneath,  and  on  petioles  1  to  2"  loay  (U  Littul- 
lan^i  Tuckerman.)  *>•  v   •  ^"■•'^^ 

3.  AL'KUS,  Tourn.  Alder.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  from  Celtie 
c,  near  /an,  tlic  river  bank.)  $  Aments  cylindric,  droMpiuir,  iU 
br.cts  with  5  bract.olcs  beneath ;  calyx  4-partcd ;  stamens  4,  anthem 
-i-ccHed  ?  Aments  ovoid,  bracts  ctincatc,  truncate,  fleshy,  2-flowered- 
calyx  of  4  scales  adnate  below  to  the  bracts,  all  persistent  and  woody 
m  Iruit ;  fruit  compressed,  wingless  or  winged.     ""     '  '        ' 

large  and  strong  roots.     Buds  pedunculate!  *Lvs. 
5  Aments  panicicd.     (Fig.  111.) 

S  Fruit  wingless,    Nos.  1,  2.  §§  Fruit  broadly  winged. 

1  A  Incdna  Willd.  Specklkd  Alder.  Black  Alder,  iut.  eubmembranous. 
oblong  acutish,  oi,<««  at  base  cr  cordau,  n^.nrgln  .cnicwhat  lobed  slmrpTyscl 
r^xio,  glaucous-pubescent  beneath;   veins  hirsute,  their  axi:3  naked ;%V.Lnj^ 


Shrubs  arising  from 
plicate  ii\  vernation, 

(.VLNA8TEB,8j»9Ch.)     No.  a. 


600 


Order  121.— MYRICAOE^ 


lanceolate;  fbrtllo  amenta  oval.— Not  uiicomtnon  along  atroamfl,  N  Enir  toMVit 
and  Can.  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  readily  distiiiguishablo  by  the  fonj  an.i 
piibescouce  of  tho  leaves.     (A.  glauca  Mx.)  ^    ""  wna  ana 

2  A.  •emilAta  Willd.  Smooth  Alder.  Lva  obovak,  acuminate,  doublv  scmi 
late,  smooth  beneath,  except  the  veins  and  their  axils  ;  stip.  eUiptical  obtuse --\ 
well  known  shrub  growing  in  clumps,  and  forming  thickets  on  the  bordtra  of 
ponds  and  rivers,  and  ni  swampa  Stems  numerous,  rather  straight  10— r.f  ;„ 
height.  Ix^aves  2-4'  long  and  |  as  wide,  strongly  veined;  petioles' J— i'  iomr 
Amenta  2—:$  long,  slender,  pendulous,  fiiscided  at  tlio  ends  of  the  branchoH- 
fertile  ones  short,  thick,  dark  brown,  persistent,  several  together  a  little  below  tlm 
sterile  one.     Mar,  Apr.     (A.  rubja  Tuckorman.) 

3  A.  vfridia  DC.  Mountain  Aij)er.  Lvs.  oval,  acute,  obtusish  at  base  doublv 
sorraU),  clothed  with  a  soft  viscid  pubescence,  or  subglabrrus,  villous  on  the  veina 
nnd  axils  boneatli ;  stip.  broadly  ovute;  fertile  aments  on  long  peduncles  oval  — 
High  mountain  streams,  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  Can.  An  elegant  shrub  .l-ltf  hiirh 
Leaves  varying  to  broad-ovate,  rarely  cordate,  nearly  smobth  in  tho  'alpine  state' 
otherwise  softly  pubescent  and  8i>rinkled  with  resinous  particles.  Anr  ^a' 
criapa  Mx.)  ^  ■    ^  • 

Order  CXXI.     MYRICACE^     Galeworts. 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted,  often  fragrant  loaves,  with  tho  Jlowcrif 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  achlamydooua,  both  kinds  in  scaly  aments.  $  Staineua  2 
to  8.  5  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  1  erect  ovule;  stigmas  2,  flUform.  Fruit  dry  or  dru- 
paceous, indohiscent.     Seed  with  no  albumen. 

Genera  S  npfciM  20,  fl>niirt  in  tho  tetni>orato  purts  ..f  N.  Amortca,  tti  India  an.l  S.  Afrtciu  nn.I 
ono.,H,oioslnK..,r<,,.c.  S.reetFernU  higlili"  aroi.mtio  and  uatringent.  Tho  fruit  uftK 
terry /^M/t/t  yields  wax  abundantly.         .  ■•.  «•  uiu  jK^y 

1.  MYRrCA,  L.  Candleberry  Myrtle.  (Gr.  /tvp/^w,  to  perfume, 
The  name  anciently  dosi<riiated  tho  Tamarind  tree.)  Flowers  <??.—! 
Aments  $  cylindrical,  ?  small,  ovoid-capitate.  $  Stamens  4  to  6, 
short,  erect,  anthers  large,  4-valved.  $  Ovary  1  to  each  bract,  with  3 
scales  at  its  base,  superior ;  styles  2,  spreading ;  stigmas  2,  acute ;  drupo 
1-celled,  1-seeded,  covered  with  wax  or  resinous  dots.  Stip.  very  fuga- 
cious or  0.  r        J     b 

1  M.  G^le  L.  SwEOT  Gale.  Dutch  Myrtle.  Lv.9.  clustered,  cuneate-lanceolafe, 
obti'so  and  serrate  above,  margin  very  entire  ard  slightly  revolute  below,  tapering 
to  a  very  short  petiole;  sterile  aments  clustered^  of  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  ciliato 
scales ;  //•.  dotted  in  an  oblong,  dense,  amentaceous  head.— A   branching  shrul) 

^  3— 4f  high,  on  the  inundated  borders  of  ponds  and  mountain  lakes.  Can.  to  Car' 
Leaves  dark  green,  paler  beneath  with  a  strong  niidvein,  9—18"  by  4—6",  entire 
J  the  length.  S  and  $  aments  on  separate  plants,  the  former  terminal,  about  1' 
in  length,  the  latter  axillary  and  much  shorter.  Fruit  and  leaves  when  crushed 
with  a  i»inge- 1,  spicy  odor.     May. 

2  M.  ceiifera  L.  Bayberry.  Wax  Myrtle.  Lvs.  glabrous,  euneate-ohhmj, 
rather  acute  or  obtuse,  distinctly  petiolato,  margin  entire  or  remotely  undulato- 
dentato  above;    aments  cotemporary  with  the  leaves,  scattered,  naked,  the  $ 

>  larger,  with  lax,  roundish  scales ;  //•.  sphi.'rical,  distinct,  clustered,  covered  with 

tooc.- This  interesting  nnd  useful  shrub  is  found  in  dry  woods  or  in  open  field" 
-   Nova  Scotia  to  Flor.,  W.  to  Lake  Erie.     Height  2— 8f,  covered  with  a  gravisii 

bark.     Very  branching  with  numerous  dry  looking  leaves,  18  to  30"  by  G  to  9' . 

Aments  G  to  9"  long.     Drupe  ]  \"  long,  covered  with  white  wax.— tho  bavberry 

tauuw  oi  cornmerco.     Mav. 

'  '^''i.  ^**"0**"*n**"  ^-  ^^^^-  larger,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  cuncate-ellipticat,  acute, 
,  with  about  4  acut^.  teeth  near  the  apex,  petiolato ;  /?  aments  solitary  or  several  in 
•  the  axils  of  tho  old  leaves ;  S  naked,  with  rounded,  acuminate  scales.— S\vamv», 
- ,  S.  Car.  to  Fia.     Shrub  4  to  8f  high.     Lvs.  a  vu  5'  by  1  to  2',  petiole  1'  or  less. 


Obdbb  122.— SALIC  ACE.B.  g^j 

/f.-.^uh"" n  ""  ^""^  *"  .""1.  P"""^""-    5  ">"«''  "''orter.      Fruit  laroc   riobuLir 
(Pursh.     Our  speciiaous  in  flowor.)    Mar.,  Apr.  ^     g'ODumr. 

2.  COMPTO^NIA,    Solaml.     Swebt  Fern.      (I„   honor  of   /fenry 
Cw/an  Lord  Bashop  of  London.)     Flowers  §     ^  An.ent  cylindric' 
bract  roniform-cordate    acu.ninatc ;    calyx-scalo  2-partod ;   stamens  V 
forked,  each  bear.ng  2  half  anthers.      ¥  Ament  ovate ;  Calyx-scales  6 
bnger  than   the  hract;  style,   2;  nnt  ovoid,   l-celled.-lL  Tu^ 
mSc  ''^^''''^'  pinnatifid-lobed,  with  small  stipules,  strongly  aro- 

^■-T£?2%i^h*V..J:y''  ^"."&/'""««'-JTeo]atc,  alternately  mnuate-pinnatifl J- •' 
Wiu  rri. .?     ^    4  *=«'"""»  '«  ^"-y  wcxkJs  and  hills,  Can.   to  Md.  (Shriver)  and 
AV  .a.  (Labium)     The  main  stem  is  covered  with  a  rUy  brown  bakwilich  be 
comes  redd..,  in  the  brnnchcH,  a„d  white  downy  in  the  yoWg  shoots^     Us.  nn" 
inorous,  on  short  r;edunelo«,  li  to  4'  by  G",  divided  noarlyVtl?.  Svd"  into  nS 
merous  rounded  lobes  so  as  to  rosomblo  those  of  the  SpLnw ort     Stip  iHa^ra 
ac-um,nate.     Barron  flowers  in  erect,  cylindric  eaticius,  U..rrainYaud  laem     ^C 
^^'<Z^^::^^Z-^' ''-''''  below  the  barrtiir-  .^a 

Order  CXXII.— SALICACEJE.     Willoworts. 

Tre^  or  .shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  or  pereistont  stipules 
howers  S  $    both  k.nds  in  amcnts,  one  under  each  bract  of  t^  ament.     cll 
.K)no  or  cup-form  and  entire.     Ovary  1  to  2  celled,  with  2  short  stylea     Fruti*. 
<!ap8uIo,  2-valved,   cosoeded.      Seeds  with  a  coma,  and  no  albumen.      Illust   in 
flgs.  47,  a;  81,  98,  26G,  267,  2G8,  2C9,  465. 

entire   1-flowerod,  each  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  base.      S  Calyx' 

jJiu\-7j'  *  .^'u  ?'  ova.  ovoul-lanceolate,  acuminate;  6tig..2, 
mostly  hm  ;  caps.  1-celIed,  2  valved,  valves  acuminat6,  finally  revolutc' 
at  summit ;  seeds  numerous,  minute,  comous.— Trees,  shrubs  and  under- 
shrubs.  Lvs.  usually  narrow  and  elongated,  usutlly  with  conspicuous 
stipules.     Amcnts  terminal  and  lateral.  P'«^uouh 

§  Anient*  sessile  cxr.amlinabof.,ro  tlie  leaves  In  early  spring.    Stamen*  2     Ovaries 

♦  Ovaries  noMi^-IU   ""?  *""''  'f  "'.  ''"^""-    S*"'"'"  "'  "'""I I  tree,'.  V;'""''*^* 
O, arles  P««^ "«'';•    Leave. snbentire  gray W,.,lowny,  rngu...^  ...arglns  8,>bre v- 

Ovaries  pedicellate     Leaves  s^-rrulatc,  smooth  an.l  shining  aboCg^uconV  be-         '"^ 

♦  Ovarii  ,w"-t^.  n  ,^""'?'»  ''"•««•'  very  bairy.    Shn.bs  8  to  15f. . .   .'^...  %„.  .^ 
0.ares  'iti'w.th^/rrbrS'al'b.r.'!'.'-^''''^   ^""-"-  '^ryin,    Uac.:^;- ^^ 

•  Ovaries  sessile.    Leaves  wubentlre.  n.)t  <Irylnit  black w     *•«',? 

•  Ovaries  L'lahrons.     ghrnba  e-vet,  ortr^PS.  ?ru"Wb^h      (Jr ^"^  ^^^^ 

a  Ovaries  pe.llc..ll.^te      Scales  fcreenlsh-yellow.  .leci.lnous^  (b) 

b  etamens  mostly  %  sometimes  8.    Leaves  plauwufl  beneath  Nos  ts  ^i 

b  Stamens  njostly  ft  (4  to  6).   I^ave.  green  on  both  sides        S^'  en  li 

a  Oviirles  pe.iicellate.    Scales  dark  or  blatV  persisten"    (b) *"  ^^'^^ 

b  Loaves  crdate  or  at  Iea.st  tni:;Mte  at  the  base,  4  to  15f  hlith  Nos   22  2-» 

*  n^j!T'''*T'\"'  '"P"<ngS»  -.«..    Bhnibs«to  tor  high  .^   N^'  il' I3 

a  0\  aries  sessllu.    fitamuns  it    lr«  cj,  of  lh«  largest  size ... .     nC^  t  J  27 


633 


Obdkr  122.— SALICACEiE. 


1  S.  trfstia  Alt.  Saor  Willow.  Lvs.  linear-lnncoolato  or  oblanceolate  cuncato 
at  bus.-,  entire  or  remotely  uudulate-toothed,  luargin  subrevolute,  apex  ^uto  or 
obtuaisb ;  slip,  minute,  narrow- kmceolak,  caducous ;  amenta  very  Bniall  •  acalet,  or 
bicular-obloajf,  hairy  at  the  margin;  ova.  with  grayish,  silky  puU<8cei.cu-  stv 
short.— Sandy  or  dry  Holds,  borders  of  woods,  pastures,  N.  Eu^.  to  Wis  and  C.r 
A  small,  downy  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  naked  aments.  Loaves  at  leuL'th  ru" 
morons,  otton  crowded  and  roauiato  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  1—2'  Ion;;  t'  nor' 
ing  from  above  the  middle  to  a  very  short  petiole,  the  margin  often  ro'voiuti* 
undoraurfaco  glaucous,  often  pubescent.  Varies  with  tho  twigs  and  the  diinin' 
ished  lvs.  grayish  white. 

9  S.  Muhlenberghiina  Barrntt.  Lvs.  oblanceolate,  remotely  serrate  i/labroua 
ab;)V(),  pubL'sc;ont  and  7iot  rugous  beneath ;  young  branches  smooth :  utin  lunate. 
sul)dentaie;  aments  precocious,  diandrous;  .vcafes  lanceolate,  obtuse,  villous-  ovl 
pedicellate  lanceolate  silky;  sty.  long,  bJHd ;  stig.  2-lobed.— A  shrub  in  dry 
soils,  N.,  xMid.  and  W.  States,  4— 8f  high,  with  brown  twigs.  On  tho  ends  of 
those,  cono-hko  oxcrescencos  aro  often  produced  by  the  punctures  of  insuctn 
Ainonts,  covered  with  very  hairy  scales,  appearing  before  tho  loaves  in  April" 
(S.  humilis  Marshall?     S.  conifera  Muhl.)  * 

3  S.  odndlda  Willd.  White  Willow.  Lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate 
very  long,  obscurely  serrulate  at  the  summit,  pubescent  above,  hoary-tomentous 
beneath,  rovoluto  on  tho  margin;  stip.  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles;  amenls 
cyhnilrio ;  scales  obovftte,  obtuse,  very  long,  hairy ;  stig.  2-lobod.— A  beautiful 
species  in  shady  woods,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stems  4— Gf  high.  Loaves  8—12' 
by  1—2'.  Catkins  dense,  while  with  dense  wool.  Styles  and  stigmas  dark  rod 
i  in  length.     Apr.,  May.  ^ 

4  S.  discolor  Muhl.  Branches  pubescent  when  young,  brownish  or  greenish  • 
lvs.  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  acuto  or  rather  acuminate,  remotely  serrulato- 
tootheil,  pubescent  when  young,  glaucous  beneath;  stip.  lunate,  entire,  or  with 
obtuse  tedh;  aments  oblong-cylindric,  silky,  erect;  scales  very  hairy,  oblanceolate 
at'.ute ;  ovaries  on  slioi  t  pedicels,  densely  silky.- Shrub  or  small  tree  1  to  15f 
high,  in  wet  places,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  Car.  Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  finally  glabrous 
tho  stipules  usually  conspicuously  toothed  at  base.  Aments  1'  to  18"  in  flower' 
the  fjrtiio  at  length  2'  or  more.     Slerilo  dense,  silky  white.  ' 

5  S.  erioc6phala  Mx.  Woolly-iieadkd  Swamp  Willow.  Branchlets  very  pu- 
bescent,  brown  or  purplish;  lvs.  lanceolate-elliptic  or  oblong,  cuncato  at  baao 
entire  or  remotely  serrulate  above,  under  surface  glaucous  or  ferruginous  both 
surlaces  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  the  upper  surface  green  and  nearly 
«mo()th ;  stip.  semicordate,  with  .sharp  serratures,  aments  oval-oblong,  densely  vil- 
lous; scales  obovate,  obtuse.— X  small  tree,  putting  Ibrth  its  large  and  exceedingly 
woally  catkins  ia  Apr.     Grows  in  swamps,  N.  Eng. 

6  S.  aenaitiva  Barratt.  Fuost  or  Tender  Willow.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate,  cuneato  and  entire  at  base,  finely  serruto  at  the  apex,  ami  nioro  dis- 
tantly and  strongly  serrate  towards  tho  base,  glabrous  and  rather  thin ;  stip.  sub- 
Jakate  serrate ;  $  aments  rather  lax ;  scales  rather  lax,  lightly,  clothed  with  grayish 
blach  hairs.— 2V  small  tree  about  15f  high,  found  in  various  parts  of  N.  Eng,  &c 
The  aments  and  twigs  aro  frequently  destroyed  by  frost  at  flowering  time,  bcin- 
timily  protected  with  hairs.  Lvs.  smooth,  3  to  5'  by  l.V  to  2'  Amenta  li' 
long.  '     ■*  * 

T  S.  aerlcea  Marsh.  Gray  Willow.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrulnlc,  acumiiiato, 
smooth  above,  stUcy  beneath;  stip.  ovate-oblong,  denticulate,  deflected,  deciduous; 
scales  oblong,  hairy,  black  at  tho  tip,  rather  longer  than  the  pedicel  of  the  oblong, 
eAky  ovary;  stig.  sessile,  obtuse.— A  sLrub  6  to  8f  liigh,  in  inundated  meadowis 
A.  h.ng.  to  Wis.  and  Va.  Branches  purplish,  long  and  slender,  very  tough,  e.\- 
copt  at  tho  base,  where  they  aro  very  brittle.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  A  to  1'.  ?  A  luenta 
very  abundant,  J'  long.     (S.  grisea  Willd.) 

S  S.  pedoliris  Smiih.  Lonu-stalkkd  Green  Osfeu.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  scrrato, 
acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  silky  at  base,  mostly  inequilateral;  stip.  lu- 
nate, dentate ;  aments  ap|)earing  before  tho  loaves ;  scales  lax,  obovate,  obtuse, 
hairy,  black,  shorter  than  the  pedicel  of  Vie  ovoid-acuminate,  silky  ovary ;  stigma 
2-tooed,  short-stykd.—Lovf  grounds,  banks  of  streams,  Coim.  to  111.  and  S.  Uai; 


Obdee  122.— SALIC  ace  a 


660 


Shrub  or  small  trco,  4  to  15f  liigh,  with  long,  slender,  smooth,  purple  or  yel' 
lovnah  green  twigs,  tough  and  eiaalic,  used  in  basiiet  making.  (S.  roamarini- 
folia  I'll.) 

/J.  Fusc.iTA.    Lva.  obovate-lanceolato,  acuto ;  aments  of  a  leaden  hue  from  tha 
tiiirincr  iiairs. 

9  S,  vimiudlia  L.  Basket  Osier.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  ncuminato, 
mheiilko,  sU/cij-canescerU  betieaih ;  slip,  minute ;  branches  virgato ;  amonta  preco-' 
cioiis;  scales  rouudisli,  very  liairy  \  Jilanienls  distinct;  ova.  sessile,  ovoid-  sty. 
Uliform ;  atig.  undivided,  acute.— Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  rivo.-o.  Su  'lO  to 
I'Jf  higii,  with  long,  straight,  slender,  and  flexible  branches.  Lvji.  often  a  foot  in 
length,  narrow,  covered  with  a  snow-white  pubcsceiico  beneath.  Aments  very- 
liairy.     May.     §  Eur.  ' 

10  8.  purpurea  L.  Purple  Willow.  Lvs.  partly  opposite,  obovate-lameolate. 
serrulate  above,  very  smootfi,  narrowed  at  the  base,  amenta  cylindrical,  with  leafy 
bracts  at  b;iso ;  scales  orbicular,  black;  filaments  united  into  1,  with  2  anthers; 
ovary  sessile,  ovate-ellipiic;  sty.  very  siiort;  stig,  emarginata— Low  grounds 
river  banks,  and  cultivated  like  tlio  last  for  basket-making.  Shrub  C  to  lOf 
high.  Twigs  very  long,  slender  and  tougli,  covered  with  a  smootli,  olivo-colored 
bark. 

11  S.  Tostr^ta  Richardson,  branches  croct^  straight,  pubcaeont,  at  length 
smooth ;  lvs.  broadly  or  obovale-lanceolate,  acute,  subentire,  at  length  coriaceous, 
smootli  above,  alaucous-pubcscent  beneath;  slip,  semicordate,  dentate;  amentt 
short,  cyhndric,  dense,  the  fertile  ones  becoming  very  long  and  looso ;  scales  ob- 
long, membranous,  liairy  at  the  apex;  ova.  narrow-lancoolate,  silky,  long-acumi- 
na^,  on  very  long  pedicels;  sty.  very  short ;  stitj.  lobed,  the  lobes  bifid  or  entifft. 
—Shrub  or  small  tree  8—1  Of  high.  Uark  of  the  trunk  dark-colored,  of  tho 
branches  yellow. 

12  8.  longifdlia  MuhL  Lono-leaved  Wir.LOW.  Lvs.  linear,  acuminate  at  each 
end,  elongated,  remotely  toothed,  smcxjlh,  nearly  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides- 
stip.  lanceolate,  dentate;  aments  to.nentous,  pedunculate;  sta.  2;  scales  flat  re^ 
tuso;  ovary  short-stalked ,- yid.  bearded  at  base,  twice  longer  than  tho  scales.— 
River  banks  from  tho  Conn,  and  Ohio  to  Oregon  and  BriL  Am.  .  It  possesses  a 
remarkable  power  of  rooting,  extending  itself  and  binding  tho  loo.so  sands  to- 
gether.    Stems  about  2f  liigli,  with  brown  branches  and  white  branchleta 

13  8.  phjlicifdlla  L.  Moun'taix  Willow.  Lvs.  ovate  or  lanceolate,  remotely 
repand-serrato,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  slip,  semicordate,  oblique  at  apex; 
aments  bracteate,  $  sessilo  ;  caps,  pedicellate,  conical-elongated,  somewhat  silkv; 
sty.  long. — White  Wts.  A  liandsome,  low  shrub,  spreading,  with  broad-ellipticaL 
very  smooth  leaves,  the  margins  i-epand-serrate. 

14  8.  rdpeua  L.  Creeping  Willow.  Low,  crecpinc:;  lvs.  obovate  or  lance-olo- 
vale,  acutish  or  bluntly  acuminate,  obscurely  crenate-toolhed,  glabrous  and  shining 
above,  silky-pubescent,  at  length  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  reticulate  both 
fides;  stip.  oblong,  very  cadwous;  aments  short,  few-fiowored,  veryeilky;  stam 
2  :  ovary  silky,  pedicellalo.— Alpino  summits  White  MLs,  and  northward.  Sts.  a 
fjw  niches  above  ground.  Lvs.  8  to  12"  by  4  to  C  ',  petioles  3  to  4",  clothed 
with  silky  pubescence  when  young,  very  smooth  when  old. 

15  S.  pediciliaris  Ph.  Lvs.  elliptie-oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  rather  obtnso 
at  base,  entire,  both  sides  glabrous,  bencatii  tilightly  glaucous  and  reticulato- 
vein.d;  aments  pedunculate:  caps,  ovate-conic,  glabrous, /oay-pediccto/;-  scales 
sliort,  obtuse,  a  little  hairy;  sty.  very  short;  lobes  of  tiio  stigma  deft.— Mountain 
swamps,  N.  Kng.  and  N,  Y.  A  lov  and  ckgant  slirub,  w'iih  rather  a  virgato 
hiilnt,  remarkable  for  its  entire  iiraoc>thnes.s.  On  inountuins  it  is  inoro  fitia<rgliiig 
Lvs.  light,  yellowish  green,  1  to  .' '   •  i  j-  very  entire,     ^i^.  myrtilloidea  Tucker.) 

16.  8.  Uva-tirsi  Ph.  Lvs.  ellipuca:.  or  cbovale,  obtuse  at  each  end,  glaadular- 
denliajJate,  Binooth  above,  g!a,i«,„.s-f?in<K)thish  beneath,  silk v-viilous  v.'Ijcu  yomig- 
aments  pedunculate,  cylindric,  dense;  caps,  ovate-conie,  briefly  pedicellate,  glabrous' 
«cafc.»  obovate,  black,  silky;  stam.  one;  stig.  bilid,  lobes  at  leiigch  cleft— White 
Alts.  N.  n.     A  low  or  prostrate  shrub.     Lvs.  3  to  5' by  2  to  3' .     Aments  6'. 

17  8.  herb^cea  L.     IIehu  Willow.     Arctic  Willow.     Dwarf;  los.  orbicular 
cordaie,seriate,  glabrous,  veiny  j  amenta  fow-llowercd,  sessilo;  scales  small,  glab- 


054 


Order  122.— SALICACE^. 


rous;  ovaries  sessile,  lanceolate,  glabrous;  style  short;  atlsr.  lobes  bifld      n„  .u 
alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  to  Lab.  and  the  Are  Island,""  a     •'"* 
teresting  little  shrub,  the  smallest  of  its  tribe.     Stem  a^nd  nl     l_2^":;'■ 
Leaves  about  3'  diameter,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides.     Si  J^    ^^'• 
Hoots  long,  creeping,  branching.    Jn.,  Jl.  ^^^   wanting. 

18  S.  fragflis  L.  Crack  Willow.  Bedford  Willow  Lva  nvn*^  i 
glabrous,  whole  margin  serrate,  acuminate,  petioles  glandular  •  '^r!-''^'']''*^' 
pointed,  dentate;  ova.  on  short  pedicels,  oblong-ovoid,  gbSou;  ILTnTf''"' 
than  the  styles;  scale,  oblong,  about  equaling  Ihe  ovaries  ^ubescet  £1^^'/ 
With  an  abortive  0"ary.— A  tall  tree,  60  or  80f  high,  native  in  firP«T'p?»  •  '  f 
hus  a  bushy  head,  with  numerous  oblique,  irregular  bmnche  The  flS^^  I* 
o«  at  base^by  a  slight  touch.    The  wo2d  is  of^  salmontSor.  ^'(rfflllat 

19  S.  decfplena  Hoffm.   Branches  smooth,  highly  polished  •  Ivs  Iaiirpnlnt«  „i„i 
rous,  serrate,  acuminate,  flora'-  ones  often  ob^njatlandrecuZdVi"^^^^^ 

.  glandular;  stzp.  small,  semi^ate,  acute,  dentate,  often  0;  e^r^.^pedicolfa  Td 
rou3    acuminate;  sty.  longe,-  than  the  2-cleft  stigL.-A  small  eWanttreo^^ 
markable  for  the  pol  shed,  light,  reddish-bro'wn  twigs,  appeai^g  as^f  "vVrSeS' 

^^/?;/"*^*  Marshall.  Black  Willow.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear  attenu 
feat  each  ,nd,  serrulate  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  petiole  7Z 'rS^: 
above  tomentous;  stip.  dentate,  caducms;  aments  erect,  cy  indric  villous  .cnl^^ 
oblong,  very  villous;  fil.  3  to  6  (generally  5),  bearded  at  baS^JrAX? 
Hof  f'^'r''^  u*^-/^'^  short;  stig.  bifid.-A large  shrub  or  small  trefiool'; 
to  20f  high  on  the  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Fla.  and  Ark.    Branches  ^Vvbrittlo 

t^zztitz^'^  ^^""^  ^-  ^  '^'-^^^^  ^-'^^  ^-  -row:  4r8^X- 

"^'(^to  rh.J"    ^''^'  ^°°^  """"^  """^  °''  ^^^  ^^'^"*''-    (^-  Par«biana  Spr.     S.  fal- 

^l/?;i^°*'^^,^^"'\'-  ,SHi-^iNa  Willow.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  hna-pointed  rounded 
at  base  smooth  and  shining;  stip.  ohlong,  serrate;  stam.  3  to  5,  mostlv  5  W^f 
lanceolate  obtuse,  serrate  and  smooth  at  the  tlp,'hai.y  at  the  ba^  Lnefrar 
ceolate-subulate  smooth ;  stylebiM ;  stigmas  obtuse._A  smaU  and  beSuTtreo" 
common  m  N.Eng   Middle  States,  Mich,  and  British  Am.     Trunk  iSS  | S 

f^Zt     ''"''  ^^''''f'^  .«"««*'•'  dark,  shining  greei^     Leaves  br«»d  and  ilS' 
dark  green  above,  tapering  to  a  long  point.     May.  ^      ^ ' 

^L^ofh°^^f  f  *^''^'-  A^^'-  «blo2^-Jan«e"^ato,  acuminate,  cordate  at  base 
smooth;  .s<»^  large,  roundish-ovate,  Jf«c^y  serrate;  stam.  sometimes 'i-  scales  Ian: 
ceolato,  yoolly,  black,  twice  shorter  than  the  pedicel  of  the  lanceo  ate  Soo.J» 
ovary;  Bty.  very  short ;  stig.  bifid.-An  elegant%hrub,  6 '^8  high  t 'swamps 
throughout  the  Mid  States.    Branches  green  and  sm^th,  with   fght-greln  K 

lyrfndtrllfeyai-Srr)^"^^'*  '^'^  ^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^ 

petiol^vUlm.s;  stifx  very  larg^  reniform-ovate, '  obtuse,  glandular^mate     om- 

no'.  of  t'h«  r"''  w'"^  ^'*"r*^*'''  ^^"J^'  ^'^^l^'  »  thi;d%horter  tl an  the'ped^- 
tree  iJfo  Trrf''''™°"''^°"''''-^'  ''^'  ^^--y^hort;  stig.  2.parted.-A  s^n  a  1 
tree,  10  to  1 5f  higl^  growing  m  swamps.  Branches  green,  red  towards  the  ci 
the  younger  ones  pubescent     Much  used  in  basket-making.    Apr    May 

acute°S?if«!?,  3^^-  ^?-^^-^^^^'='>  ^''^^w.  Lvs.  obbng-Ianccolate. 
aonto  SLndlw         ^''  '"^^"^'^  '^'™'«'  «™^'h,  glaucom  beneath  stip.  ovate, 

sty.  hiHd,  stig    bifid— Swamps,  N.  Bng.  to  Va.     A  .smalt  shmh   with  -r-eP 


Obder  122.— SALICACEiE. 


655 


2-lobed. — Banks  of  streams  from  the  Conn,  to  tbe  Miss.    An  excellent  osier, 
with  very  long  and  slender  twigs,  long  and  narrow  leaves. 

26  S.  ▼itelllna  L.  Yellow  Willow.  Golden  Osier.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, with  thickened  serratures,  smooth  above,  paler  and  somewhat  silky  be- 
neath ;  stip.  0  ;  amenta  cylindric ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  outside ;  ova. 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth ;  stig.  subsessile,  2-lobed. — This  willow  was  pro- 
bably introduced,  but  is  now  very  common  by  roadsides,  &c.  It  is  a  tree  of 
moderate  height,  with  shining  yellow  branchea.     May. 

/3.  OBRULEA.     Lvs.  with  a  bluish  hue,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  beneath. — On 
river  banks. 

27  S.  Babyldnica  L.  "Weepino  "Willow.  (Fig.  47,  a).  Branches  pendulous; 
lvs.  linear-lanceoUiie,  acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath ;  stip.  roundish,  oblique, 
acuminate;  ova.  stssile,  ovate,  smooth. — A  large  tree  of  rapid  growth  and  of  a 
most  graceful  and  elegant  form,  cultivated  until  nearly  naturalized.  Only  the  ? 
plant  has  yet  been  recognized  in  the  U.  S.  §  Eur. — (i.  annularis,  the  curled 
willow,  with  the  leaves  regularly  recurved  into  rings  or  coils,  is  a  cultivated 
variety. — The  long,  slender  branchlets  very  naturally  indicate  the  English  name 
of  the  tree  and  give  it  a  place  in  the  church-yard  to  "  weep"  over  the  remains  of 
the  departed.  The  Latin  name  was  happily  suggested  to  Linnaeus  by  the  137th 
Fsaim: 

"By  tlio  rivers  of  Babylon  thoro  wo  sat  flown; 
Yea,  we  wept,  when  wo  roiiioinbered  Zion. 
Wo  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  zviUowt  in  the  midst  thereof 

2.  POP'ULUS,  Tourn.  Poplar.  Aspen.  (Lat.  populus,  the  people ; 
being  often  planted  along  the  public  ways.)  Aments  cylindric  ;  bracts 
lacerately  fringed ;  calyx  an  oblique,  disk-like  cup,  \\,s  margin  entire ; 
S  Stamens  8  to  30.  $  Ova.  superior;  style  very  short,  bifid;  stigma 
large,  2-lobcd ;  capsule  2-valved,  2-ccUecl. — Trees  of  large  dimensions. 
Wood  soft  and  light.  Buds  varnished  with  a  fragrant  resin.  Lvs.  broad, 
petioles  long,  often  compressed  vertically,  and  glandular,  Aments  lat- 
erll\^  expanding  before  the  lvs. 

*  BranchleM  winsred  or  angular.    Leaves  ovate-cordate,  acuminate Nos.  1  2 

*  Br.inchlcts  terete.— Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  short  acuminate No!  8 

— Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse  or  ncuto Nos.  4]  5 

— Leaves  ovate,  acuminate.    Stamens  20  to  50? Nos.  6^  T 

— Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  smooth Nos.  8,  !> 

— Leaves  loboil,  whitu-touientuus  beneath No.  10 

1  P.  angulata  Ait  Wateu  Poplar,  "Western  Cotton  Tree.  Branches  acutely 
angular  or  winged;  lvs.  ovate-deltoid,  subcordate,  uucinate-serrate,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  .younger  ones  broadly  cordate. — A  tree  of  noble  dimensions,  growing 
along  the  rivers  of  the  S.  and  "W.  States.  Trunk  40  to  80f  high,  1  tj  3f  diam., 
bearing  a  broad  summit,  with  coarse  brandies  and  branchlets.  Lvs.  on  adult 
trees  2  to  3'  long,  about  the  same  v^idth,  truncate  at  base,  on  younger  shoots 
they  are  2  or  3  time;j  larger,  with  a  cordate  base.  Petioles  longer  than  the  lvs. 
Branchlets  remarkably  thick,  greenish,  spotted  with  white,  striate.  Buds  short- 
ovoid,  green,  not  coated  with  resin.    Timber  not  valuable.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  P.  monilifera  Ait.  Neck-lace  Poplar.  Cotton-wood.  Branchlets  angular, 
becoming  terete;  lvs.  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate-dentute,  smooth, 
teeth  incurved,  ciliate,  base  nearly  entire  and  subcordate;  scales  of  tiie  ament 
lacerate-fringed,  not  hairy;  stigmas  3  or  4,  very  large. — A  large  tree,  (iO  to  80f 
high,  in  woods  along  rivers  and  lakes,  Western  Vt.  to  111.  and  La.  Trunk  cylin- 
dric, straight,  1  to  3f  diam.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  conspicuously  acuminate,  nearly 
as  wide  as  long,  on  petioles  of  nearly  equal  length.  Fertile  aments  recurved  or 
pendulous,  at  length  4  to  8'  loug  and  the  capsules  remote.  Buds  varnished  as  i:i 
the  otlser  gpccics.     Apr.     (P.  I.Tvigata  Wilid.) 

3  P.  tremuloldes  Mx.  American  Aspen.  Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  pubescent  at  the  margin;  bracts  of  the  ament  3  or  4- 
cleft,  margin  silky-fringed. — Abundant  in  N.  Eng.  and  in  the  Mid.  States,  growing 
in  woods  and  open  lands.  St.  25  to  40f  in  height,  with  a  diam.  of  8  to  12'.  Baik 
Ijseeniah,  smooth,  except  on  the  trunks  of  the  oldest  trees.    Lvs.  small  (2  to  2}' 


656 


Obder  123.— SAURURACB^. 


St.  4(>r  hi«l,,  wiU»  adi.im.  or  ir,8tn,ilt    !  veS«M  [«  ""tvnuno,,. 

tro.,,iti...s  with  t:.a.t.  tvvi^H.     V.vT   S,.  V  "1  ;  ..    r'"'?  ""'^  '•".  ^''^■*'' •^^■ 
witl.  il,iok  wl,ito  down  i»  8prin,r  but  b..,11i^  ^  '''•^*''  ^''"^''^'d 

as  III  tlio  prt-ooding  spjcios.     May.  *     ^*""'-  "^"'  l'-^. 

»i,,lyho  hnso  worn,,  tj,  „|,u.  i.  ■„  „/„„  j^,.^^^  renVr  H'SS 

Order  CXXIir.     SAURURACEyK    SAtrRrRADs. 

^erS.  with  jomlea  stems,  alternate,  cntiro  loaves  fumfebed  with  stipules     Fhw- 

0.;an«  3  to  5  more  or  less  united.     S,eds  ascendin-     Embryo  eucloaed  in  a  sac 
(Amnios),  outsido  of  hard,  mealy  albumen.     Fi-.  204? 


Ordkr  128.— POD08TKMTACE.f5. 


6A7 


SAURU'RUS,  L.     Lizard-tail.     (Gr.  oavpa,  u  lizard,  oi^prf,  a  tail- 
alluding  o  the  for...  of  the  i.,floro8ce..cc.)     Inflorescence  an  anient  oi 
HDiko  of  1 -flowered  ncalcs ;  stamens  0,  7,  H  or  more;  anthers  adnate  to 
the  lilainonts;  ovaries  4;  berries  4,  1-sceded.— 2i   St.  angular      Lv« 
cordate,  acuminate,  petiolato. 

8.  o6rnuu»  Wilia.-Common  in  mnrsl.ofl,  IT.  S.  oncl  Can.  St.  1 J  to  2f  l.iuh  wfak. 
Airrowod.  Lvh.  4  to  C  ,,,.«  ar.,1  l.ulf  as  wide,  s.nootl.  „„.!  Klanc!. .',  S'pTmni: 
ncnt  veins  bononth  and  on  petioles  1  to  2'  lonf<.  SpikoH  Mender  droonC  ,t 
Bummit,  longer  than  tl.o  leaf.     SealoM  tubular,  ciofb  above,  wh'r  FIs  very  la 

?ht'ru3' j;;t^.^^r;ir"'' ''' "" '"'  ^"""""' "'  ^''^  ^""^^  *'"' 

Order  CXXIV.    CALLITRICIIACELE.     Starwort. 

nerbs  nquatic,  Bmall,  with  opposite,  Bimplo,  entire  leaver.     Flowers  axillary  aoH- 
tary  very  minute,   polygumouM,  nelilamydoous,  with  2  colored  bracts.     Stamen  ] 
rarely  2;  fllamont  slender ;  anthers  1 -celled,  2-valved,  renilbrm.      Ovary  4-cellod' 
4-lobL.d;  ovules  solitary.    Shjl^.i  2;  stigmas  simple  points,    ^'mn-celled,  4-scedod' 
indehiseent.     Seeds  peltate,  nlbuminouH.  ' 

Oenu>,  1,  Hpeciei,  0,  growing  in  stagnant  watcM,  both  of  Euroj.o  nnd  America. 

CALLIT'RICHE,  L.  ((>.  ,caX6(:,  bca.itifni,  0^.^^,  rpfvic,  Lair;  allud- 
ing to  the  slender  stems.)  Character  the  san.o  as  that  of  U.c  o.-dcn-O) 
1  C.  v6rna  L.  Fto'iUuj ;  ;y».  obovate-spatulale,  .^-nerved,  the  lower  more  narrow 
orhnear;  lis  subHessilo  ;  bracts  2,  lo ay er  than  ike  ovary ;  iVZZeWmSZ 
obcordato.-A  l.tile  aquatio,  eonm.o,-  in  pools  ar.d  diU'hes.  sVnumerous  sS 
der  eons,sfngof  2  tubes,  8  to  12  to  20'  l^.ng.  according  to  the  depuTo  S Va'er. 
Lvs.  4  to  G  long,  with  the  tapering  base,  ^  to  2"  wide,  the  floating  broadest 
The  fls.  Kohtary,  rarely  2  in  the  axil,  the  outer  a  stamen  on  v.  BnS  white  Sta- 
men  pos  enor,  yellow,  stales  2,  lilirorm,  anterior.  Caps,  i''  l„ng.  suboval  Apr 
-Jl.     (C.  mtermedia  WiUd.     C.  heterophylia  Plu     C.  aqSatiea  Bvv^)  ^ 

^  «?■  f*^?""*.?*"?  L.  i;7o«<m.7;  Iv,.  all  linear,  Unerued,  or  the  higheFt  linear- 
spatulatc;  lis.  subsessilo ;  hrarli  s/u>rter  than  the  ovary  o^- non.. ;  fr  oval  acutelv 
?nor7vrrT''r'f  ""*''".'  vvit'i  the  first,  S.  States,  less  e<m.mo„.  st  ij 
Iepf!^(C.  UneaHs  Ph.)  "^'  ""'"  ""''  '  '''"  '^  ''"  ''^'''''  '■^^"'^"^-  ^"y- 
3  C.  terr^stria  Raf.  Sis.  shot  diffuse,  prostrate;  lvs.  very  Pmall  oblone  nil 
simdar,  fl..  sessile,  2.bracted ;  /;.«t«  broader  than  hng,  iieeply  obc^date,TJinged 
on  the  margins—A  much  smaller  species,  on  the  muddy  borders  of  ponds  ^oTer- 
ing  the  snrfaco  Sts.  1  to  2'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2"  long.  ^Fr.  f  long.^Jul-Tug. 
(0.  brevifolia  Ph.     C.  platycarpa  Kutz.)  8-    ""•     ^»-ug. 

Order  CXXV.     PODOSTEMIACE^.     Tiireadfoots. 

Herbs  nquatic  with  the  habit  of  seaweeds,  with  alternate,  disseeted  leaves  with 

flowers  ininute,  perfect,  naked  or  with  3  sepals,  stamens  1  or  many,  hvpog^ous 

Ovary  compound,  2  to  S-celled,  with  as  many  stigmas,  and  nnmcrous  ov«iles     Fruit 

a  many-seeded  capsule,  ribbed  and  somewhat  pedieelled.     Albumen  none. 

Gl«era  20   s/j.-.-^V*  1«n.  frpq„ent  in  «.  Arrurir.i  nnd  E.  In.iia.  t  on!y  ia  K.  America     Th-v  »ll 
(rrow  in  running  water,  sttacl.ua  to  stont-s  liivo  li.e  following  species.  -a'nerica.     1  Hey  all 

PfiDOSTE'MUM,  L.  C.  Rich.  Threadfoot.  River  AVeed  (Gr. 
Trov?,  TTodfV,  a  foot,  aryiicov ;  tl.o  stamens  being  apparently  on  a  com- 
mon foot-stalk,)     Stamens  2,  with  filaments  united  below  •  ovarv 

43  ^ 


658 


Obdeb  120.— CERATOPHYLLACILE, 


ol>loi.g^)vouI;    stigmas  2,   sessile   recurved ;    capsule   2.celled :    seeds 
niiriutc.-8mail,  submersed  herbs,  adhering  to  stones  and  pebbles, 

%°i7\V°!?,ui^MT.^^:  Lv8dich„to.nou8ly  dissected;  fls.  soliUrv,  axillary - 
ff.  „.p  ^  «•  States  i„  shallow  streams.  St.  a  few  inches  Ioor,  usuallv  des.i 
tuto  of  roots  and  attached  to  Htones  by  lateral,  Heshy  processes.  LvrrZeroul" 
ohve-green,  alternate,  coriaceous,  divided  into  many  long,  linear-sltac^us  -0^^ 
monts.  Fls.  on  short,  thick  peduncles,  the  2  stamens  and  stvlerarShnrT 
.ng  through  the  lacerated  cal/x.    Jl.    (Lacia  ceratophylTB^ifgrrd)  ^  '" 

Order  CXXVI.     CERATOPIIYLLACE^.     IIornworts. 

ITerbs  aquatic,  with  verticillate,  dichotomously  dissected  leaves.  Flowers  mo 
noeeious,  sessile,  axillary,  minute,  with  neither  corolla  nor  calyx.  Involucre  8  to  12^ 
cleft.  8  Anthers  (12  to  24)  sessile.  $  A  simple,  1 -celled  ovary.  &-eci  suspended, 
orthotropous,  embryo  with  2  pairs  of  cotyledons. 

CERATOPHYL'LUM,  L  IIornwort.  (Gr.  «^•pa?,  a  horn,  rhvXXov 
a  leaf;  alluding  to  the  horn-liko  divisions  of  the  leaves.)  Character 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Order.  ^     v^uaracicr 

C.  dem^rsum  L.     Lvs.  6  to  8  in  a  whorl,  doubly  diehotomons,  dcntato-sninP^ 
cjn^on  the  bac^;  fls.  axUlary ;  fr.  3-spined.-  2^  An\quatic  weed  irdltcheTet 
X»l.  X.  to  Va    W.  to  111.    bt  floatmg  or  prostrate,  8  to  16' long,  filiform  with 
numerous  whorls  of  leaves.     These  are  dichotomously  divided  into  2™' more 

rnbL'^'h  'I^h'"''-  /'«-.T'""^°'  «^'"«'-^'  sessile, ^vith  sessilo  anto    Fr 
an  oblong,  beaked  capsule,  with  1  fioed.    Jl.— Sept.  «  ""em.    jr. 


riG.  C82.  Tiixus  Canail6nai3— naked  scctU. 


Ordib  127.--CONiriCR^ 


(IfiO 


Class  II.     G YMNOSPERMiE. 

ExooKNOUs  plants  with  chiefly  parallel-veined  leaves,  always 
diclinous,  with  the  flowers  very  incomplete.  Pistils  none,  or 
represented  by  open  scales.  Ovules  axillary  or  naked,  fertilized 
by  the  direct  application  of  the  pollen,  becoming  at  maturity 
naked  seeds,  destitute  of  a  true  pericarp.  Cotyledons  often 
more  than  2.     This  Class  constitutes  the 

Cohort  4.     CONOIDE^. 


Order  CXXVII.     CONIFERS.     Conifers. 

IVees  or  shrubs  mostly  evergreen,  abounding  with  a  resinous  juice.  Leaves  scat- 
tered or  fascicled,  acorons,  linear  or  lanceolate,  parallel-veined.  Flowers  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  achlamydeous,  in  amcnts  or  conos.  $  Stamens  1,  or  several  united. 
S  Ovary,  styU  and  stigma  wanting.  Ovules  1  or  several  at  the  base  of  the  car- 
pcllary  scale.  Fruit  a  strobile  (cone),  woody  with  tho  scales  distinct,  or  baccato 
with  the  scales  fleshy  and  coherent.  Illust.  in  Figs.  40,  S.  87,  152,  153  367  449 
468,  570.  '        '        ' 

Genera  iO,  xpecits  110,  nutlvps  of  nil  climates,  but  most  abun.lnnt  In  tlio  trmncratc  w.nos 
those  of  tlio  bouthorn,  howover,  veiy  different  from  tho  i)ines,  spruces,  larches  aiul  cedars  ofth.'t 

Jl^PitlH.  ill* 

Propertlen-Few  orders  can  bo  named,  which  are  of  more  importance  to  mankind,  whether  in 
reference  to  their  Invaluable  timberor  their  resinous  secretions.  Turpentine,  tar,  pitch  an<l  resin 
are  the  product  of  the  pines.  Bi.rpiindy  |)ltch  is  yielded  by  I'inus  sylvestris  of  Kuropo ;  Vene- 
tian turpentine,  by  the  J.arix  ;  oil  ot  Savin  by  Juniperus  Saliina  of  Kurope,  etc.  la  stature  the 
J^;!!?  f  o'",!?./'"*'  ,'S®  loftiest  of  all  trees.  Pinus  strobus,  arises  often  200f.  Araucarift  Imbricato  of 
Chili  260f,  and  bequoya  (jfigontea  uf  California  400f. 

SUBORDERS   AND  GENKRA, 
I.  ABIETINE.iE.     ?  Scales  many,  each  subtended  by  a  bract,  with  2  Inverted  ovules 
(their  nilcropylo  turned  downwards)  at  the  base  inside.    Seeds  winged.  (♦) 

♦  Leaves  evergreen,  fasciculate  In  clusters  of  2  to  5 Pinus.  1 

♦  Leaves  evergreen,  separate,  scattered Amies.  2 

♦  Leaves  deciduous,  many  in  the  fascicles  on  short  lateral  branchlets Lakix.  3 

II.  CUPUESSINE  Ji.     9  Scales  few,  braotless,  each  with  2  to  S  erect  ovules.  (.*) 

♦  Flowers  moneeclous.    Fruit  a  woody  cone  opening  at  maturity,  (a) 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  scale-like.    Cono-sc.iles  oblong,  1(K)So,  flattlsh,  2-ovuled TimjA.  4 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  scale-like  or  subulate.    Cone-scales  peltate,  angular OirpKcssus.  8 

a  Leaves  deciduous,  linear,  2-rowed.    Cone-scales  peltate,  angular Taxodium.  C 

♦  Flowers  dioecious.    Fruit  a  fleshy  cone,  tho  scales  consolidated,  berry-like. .  Jumpebus.  T 

1.  PrNUS,  L.  Pine.  (Cehic  pin  or  pen,  a  rock  cr  crag ;  from  the 
locality  of  many  species.)  Flowers  monojcious.  S  Aments  clustered, 
terminal;  stamens  oo,  with  2  cells  and  a  scale-like  connective;  pollen 
grains  triple.  ?  Aments  conical  or  cylindric,  the  carpellary  scales 
bracted,  each  bearinnf  on  ii<»  hnsn  within  o  invori^p/l  «ir,,i«o  .  ot-^u;!^  «^^ 
posed  of  the  imbricated  hardened  scales  which  are  often  thickened  or 
awned  at  the  tip;  seeds  nut  like,  winged  ;  cotyledons  3  to  12,  linear. — 
Trees  with  evergreen,  acerous  Ivs.  in  fa'sciclcs  of  2  to  5,  each  fasciclo 
subtended  and  invested  by  a  membranous  scale  or  leaf.     (Fig.  162.) 


^^^  OaD*^  127.-CONIFER^. 

voryslu.rtHlK.HthH;  couch  sulitav,  cyi^ELso  nil  ^.M  '"  °\«1^''»''-'-.  ^.th 
A  most  inajoHtic  mui  useful  forost  trie  Can  M  "k  '  »"^'''"  "'»"  "'«1vh,~ 
trunk  U  porfmly  straight  aVvored  Si.  ^     '  ^^  !''  '*'""•  ""^  ^'s-    Tl.o 

forest.  IJrancI.ea  wl.orloU  only  i„  the  vouni  rro!«  t  "'  "^"^  "'«  ''"•'rounding 
rous.  slen.lor,  of  a  bluish  ffre/n  for  nin^^  .^-  ^"""''^  "*^»t  4'  lon^,  nuino- 
>Vo<Kl  «o^  flne-grainlTLT^VXhrvo";  dunirt^dV?'  '^^'"-'^  >o""^- 
m^huecturo.     The  large  trunks  L  i.  pa^S^J^l^C  ZS/ff  ;l;!jr 

^/««..-N.  Car.  to  Fla,  very  abufubut  anrv^al  \?^^^^  T  •'' ."'"""'  ^^^"'"'"^'i 
«risnig  with  a  slight  diminution  40  or  50f  ,?.r".  ^''V"".'""  "^  *"  ^Odinm., 
the  s.amn.it.  B.rk  slightly  furrowed.  L^d  y'^rcr''lo'r'  '''•""•',  '"  *."  ^•"'  '« 
very  long,  whitish.  Sterile  amenta  violet  WH  o  ',  '"  I?  '"  ''"^'^''-  i^"^» 
.Sds.  with  a  thin  white  testn.  Thn  .  r  sin  ^  '  ^?*''  •^''"*'  ^  *"  >«'  ^''"K- 
used  at  the  south  in  vast  quantities  ThoS',  T  ""J'S  'T.'?'"^"'^  '^"*>  ^^'^'-''^^H 
are  fostoc.ned  with  tho  l<.nnmr  Thev  vie Irt  f      i"'  \^^.  ""'^  *'""""'«•    '^''^  ol. 

tho  scales  tipped  with  a  ^^hoVt  S^  Z^  1''^^:  ^''^^,''.' ''"'/  ''^  ^""3  a.  the  leav^, 
lields  nsasee..nd  growth,  Vat  it  ^  ^^1]  t^  f  Va  !"  P'no  woods  and  sandj^ 
with  a  wide-spreading  sun  n.it  Lark  thiV^  A  '  ^^  *°  ^^  ^'"  «^"'  l«Or  higl( 
rigid,  sheaths  blaeki:h.  G  '  ng  SU^ri  lo  f/r^^  '"^^'f'^-  ■^''-  «  '"  ^O'  Jo"»? 
roddish.  Cones  3  to  5'  lor.  "-Less  v,,!  I?  r  J"*"^'  '^.''"'^'>'  clustered,  light! 
palustris,  but  equally  exedlent  as  fuyand  liiht       *'"^"°*''>«  «^  ^""^^  ^hau'  P. 

^^rSsh.!s^'ir&  uS^riittr  ^^^°  -  ^ «--  ««^'  rd. 

4  p.  rfgida  Miller,    rncii  Pi\p      r„o   i„  o      ■■,'.. 

pyrauadal-ovoid,  clustered  iSes  wS  if  k!!!/''''^'  TV^'^  *^"'«'''*'  «>"«" 
barren,  sandy  plains,  which  it  otn  o vo  uti^Ih,  '  r/^«-^'^.*7>'««^v._Con.mon  in 
at  the  north  V25  to  m)  bi^t  nff  ?na  ?  ^  occupies.    ]t  is  of  moderate  height 

The  trunk,  wfcch  Vseli'fstS  h  Sed'Sf  ^'"  '"  '?^>  '"  ^''^'  ^"-  ^tat 
cleft  with  d.ep  furrows.  Lvs  4  tV2  Ton  J  S^  very  hick  and  rough  bark 
to  ;r  long.  Tho  wood  is  heavy  wi?h  rrS.^  J.  ^""f ."«""%  «^'veral  together,  2 
and  in  ship-building,  and  i.'oSi:;!^  Z^^^'J^^"^^  ^^  "--^. 

3!i,T/:!t,'d;annT™ith"L.S''^^  J"'"^-  '^■^''-  '"  P«-  ^-"-f-s  in 
cones  not  generally  ck,WJred  ol.Z^    ^'[''fi^.jcfer.d  aU  mer  U.  I.n,.:chh,3; 

scales  with  a  .^(S  Sl?/^^  ^''^i'^'  '"'f,"'°  ''^"*?"^  ^*"  *''«  ^"''O^ '  ^•.  i'  '• 
the  country.     ATS^o'SlolfgrLr^^^^^  r^""  '' "^"»^*'-* 

into  broad  plates.  Lvs.  3  to  Imou"'  bluish.  L^n  f''  ^"""^  '""»''''  *^^"''^» 
more  vigorous  shoots.  Cones  18  ?o'^o"nnfr'  \  '•  u"  •T^""'?  ^'^'^^  "'•  ^''^ 
of  the  sc^ales.  Timber  clo^e-irained  r^J^h  ^"^■'^  "''^^  ^''«  projecting  point 
titles  for  all  kinds  of  archTtcSr  '  "°'^''''*''^^  '•'^^'"«"«'  "^^^^  «"  im'"enso  quan- 

smaller  tC.  \    en's     t'  Im,  ^  ''  ^  *°  ^  \  "."^  *'"»'^  ^^"^^tered ;  cones 

fiong--..^  ^  ^•s>ShiSra>.Sff^i?lr'  '-''^  ^--^' 

9  ■£-•  pungej         itiA,       i-JOUTHEUN   MOUVTAIV  PiVP         T  „o   i •'      '    r      .       ... 


Order  121.— CONIFEILE.  qqi 

ftnd  8-aly  Imrk,  gti;irIo<l  Bpreailinpr  brunches,  20  to  30f  high.  Lvs.  18  to  30"  lon^, 
times  fliiully  2  lo  3  loijff,  tho  »piiios  fully  3''  long,  the  (Kjiiits  hooked.  In  the 
young  conos  tho  spines  «ro  projecting,  with  th«  points  hooked,  liranclilota  bluish 
red.     KeHontbles  the  next. 

7  P.  fnopa  Ait.  JKiWKif  or  Scrub  Pixb.  Lva.  in  pairs,  ralfier  ti!tort,  vbluae,  riaid, 
chaniiolod  above,  teroto  bonoiith,  iiiurgitis  obaourely  Hcrrulato;  conen  recurved, 
ovoid-oblong,  <w  buy  us  Ike  leaven  ;  scales  compact,  obtu.w  at  base,  with  a  utraighi, 
Kubulate  prickle. — A  treo  15—251"  higli,  on  barrens  in  tlio  Middle  States.  Branches 
straggling,  and,  witii  tiio  trunk,  covered  with  a  rough,  blacki,sl»  bark.  Lrunchlets 
glaucous.     Loaves  1—2'  Ion/.     Tiio  wood  abounds  in  resin.     May. 

8  P.  resindsa  Ait.  Norway  Pine.  Red  Pine.  Am.  in  pairs,  channeled  efow- 
gatid,  with  elongated  nhfatha ;  conea  ovoid-conic,  rounded  at  tiio  base,  subsolitar}', 

about  half  as  hmg  at  the  Ivs. ;  scales  without  spines,  dilated  in   tliu  middle. It 

uljouiids  in  tlio  nortiicrn  parts  of  tho  U.  S.  and  in  Canada,  attaining  tho  height 
of  .^01,  with  a  trunk  of  2f  in  diameter,  very  straight  and  unilorm.  Bark  smoother, 
and  of  a  clearer  red  than  other  pines.  Loaves  chieHy  collected  towards  tho  ends 
of  tho  branches,  always  in  pairs,  5—8'  in  length,  tho  Bhoaths  6  to  12".  Timber 
llae-graintHi,  resinous,  strong  and  durable.     May.     (P.  rubra,  Mx.) 

9  P.  Banksl&na  Lambert.  Scruh  Pink.  Lvs.  in  pairs,  rigid,  curved,  short, 
acute,  terolo  upon  tho  back  and  channeled  above,  margins  somowhat  scabrous ; 
cones  ovate-acurainnto,  recurved,  tortuous,  longer  than  the  lvs.,  scales  without 
spines,  obtuse,  smooth.— A  small  tree,  with  long,  spreading,  flexible  branches, 
abouniling  in  barrens,  in  Me.  to  Wis.  and  British  America.  Leaves  about  an  inch 
Hi  length.  Cones  nearly  twice  as  long  as  tho  leaves,  usually  in  pairs.  Apr.,  May. 
(P.  ruprestris  Mx.)  r  j 

2.  A'BIES,  Tourn.  Spuuck,  Fib.  $  Aiiicnts  axillary,  clustered  to- 
wards tho  ends  of  the  branches  ;  ?  scales  of  tho  coiio  thin,  flat,  not 
thickened  nor  spine-pointed  at  the  end  ;  seeds  with  a  persistent  wing ; 
cotyledons  3  to  9.— Trees  with  evergreen,  solitary,  scattered  lvs.  never 
sheathed  at  base.     (Fig.  46,  S.) 

S  Cones  erect,  brncts  consplciioiw  with  tho  scftlon.    Lenvos  fliit,  whltcncHjenonth..  ..Xo».  1  9 

S  tones  iienilant,  brouts  inci)n»i)icu«)ns.— Sciib-.s  loiin.U-il  nnd  entire  nt  tip Nns.  8,  4 

-Seales  eroilutl  ur  dentate  ut  tip .Nosl  6,  d 

1  A.  bala^mea  Marshall.  Fiu  Balsam.  Lvp.  linear,  flat,  obtuse,  glaucous-silvery 
beneath  ;  cones  cylindric,  large  (3  to  4'  long);  tcales  broad,  compact;  bracts obovate, 
mucronate,  slightly  projtcting.— A  beautiful  evergreen,  common  in  humid  Ibreatsof 
tho  northern  U.  S.  and  Can.  Branches  nearly  horizontal,  gradually  becoming 
shorter  upwards,  forming  a  regularly  pyramidal  head.  Tho  lvs.  aro  jittle  longer 
than  thoso  of  tho  hemlock  (8  to  10"  long)  spirally  arranged,  bright  green  above 
silvery  whito  beneath.  Cones  1'  thick,  bluish  purplo  when  growing.  Bark 
.•smooth,  abounding  iu  reservoirs  filled  with  a  resin  or  balsam  which  is  considered 
a  valuable  medicine.     May.     (Pinus,  L.  Pied*  Mx.) 

2  A.  Fr^seri  Ph.  Double  Fib  Balsam,  Lvs.  flat,  plaucous  beneath,  linear, 
often  emarguiato,  subsecund,  erect  above;  cone  ovoid-oUmig,  erect,  very  small; 
bracts  elongated,  rejlexed,  oblong-cuneate,  cmarginate,  briefiy  mucronate,  incistly 
toothed.— Smaller  treo  than  the  last,  much  ro.sembling  it  in  habit,  iu  Mis.  N.  Kd<'. 
to  Car.  Lvs.  3"  long,  nnd  nmch  crowded.  Cones  1  to  2'  long  when  mature,  sin- 
gularly distinguished  by  tho  long-pointed,  violet-colored,  reflexed  bracts.  Sterilo 
aments  termmaL     May. — A  highly  onumonted  sliade  tree. 

3  A.  Cdnadensia  Mx.  Hemlock.  Lvs.  linear,  flat,  obscurely  denticulate,  glaucous 
beneath,  m  2  rows ;  cones  ovoid,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  kavei ;  scales 
rounded,  cntiro.-A  well  known  evergreen  inhabitant  of  rocky,  mountainous 
woods  lint.  Am.  to  Car.  and  Wis.,  commonly  attaining  tho  height  of  70— SOf.  The 
trunk  13  largo  m  proportion,  straight,  covered  with  a  rough  bark.  Branches  brit- 
tloand  nc;jr!y  horizontal,  with  pubescent  twigs.  Leaves  (J— 8' in  length,  less 
than  1"  wide,  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows.  Cones  very  small.  Wood  soft, 
elastic,  of  a  coarse,  loose  texture,  not  much  valued  for^lmbcr.  Tho  bark  is  ex- 
tensively used  in  tanning.     May.    (Pinus,  L.) 

4  A.  dlba  Mx.    WniiE  oa  Sincub  Spruce.    Lvs.  4:<ided,  incurved;  cones  lax^ 


;:i 


002 


Order  12T.— CONIPER/K. 


pendulous,  suheylindrir,  with  entire,  brocaiy  oborate,  somownat  2-lobed  scales.- 

Inn^  A^     h'^""";  "^  *' -^  ^'^''^'  •■'"?"''*'''^  diminishing  upwards.     Lower  b?aachi 
longest,  the  otliers  beoonung  gradually  shorfer  upwards.     J.vs.  *  to  f  long  ulaeod 

-Abounds  HI  the  the  northern  U.  8.  and  Can.,  where  dark,  mountain  forStsTr; 
ollon  wholly  composed  of  it.  It  is  a  large  tree,  70-80f  high  with  a  gtraiZ 
trunk  and  a  lofty  pyramidal  head.  The  loaves  thickly  cover  !heb  arches  da  k 
green,  httlo  more  than  i' in  length.  Cones  1-2' loJg.  Timber ThTstrone 
elastic  maeh  used  i„  architecture.  That  salutary  beverSgo,  spruce  bS^ia  So 
Ihjm  the  young  branches.     2Iay.     (Pinus  L.) 

8on.o«liat  2-ranked;  cones  U,ng,  cylindrical,  pendulous:  scales  broad,  with  a 
aujUly  projecting  and  i-toothed  a;,ex.- Parks  and  shrubberies.  A  tSj  Tta  elv 
overgreeu  w.tli  de.,sc  and  dark  green  foliage.  Lvs.  about  1'  long,  "of 
Cones  very  showy,  and  elegant,  5  to  8'  long,  more  than  1'  diam.-It  i  owT Tuxt 
riautly,  and  is  a  finer  tree  than  any  of  our  native  species.     \  N.  Eur. 

3.  LA'RIX,  Tourn  Larch.  Tamarack.  Aincnts  scattered  all 
over  th J  branches,  biu -like;  <5  anthers  2-cellcd,  cells  opening?  lenffth- 
wisc,  with  simple  pollen  grains;  $  cones  erect,  oval  or  roundish,  scales 
colored,  pei-sistent;  seeds  with  a  proper  wing.— Lvs.  deciduous,  acerous. 
sott,  scattered,  and  m  axillary,  many-leaved  fascicles. 

*  ^xc.^^^^!'?u^^  ^^T-  '^''*-  ^^^T\"^  "'''y  ''''"^^  '■  '^""^  '"'"'^.  inclining  upwards 
even  .V  hen  the  branches  are  pendalouM;  scales  few,  thin  and  ikexedo^themar- 
-yn;  bracts  elliptical,  often  hollowed  at  the  sides,  abruptly  acuminate  wUif-i 
K  oLlT '~.^^  ^'^'^"*'^"'  ».  °^^^"  ^^''^  '"  «'«-«bberies,  and  tninly  bteJ  rJj 
m  forests,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.  It  is  remarkablv  distinguished  from  the  pines 
by  Its  deciduous  leaves,  the  branches  being  bare  nearly  half  tho  year     The  tZ 

J^eaves  1— 2   long,  collected  in  bunches  of  12—20  on  the  sides  of  the  branches 

SiSef'Xr.?  S  \'"  ^^"^-     ^^^"^  """^^  -^-'^^^  ^-^  very  he^vyrS^ 

^'Sl\t)     ^'"^"^'^^  ^^^""^^^  *"^  drooping.-A  beautiful  variety.     (P.  pon- 

2  L.  Burop^a  DC.  White  Larch.  Zra.  >i«ioA,  filiform-linear  •  cones  oh- 
fiem'bW  No  ft  '^^'^  ^^^  "'^  i^^argin.-P.4ly  cultivated.  Tree  much  rt 
about  i!    t  E^r  ^  '  ^^  ^"^  ^°^  '"'''*''     ^'^^'  ^  ^"^  ^'  ^""^'  ''"°'' 

4.  THU^JA,  Tourn.  Arbob  Vit^.  (Gr.  Ovoi,  (o  sacrifice;  the 
wood  IS  tragrant  m  burning  and  was  used  iu  sacrifice.)  Flowers  8  — 
S  hi  ail  imbricated  ament ;  anther  cells  4  on  each  scale-like  connecti'le  • 
?  flowers  in  a  cone,  scales  few,  each  bearing  2  erect  ovules  at  the  base 
inside;  seed  winged;  integument  inemuranous ;  cotyledons  2.— Trees 
or  shrubs  Lvs  evergreen,  scale-like,  imbricate  and  appressed  to  the 
ancipital  branchlets.  ^^ 

1  T.  occidentdlis  L.     Branchlets  spreading;   lvs.  imbricate  in  4  row?  rhom- 

bous  below  the  hp --This  tree  is  often  called  white  cedar,  and  from  its  resemblance 
miglit  easily  be  mistaken  for  the  Cupressus  thyoidea     It  abound,  in  the  northern 

r ,••''"•  "^' ,  ""'«  '"^•CKJ  oordci-s  of  streams  and  lakes,  and  in  swamos     It 

f!fA'"'°°^^^  *'"""^'  '''It^y  diminishing  in  size  upwards,  throwir,^  cut  branches 
nT.nTln  ^T"''^^         rr^^^rT  ^°"^^°  consists  of  branchlets  much  more 
•frt  I       1        ^''"1  ^^''Z''^  "'^  ^'^'*°  Cedar.     Cones  terminal,  consisting  of  a 
fev  long,  loose  flcaloa.    Wood  very  light,  set  and  durable.     May 


Ordkb  12t,— CONIFERJB. 


6CJ 


2  T.  orient&llB  L.  Branches  erect ;  Ivs.  slightly  fun-awed  in  the  middle 
conea  erect,  roundish  or  ohovoid ;  scales  acute,  recurved  or  spreading  at  the  points  — 
Cultivated  shruba  or  small  trees  much  branched.  The  flattened,  fiin-shuped  rami- 
flcatlons  vertical,  not  horizontal  as  in  the  other.    \  China. 

5.  CUPRES'SUS,  Tourn.  Cypress.  (From  tho  Islo  of  Cyprun, 
wljcre  tho  Cypress  is  very  abundant.)  Flowers  8  .—  $  in  an  ovoid 
ainent ;  anthers  4,  sessile  at  tho  base  of  tho  peltate  scales  ;  $  in  a« 
strobile  (cone) ;  scales  peltate,  bearing  4  to  8,  erect  (ortliotropous)* 
ovulus  at  base  inside;  seed  angular,  compressed;  integuments  men* 
branous ;  cotyledons  2  or  3.— Trees  with  evergreen,  flat,  squamous,  im- 
bricated Ivs.     Fertile  jiments  ber oming  indurated  cones. 

C  thyoidea  Mx.  White  Cruar.  Branohlcts  compressed ;  Ivs.  imbricate  in  4 
rows,  ovate,  tuborculato  at  base ;  cones  spherical.— N.  Eng.  (from  Winchendon 
Mass.)  to  Ga.  W.  to  0.  It  usudliy  occurs  in  swxnps,  which  it  densely  and  ex- 
clusively occupies.  Height  40— 60f.  The  leaves  consist  of  short,  -ninnte  ever- 
green scales,  covering  tlio  fluely  divided  branehlet,s,  in  4  imb.icated  rows,  and 
eacli  one  furnished  with  a  minute  gland  or  tubercle  on  tho  back.  The  wood  ia 
white,  fine-grained,  and  wonderfully  light,  soil,  and  durable.  U.sed  in  the  manu- 
f.icturo  of  siiingloM,  pails,  fences,  &c.  Porfts  made  of  tliis  cedar  it  ia  said  will 
last  60  years.     May. 

6.  TAXO'DIUM,  Richard.  Bald  Cypress.  (Or.  Ta|of,  the  yew 
hdo^,  form  ;  from  tho  resemblance  of  tho  foliage.)  Flowers  8  .—  ,3* 
Aments  in  terminal,  panicled  si)ikes ;  stamens  few,  scale-like,  peltate, 
bearing  2  to  5  anther  cells.  ?  Cones  sessile  in  pairs,  roundish,  placed 
below  tho  sterile  ;  scales  numerous,  bearing  2  ovules  at  the  base,  becom- 
ing thick,  angular,  peltate  2-secded  in  fruit ;  cotylendos  6  to  9.— Trees 
with  deciduous,  linear  Ivs.  arranged  in  2  rows. 

T.  dfstychum  Rich.  Lvs.  distychous ;  flat,  deciduous  with  the  slender  branchlets 
-One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  forest,  native  of  N.  J.  to  Mex.  It  grows  iri 
wet  soils,  forming  what  is  called  tho  cypress  or  cedar  swamps  of  the  S.  Stales 
The  trunk  arises  to  tho  height  of  125f.  with  a  circumference  of  25  to  40f,  abovo 
iho  conical  base,  usually  of  smaller  dimensions.  Tho  enormous  roots  produoo 
large,  conical  excrescences  covered  with  bark  but  leafless,  1  to  3f  liigh.  The 
head  is  wide-spread  and  often  depressed.  Foliage  light  green  and  open.  Cones 
r  diam.,  composed  of  the  indurated,  combined  scales^  Timber  light,  line-grained 
and  durable,  f 

7.  JUNIP'ERUS,  L.     Juniper.     (Celtic,  junepruf^,  rough  or  rude.) 

Flowers  $,  ?,  rarely  <?.—  ,*  Anient  ovute  ;  scales  vcrticillate,  peltate, 
each  with  4  to  7  anther  cells  at  base.  $  Amont  globous  ;  scales  few, 
united  at  base,  concave  ;  ovules  1,  rarely  more,  at  the  base  of  each 
scale;  berry  formed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy  scales  containing  2 — 3  bony 
aceds  ;  cotyledons  2. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  mostly  acerous, 
opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3. 

1  J.  commiiniB  L.  Commox  Juniper.  (Fig.  153.)  Lvs.  ternate,  spreading,  sub- 
ulate, mucronaie,  longer  than  the  berry. — Can.  to  N.  J.  and  Wis.  A  slirub,  with 
numerous,  prostrate  branches,  grov.  ing  in  dry  woods  and  hills,  often  arising  in  a 
Blender  pyramid,  6— Sf  liigli  (rarely  arboreous  Robbins).  Leaves  arranged  ia 
wiiorls  of  3,  5—8"  long,  acerosL -lanceolate,  ending  in  a  sharp,  bristly  point,  chan- 
neled and  glaucous  on  the  midvein  above,  keeled  and  green  below.  Barren  flow- 
ers in  small,  asillafy  au;onts  or  cones ;  foriiio  ones  on  a  distiQct  shruii,  small,  axil- 
lary, sessile.  Berries  roundish,  oblong,  dark  blue,  ripening  the  second  year  from 
the  flowor.  They  are  then  sweetish,  with  a  tase  of  turpentine.  In  medicine  they 
are  diuretic  and  cordial.     May.  ,^ 

2  J,  Virginidna.     Red  Cedar.     Upper  lvs.  imbricate  in  4-rows,  ovate-lanceolate, 
])ungently  acute,  oppressed,  older  ones  acerous,  cuspidate,  spreading ;  trunk  arborc^ 


604 


Order  128.-.TAXAOKJ5. 


OUS.-1-0U  .1  U.rong  .out  tho  IT.  8.,  l,„t  (.|,|,.fly  in  tl.o  nmritlmo  par^  crowln-'  in 
dry,  riK-k,  j.i.u-o«.      t.s  a  troo  of  luiddlo  Hi/,o,  Hoi.dii.K  out  immorous,  liorizJiii,  I 
brand......     ImvvH  diirk  gnn.,   (Ii«  youum  own  8..mll,  «,v,.to  nculo.  scalo-lik.- 

ov..rlyii.«  ..aoli  othor  ill  .UuvvH,  up.,,,  M,o  HulKlividod  l)mhchlots;  tl.o  oldor  on.-i 
«  lonK.  Novvvrs  u.cot.rtpi.-iiuurt,  .|,o  Hl.imiimto  in  ..I.I.hijt,  t(^iiiiiiml  .Hiiont-*  T' 
loiiKi  ili.i  lortiJo  on  Ht>p.irttU<  trwH,  ,.iodu(!inK  small,  bluish  horrioH  covcriKl  will.  ■» 
wl.ito  j».nv.  ur.  \\  ood  ivddisi,,  vo.-y  liglK,  durable,  iiwid  iu  making  drawlutr  „oi,'. 
oils,  oU'.     Apr.,  May.  ^  k  t   " 

/i.  I'WwrttXTA.     Lvs.  ovat(>,  Bultinuorouatc,  Klandular  in  tlio  middle,  appross...! 
borrii.8  tuboruular;  st.  pronti-ato,  oroeping.— A  «lirub,  on  gravelly  slioros.  will! 
tiroopaig  branches  4— 81' long.  ' 

OttUKu  OXXVIIl.     TAXA(^E.K    Ykws. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  wiih  narrow,  paralhl-v.-iuod  or  broad  fork-voinod  loavoH,  and  ilio 
flowers  diclinous,  aclilamydoous,  surrounded  with  iinbrioatod  bnwits.  ,<  Fhwer.i 
Hovoral  toK't'ther,  each  consisting  of  one  or  sovoral  .u.liorcnt  anthers.  $  Fljwm 
Folitiiry  or  chistcro.l,  oach  consisting  <,f  a  sii.glo  nakod  orulc,  terminal  or  a-villarj". 
Fi-uti  a  solitary  kccI  usually  surix)iui<lod  at  base  by  r.  llosliy  (itipnlo.  Fig.  421. 
^yjVK-ni  »,«/>(.(•«>« fto,  Ro.u>i-j.lly  imtl VON  of  till)  toiiiiiiM'iUo  ivgl.iiiK, 

i.  TAX'US,  'rourn.  Vkw.  ((Jr.  rd^ov,  tiv  arrow;  arrows  wor.) 
formerly  poiwiiod  with  tluj  jiiico  of  tho  Yow  tree.)  Flowors  ,5  $  or 
t9,  axillary,  siinouinhMl  with  miincrous  scales.  $  Amonts  globular 
ootnix>se(i  of  8U  10  stamens;  authors  poltatc,  0  to  S-ccllod,  oella  do-' 
Inseent  l.eiH>ath.  ?  Flowers  solitary,  coiisistiii},^  of  a  single  ovule,  bc- 
ooiuiiiir  III  fruit  a  seed  nearly  enclosed  in  a  imli)y  oKi)iilo.--Trce8  or 
elirubs,  witli  overgroen,  linear,  altornato  Ivs. 

1.  T.  Cauad6nBi8  L.    IHv.uif  Yew.     GnouNn  Hrmlock.    (FIk.  421)    f^hruh 
low  or  p.-osinile;  /tvv.  Imm;  nmcronate,  2-7«,*A«/,  levoluto  on  tho  inurKin;  »<terilo 
Ain.Mit  globous ;   i//f/^ttv  ilp,rs,sfd;jMmis,  open  at  top— A  Buudl  overgrocn  shrub 
with  tho  «one.-al  aspect  of  a  dwarf  hemlock  spruce  (PinusCinudensis).    It  grows 
on  t hm  rocky  soils  in  shady  places,  2  to  at  hi^rh,  Can.  to  l'.;nn.  and  Kv.     Lvs 
nearly  an  inch  long,  arrangtHl  in  2  opposite  rows  on  the  sidrs  of  the  branchlots.' 
fetaimnate  dowers  in  nnall,  roundish,  axillary  hciuls.     I)rui)e3  coraliine-rod  con- 
cave  or  open  at  tho  summit,  displaying  tho  lop  of  tho  black  seed.     May.      ' 
2  T.  baccAta  L.     Enomsii  Ykw.     Trve  of  low  stature,   nttiiining  a  great  size  • 
lvs.  Iimar  and  fpatiUatcliiu^ar,  imhrimtid  all  u round  the  yauiuj  bmwhkUi  flnallv 
spreading  and  distiflums;/r.«/;i.«j/-or(./  or  son.uwhat  bc'll-shaped,  open  at  the 
top.— Ireesatt4iiiiuiggrcatago  iu  iin^aml,  with  short,  huge  trunks  and  wide- 
sproial  brand ie>!.  \ 

2.  TORRETA,  Arnott.  (I^odicatod  to  Prof.  John  Torrcfj,  of  Now 
1  ork.)— Mowers  S  .—  S  Anients  obloiiir,  niany-floworod,  bracts  at  base 
iinbricaled  i:i  4  rows;  stamen  a  i)odicollato  scale,  bearing  several  an- 
Iher  cells  at  base.  $  Anient  ovoid,  1-llowcred,  consistinir  <  f  a  solitary 
ovulo  sunoundod  with  bn.cts ;  fruit  ob!oni,^-ovato,  a  nnt-liko  seed  en- 
dostd  111  a  thick,  fibro-floshy  testa.— Small  evergreen  trees,  with  spread- 
mg  branches  and  2-ranked,  linear  lvs. 

T.  taxifdlia  Arn.— Alon-  tho  Chnttalmochee,  Mid.  Flo.,  and  cnltivatod  at  Quincy 
(by  jQdgc  Dupont).  'i  rco  15  to  .'{Of  high.  Dranches  ran.il\  ing  distichousiy  and 
iiorizontaly  J.vs.  dark  grtcn,  shining,  very  acute,  mucronate-pungent,  margins 
rovolute,  J8    long,     brupe  near  1' long,  with  a  brittle  epicaip. 

3.  SALISBU^RIA  adiantifolia  Smith,  is  occasionally  seen  in 
gardens  and  sl.rni.borios,  called  Jim.ko,  in  Japan.  It  is  remarkably 
distinguished  by  its  broad,  fan-shai)ed,  i'ork-veincd  petiolato  lvs.  It  ho- 
comes  a  tree  4J  to  80f  in  height,     f  Japan. 


Oroeb  120.--OYOADACEiB. 


OrpkrCXXIX.    CY(lAi)AC\iM.     L'voadks, 


mn 


Treat  of  low  etntiiro,  Bimplo  IrmikH  v\{\\  Hio  IntornoJoH  uiidovolopod  nn<l  Iho  niir* 

(iu'M  Hcarroci  with  tlio  I'ulloti  ItiavoH  wliiuli   woro  piiitiutu,  jmrullol-voitioil,  circirmto. 

yiowern  (lUjucious,  in  coiioH,  .'^  nntl".'r  covoritijt  tho  mider  Hurfiuto  <A'  tlio  courKJCtivo. 

V  t^caltui  pultatu,  Kcnln-liku  or  lenr-Hko.  bearing  iiakod  ovuktH  durHul  or  mnrginal. 

Oenern  T,  $p*<de»  4(1,  clilofly  «rop'r»|.    Tho  Cyoo<|p»  form  tho  connecting  link  hctwocn  tho 
)<ljioguii.<t  M\A  thu  Oryptognniltt. 

CYXAS  revoluta,  a  jf)alni-likc  plutit,  ic[)rc'8entiiig  tlu's  oivUt  cndnnm 
tlio  witJtiirs  of  the  far  Spiitli,  and  is  freqiKMit  in  tlio  groenlioiiHCH  of  tJie 
North.  Its  loiiy;,  pinnate  leaves  are  all  eluHt(!re<l  at  the  Hiimtnit  of  tho 
filiurt,  abrupt  trunk  which  is  tc»£olatcd  all  over  with  leaf-scars. 


no.  691— 1.  nratich  of  Thuja  occid.'ntalis,  with  MroMIc«,  2.  A  ningninfi-l  Lranrhlot  with 
«  zonu  of  Btiiinlniito  llowfis.  :».  A  ciiTpcliary  soiilo  with  tho  two  winiicl  «<  cd.-.  4.  A  vortical 
tranvorso  sioUon  of  <mu>  of  tho  soe.ls,  idiowiiitf  tlie  embryo,  An.  6.  TIk-  iniiimturc,  ciPf  t  oviilc.i. 
6.  Uneoft  jooviilMenlftrjred.  sliowlnir  tho  iiilrropylo  at  top.  7.  Ilrancli  of  AMps  Americana. 
M.Hcalp,  Willi  tho  bract.  ».  Scale  witli  inim.itiiro  ovules.  10.  Scale  with  rii.e  doo.ls.  11.  A  p.iir 
of  leaves  of  rinim  leitino.Ha.  12.  Anther  of  I'inns  svlvestris.  1.3.  Scale  of  the  cone,  with  tho 
ovnies  turned  downward.  14,  dtaininate  ecalo  of  Cupresniis,  with  pollen.  15.  rcrtiio  »calc.  with 
n»any  trcct  ovulob  •  r  »  » 


^«d 


OaDKR  130.— PALMACE^ 


Province,  ENDOGENS, 

Or  Monocotyledons.  Phainogamous  Plants  having  a  stem 
without  the  (hstmction  of  bark,  wooU  and  pith,  composed  of 
thread-like  bundles  of  trachenchyrna  imbedded  irreLrularlv  in 
the  general  cellular  mass,  the  newest  interior,  not  fornfing  layera 
ingrowth.  Leaves  mostly  parallel- veined.  Flowers  very  gener- 
ally J-merous.  Embryo  with  one  cotyledon,  rarely  with  2  alter- 
nate and  unequal. 

Class  III.  PETALIFER^.  Plants  of  the  endogenous  struc- 
ture, tlie  flowers  normal  and  complete  with  a  whorled  pe- 
rianth, or  the  perianth  wanting— m  either  case  destitute  of 
glumes. 

Cohort  5,  SPADICIFLOR^.  Endogens  with  flowers  hav- 
ing no  perianth  or  a  scaly  one,  and  borne  on  a  thickened 
rachis  (spadix)  which  is  usually  enveloped  in  a  spathe. 

Order  CXXX.    PALMACE/E.     Palms. 

Trees  or  shrvbs  chiofiy  with  unbranched  trunks  Krowing  by  tho  torminal  bud. 
JMives  large,  plaited,  on  sheathing  petioles,  collected  in  one  terminal  cluster.  Flow- 
ers perfect  or  polygamous,  on  a  branching  spadix  bursting  from  a  spathe.  Perianth 
double,  3-nierou,s,  hexandrous,  ovaries  (and  styles)  .•?,  distinct  or  commonly  united 
mto  1,  each  1-ovulud.  Frnit  fleshy,  1-3-seoded,  embryo  minute,  superficially 
uubedded  in  albumen.     Fig.  47,  d,  o. 

.lr2n^  U-r;'l'f  V?1",?P".^  '""  ^Yr  '"■"  •"■  '""  '''V'''"^  I"' "'rtunco  and  variety.    From  tho 

„n,i  ,.  ».       .1      '^''^''f-    ^tiirvfi  is  obtaiiiLMl  uhundiiiitly  from  tlio  Sairo  Piilm  (Siisiis  liumi.liih 
nnd  nmnv  <.ther  sp.-cles.     Kvon  ^>,a.n;  nnd  nIcol.olU-.  fiquors,  nic  n  ul/tVom  thTlTiico  o/  t  « 

fK-nTrhi nU  d  ctvH^^  r^^     n    tu^"V'"  "  ^■«'^<''f ''•'•  .  Among  tho./rmt,.  ai-o  enumcnit«d  the  date, 
iioni  I  iianix  u.ictiUlera,  und  tho  cocoa-nut,  from  Attulea  lunifertt.  &c. 

•  17.  „        .  GENERA. 

•  F  owors  all  perfoct.    Ovaries  and  styles  unitod  into  1.    Borrysinfrle Sabal   I 

•  1'  lowers  pc-rfoct  and  staminato.    Ovaries  and  styles  distinct.     Drupes  8. Ciiam.biioi'8.  2 

•  *"  i^f '^^^'  ^^'"^"s^"-  Palmetto.  FIs.  perfect,  sessile,  outer  pc. 
nanth  (ea  yx)  cup-like,  Scleft  or  3-toothcd,  inner  of  3  siibdistinct,  ob. 
long  sepals ;  staui.  G  ;  fil.  subulate,  their  broad  bases  contiguous  or 
connate,  anth.  ovatc-cord.ite ;  ovaries  3,  soon  united  into  1  ;  style  3- 
angled;  fruit  a  single  globular  or  3-lobed,  3  (rarely  1  or  2)-seeded 
dryish  berry.— Caudex  procumbent  or  erect,  covered  by  the  persistent 
bases  of  tic  leaves.  Leaves  palmately  nianv-cleft,  segm.  implicate,  2 
clelt  at  ap-x,  spadix  branching,  sheathed  with'  many  spathe-like  bracts, 
I' is.  small,  white  or  greenish. 

1  S.  Palmetto  Loddig.  Palmetto.  Catidex  erect,  arborescent;  Ivs.  coriaceous, 
glaucous-green,  lamma  fan-shaped,  segments  numerous,  implicate,  united  to  near 
the  ensiform  summits ;  petioles  broad,  compressed,  nearly  the  length  of  the  lamina ; 
epadix  flexuous,  glabrous,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  spathe  double ;  stylo 


'  r  I 


Obder   131.— ARACEiE. 


667 


tliiok,  Muso ;  borry  globular.— Woods  along  tho  coast,  Oa.  and  Fla.  (scarce  N, 
to  tho  Cupo  Foar  H.).  One  specimen  in  the  Htreet,  front  of  tho  P.  0.,  Cliarleston. 
C'audex  20  to  50f  liigh,  asually  enlarged  upwards,  and  rugged  above  with  tho 
split  bases  of  tlio  old  leafstalks,  Tiiu  majestic  loaves  are  all  terminal,  from  1  bud, 
andG  to  lOf  long.  Spadix  from  the  same  bud,  which  in  early  spring  is  tender 
and  nutritious  like  the  cabbage.  Tlio  use  of  tlio  Icavea  in  hat-work,  &c.  is  well 
known.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Clmmicrops,  Mx.)  ' 

2  S.  Ad^nsoni  Guernsont.  Dwaup  Palmetto.  Caudex  prostrate;  Iva,  rigid, 
glaucous  ;  pdiolna  shorter,  naked ;  spadix  strict,  glabrous,  branchlets  remote-flow- 
ered ;  style  thick,  ohtme,  scarcely  siiorter  than  tiio  petals ;  bjrry  depressed-globous. 
—In  low,  sandy  swamp.s,  along  tho  coast,  Neuse  river  to  tho  Apalachicola,  &c 
often  in  wide  patches.  Spadix  slender,  about  as  liigh  (3  to  4f)  as  tho  leaves.  A 
compound  branch  issues  from  each  nltornato  sheath.  Fls.  numerous,  U"  lontr 
calyx  half  as  long.     B  jrry  bluish  black,  3"  diam.     Jn.— Aug.     (S.  pumila  Walt.) 

3  S.  ■ernil&ta  R.  &  S.  Caudex  creeping ;  petioles  aculeate-serrate ;  lamina  flabel- 
iform,  lO-ia-cleft;  spadix  thick,  Hoxuous,  branchlets  densely  greyish  pubescent- 
style  very  slender,  subulate ;  berry  oblong-ovoid.— Flat  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to 
±la.,  common.  Tho  prostrate  rhizomes  attain  a  diam.  of  4  to  6',  creeping  manv 
feet.  Loaves  2  or  3f,  in  den.se  mnssos,  affording  nice  shelter  for  rattlesnakes! 
Sheaths  of  the  spadix  long  (2—3'),  loose.  Fls.  rather  dose  on  tlio  branchlets, 
2*  long,  calyx  J  as  long,  stylo  single,  tapering  to  a  setaceous  point.  Berry  dark 
blue,  6 '  diam.     Jl.,  Aug.  r  j 

(i.  MINIMA.  Every  way  smaller ;  Ivs.  about  T-cleft.— E.  Fla.  (a  min.  Nutt.) 
2.  CHAM^'ROPS,  L.  Blue  Palmetto.  (Gr.;^;o/W,on  the  ground, 
poll/),  a  bush.)  Fls.  polygamo-dioecions,  sessile  or  short  pedicellate; 
calyx  3. parted,  cor.  (inner  perianth)  3-pctaled,  valvate  in  bud  ;  stam.  0 
or  9  ;  fil.  connate  at  base,  anth.  oblong  or  Jinear-oblong,  cordate ;  ova- 
ries 3,  distinct,  stigmas  3,  sessile,  subulate,  berries  3,  or  by  abortion 
fewer,  1-socded. — Palms  acaulescent.  Lvs.  palmately  many-cleft,.8egm. 
split  at  apex  with  no  intervening  threads.  Petioles  aculeate  at  base 
and  edge.     Sp;idix  dense-flowered,  fls.  yellowish. 

C.  H^strix  Fraser.  Caudex  low,  making  offsets  at  ba.se ;  petiole.9  spiny  ia 
the  axils;  spadix  very  short;  drupes  ovoid,  apex  oblique,  rather  large,  hirsute.— 
In  clayey  soils  around  Savannah,  to  Fla.  Caudex  creeping,  becoming  several 
inches  in  diam.  In  tho  axils  of  the  sheathing  leaf-stalk  is  a  thick,  matted,  brown, 
canvas-like  stipule,  and  rigid,  sharp,  needle-shaped  spines  3  to  6'  long.  Spadi.x 
enclosed  in  tho  radical  sheaths,  bearing  a  dense  mass  of  hairy,  brown  drupes  G" 
in  length.     Jn, — Aug. 

Order  CXXXI.     ARACE^.     Aroids. 

Herhs  with  a  creeping  rhizome  or  corm,  and  an  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  with  t!io 
haves  simple  or  compound,  often  veiny,  and  \hG  flowers  mostly  diclinous  and  naked, 
Lijlorescence   a   spadix,    dense-flowered,    naked   or 

mostly  surrounded  with  a  largo  spatho.     Perianth     ^^>^  .^=^ 

none,  or  of  4  to  G  scales.  Stamens  liypogynous, 
with  ovate-extrorso  anthers.  Ovary  free,  stigma 
sessile.  Fruit  baccate  or  dry,  seeds  albuminous, 
embryo  axial.     Fig.  91,  20i. 

Oenern  46,  xpecien  240.  ubmulant  in  tropical  regions,  moro  LU 
Tore  ill  teiiitHTute,  oiio  only,  CuIIh  palu.strls,  extending  to  tlio  H 
nort.iern  frlsfld  xone. 

Properties.  An  ncrid,  volatile  principle  pervades  tho 
order,  which  is,  in  some  instances,  so  concentrated  as  to 
become  polsonoiis.  The  conns  and  rhizonias  abound  also  In 
starch,  which  in  some  cases  when  tlie  volatile  acridity  is  ex- 
pelled In  drying  or  cooking.  Is  edibJe  and  nutrioious,  as  in 
Colocosia,  ikc 

Fig.  709.  Calla  r»aliistris,  its  spafha,  spadix  and  flowers. 
n.  One  of  tho  flowers,  consisting  of  an  <>vary  surroiisded  by 
&ix  Atiinieits.    c,  Crobg  section  of  the  ovary. 


008 


Order  131.— ARACE.E. 


GENERA. 
I  Spadlx  onvploppd  In  a  apatho.  (♦) 

•  l-'low.M!...,.vorlni(o.ilythol.,i.s»oftl.fl«,.,i<Ilx.     I'orlantli  0 \,„««„.   i 

•  1- lowers  (•(.vurliijf  tlio  wl,oloM|niill.\,uii<l  (a)  ^kis«m*.  I 

a  Mun...clo,m.     IVrmiillHI.    Horry  l..s...„|«,|.    Spntl.c  ooBvoluto IVltanohv   2 

a  Mon.uclous    ror.t..   Borry  JUo  fl-,,..,!.,,!.    Spatl.o  l.irg.,  rovoluto,  white.  U.^aZ*    3 
a  lWfoot.-INMl.wit IK).     .Spatl.o  open,  wiiit« '». «"«ii^abi.u.  3 

lBu.li        I    .  .  -'•'•'•'""""•'•«»'«'••    •''P'''''" '*l»'"-r"r.n.  purpll.slV.V.V.V.^V.'sViilpuHu kits'  , 

-lalorul ;  8cup«  LniMiko Ao.jkuh.  T 

i.  ARISiE^MA,  Martius.  Duaoon-uoot.  Indian  Tuhnip.  (iinnv 
arum,  <7,//m,  n  s.jjn.)  Sputho  co„v„lutc  ut  l.aso,  limb  arcl,(,cl  or  some- 
what plan, ;  spachx  covcrod  with  flowers  bolow,  uakvA  and  ol(»nffat(>il 
above ;  flowers  cb(,i„m,is,  achlaniydeons ;  $  above  the  fertile,  each  flowo 
consisting  of  4  or  more  stamens  with  anthers  oneninir  at  top;  o  ovarv 
1-celk^I;  stigUKis  jleprcssed;  ovules  2  to  0,  orthotropous,  eroeJ  fro.n  the 
base  of  the  cell;  berry  red,  1  or  few-seeded—lf  Scapo  arisin.'  from  a 
a  corm  or  tuberous  rlnzome,  sheathed  witii  petioles  of  thJ"  radieal 
veiny  Ivs.     (Arum,  L.) 

1  A,  triph^Uum  L.     JAOK-iN-TirK-PuoPiT.     Acauloscont;  Ivs.  trifoliate   mostlv 
m  pairs  joaflo  s  oval,  ucun. h.ato;  spa.iix  clavato,  obluao;  spatho  o.^^t^nS^ 

Can.  to  (,a.  \V    to  t ho  Mias.     Tho  stem  is  a  ru^oas,  fleshy,  aubterranooua  con. 
giving  or  radK'los  m  a  circle  from  tlio  edgo.     Soapo  8-12'  liieh Trect  nmn 
embraced  at  tho  base  by  tho  lon,^  sheaths  of  tho- petioles.     Le  fll  2-7      n  ' 
i  as  wido.     Spatho  greon  without,  usually  variegatt>d  within  with  stHpes  of  'hn^k 
purp  0  alternating  w,lh  palo  green.     Kpadi.v  nn.ch  shorter  than  the  S,c    v-    y 
ing  from  green  to  dark  purple.     Fruit  a  bunch  of  bright  scarlet  bSe  .'    £ 

Jjrir^lt'ln  ^"^'■"'  '"■'r'P^'^  ^-^  ^7"!^-  ""^  ^^^  ^''"'^  ^*»'>^^'J  ««  a  cann  „  ° 
live,  Ac.     Apr.,  .In.     (.Vruin,  atrorubens  Ait.) 

2  A.  quin^tum.     Acauloswnt;  Ivs.  with  very  long  sheaths,  in  pairs  one  or  both 
qumat,;  Itts.  oval-lancoo  ate.  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  si  Jt  potiolo  o 
sessile ;   spadi.K  long  and  slender,  nearly  inclosed  in  tho  ovato-lancoolat^rspath" 
winch  ,s  briefly  lurtooted  at  tho  pointed  ape.x;  berry  I  to  2..seeded.-ai^  a n d  S 
Car.  (Curtis      Scvpe  I  to  21'  high.    Lvs.  with  long  petioles  an.l  still  longej^sl^  tl,; 

5i'p^.^;i:ii!;;n^s;;:i  t/nHiil^^"'"  "^"^  ^-t.)-i>erhaps  identical  ;jii; 

^ntd.??'Tftt"?^ni^nn"-  ,^•"'"'7  P'^-^""^^-  Acaulcscent;  if.  mostly  solitary, 
Ei  n'.lint  J  ^i  '  ^,^l«''^'-''»"'^'"la^;  «1>'""^  «"''"l"to,  longer  than  ^,0  convo: 
lute,  oblong  spathc-Less  common  in  N.  Eng.  than  the  former  species,  found  in 

Sder^'lJ  to  •2nn'i''T'";'  '''  '^^     ^'^^'". ''  '''''''^  subterraneous  conn,     sl  o 
above  oi.hu,lf  H-      9"^!  "?,  '^''''':  flH'athIng  petiole,  which  is  dichotomoLs 

?nid  f  ^E       V   H    '^'i     '^P^"'°  ^"■''"'  ^-2'  long,  rolled  into  a  tube  at  base. 

red  b  rrfef     r;,      l'  '  ^""'''t^'^P^'""^'  ^'T\  "'"^''^  ^'^^^''''J-     ^^uit  a  buncii  of 
roubonies.     Jn.,  Jl.     (.Vrum  Dracontiuni  L.) 

2  PELT'ANDRA,  Kaf.  (Or.  na-r^,  a  shield  or  target,  dvdpe.^.) 
Spatho  convolute;  sp.sdix  covered  witli  flowers,  staminatolibove,  pistil- 
late be.ow  ;  perianth  0;  anthers  8  to  12,  attached  to  tho  marjriii  of  a 
pet^ito  oblong,  connoctilc,  and  opening  by  a  terminal  pore:  berry  1- 
celled,  1  to  3-secdcd.— 2r   Rt.  fibrous.     Lvs.  sagittate. 

^  f^;  7?.'"^°^? *  ^'*^'  '^^""'es'-'"-"*;  lvs.  oblong,  hasUte-sagittate,  acute  at  apex, 
the  lobes  obtnsa;  spathe  elongated,  incurved,  green,  wavy  on  the  margin;  spadlx 
covered  with  stammate  flowers  the  greater  part  of  its  length.-A  smooth,  dark 
green  plant,  m  wot  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  Ms.  to  Car.     Leaves  radical,  uuinerou.s, 


Ordeu  131.~ARACE.B. 


eeo 


i-i..(ll.)  '  -i^^^nt'",   toopor,  Jlon.s.selieria,    Beck,  Culudium, 

tt/'.',  ««</r«,  gradually  evolved  and  t^"ife3  S«  .       *^  ^']" 'T'"'''  'P^if^"  invol- 
A  Hm(X)tl.,  Klaucoiis  plant  witli  1  to  3  3 J  '"'^-  "'"^  *'"•      *'W.  l'«"d.) 

i"  No.   1.     Hood^s  witS,ralbumo„    a:'^;  T! '":'.'."'!  ^',*'^>"5  «'»'"'-  M-aM 


May,  Jn.    (Caladium 


Xu'iL'Kur'  *""™'"»'=»:  -"£rr,;si 

3.  RICHAR'DIA,  Kt]j.    Eoyptiav  Pai,  »     c    *i     •      , 

with  a  twatod  c,,<p,  ,n,.c  ,  lont^^^r    fan  tMl,      '"','*  ."    ""•'  '*'"•  "^""'^. 

flowers:  perianth   deonlv  ]  n.rf  T     '  ^         oval,  covere<l  with  perfect 
cute,  pc^sL^  tcS  ttSln'l  ^1"?^""""'^%  """"^^'  *-"" 

of  .,n>s.;  seed  without  alba.en.-2r  A.-iic^^^^^^li'S^  ''"' 

growing  i„  stamps,  meadows  and  dftde;  n!n'  '  ^"^^^  ^^•'^-  ""'^  W.  States, 
scarcely  loss  offensVo  11^7^'.*  of  thi  ^nfS/whTl  '"^  V'^"'''  ^•'"'=''  '« 
spruijr,  tl,o  swelling  spatl.o  is  seen  otnori^in  J  w  f  ^i  '"'^  '*  '^'"'''*-  ^'""^y  •'' 
or  less  covered  wifh   purS>  s^tTrt?  XS  ^  f!^l "  >^  "••  "'"'^^'•'  '"«^« 

curved.  It  inclos  -8  tho  smdiv  whili  .^'**^'^^P"^ly  mfoldei,  and  its  point  in- 
purple.  Tho  leuv'es,  wh  &f  ar'i.f  ati  tr^'H^ '''■^'^  with  flowers  of  a  dull 
J^rou,  b.co.i„g^e,.  ^^.^L:^  ^J^^^ ^  ^-,^ 


670 


Obdxr  132.— LEMNAGB^. 


6.  ORON'TIUM,  L.  Golden  Club.  (Name  of  doubtful  origin.) 
Rpathe  none  ;  spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  perfect  flowers ;  perianth 
4  to  6-3epaled  ;  stamens  4  to  6  ;  ovary  few  ;  stigma  sessile  ;  fruit  a  dry 
berry  or  utricle,  seed  without  albumen. —  2t  Acaulescent,  aquatic.  FIs. 
yellow  at  the  summit  of.  the  scape,  which  thickens  upwards  into  the 
spadix. 

O.  aqu&tlcum. — ^This  interesting  plant  is  a  native  of  inundated  banks  and  pools, 
U.  S.  Lv3.  lanceolate,  6  to  {>'  by  2  to  3',  smooth,  of  a  deep  green,  velvet-liko 
purface  above,  paler  beneath,  on  long,  radical  petioles.  Scape  thick  and  terete, 
about  a  foot  in  length,  closely  invested  by  a  short  sheath  at  base,  and  ending  la 
a  spadix  of  a  rich  yellow  color,  covered  with  small,  perfect,  yellow  fls.  of  an 
offensive  odor — the  upper  ones  often  tetramerous.    May. 

7.  ACO^RUS,  L.  Sweet  Flag.  (Gr.  o,  privative,  and  Koprj,  the 
pupil  of  the  eye  ;  supposed  to  cure  maladies  of  the  eye.)  Spadix  cylin- 
dric, covered  witli  flowers,  and  issuing  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape ; 
perianth  6-sepaled ;  stamens  C,  linear  ;  ovary  free  ;  stigma  sessile,  min- 
ute ;  fruit  dry,  3-cclIcd,  many-seeded. —  21  Herbs  with  a  fleshy,  aroma- 
tic rhizome.     Lvs.  radical,  ensiform,  as  well  as  the  scape. 

A.  calamus  L.  Summit  of  the  scape  above  the  spadix  very  long  and  leaf-like. — 
Grows  in  wet  soils  throughout  tlio  U.  States.  The  thick,  prostrate,  creeping 
rhizome  is  higlily  valued  for  its  aromatic  flavor,  its  warm  and  pungent  taste.  The 
long,  sword-shaped  leaves  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  ridge  running  their 
whole  length.  The  cylindrical  spadix  is  about  3'  long  and  3"  diam.,  covered 
with  small,  green  flowers.     Jn.,  JL 


Order  CXXXH.     LEMNACE^     Duckmeats. 

Ilerhs  minute,  stemless,  floating  free  upon  the  water,  and  consisting  of  a  leaf-liko 

frond,  or  a  tuft  of  leaves,  with  one  or  more  fibrous  roots.     Flowers  bursting  from 

the  substance  of  the  frond,  or  axillary,  inclosed  in  a  spathe,  the  sterile  consisting  of 

1  or  2  stamens,  the  fertile  of  a  1 -celled  ovary.     Fruit  a  utricle,  with  1  or  more  seeds. 

Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.     Fig.  602. 

Oenera  4,  specien  20,  Jittlo  nquatics  widely  diffused.    Tliey  are  regarded  as  reduced  arolds, 
and  among  tlie  simplest  of  PlienogamouH  plants. 

i.  LEM'NA,  L.  Duck-meat.  (Perhaps  altered  from  At'jujua,  a 
scale.)  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  the  same  spathe,  the  former  2  col- 
lateral stamens,  the  latter  a  simple,  carinate  ovary,  with  a  style  and 
stigma. — OP  Herbs,  consisting  of  a  frond  (stem  and  leaf  confounded), 
sending  down  from  the  under  surface  roots  which  hang  loosely  in  the 
water,  and  producing  from  the  margins  the  spathaceous  flowers.  (Tho 
following  sections  are  regarded  as  genera  by  Schleiden.) 

S  LEMNA,  Scbleidcn.  Fils.  filiform.  Ovule  solitary.  Frond  with  a  single  root — Nos.  1— 5 
§  TELMATOPIIACE,  Schl.  Fils.  dihitud  in  the  middle.  Cvs.  2  to  7.  Fronds  l-rooted..No.  4 
§  SPIRODELA,  Schl.    Fils.  narrowed  below.     Ovules  2.    Frond  many-rooted No.  5 

1  L.  trisulca  L.  Ivy -leaved  Duck-meat.  Fronds  elliptic-lanceolate,  thin,  ser- 
rate at  one  extremity  and  caudate  at  the  other ;  roots  solitary. — Floating  in  ponds 
and  pools  of  clear  water.  Fronds  nearly  ^'  in  length,  diaphanous,  with  a  tail-like 
appendage  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  the  new  ones  issuing  in  a  cruciate  mivntier 
from  lateral  fissures  in  the  margin  of  the  old.  Root  a  solitary  fiber,  ending  in  a 
sheath.  Flowers  very  minute.  Utricle  sitting  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  frond. 
June — Sept. 

2  L.  minor  L.  Fronds  thickish,  roundish  or  obovate,  several  conjoined ;  root  soli- 
tary.— This  little  floating  p);>nt  occurs  in  dense  patches  on  the  surface  of  stagnant 

•    waters.    The  leaves,  properly  fronds,  adhere  2 — 3  together,  2"  in  length,  rather 


Obdeb  133.— TYPHACE^. 


en 


educed  aroids, 


thick,  and  convex  below.     Root  undivided  nhfiftthari  «♦  ♦!.>      j     tm 
nute  fro™  a  cleft  in  the  n^argin  of  tho1rol''ntTtttl*'jn*-Sep?"'"  "' 
3  L.  perpuaflla  Torn.    Smallest  Ddck-mkat.    IHnds  obovcUe    thin-  rt      r 
tary;  seed  erect.— Ponda  on  Staten  Island      FronZr'TT^'    ,      '   ^-  ^°^'" 
or  single,  brightgreen.     Stamens  wUh  filSrm  fi?amen  s.  IturTrl  n"*^'  ^""""^'^ 

line  in  length,  pellucid  and  relicukited   beneath      Filint.,"       ^^^  *^°"*  * 
other  species.     Fruit  roundish,  indellenTl  to  T-S    '  JnT"     ""  "  ''' 

long),  scattered  on  the  surface  of  tlie  water  ofanrmLTtun}^^!  tTP  \^ 
coming  purplish.     Rts.  in  thick  bundTesof  8  t^  ^S  black  fibe™  fror^^?'''  h'* 

2.  PIS'TIA,  L.     (Gr.  marbg,  drinking.)     Spatho  tubular  at  haso 
connate  with  the  spadix,  limb  open,  ligulate,  encullate  above      /  anTh' 
ers  3  to  8,  adnate  to  the  thiek  summirof  tbe  spadix,  subglobouf  open    - 
ing  transversely  ;    $  ovary  1,  at  the  base  of  the  spadix^  SedC 
tJft  J  Hh"""^  ^^'"^  "  fruit-Floating  herbs,  eSnsist  ng  of  ros'ulS^ 

^o?fl?ent^*to^'^trun'So'^a''■:^b^  tT'"*^"  ""'"'^*^'  "^'"«  '^-^"'f-"' 

white.    May.  ^-  ^^""^'^^'  '°  '*'^«°'  ^^t^rs.     Spatho 

Order  CXXXIII.     TYPIIACEyE.     Typhads. 

F^'^'  ^'■'"'''"^  '°  ""'■'''''  '""^  ^'■''^'^^'  ^'^^  '•'e'd'  ''"^■•form,  sessile  leaves 
F^ers  monoeaous,  arranged  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  ^ith  no  spathe.  Pelill 
of  a  few  scales,  or  a  tuft  of  hairs,  or  0.  Stamens  1  to  4,  with  long  slender  fil!^ 
ment.  ^  Cary  with  1  pendulous  ovule.     See^  albuminou;  with  an'llTfjbry: 

Genera  2,  ^ecies  13,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world. 

^l'rJ^fS^'^\  (Gr-Tv«i&of,  a  marsh;  where  all  the  species  jrrow^ 
Spadix  of  flowers  long,  ey  indric,  dense  ;  S  stamens  about  sl^eZr 
«n  ted  into  a  common  filament;  ?  flowers  below  the  sterile  ovarv 
pedicellate,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  liair-like  pappus.-RootS'  Sd7 
n'meZ:"''  '  '  "^^^  ^''""^*'^'  ^'^  low'er^istillatr  Yk.  fe'ry 
T.  iatifdlia  (and  angustifolia  Linn.)  Cat-tail.  Uvut,  xi.n^  t 
concave  ..thin  near^hebase;  sterile  and  fel^i.e  ^L's  c'Lrioge^^^^^^  oTa  iuTo 

nrc^^O^-'b?own,  crpoll^^sSi^S^^^^^^^^^^ 

trngX'itf  c'h"a1rs?r'^  ^7;'^-     ^'^^  ^^«  ««"«^  ^^■^'  -'^  -^«^  ^^r 
^.  ANGiTsriroLiA      Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  a  little  remote  a-2')._Found  in 
the  same  situations  with  the  former.     A  well  marked  vaLt^t  hnf  ,iiffnr^^„ 
only  in  the  more  slender  habit,  and  less  completrdevelS  ofYt^  pa^t^^ 


672 


Ordeb  134.— NAIADACEA 


2.  SPAR'GANUM,  L.  Bukr  Reed.  (Gr.  andpyavov,  a  band  or  fil- 
let; in  reference  to  the  long,  libbon-Iiko  leaves.)  Spadiecs  manv,  glob- 
ons,  the  lower  fertile,  the  ujtper  consisting  of  numerous  stanjens  with 
scales  intermixed ;  filaments  slender ;  anthers  oblong-linear,  2-cellcd  ; 
$  pistils  nnmerou->,  sessile,  each  surrounded  by  3  or  6  scales,  which 
represent  a  perianth  ;  stigma  ligulate,  unilateral,  fruit  nut- like,  sessile, 
l-seeded. —  4  Aquatic  herbs.  St.  leafy,  simple  or  branched.  Lvs, 
long,  linear,  sheathing  at  base. 

$  Stigmas  mostly  2.    Stems  of  the  tiiflorpsnenoo  brnnchinpr.    Erect No.  I 

i  Stigmas  always  single.     8toiii  siuiiilo.— Eieet.     Mends  lurgo  (half  inch  (luim.) .No!  3 

— Flouting  or  erect.    Heads  small Nos.  8, 4 

1  S.  rarndsum  ITuds.  Lvs.  triangular  nt  base,  their  sides  concave;  common 
flower-stalks  branclied;  stig.  2,  linear. — Grows  ia  pools  and  ditches,  where  it  is 
oonspicuous  among  other  roody  plants  for  its  globulur  burrs  of  flowers.  Stem 
1 — 2f  iiigl),  flexuous,  round,  with  a  few  branches  above.  Leaves  J — 2f  long, 
4 — 8"  wide,  linear,  arising  above  the  stem,  triangular  towards  the  base,  and 
sword-form  upwards,  tapering,  but  obtuse.  Heads  of  flowers  light  green ;  lertilo 
ones  2 — 5,  G"  diaui.,  the  lowest  generally  raised  on  a  short,  axillary  stalk;  sterile 
ones  above,  more  numerous,  smaller,  sessile.     Aug. 

2  S.  Bfmplez  Smith,  Lower  lvs.  equal  with,  or  exceeding  the  utem,  which  is 
nearly  simple,  floral  ones  concave  at  base  and  erect ;  stig.  always  simple,  ovate- 
oblong,  obiiqiie,  scarcely  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  stylo. — Ponds  and 
lakes.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  simple  or  divided  at  base.  Leaves  mostly  radical, 
1 — 2Jf  by  3",  carinate  at  base.  Fertile  heads  sessile,  generally  3,  6  to  8"  diam., 
below  the  several  barren  ones,  with  the  simplo  styles  conspicuous.  Aug.  (S. 
Americanum  Nutt.) 

3  S.  Dcitans  L.  Lvs.  floating,  flat ;  common  flower-stalk  simple ;  stig.  ovate,  very 
short ;  head  of  sterile  Jls.  subsolitary  ;  fruit  beaktd  and  stipiiate. — Lakes  and  pools, 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  long  and  slender,  and,  with  the  leaves,  floating  upon 
the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  thin  and  pellucid.  Heads  of  fertile  flowers 
axillary,  generally  2,  small,  mostly  sessile.     Sterile  cluster  terminal.     Aug. 

4  S.  angustifolium  Mx.  Slender,  weak,  simple,  erect  or  floating ;  Iv.o.  narrowly 
linear,  shorter  than  the  stem  when  erect,  elongated  when  floating;  heads  very 
small,  axillary,  the  lower  pedunculate;  stigma  single,  short;  fr.  scarcely  beaked, 
sessile. — N.  Kng.,  N.  Y.,  Can.,  pools  and  streams.  Sts.  1  to  2f  long,  lvs.  1  to  3  to 
9'  or  more,  obtuse.     Hds.  scarce  a  fourth  of  an  inch  diam. 


Order  CXXXIV.     NAIADACE.E.     Naiads. 

Water  plants  with  jointed  stems,  and  sheathing^  stipulos,  or  sheathing  petioles. 
Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,  naked  or  with  a  2  to  4-paited  perianth.     Stamens  defi- 
nite.    Ovaries  free,  sessile,  1-ovuled.     Stifima  simple,  often  sessile.     Fruit  indehis- 
cent.     Seed  without  albumen,  with  a  straight  or  curved  embryo. 
Genera  9,  species  60,  in  waters  and  uiarshes,  salt  or  fresh  in  nil  ccuntrios. 

GENERA. 

•  Flowers  nxillary,  sessile,  the  staminato  rcducort  to  a  single  stamen  (a). 

a  Fertile  flowers  reduced  to  a  single  pistil,  with  2  or  3  stigmas.     Lvs.  opposite.  .Najas.    1 
,%  Fertile  flowers  with  about  4  pistils  in  a  cup,  with  as  many  stigmas.....  .Za.nicukllia.    2 

*  Flowers  spadoceous,  or  2  to  20,  sessile  on  a  spadis  or  spike  (b). 

b  Flowers  monoecious,  seated  in  2  rows  on  the  side  of  a  linear,  flat  spadix Zostrra.    3 

b  Flowers  perfect,  naked,  2  to  5,  4-meroiis  ;  fruit  raised  on  slender  stipes Kui'pia.    4 

b  Flowers  perfect ;  perianth  4-sepaled  ;  atam.  4.    Pistils  and  achenia  4..  1'otauookton.    ft 

1.  NA^JAS.  L.  Water  Nymph.  (Gr.  vrfw,  to  flow  ;  hence  Nat?,  or 
NattJe?,  Nymph  of  the  watcis;  from  the  liabitat.)  Flowers  a.xillary, 
sessile,  solitary,  the  $  reduced  to  a  single  stamen ;  filament  slender. 


Ordkb  134.— NAIADACE^.  g^j 

often  elongated,  anther  4.valved,  valves  spreading ;  9  perianth  0  • 
«tyle  short  st.g.nas  2  or  3,  subulate;  fruit  a  little  1  eededdrunc  lit.; 
T'^::  entn-ely  submersed,  with  opposite  Ivs.  ZZtlT'''^' 
N.  fl6xllla  Rostk.  St.  filiform,  caaspitous,  dichotomoasly  brancI.i„K-  Ivs  onnosif„ 
■;  4s  or  6a,  at  the  nodea  linear.  obsoJ«W  r.„n  t"^.:*„   '  ?PP°?"» 


or  fasciculate  in  a?,  4s  or  gI  at  the''n^r«:  Z"TT"''"^  orancl.ing;  Iva.  opposite 
l-veined.-A  slender  pll^clXtVZZ\y^^  ^^'^J^' 


of 


tiroad-liko  knotted  atoms  G  to  12' lone     Tm  1  fn  i~i7.'' T''""".'"*^  "'   '""»  oi 
shoathmg  at  base.     Flowers  solitsir^r  anco.-i         t  "^'  ^    ^'^''-  "'^••'^  and 

consisting  of  an  oblong  ova  /J^le J  S'j  Su&^r  'T"'  ^'^^  ''^'^''«  ""^^ 

'^•(SauSagms  wllld'j  '"'""  "^^  "'''  ^^^^-  mostlyopposite  and  recurved. 

..0  6  ova*,  „s.„  „o  &r  i^2.5:^°:£r?ror:a':s^^^^^^ 

Boweri-K  Aquatic,  gmUnVfa  Ccl  ™lrV"''.^  "  ''T''''  «^"«of  ~kell 
Ga.),  and  i,  ,l,ei5ce  ^£t.™P£^SJbXj-^e^  and  ahal  „wa  (Maine  1„ 
■t  IS  gathered  for  manure.    Aug.     """''"' "^"'0  nates.    Like  other  sea-ivoed., 

6otan""'"''FLe^,;  J'lTJlT  ''"  "T"'  "^  -^'W'-  »  «crm«„ 
»keathi4  base  of^e  Icav^f „:  i^rS"''';  "'  ^^'''T  ""ts  '''°'"  «■" 
.mile  anther ;  ovaries  4  Dedicrik.!ll  '  ■  """/  ^'  °'^''  "  l"'^*"'"'. 
-^enia.^.kerbrd;r^t3^^^^^^^^^ 

sSet!lttfon^,1St™tlfi  fl^^^^^^^  '^n^'^'  ^'^^-  ^'-?  t'^-oast. 
setaceous,  with  inflated  sheat™  at  ba^e1:ilS^^^^  h'^^  l-2f  longflinear  an  J 
contorted  and  spiral,  and  by  windinTa^d  LS"      ;,    The  common  peduncle  is      . 
green  flowers  on  the  surface  ^iT^i^^^,  "s  ^r"    "/    f%'  'H  '^'"^'''  «^  °^''«'l- 
R    DA-riw  ^—  ••"t-'^«sit  fiacs  orfalis.     July. 

^''«'"T^I^^J;Z-     <- •  r"""^-  »  "-•••  r--,  near.) 
anther,,  4°  aUernate  wkh  JhT      T""^  '''■"'  "  "P^"'" '  ^-'^  44paled 

-«"o„'.  or  ttS;ter.j;enr:„tid^^^^^^^ 


074 


OooXB  131.^NAIADACE^ 


{■: 


and  subinorsuil,  only  tlio  flowers  »inKiii;j  ftbov*^  tlio  Burfnrc  of  the  water 
Spadix  (or  Hitiko)  ixHliniculiito,  ;i — lO-lloworod.      livs.  fitipiiliitc,,  par- 
allol-vi'iiieil,  lower  ulturimto,  tlio  upper  mostly  ojjpositc.     Fls.  hiiuiH 
grcuiiiHii. 

I  L<'i»yp!i  i>f  two  klndu  ;  the  flrwitlnir,  f»Ti\I-clllpt|pftI,  porfnr^miii  potloloto,  ntlimluft  fico 
fnnn  the  potiolo,  conimtu  ;  siibiiii^ri^oil  Uiitvt'B  tlilii,  (•) 

•  KloittliiK  li'iivcs  liroiulor  tlmii  lliu  tuliititTHod  uiics.  (a) 

a  I-i'«vi'.t  III  I  roiiNpliMKXiNly  Htlpiiliitv i^f,(i  1   2 

a  LfiivfH  (llii!  «iil)iiutrHt«l  oMt'N)  nlMiimt  (IcKtitiito  :>r,ntlpiiluN '...'.'.! '.Noi  8  t 

•  Flimtlriir  Icikvcn  miiiillur  tliiiii  tlio  ninplf  AiiliiiiorNfil  oiioh.  .    ,,, ]...     fj,,' 5 

I  I^nvostif  iiiiii  kiiiil  only,  nil  Kriwliig  bciU'rttii  tlio  wiilur'HC^rtUyo.  (')  

•  titlpiiU<8  I'litlnily  t'roo  I'roiii  tlw  potltdo  or  lonf.  (a) 

a  l^cnvdN  liinctMilnto,  fN'tlolutit  or  iiivrcly  rpmIIo j^,,,  ^  j- 

a  I.fiivi's  oviil  or  ohloii({,  brosil  iiiiil  climpInK  ai  l>ii»o .!...*.'...' Noh,  s"  )» 

a  Li'iivi'8  lliifnr,— Slmiin  cvlilt'nlly  compicHsod  iiiiiruor  limg !!no8   in  11 

—  HUtiim  tortito,  vrry  filvnilcr fj,,,'  10'  iji 

•  Btlpiilos  uitltod  witli  tlio  ulii'iHUluif  base  ortho  loaf Nhs!  14.'  15 

1  P.  natana  L  Huo.vd-i.kavko  PoMn-WKKi).  Floiiting  Ivs.  ooriacoouH,  oblong, 
or  elliptio-ovuto,  uc.utci  or  obtiiso  or  corilato  at  baac,  on  long  jictiolca  submoraofl 
ones  liiicar-lancc'ohito,  inoinbraiiotis,  clongatod,  attonuntcd  to  p(>tioics  at  bnso 
lowoat  roductnl  tJ  inoro  p(»tiok'.s ;  stipules  cot»mt(\  (iistinct  froin  tlio  iKJtioU",' 
olorigatod;  Hpikos  ratlior  donso,  nhortor  tluin  tiio  poduiiuloH ;  fruit  Hoinowlmt 
Bomi-KlobouM,  rougbisli,  inoro  or  loss  carinatf^  at  tlio  back.— A  very  common 
Bfwcios,  in  slow  waters  or  iwndH,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  St.  blonder,  1  to  :}f  Jong,  ao- 
oonling  to  tlio  doptli  of  tho  water,  braneliod.  Upper  Ivs.  '2  to  4' long,  about 
balf  as  wido;  petioles  2  to  8',  Bubinersod.     Sjiiko  1  to  2'  long.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  P.  heterophjrllua  Selireb.     Floating  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  5  to  7-veinpil. 


liliform,  ollen  branched.     Lower  Ivs.  8  to  G'  by  1 V','  loinoto,  upper  about  2  to  3' 
by  J'.     Spikes  1'  long,  peduncles  2  to  4'.     (P.  Claytonia  Tuekerman.) 

3  P.  diversif61iua  IJart.  St.  liliform,  branching ;  upper  Ivs.  oval  or  lanco-ovnl. 
6-veined,  on  short  jwtioles,  lower  ones  .submerged,  seasilo,  filiform,  alternate,  oacn 
densely  fascicled,  not  at  all  reticulated,  obtuse.— Common  in  pools  and  ditelK'& 
A  very  slender  and  delicate  species,  only  tlio  upp-sr  Ivs.  arising  to  tho  surlaco. 
Theao  aro  6  to  10"  by  2  to  4",  acute  at  eueh  end,  on  hair-like  petioles  3  to  G"  long. 
Spadicos  dense,  short,  5  to  G-flowered.  Jl,  (P.  sctaceum  Ph.)— Varies  with  tho 
loaves  nearly  all  of  either  kind. 

4  P.  h:^bridus  Mx.  Floating  Iv.s.  cUiptic-oblong,  coriaceous,  scarcely  veined, 
longer  than  their  petioles ;  submersed  Ivs.  long-linear,  thin,  sessile ;  stipules  above 
equaling  tho  petioles,  those  of  tho  submersed  Ivs.  very  short  or  wanting;  spikes 
cylindric,  dense,  on  short,  thickened  pod. ;  fruit  keeled  on  the  back,  seed  coiled 
into  a  ring.— Pools  and  slow  waters,  S.  ?  and  W,  States.  Sts.  mostly  simple,  very 
Blender,  1  to  3f  long.  Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long,  alternate,  upper  opposite,  1  to  18  ', 
Spike  about  1'.     A  handsome  ."pecies. 

5  P,  flikitana  Roth.  Floating  Ivs.  opposite,  oval-lancoolato,  coriaceous,  acute  at 
each  end,  shorter  than  tho  petioles ;  submersed  Ivs.  larger  than  the  floating,  lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  short-acuminate,  rtrongly  veined,  wavy,  thin,  not  shining,  faintly 
reticulated;  stip.  large,  connate;  ped.  thickened,  cylindric— In  clear,  deep 
waters,  N.  Now  Eng.  and  Can.  Sta,  simple  or  branched,  several  feet  long.  Sub- 
mersed Ivs.  5  to  7'  long,  a  third  as  wide,  the  floating  2  to  3'  long,  Stip.'  2  to  3' 
Ictig.     Spikes  2'  long,  rather  dense-flowered,     Aug, 

6  P,  Iticena  L,  Lvs.  shining,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  flat,  large,  tho  short 
petioles  continuing  in  a  thick  midvein ;  spikes  long,  cylindric,  many-fiowered ; 
ped.  thicjtened  upward;  fr.  slightly  keeled.— y  Caa,  N.  Eng.,  &c.  Rivers  and 
lakes.  Uiatinguished  ibr  its  largo  leaves  which  are  very  pellucid,  and,  when  dry, 
shining  above,  conspicuously  cross-veined,  3  to  5'  long,  an  inch  or  more  wido, 
each  with  a  lanceolate,  double  stipule  above  its  base.  Spadix  2'  long,  of  nu- 
merous green  flowers,  on  a  peduncle  2  or  3  times  as  long,  thick  and  enlarged  up- 
wards.   Jn. 


OaoKR  134.— NAIADAOE^. 


675 

''  ^i^^!^::^n^XpP:;!Z^  onVt1.c  n.iaveln  con- 

tlm  two  u,.p..r  op,K.sit:..     Hpiko  dons^   1  i'  £1,^.(1  r    "  "'"<  '"^,«'rP'"K  bano 
as  Hhown  by  tho  pita  of  tbo  fruit.  *        *^'  ^  "     ^"'"'^  ""'°*^  '"««  «  ""« 

°^.c'^"s:^S!i5,.tdrcoS^.r^^^^^^  -iu.  throe 

PorulM  a.Hl  rivTH,  North  ;„Ktat^rann%r'lM''""'^^^^^ 

Niagara  nvc-r,  growing  in  depths  of  C  or  Sf^  July   aS:^  '^""'*''°'^  '*  ^" 

pon,l«  and  Hlo^;  watorH/Sly  blw  tl.o  2;;:;  "'""T!  '^'''''''  '<'-"^""<  •''' 
«tcm.  diohoto.nouM,  vor;  loaf/ G-  S^^  1  n,/  T  "'''■?'''  *''"  I'^H^liHl'  floworn. 
fohatonc-ar  tho  ba'so,  IV  o^'  4  as  w  io^obt^r'"  ■1'''"';""^^'  «PP-'-««tly  Por- 
podundo  (1-2'),  fcw-floworoli     J?  '  '  ^'"""''■"'-    «P'^<^'-'^  «"  a  short 

on  tho  back- A  dolicato    poS  "n  HnS  ^^  ""'"  '^'''''"'^'>'  ^''''-'■''^'^^'^ 

'»»  to  tho  stip.ilato  baso,  2-;{'  onJT'li„n"  ^i ,  m  '*  '1"^°"'''  "''*"««'  taper- 
«.lor.  redunclo  nn  inch' long  tSnal  b  arir  V  'r'"'*^' ■"[^^''''^'''  »^«^" 
water,  but  ripening  tho  Boods  fdL     (P.'  grarnhfou^lrMxT'"  '''"'"  "'" 

tuse  °^^rjrMun:^;xs^t:^Sr?;^  ^^^^^-^^--^ «''- 

rivers.  Stoin  1— 2f  lonir  braiir-hino-  «,„  u  <7..  ^"^^  species  m  ponds  and 
Htipuies  above  tho  noff  t^^ll^t  l^u^t'  ST'  -'?'  «'-«^hing 
mote  tho  margins  perfeetly  parallel,  ondi.V  »  an  abmpt  p^  nt  'S  T''''  ""V 
1— I  long,  on  a  peduncle  1—2'  lonjr  and  boarino-T^.,?  .  '  P'^'l''^  terminal, 
torilblium  Schum.)  ^'    ^  »eanng  5—25  fiowera.     Jl.    (p.  zos- 

^1.rL?oo^"er/;cuR^Hosi!i;^no^^^^^^^^^^^  '''■  "-ar-subulate,  mem- 

fow-flowercd;  fn  ovoi  illressod  Si  cl  7  .*''°  f 'P^'c^'^'  "P''^'-'^  ^'^P'tate, 
Eng.  to  Ohio' and  Can.  A  verv  delica  o  r^  I T^^  mJe.-^hallow  watere,  N 
-2'  by  i"  a  little  longer\ranM.o     .fernSr  tZ  T'"^T'-     .^^f^^  ' 

capill!rytdT,ff^rU  f  tS/mi?utf  n^  ^"'P'"'"^  ^--''-^  '-  ^^^-.  oH 

flowered,  oblong,  on  ^Ic.^  fiSm  '  Xh""T  '^'l'''^'''  ^P''^^"  ^^^  («  to  9  - 
Htern  ;  (fruit  immaluro).-"t^5'S^  It^c^  U^^^^  ''%'?^^  '^'^'^''  t'^an  tho 

Alleghany  Mt..  Tuokorman  ?  in  Gray's  Manual      A  A     '''■  i'^'?'"'^^  ^^^'"^  ^f^"- 
^  The  leaves  taper  to  tho  .....^^ l^^^^  ^^'^'^'^Z^^ 

^^f'\.^meS.f?nV£dcM™lf  t"h^^  '^^"«^-^'  «t^-t«.  A-uoas; 

aheatbin,  stipules;  spX'^c^'ndri  at\  S'  flTrie'-Tl  ^fiT"^^^'  °" 
—Plant  submersed  in  deen  water  hnsl.v  nn,!  ^„I    i    c^?V  P^*^  fibform,  long. 

W.  to  Wis.  (Lapham  ?)  wH'-?' b^  £iSu  ^h^n^^^^^^^  '  •i'"''^'^  ^'"'«'' 
perceptible.  Fruit  largo,  purplish  rou-h  Tli?H„  i  '  '  ^®  ™»dvein  scsrcelv 
nor  umbilicate.    Jn.  P^'^P"^".  "-ough,   a  l.ttlo  compressed,  ndther  cariaate, 

^^,.:?u.?°^;'^°»^-Oakeg.     Lvs.  lance-linear,   ..pnmvim^io   .i,~„th---      n       * 
Aim  lucaduaiosLipules,  lamina  auricnlAtA  oV  h..^^. —      •'  "''.^"^biug  tho  stem 
rulate;  spikes  oblong.  LalTldirflowered    -^^  minutely  ciliate-ser- 

First  discovered  by  Dr  Robbins  in  pSh  '  P^' ^l^orter  than  the  leaves.- 
ibund  in  many  oth^er  ponSs  in  N  H  £1'''?^  .°n  ^^^""1°°'  ^-  »•  Since 
almost  wholly iendosed^  the  heftk  Lvs  2  Z'A?i't  J^^  ^"°^'  ^"^""'^^^ 
what  crowded.  °  *  b/  2  to  3  ,  very  acute,  some- 


C78 


Obdeb  1:)5.— alismacejb. 


Cohort  6,  FLORIDE^. 

Endogenous  plants  with  the  Flowers  usually  perfect  and 
complete,  the  perianth  double,  3-parted,  the  outer  often  and 
sometimes  both,  green.  ' 

Order  CXXXV.     ALISMACILE.     Water  Plantaixs. 

Marah  h^bs  with  parallel -veined,  petlolato  leaves  and  branching  pedunclea 
liowers  perfect  or  monoecious,  with  a  regular  double  perianth.  Sep^sTreen' 
petals  3,  colored  or  green;  stamens  hypogynous.  Ovaries  3  or  more  seDaratin^ 
into  as  many  1 -seeded  acheni I.  '""'«,  separaung 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 

I.  ALISME^.  Petals  white,  with  a  green  calyx. 
Embryo  curved.  Leaves  mostly  with  a' 
lamina,  (a)  {Stam6.  Ai.isma.I. 

a  Fls.  all  perfect.  I  Stam.  9.— 24.  Kriiiv.  2. 
a  Fls.  diclinous.  Stam.  OO...SAO,TrARiA.       3 

II.  .TUNCAGINE^.  Petalsgreenlsh.liketliesepnls. 
Embryo  straight.  Leaves  never  expanded 
to  a  lamina,  (b) 

b  Anthers  oval.    Lvs.  radl-il.  ..TKIc-I,oc^I^<.  4 
b  Anth.  linear.   Lvs.  cauline.SciiEuciizEiuA.  5 

FIG.  712.    Inflorescence  of  a  Segittaria,  leaf 

?•>  ??r"-  "'  '*""  "'■  *''«  I''st"3  enlarged,  h,  Tlie  pis- 
til or  Alisma  cut  open,  showing  the  seed  and  curved  c"  • 
bryo. 

1.  ALIS'MA,   L.      Water   3'lantain. 

(Celtic  alls,  water  ?)  Flowers  i^  ;  sepals 
3,  persistent;  petals  3,  aestivation  involute;  stamens  G;  ovaries  and 
styles  numerous,  arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  as  many  flattened  ach- 
cnia.— 2i:  Acaulescent,  marsh  herbs,  with  mostly  expanded  leaves,  and 
with  panicled  flowers. 

A.  plantago  L.     Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  or  oval,  subcordate,  abruptly  acuminate; 
8cape  many-flowered;  fls.  verticillate  in  the  panicle;  carpels  15  to  20,  ribbed  on 

nhili  ITTI""  A^'^f^  ^T^"^'''"  ^^»'""— '^  ^■""'rnon,  smooth,' handeomo 
inhoH.tant  of  pools  and  ditches.     Lv.s.  resembling  those  of  the  common  plantain 
wit.  't  5  vems  running  from  end  to  end,  connected  by  cross  veinlets.    Peti- 

oles B  ng.     Panicle  ■  scape,  1— 2f  high,  with  numerous,  small  rose-white 

flowers.     ,.         ■       'A.  Invialis-andpai'viflorarJi.) 

2.  ECHlWt  -J  S,  Richard,  Engelm.  (Gr.  ^;^;(>of,  the  sea-urchin, 
tfopo?.,  a  sack  ;  aimding  to  the  head  of  carpels  bristly  with  the  persistent 
styles.)— Flowers  ^;  sepals  3,  persistent;  petals  3,  estivation  imbri- 
K. —  ,  „L„!i.,  QT!,  o\rtiifcs  aiiu  BLyifs  ao,  unbncatcd  111  a  head,  form- 
ing as  many  flattened,  beaked  achenia.— Scape  creeping  or  erect,  flow- 
ers verticillate.  ^     ^ 

^  !?„■  "^°f°»  Engelm.     Leaves  ample,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  about  T-veined,  on 
long  petioles;  scape  prostrate,  running  and  rooting  ixt  tho  proliferous  joints;  lis. 


Obdeb  135.— ALISMACE^  .  gy^ 

clustered  at  the  nodes,  on  long  pedicels;  stam.  18—24;  heads  of  oarnck  ovn.vi 
achenia  short-beaked,    very  numerous  (100-200).-^  Swampl  W  lU  rC  J 

^  S;r''°rfnl?*Y?  ^"^^^     ^'"^^  ""^^^  ""^^^'^^  ««"'«-  ^-ordatc,  about  S-vaned  tho 
later  ones  oblong,  all  long-petioled ;  scapes  erect,  much  exceedL  theTivi 

Flowers  about  half  a,s  large  as  in  Sagittaria.     ( Alifma,  Nutt )        "        ^  *" 

Smeler™"'-      "^^'"^   "^^^'^^''«  P«^'°'^   ^^^  than   1' ^long.     Fk  afoufs' 

3.  SAGITTARIA,  L.  ARnow-iiEAD.  (Lat.  sao?tia,  an  arrow  •  from 
he  peculiar  form  of  the  leaf.)-FIowers  s\  rarci/?  J  ,  sZhsS  •  peT- 
als  larger,  colored,  estivation  imbricate;  stam/J;  okries  ver;  nu- 
LoZhT'^'^  ";to  a  head,  forming  inVruit  as  miny  flarmar^ined 
beaked  achenm.-Acanlesccnt  marsh  herbs,  with  a  mflky  iuice  ^  Lvs 
common  y  arrow-shaped,  often  lanceolate,  linear,  or  cvei''rednced  to 
Ssltit-     ''''-'  '!^'''  '-  -  ^^^-''^^  o^^^.  the  lower' pelcV^ 

I  F:;i|j^Kefflo:;?^^^srsr  "'-'"-^<^^-"^)o«cs k«.  m 

a  1- 1  iimcats  longer  than  tho  anthers.    Lvs.  not  sasitt-ito  xt     „ 

a  Illamonts  very  fihort.-Lc.aves  lanceolate  ami tiu^^^^^^^^^^  -^-^^  I 

— Li'avesovtti-obtufie,  sagitute«tbuso....     No  7 

^^  TZ^mh^Z''^^^%^"?fl  T!''  "'*^^*"*'''  «P«-^  «^^"««;  ««•  dioecious.- 
l  Itlcn^l     lir^     '^'''  ^"•f^d-ovalts  acute,  with  ovate,  acuminate  lobes. 
e   pSbe™      pi  T  V''  ^'"^^^ '""^'  «^»t«.  spreading  lobes. 
2  B  hZrTl%.     T  P"^^^^^"'  '"  ^'"  ''«  P^'>-^«;  lvs.  and  their  lobes  ovate. 
°-  "®'=f^0Pliy"a  Ph.     Lvs.  smooth,  linear-lanceolate,  rarelv  some  of  thorn  rlllr*. 

-.i,  at  b«30  (o  a  very  lonj  pctioloi  jonpo  t.ll,  tranchod;  (la.  ia  3s,  all  loag-lSl 


673 


Order  135.— ALISMACE.B. 


ceUate;  bracts  broad-ovate,  short-pointed;  flL  hairy,  longer  than  the  anther,  •  ««u 
ubovate-talcate—River  swamps,  Conn.  ?  Va.  to  Fk.  and  La.  (Hale)  SS.  'J') 
M  or  more  according  to  the  depth  of  water.     Leaves  thick  and  leathery  8  to  U' 

(3  fS  p'h?''''^  "'•'  °''^''"''  "■'"'*'^  '^  ''''  "^'^^^*^-    ^^^  wlSe,  sholy 

^'llt^T^T'^^'''  *'^*'^  ^'^^  "''^'''^  ^'°'''"' '''''''''''  ^'■'''^*^  "'''^  ^P-  scabrous.- 

♦  S.  gramfnea  Mx     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  varying  to  linear,  rarely  sa..ittnf,. 

.capo  erec-t,  s  ender.  longer  thaa  the  leaves;  lower  whorls  forti  e:Tl  tl.rSlk 

or  mud,  common.     Lys.  «>nimonly  very  narrow,  attenuate-pointed,  4  t^  ^2  or 
more.     Scape  5  to  20  m  height,  the  pedieels  1'  or  less.     Flowers  small  8  or  9 
diam..  wh.to;  stam  few.     The  forms  witl»  lancc-ovate  leaves  consSu'e  a  well 
marked  variety.     (S.  simplex-,  Ed.  2.)  wuauiuwj  a  well 

^  5;.^"*^'^^*  ^'°";     f"^'"^^  (ieavesty  short,  linear,  oUuse,  summHs  only  folia 

eous;  scape  simple, sliorter  than  t.,e  leaves;  A/e^,/ertite  onei%  ^S" 

'.tam  mostly  1— A  dimmntive  specieso..  muddy  banks.  N.  Y.  toGa   Leavefrrrei; 

subulate,  an  mch  or  two  long,  less  than  a  lino  wide.    Scape  2-yi,iX  Fiowm 

4—7,  ilie  lowest  one  only  fertile.     Aug.  ^       -^ 'oilers 

^  5;a"t!^*  ^^-  u '''''•  f ''^*'"^'  o^alrfanceolate,  obtnse,  3-reIned,  tapering  to  the 
iTJZ%'''^^m''^'^!'''\''''^^  ^""P^*^'  fow-flowered;  lower' ped.  eSgatld 
In  water,  Penn  (Muhlenberg)  to  Car.  Scape  mostly  erect,  3-6'  long.  Leaves 
1—2  long.     Flowers  few,  small,  the  upper  sterile  (Elliot).  ^ 

7  S.  uligiadaa  Engelm.  Lvs.  oval-sagittate,  rounded-obtuse,  lobes  trian^kr^ 
TSZT"^^'  r  ''"  <',-'"?  '^'^  *''"  ^'''  "'^^  ^"  P^''-^'  ^he  lower  pi  (SS 

.      Se^    ^t  fi°,-^""  '  '""  "^l  "^^'^^^  ^"^''^  "^*"««J  «^^  broadiobovate  ToDg- 
pomted.— -St.  Louis,  perhaps  not  within  our  limits.  '' 

4.  TRIGLOXHIN.  L.  Arrow  Grass.  (Gr.  TQi'g,  three,  yXcjvk  a 
corner;  on  account  of  the  3-angled  fruit.)  Sepals  and  petal/conca\ 
oeciduous  the  fonucr  inserted  a  little  below  the  latter ;  stamens  6  very 
Short ;  anthers  large,  extrorse  ;  ovaries  1-ovnled  ;  stigmas  adnate  ;  fruit 
clavate,  composed  ot  3—6  united,  indehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels.—  i  Lvs 
.  grass-hke,  all  radical.  ^  ^ 

^  fT;,!?^^*"""™  ^  IVwe/  ovate-ol.Iong,  grooved,  o/G  united  carpels ;  scape  longer 

.      Fruit  separating  into  6  Unear  carpels,  cadi  containing  a  linear  S     The  St 
has  a  sweetisl.  taste,  and  cattle  are  Ibnd  of  it.     July.    (T.  elatum    Nutt ) 
^  J;n^^?^*''°  ^'    /'■««'* nearly  linear,  o/3  united  carpels;  scape  scarcely  longer 
^Z  *■'«  ^'^f^^^— J»  "'«'^l>es,   Salina,  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arc.  Am.      L^^vc's  ve  y  ,m 
merous,  fleshy,  smooth  very  narrow.    Scapo  6-12'  high,  ending  la  a  racei 
with  ra  her  remote,  v^ery  small,  green  flowers  on  pedicels  2-3"   oL     The  IT.-' 

.    ^^%^£^rr.^l'l;.C'^^ "  '''''  '''^'''  '^'  '^^''  ^^' 

.nkho^f  J??^"/?'*^!:^'  V  (^  ^^""^  Scheuchzen,  two  brothers,  disti..- 
gu  shed  botanists.)  Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  acute,  persistent  sta.  G, 
with  Imear  anthers;  stigmas  sessile,  lateral;  ovaries  1—2-ovulod •  car- 
8ules  inflated,  compressed,  2.valved,  1— 2.8eeded.-.2:  Lvs.  caulino,  lin- 
ear, slieathing  at  base.  ' 

a  paitistris  L     A  rush-like  plant,  in  swamps,  Vt.,  Penn..  to  111      Eoot-stock 

?erminir  S     sll",      r^  ''''"°^\"'"^*^  ^^^S^''.  ^^eathing  at  base.     Ilacemo 
tv  to  a  hiTn;  T^  }  """'''  yellowish-green,  on  short  pedicels,  each  axil- 

lary to  a  bract.     Stamens  large,  exsertcd,  erect.    June,  July. 


Okdeb  136.— HTDROCHAEIDACE^. 


6^9 


e;  all  the  pedictls 


OuderCXXXVI.     HYDROCHARroACE^.    Frogbit3. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  parallel-veined  leaves  and  diclinous  fls.  on  a  slender-stalked 
spadix.  Permnlh  regular,  3  to  e-parted,  the  inner  segments  petaloid.  Stamens  3 
to  12.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  perianth,  I  to  9-celled,  with  3.  6  or  9  large  stigmas. 
Fruit  dry  or  succulent,  many-seeded,  indehisent.     Seeds  without  albumen 

1.  LIMNO^BIUM,  Richard.  Frogs-bit.  (Gr.  U^vr),  a  lake,  /3/or, 
life.)  blowers  monoecious,  arising  from  subsessile  spathes :  $  spatlie 
l-leayed,  about  3-flowercd,  calyx  3-8epaled,  corolla  3-petaled,  petals  ob^ 
long-linear;  stamens  0  to  12,  nionadelphous ;  ?  spathe  2  leaved  1- 
llowered ;  calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  ^  ;  stamens  6,  subulate  rudiments  : 
ovary  6  or  9-celled.  becoming  a  oo-seeded  berry.- 2£  Herb  acaulescent 
in  stagnant  waters,  multiplying  by  stolons,  and  with  floating  Ivs.  Fls 
showy,  white,  the  $  on  long  stalks. 

L.  Spongia  Rich._In  Braddock's  Bay,  L.  Ontario  (Sartwell) ;  scarce  at  the  north 
conmoB  in  thesouth,  E.KyJ  to  Ga.  <Feay)  and  La.  (Hde).  Lvsonloogpe: 
tiolos,  roundish,  obtuse  or  broadly  acute,  often  cordate,  1'  to  18"  diam  Ped  ^f 
the  stene  fls.  slender,  about  3'  long,  of  the  fertile,  thick,  about  1' long  bom 
kmds  i..t her  together  on  the  same  stalk  or  on  different  stalks  which  are  connected 
Si.  TT  (^'■;^^7)- .  The  leaves  beneath  are  purplish  and^^«^y  SiS 
cells.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Hydrocharis,  Bose.     11.  cordifolia  NutL)  ^ 

2.  ANACH'ARIS,  Richard  Ditch  Moss.  (Gr.  ar,an  indefinite  par- 
icle,  axapic,  uncomely.)  I  lowers  polygamous,  solitary,  from  a  tubular, 
bifid,  axillary  spathe;  perianth  6-parted,  colored ;  $  minute,  with  9 
oval,  nearly  sessile  anthers;  $  perianth  excessively  produced  into  a 
ftiiform  tube  above  the  ovary,  limb  6-parted,  stamens  3  to  6,  often  abor- 
tive ;  style  capillary ;  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  perianth  ;  stigmas  3 
large;  fruit  few-seeded.  2;  Small  axjuatic  herbs,  with  submersed  pellu' 
cid  opposite  or  verticillate  Ivs.  ^ 

A.  Canadensis  Flanchon.  Lvs,  verticillate  in  3s  and  4s  lanceolate  oblono-  «r 
linear  sunujate;  s«g.  2-lobed.-Resembling  a  coaiT  SsriH  SVaSrs^and 
bogs  St.  filiform,  ditfusely  dicl.otomous,  very  leafy.  Lvs.  3  to  6''  byTSfi 
1  ,  thin  and  d.aphanoua  sessile,  obtuse.  Fls.  minute,  of  a  dingy  whke  the  s  en 
der,  hair-hke  tube  2  to  10'  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the^waTe  '  StigmS 
m-urved  between  the  segments,  crested  with  glandular  hairs.     Aug!     (Ud^ra! 

i.^;, .''^^^^^^?^'^/A,  Micheli,  Eel-grass.  (In  honor  of  Anthony 
lalnmr^  ^hvmch  botanist.)  Flowers  ^  ?;  spathe  ovate,  2  to  4- 
parti'd.  ^  fepadix  covered  with  minute  flowers,  enclosed  in  a  S-parted 
.spathe;  corolla  0.  ?  Spathe  bifid,  1 -flowered;  perianth  elongated; 
sepaLs  linear ;  .tigmas  3  ovate,  bifid  ;  fruit  elongated,  cylindrical,  manv^  ■ 
seeded.- 2^  Submersed.  Lvs.  all  radical,  grass-like.  Scape  spiral, 
very  long.  i        i       > 

V.  spiralis  L.    Ivs.  linear,  obtuse,  serrulate  at  tlieend,  tapering  at  the  basa 

flwuint)-.— A  onriniifl  pant  m   >J'>««' •"—jj-c-  —  -< -^  .  *\^     V  %      _  ^^^^ 

Jmccr,  l--2f  long,  about  i'  wide,  the  edges  thinner  than   the  middle     Scanes 

Sr  •  1  'i'/.r'^^  ft?'"  ''•''^^♦^  «f  «'«  ^""^  Pl«"t«  very  tortuo;r2_4f  E 
when  extended,  thread-hke,  thickened  at  tlie  toft  bearing  each  a  single  w2 
flower  at  or  near  the  surface.     Sepals  and  petals  crowning  the  (1')  long  narrow 
SriT^r*'^'  fc«lf  concealed  in  the  spathe.    Jl,  Aug.     (V  W 


^80  Order  138— ORCHIDACELB. 

Order  CXXXVII.     BURMANNIACE^ 

Small  annual  herbs  with  slender,  scaly  or  naked  stems  and  scale-like,  tufted  leavea 
i7o«;er.  perfect,  witl.  a  tubular,  6-toothed  permnth  adherent  to  the  ovLy.  JaZ 
•t,  opposite  the  smaller  teeth  (petals),  introrse,  or  G  and  extrorse.  Capsule  lo^ 
colled,  seeds  numerous,  minute,  loose  in  a  membranous  testa.  ^   «  ^  or  •'- 

TU^ra"rs;i.irbrbUter'auy:;trY^^^^^  '"  '•^^  *"""  P-t.  «f  A.ia,  Africa  and  America 

K.n'/»!*T^'!^u'?""*     (^''-  «' P"^'»tJ>c,  TTTe.p6v,SL  wing.)     Periantli 
be  1-tubular,  tube  longer  than  the  slender  teeth;  marcscent;  teeth  X 
nately  narrower  ;    capsule   glc^ular,  wingless,  'l-celled,  valves  ope    nL: 
first  at  b^e-  placentae  parietal ;  seeds  innumerable,  oblong,  very  mi^f 
ute.— 0)  Herbs  apparently  leafless.      -  ^'     ^      "' 

\?^^t^.^  ^^\    '^'■^'^*'  ^^^  '^^"•^^'■'  ^'"^  '^'^ot^r  subulate  scales  and  divi,J 
.ng  above  into  2  racemes ;  fls.  distant,  pedicellate -MoisL  shady  woods.  S" 

Xl^h.^      '^-    ^*-  ^ '^  «f  ^"S^-    Raceme  often  sia^ple.    CoraUa  sTot'' l^g," 

2.  BURMAW'WIA,  L.  (Dedicated  to  one  Burmann,  a  German  bota 
nist.)  Perianth  tube  scarcely  produced  above  the  ovary,  often  3  ii'S 
below,  hmb  w,th  3  mner  teeth  much  shorter;  capsule  prismatic! often 
(i)13et'  '  "  P'"''"'*  ^"  *^"  ^"^^5  seeds  numerous.!!! 

1  a  bifl6ra  L.    St.  capillary,  simple,  with  scarcely  perceptible  bracts,  and  l  nr  o 
Sd"^'p'  '"'"  ''^*'  W««>«,er.  at  top,  the  anJlS  ofTe  tTe  conspicnli; 

sr^Ts^^rt^B^tnT  Sct%^:r''^*™^  ^^  *^  ^^^-^^^^  ^^-  ^'~^ 

Order  CXXXVIII.     ORCHIDACE^.    Orchids. 

Herts  perennial  with  fleshy  roots,  simple,  entire,  parallel  reined  leaves.    Flowers 

ZZT^^i^''  ""  ^^^''^''''  ""^'^^  P'"^"'*^  «f  6  parts.     Sepals  3,  usually 

colored,  odd  one  uppermost  by  the  twUtingof  the  ovary.     Petals  3,  Lally  colored; 

h?  form  nT  ,  ^Ir  ^'"''""^  "'  ^'^  ^'"^^^  ^'^  (^^''«'"'  ^''^  ^^d  petal)  diverse 
t!i  w-th  t.  .  .  ;  :Tf^  '^''"'^  °*  ^'''-  ^'«'"«"*  3-  Pynandrous  (consoli- 
dated with  the  style),  2  of  them  or  more,  rarely  1  of  them,  abortive  or  obsolete,  tho 
poUen  powdery,  or  coherent  in  waxy  masses.  Ovary  inferior,  l-celled,  with  3  pari- 
etal placentae  and  innumerable  ovulea  /HiY  capsular,  3-valved.  &ed;s  numerous 
aud  very  mmute.     Illust.  in  Figs.  29,  37,  b,  57,  85,  200,  327,  366. 

wayrr:marab;rforTlfeTrot33!,7o"f^,r  «?^/V  T'f  '"^'"'^  ''"^  "-'«'•«  P'""*-'.  "''"-'  «,- 
.- 1^!»  l'"'*-'^ ."»  remarkable  for  those  qi.alities  only  wlZh  IIIpL;  .!,„  .„»     a^,^„  „.,t  „-,„  „,,^, 


Africa  and  Anieric* 


s  multitudes  of 


Obdeb  138.— orchid  ACE^  ggj 

TBIBSS  AND   GENEBA. 
J  CYPRIPEDIEA  Anthers?,  fertile,  ll.o  8r,l  a  petal-lilco  appendage  ov.r  tl,<. 

lOPIIRYDF^   t„    A   ..      *"fT    ^''»*'«f?«'' '"«'"«'»  spuileas  sack CM'uirr.uu.M  1 

J  OPIIE-i  DE^,  Ac.  Anther  oniy  1,  terminal  or  dorsal  on  the  stigma     (*) 
•  Lip  produced  behind  into  a  spur  which  ii  free  from  the  ovary      (a) 
a  Anther  erect,  terminal ;  poUinia  2,  granular,  pedicellate  and  attached  to  as 
many  glands  on  the  stigma,  which  glands  are  (b) 
b  concealed  in  apouch  (Flowers  large,  rose-colored,  lip  entire)    In. .  Orcii™     a 

b  naked  and  close  together  (Flowers  small,  lip  entire  or  toothed)   ln...6yMs",^"Z'    S 
b  naked  and  widely  separated  (Lip  entireor  lobod,  or  cleft  or  fringed.)  Platxni  'eba'    4 
a  Anther  bent  over  the  end  of  the  s.lgma  like  a  ild.    PoUinia  4  .  T.tm  x„?^    n 

Lip  not  produced  Into  a  spur  behind,  or  the  spur  is  adnate  to  the  ovaVy " '  '(c) 

O  L  p  a  large,  inflated  sack  with  2  spur-like  points  below  tin,  aiM=x. . ...     Calvp6o     fi 
O  Lip  not  saccate.    Plants  brown,  leafless,  or  with  radical  leaf,    (d)  ' 

d  Lip  hooded,  i.  e..  Its  margins  Involute,     PoUinia  8.  Fls.  expanding        B,  ftia     - 
d  L  p  concave,  sessile,  often  with  an  adnate  spur.     PoUinia  4  .  .('oLLLmtm^RA'    8 
d  Lip  concave,  raised  on  a  claw.  PoUinia  4.  Plant  with  1  late  leaf. . .  ApZtucm     I 
O  Lip  not  saccate.    Plants  green  and  with  leaves,    (e)  •  •  -  aplectuum,    9 

e  Lip  flat.    Flowers  obscure,  in  racemes  nearly  bractless.    <f ) 

f  Lip  entire,  dilated;  Column  minute.    (Leaf  1  )  xt 

f  Lip  sagittate  or  cordate.    Column  lengthened.  ■L;aveV2:::\     WpIe'-I'  IJ 

f  L.p  2-lobed  or  cleft  at  ape.v.    Lvs.  2,  cauline  opposite l  1^„  "^    1 

e  Lip  channeled,  recurved.    Fls.  whitish,  in  bracte.l  spikes     (a)      "  * " " '''^"•'*-  " 

g  Sepals  reflexed.    Lip  arched  and  recurved,  3-l«bed CRANirm«« 

g  Sepals  erect.-Lip  ascending,  emb,*cing  the  column ' '  S^t  "ps"  U 

»  T ■    V,       ,   .         ~^^^  gibbous  beneath,  pointe.l  at  apex (JoodvehI'  i-^ 

e  Lip  bearded  or  3-lobed.    Sumen  lid-like.    Flowers  showy     (h)       "'""^"*-'^ 

h  Flowers  several,  purple,  with  a  bearded  lip  posterior Calopocov   7r 

h  Flowers  with  the  lip  anterior  (as  in  the  order  generally)     ^ '''"^''<^«'"'-  ''' 

k  Column  free  from  the  lip,  clavate.    Fls.  purplish Pocov.a    17 

k  Co  umn  adherent  to  the  tip  below.     Fls.  purple ' '  XnrrTA'  il 

k  Column  adherent  to  the  lip.  Fls.  yellow.  On  trees Ep.de™^  JJ 

1.  CYPRIPE^DIUM,  L  Lady's  Slipper.  (Gr.  Kvnpig,  Venu-^ 
no6cov,  a  slipper ;  from  the  slipper-like  form  of  the  lip.)  The  2  low.; 
8epa  s  united  into  1  segment,  or  rarely  distinct ;  petals  spreading. ;  Jin 
inflated  saccate,  obtuse;  column  terminated  by  a  petaloid  lobe  ATarren 
«tamen)and  bearing  a  2-celled  anther  under  each  winff—Fl<;Wp 
very  6ho^yy,  distinguished  for  the  large,  inflated  lower  petal  or  lio  •  l?s 
large,  plaited,  veined.  ^  Tj^^s- 

§  Sepals  2,  the  lower  compound  of  2  united  either  wholly  or  near  the  tin     (*\ 

*  btem  leafy  .-Flowers  1  to  3,  mostly  but  1,  yellow  .  ^'    ^  '  „      , 

*  o.  ■     ^~^ '""'*'■*  solitary  '"•  several,  white  or  rose-colored it?***  o'  ''^ 

8  S  n  fT,?  '  o"?"*'  *'""''.'  2:'""^^"  "'  »'"«''•    i''"«'«"-  rose-colored      ^"%^'  ;* 

§  Sepals 8,  the  2  lower  entirely  <li8tinct "'it-"!. ]\j„  f, 

^  ^?rL P"^®«°e"fl  Swartz.      Large  Yellow  Ladies  Slipper.  ' ' "  St.    "leafy  '  il^ 
broad-lanceolate,  acuminate;  sepals  lanceolate;  lip  shorter  than  the  linear  twiud 
petals,  compressed  laterally,  convex  both  above  and  below;  sterile  stamertriatZl  ,r 
acute;  plant  pubescent-Woods  and  meadows,  Can.  to  Wis.,  S  to  Ga     S  s^usn 
ally  several  from  the  same  root,  If  or  more  high.     Lva  3  to  6'  hv'l'i^  ^  t 
vemed,  clasping  at  base.       Flower  mostly  solitan^     Segm    4  Vre^u'h™^: 
pu  pie  stripes  and  spots,  the  lower  bifid,  composed  of  2  ur^ted  s^pffi  the  Ja  e  a 
2  to  3  by  J  ,  wavy  and  twisted.     Lip  mocco^m-shaped,  bright-3  el  ow  Vn^  ttp! 
inside,  with  a  roundish  aperture.     May,Jn.  i' ".  ""gi"  J  eiiow,   spotted 

2  C.  parvifldrum  Salish.  Smaller  Yei low  La niEs'. "Clipper   c^M-  ft-.  '-     i 

Sm^r"™"';^'^ '  ''^;  '^"'' ^r  ^"^^-"^"^^ .•  lip  shorter^than  tlie ' ^exZ^' amprlZl 
fwm  above  and  bmmlh;  sterile  etamen  triangular,  acute ;  plan?  pubesS!lln 
low  woods  and  prairies,  Can.  to   tVis.  and  Ga.  (Miss  Wvma  i)      Moro  nn^",TT 
westward.     Plant  8  to  12'  high,  rarely  taller,  very  leSy^Sower  a  t^  rd  sS  " 
than  ,n  No.  1.    Tetals  1  to  18",  twisted  or  not.     LTppeT  8ep.  Se"      L "  «i' 
dently  flattened  on  the  upper  side,  convex  laterally,  dull  yelbw     May  Ju.^ 


682 


Obdku  138.— ORCHIDACE^. 


3  C.  cdndidum  WilM.  St.  leafy;  Ivs,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuto;  fl.  terminal  soli. 
tary ;  sop.  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate,  lower  scarcely  bifld  at  apex  •  'petal 
Lmce-linear,  longer  than  tho  lateraliy  cwnpressed  while  lip ;  sterile  atamenn' lanceo- 
late, obtuse.— livnieT  of  wood?,  piairioa,  Penn.  to  Ind.  (Pluinmer),  Wis.  aftd  Can 
SL  about  If  higli,  simpla  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  1^',  eheathing  the  stem.  Ovary  pedi" 
collate.  Lip  1'  in  length.  Petals  and  sepals  nearly  2'.  May.— Well  distiniruished 
by  its  sterile  stamens  as  by  its  color. 

4  C.  apect^bile  Sw.  St.  leafy ;  lvs.  ovato-lnnoeolate,  acuminate ;  lobe  of  tlu^ 
column  elliptic-corduto,  obtuse;  sep.  broiulovate,  obtuse;  lip  longer  than  tlio 
pet.vls  cleft  before.— A  tall,  superb  species,  found  in  swamps,  CaiK  to  Ky  and 
tar.  Stem  thick,  2  feet  or  more  liigh,  hairy.  Leaves  G— 10'  by  2—4'  veineiL 
plaited,  hairy.  I'lowers  2—3  on  each  plant,  verv  l.-r-..  Lip  white,  strim^d  with 
purple  2  long,  H  broad;  upper  seg  -f-A,  lower  ono  smaUor,  composed  of 
2  sepals  completely  united.     Jl. 

5  C.  aoaClle  Ait.  Scapj  leafless,  1-flow^  Jvs.  2,  radical,  elliptic-oblong  rather 
acuto;  lobe  of  the  column  roundish-rhomboidal,  acuminate,  deHexed;  pet  lancc- 
olato ;  hp  longer  than  the  petals,  cleft  belbre.— A  beautiful  plant,  in  dark  woods 
Car.  to  Arc.  Am.  Leaves  large,  plaited  and  downy.  Scape  10— U'  high  withi 
single  lanceolate  bract  at  the  base  of  the  large,  solitary  flower.  Sepals  V  loriL' 
tlie  two  lower  completely  united  into  a  broad  lanceolate  ono  beneath  the  lip 
Petals  lateral,  wavy.  Lip  2'  by  ]',  purple,  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  tl  o 
flower.     May,  Jn.     (C!.  humilo  Sw.  ?; 

6  C.  arietinum  Ait.  Ram's  Head.  St.  leafy;  lvs.  elliptical,  striatc-veined • 
Sep.  3,  distinct  (the  2  lower  not  united),  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  oblong-ovate 
acuminate;  2  lateral  pet.  linear;  lip  as  long  as  the  petal,  saccate,  obconic— In 
damp  woods,  Can.,  Mo.,  Vt.  (Dr.  Phelps)  to  N.  Y.  and  Wis.?  Stems  usually 
clustered,  flexuous,  8—12'  high,  lower  part  sheathed.  Leaves  3—5,  2— ;i' by 
i— 1  ,  sessilo,  amplexicaul.  Flower  mostly  solitary,  with  a  leafy  bract  at  base 
Segments  about  equal  in  length,  the  upper  ono  as  broad  as  the  other  4  together 
The  singular  form  of  the  lip  readily  suggests  the  namoof  this  curious  plant.  May. 

2.  OR'CHIS,  L.  (Gr.  opx'^,  the  ancient  name.)  Flower  liiiirent, 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  .some  of  them  ascending  and  arching  over  tlio 
column;  lip  turned  downwards,  produced  at  base  t^eneath  into  a  spur 
which  is  distinct  from  the  twisted  ovary ;  stamen  1,  anther  2-ceIlo(l ; 
pollinia  2,  one  in  each  cell,  composed  of  numerous  waxy  grains  im- 
plicated in  a  cobweb  tissue;  pedicellate  and  attached  to  2  glands  of  the 
stigma  which  are  contained  in  ono  common  little  pouch.  Fls.  several, 
large,  bright-colored,  in  a  spike  or  raceme. 

O.  spectdbilia  L.  Lvs.  2,  neariy  as  Jong  as  the  scape ;  lip  obovate,  undi- 
vided, crenate,  retuse ;  segments  of  the  perianth  straight,  the  lateral  ones  longer; 
spur  clavato,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  bracts  longer  than  the  flower.— This  panty 
little  plant  is  found  in  shady  woods  and  thickets,  among  rocks,  etc.,  U.  S.  ami 
Can.  Root  fasciculate.  Leaves  few,  radical,  ovate,  3— G'  long,  J  to  i  as  wide. 
Scape  4 — G'  high,  acutely  angled,  with  a  lanceolate,  acuto  bract  and  3—5  lar<re, 
showy  flowers.  Segments  of  tlio  perianth  purple,  ovate-lauceolate.  Lip  iuid 
spur  white  or  whitish,  each  about  8"  long.    May,  Jiu 

3.  GYMNADE'NIA,  R.  Brown.  Ouchis.  (Gr.  yvfivog,  naked,  atS/Jr, 
gland.)  Anther-cells  parallel  or  converging  below;  glands  of  tlio 
stigma  to  which  the  pollinia  are  attached  naked.  Otherwise  as  in  Orchis. 
1  G.  nivea.     St.  very  slender,  lowest  leaf  long,  linear^  acute,  the  others  (6  to  12) 

very  much  smaller,  subulate,  bract-liko ;  fls,  20  to  30,  small,  iu  an  oblong-cyliu- 
dric  spike;  lip  {white)  oblong,  crenulate or  wavy,  longer  than  the  petals,  produced 
behind  intu  a.  filiform  spur  which  is  nearly  Iwlco  longer  than  the  ovary ;  column 
very  short ;  pollinia  at  length  naked.— Ga.  (Pond)  toFla.  and  La.  (Hale).  Koot 
fibrous,  producing  tuberous  corms.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  leaf  6  to  8'  long,  3  to  4 " 
wide.  Fls.  white,  very  delicate,  rather  smaller  tliau  iu  Nos.  2  and  3.  (')rcliia 
nivea  Baldw.) 


Okdee  138.— ORCHIDACE^  gog 

open  Hpike;  sep.  obtl  eTeTsp  ^ '-^"^-^^^^^^  t"  12,  sesaile.  in  a  short. 

iU  the  apex,  prJduced  behind   r.toTSlProfJ?      ,??'  "'"'^^  ""^  ^"'""^^^ 
tijan  tlie  ovary.— In  damn  iv«n7l«  V      T)  ^I'^'i?  clavellate  spur  wJ.ich  is  longer 
r^  to   18'higi:    ieafaZtThrSl     ?"^y*.^     Koot  a  few  thick  fibers,     a 
with  smaH  gienS  wldte  fls  '  Wa  «  *v^  ''"'•     ^^^^  «'''«»  ««  ^'^«  "«  long 
tridental  WiUd.)  •     ^P"*^  *  o^  ^    long,  usually  curved.    Jn.,  Jl.    (q. 

''■«hapeTi:^utlr  *''  "^  '"''™  ^^'^^'■S'"^  ^^  "'«  «P"r  conspicuously  clul. 

%m£y  iSt.^;pik"eTe3.''±V^^^^^  '^t  "-•^''«'-^"<^-'«'«.  -ufe,  upper 
«omewhat  wavy,  longer  tl.an^brZ^LZ'''?^  ^'^  ^^^^"'>  ^«^'  '^'-^^^  or 
ulate  spur.-sSamprin  pl.r b^r^enfi^TV  fn"p'  ^^P^'^- «''°'^'-  "^an  thesulv 
fibres.  St.  12  to  lo'  liLi  with  TT^r.  i  ,^^  *"**  ^*-  ^*-  ^f  thickened 
globular  or  oblong  wiUri'  tTlo  «m  n  ^  *'"  '?«  ^"  ^'^^  intemodes.  Spike 
«pur  nearly  3",  lip^^^^'^'!,;;:  Jl    (^1^1  JS^Stt^     '^'^-  ^'°"'  '"  ''"^' 

aL,3,.t..-^--;:p^j'.'-A^e,e^ 

-«rni««u  M„g,d.    Fl<w>,™n„ri,e    '  Noi  12. 1» 

— seftmtnts  merely  toetlie-L  terniinul  «'iio  alf.ih.Vi' ' '  ^'i ■  •  -  Noe.  U,  15 

long  as  the  sepals •  sour  arniato  ™.     '  \^  '"ear-subspatulate,  nearly  twicoaa 

-A  remarkable  pffnSu^comZfL'^^^^ 

Can.  and  W  Stated     I  «.»^!,  ^''.""Tf"  >»  o''i  woods  and  in  thickets,  Pena.  to 

cliuing  to  o^d  orovatetX^^"^^^^^^^  t  «^T"t^-«'  ^iam.,  'rather  il" 

few  bracts,  bearing  a  raSe  of  nnmprnn=        ^T  ^--^  '"^^'  ^^^^^^h^d  withg 

««:i-5.n;n.!Sla:^H,.^!,VrV?''r''  «"^';b'«"J-'-  or  suboval,  fleshy:   .«.w 

acuminate,  a  little  lonjrer  than  th«  ^n„i/  .'  ,  ^  lanceolate,  projecting, 

Jongcr  than  the  ovary -Wooda  Can Tfe  T'^'v^'^^^  ^'•''"^**^'  *^""t  twice 
Wes  0.  orbiculata,  but  is  verv  diS?     i      ^^  ^  ^^  "•  (^«Pha"i).  rare.     Resem- 

lowtheiiowerl^SvS  4-5'11f  n.^'P°  ^-^^   '"^'''  «•'*''«"'  ^  bract  be- 
i^eaves  i-o   long,  nearly  or  quite  as  wide.     Flowera  12—18^ 


684 


Obdeb  138.— orchid  ACEiE. 


Jn.,  Jl.     (a 


I 


I*' 

'4 


•R 


in  a  straight  raoemo,  yollowish-green,  tlie  f?pur  9 — 12"  ia  length. 
Hookeriana,  2d  Edit.) 

5  P.  hyperbdrea  Lindl.  St.  lenfy  ;  Ivs.  very  erect,  acute,  lanceolate ;  spike  elon- 
gated, many-liowered ;  braeta  iinear-huiceolate,  acute,  longer  than  tiie  flower- 
Bop.  defiexod  ;  i)etals  and  lip  linear,  obtuse,  subeqrial,  the  latter  somewhat  lanceolate. 
and  about  as  long  as  the  pendulous,  obtuse  spur. — A  tall,  leafy,  variable  specien 
in  mountainous  woods  and  open  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  Can.  Stems  thick 
1  to  3  or  even  4f  high.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  4  to  V  by  1  to  If.  Flowers  greenish 
in  shades,  nearly  white  in  open  situations,  forming  a  long,  more  or  less  dense 
spike.  Jl. — A  coarser  i)lant  than  the  next,  which  it  often  approaches  in  the  nioio 
slender  variety  HuRONENSia 

6  P.  dilatSita  Lindl.  St.  slender;  lvs.  lance-linear  and  linear,  acute;  spike  many- 
Howered,  virgato ;  bracts  lanco-lincar,  about  as  long  as  the  llowers ;  upper  sepal 
ovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  narrower  and  spreading;  lip  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  dilated 
and  rhomboid  at  base,  about  equaling  the  petals,  and  u  little  shorter  than  the  ob- 
tuse, incurved  spur,  which  is  longer  than  the  ovary.— Swamps,  N.  States  (rare) 
and  Can.  More  slender  and  delicate  than  the  last,  10'  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  often 
narrow  and  grass-liko  6  to  10'  long.  FIs.  10  to  50,  pure  white,  varying  to  grecu- 
ish.     Spur  about  4  "  long.     Jl.     (0.  dilatata  Ph.) 

7  P.  bracteata  Torr.  St.  leafy ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  ncuto  ;  spike  lax ; 
bracts  2  to  3  times  as  long  as  the  flowers;  sep.  connivent,  ovate;  petals  linear) 
erect ;  Up  linearcuneate,  truncate,  2-toothed  at  the  end,  the  middle  toolh  small  or 
obsolete;  spur  short,  inflated,  obtuse. — A  small,  green-flowered  orchis,  in  shades. 
St.  6  to  9'  high.  Lvs.  about  3,  18  to  30"  by  6  to  12",  upper  bracts  as  short  as 
the  flower.  Spikes  2  to  3'  long.  FIs.  yellowish-green.  Lip  as  long  as  the  ovary, 
3  times  as  long  as  tho  sack-like  spur.  Can.  to  Va.,  W.  to  111.  JL,  Aug.  (Peri- 
stylus  Lindl.) 

8  P.  fliva  Gray.  St.  loafy,  hwer  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
spike  rather  dense,  cylindric ;  bracts  longer  than  the  fls. ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  with  a 
tooth  each  side  at  base ;  palate  with  one  tuberculate  tooth ;  spur  filiform,  rather 
shorter  than  the  sessile  ovary. — In  alluvial  soils.  North  and  South.  St.  fle.\uous, 
12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  about  3,  with  long  sheaths,  3  to  6  or  7'  by  f  to  2',  tapering 
to  an  acute  summit.  Fls.  in  a  long,  thin  spike.  Sep.  short,  ovate,  green.  Petals 
yellowish,  drying  brownish.  Upper  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  floweis,  lower 
one  2  or  3  times  as  long.  The  tubercle  of  the  lip  is  u  irkable  character.  Jn. 
(0.  flava  L.     0.  herbiolo  and  fuscescens  Ph.     O.-bidenlc.         '  ) 

9  P.  criatata  Lindl.  Crested  Orchis.  Slender,  lower  lauco-linear,  very 
acute,  the  upper  gradually  reduced,  linear,  acuminate;  sp  iblong,  densely 
OO-flowered ;  sep.  and  pet.  roundish  (1  to  2"  long),  ti\o  latter  t  j  ;  lip  oblonf, 
pinnately  flmbriate,  nearly  as  long  as  tho  spur  which  is  half  a^  fc  the  slender- 
beaked  ovary. — Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.  A  delicate,  yellow  liis,  18'  to 
2f  high.  Lvs.  G  to  10'  long.  Fls.  quite  small,  the  sep.  and  pet.  sl  ly  mora 
than  1 "  long,  spur  2  to  3".    Jn.,  Jl. 

10  P.  cili^riB  Lindl.  Yellow  Fringed  Orchis.  Lower  lvs.  lanceolate;  spike 
oblQng,  den.se,  with  numerous  largo  fls. ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  lip.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, deeply  fringe-ciiiate,  twice  longer  than  the  linear,  notched  petals; 
spur  longer  than  the  slender-beaked  ovary. — Delicately  beautiful,  wilh  blight  oraugo- 
colored  fls.,  in  swamps.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  not  common.  St.  about  2f  higli.  Lvs. 
sheathing  at  base ;  lower  ones  3  to  5' long,  rapidly  diminishing  upwards.  Sep. 
roundish,  obtuse,  concave.  Petals  linear,  very  small,  incised  at  tho  summit ;  iha 
lip  narrow,  lanceolate,  conspicuously  fringed,  4"  long.  Spur  1' in  length.  Jl., 
Aug. 

11  P.  Blepharigldttis  Lindl.  ■White  Fringed  Orchis.  Lower  lvs.  lanceolate, 
channeled ;  spike  oblong,  dense ;  bracts  linear,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  white 
Jlowers;  petals  spatulate,  dentate  at  apex;  lip  lanceolate,  ciliate,  as  long  as  tho 
upper  sepal ,  gpur  iuuoh  lungoi'  Ihati  iho  long-beaked  ovary — In  swamps,  N.  Y. 
to  Car.,  resembing  tho  last  species,  but  distinguished,  at  least,  by  the  color  of  its 
fla  which  are  of  a  pure  white.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Flowers  fewer  than  iu  tho' 
last.  Sepals  roundish-obloag,  lateral  retlesod.  Lip  fringed  in  the  middle,  2"  long. 
Jn.,  JL 


Ordeii  138.— ORCIIIDACEiE. 


685 


to ;  spiko  many- 


12  P,  1^  >ara  Gray.  Ragoed  Obciiis.  Lower  Iva  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones 
narrow,  icuminiito;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers;  aep.  reiuse;  pet.  emarginate- 
lip  3-parted,  segments  cuueato,  eapillaceous-multifld ;  spur  filiform  clavate  <w 
iong  as  tfu;  ovary.— Swumpa  and  nitadows,  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  1— 2f  high,  smooth 
sleudor.  Loaves  few,  3-G'  by  ^  to  ]',  mostly  acute.  Flower  numerous,  in  a 
long,  loose  spike,  of  a  greenish-white,  not  showy.  Sepals  ovate.  Petals  oblong- 
linear,  entire,  lip  reHexed,  very  deeply  laciniatc.  Readily  distingiushed  from  the 
following  by  its  more  slender  habit,  groenish  flowers,  and  tho  entire  (not  frineed) 
petals.     July.  ^  °     ' 

13  P,  leucoph^a  N.  White-floweked  rEAiRiE  OacHia  St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  lance- 
olate, tapering  to  a  narrow,  obtuse  point,  channeled;  bracts  sliorter  than  the 
ovaries;  rac.  oblong,  sep.  roundish-oblong,  acuti^h;  lateral  petals  obovote,  denti- 
culate; hp  3-parted,  flabelliform,  segments  deeply  fimbriate;  spur  sabulak-clavate, 
curveiL,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.— Wet  prairies,  W.  States.  Stem  1— 3f  high 
Leaves  2— G'  long.  Raceme  about  12-flowered.  Sepals  and  spur  yeltowish 
petals  white.     Ovary  curved,  1'  long. 

■^*.^:  Psyc^des  Gray.  Turple  Fuinoed  Orchis.  Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
diminishing  upwards;  lip  3-parted,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals,  the  segments 
cuneiform,  ciliate-fimbnate;  lateral  pet.  ovate,  erose-crenulate  or  slightly  fringed 
spur  filiform,  elavato,  longer  than  tho  ovary,  common  in  meadows.  Can.  to  Ga  ' 
W.  to  Wis.  Stem  IJ— 2if  high,  smooth,  slender.  Leaves  3—6'  long  Flow- 
ers showy,  numerous,  in  a  terminal,  cylindric  spike,  light  purple.  Lip  some- 
what  longer  than  the  petals,  its  3  spreading  segments  very  veiny  and  sparingly 
bristle-clelt.  Spur  au  inch  in  length.  Jl.  (0.  fimbriata  Ph.  Bw.  0.  incisa  & 
lissa  MuhL) 

15  P.  Bigel6vii.  LAhOB  Frin-oed  Ouciiia.  Lower  Ivs.  oblong,  oval  obtuse 
upper  ones  very  narrow;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary;  rac.  oblong;  lip  depen- 
dent, twice  03  long  as  the  petals,  3-parted,  the  segments  fan-shaped  and  fimbriate 
the  middle  one  largest,  witli  connivcnt  fimbriaj ;  lateral  pet.  fimbriate  ■  spur  as- 
cending clavate,  longer  than  tho  ovary.— A  superb  plant,  considered  tho  most 
beautiful  of  the  genus,  in  wet  meadows,  Can.  to  Pcnn.  Stem  2— 3f  high  thick 
hollow,  with  several  sheathing  bracts  at  base.  Leaves  2  or  3  principal  ones,  4—7' 
by  1—2  .  upper  ones  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  terminal 
raceme,  3—6'  long.  Middle  segm.  of  tho  lip  nearly  semicircular,  twice  as  long  as 
tho  lateral  ones.     June.     (P.  fimbriata  Lindl.  0.  grandiflora  Bw.) 

16  P.  peramcena  Gray.  St.  tall,  leafy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear;  bracts 
nearly  equahng  tho  ovary;  sep.  roundish-ovato;  lateral  petals  denticulate;  lip  3- 
parted,  divisions  cuneiform,  dentate,  middle  one  2-lobed;  spur  filiform,  clavate  at 
end,  curved,  longer  than  tho  ovary. — A  largo  and  showy  species  in  marshy  grounds 
Penu.  to  Ind,  and  southward.  Stem  slightly  winged.  Leaves  4—6'  long  Fls' 
violet-purple,  largo,,  20— 50,  in  a  terminal  spike.  Ovary  1'  and  spur  li'  lonsr 
June,  July.     (P.  fissa  Lindl.)  f        ?         b- 

17  P.  Michauxii.  St.  very  leafy;  lower  Ivs.  elliptic-oval,  acute,  upper  much  re- 
duced, lanceolate:  spike  few-flowered,  loose;  lip  3-paried  into  long  linear  setaceous 
eegments;  petals  2-parted,  lower  division  Unear-setaceous;  spur  near  twice  longer 
than  the  ovary.— Pino  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Chapman)  and  La.  (Halo)  Plant 
12  to  16'  high.  Lvs,  about  3'  by  1'.  Spur  filiform,  clavellato  at  end,  near  2'  Ions 
Fls.  rather  distant,  white.    Aug. — Oct 

18  P.  rdpena.  St  very  leafy,  from  a  creeping  rliizomo;  his.  all  linear-lanceolate, 
elongated,  lower  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers;  spike  closely  many-flowered;  lip  3- 
parted  into  setaceous  segments;  petals  2-parte(l,  lower  segment  setaceous ;  spur 
recurved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary.— Borders  of  ponds  iii  pino  barrens,  S. 
Car.,  Ga.  to  La.  (Hale.)  Strikingly  similar  to  tho  last,  yet  etrikinglv  distinct, 
12  to  18  high.  Flowera  greenish  yellow,  about  half  as  large,  spur  about  half  an 
inch  long,  filiform.    Lvs.  6  to  8'  long,  tapering  to  a  very  acute  point    Aug.,  Sept 

^^  '  ^"  5"«'°ico^a.  Root  epiphytic,  creeping ;  lvs.  all  cauline,  lance-ovate,  acute, 
rounded  at  base ;  petioles  eheathing  tho  stem ;  spiko  dense,  few  or  many-Howered ; 
fls.  small,  ringent,  sep.  and  pet  ovate,  obtuse ;  lip-epatnlate,  free  from  tho  column^ 
slightly  recurved;  spur  saccate,  scarcely  as  long  us  the  lip,  half  as  long  as  tho 
ovary.— Chiefly  glowing  in  the  rough  bark  of  oaks,  Fla.  (Chapman)  to  La  (Hale). 


^^^  Onoan  138.— ORCHIDACE^. 

SrSo'IwJjs"  X  tt^t^  .f^.!'--;  ./-\«  t"  /.?'■  '-^^  thin,  the  «he«th 
.pedes.    (UisGoia;eriiiSjLiJS'lTrj?:i^^^r;^''«  '^-^-n. 
5    TIPULA^RIA,  Nutt.     {Tipula,  the  crane-fly  ;  from  the  f-mciod  r. 
semblance  of  the  flowers.)     Sepals  spatulate,  spiidiru";  t  1 1,  ^,' ' 
.near,  l,p  sossjle,  8-lobed,  middle  lobe  linear  much  th^e'l^   'e  t  'Z^ 
h1.form   very    on^;  column  wingless,  free;  Anther  opercalaterper  i 
•nt ;  polluna  4    para  lel.-Corms  several,  connected  by  a  thick  fiber 
Lf.  solitary.     Fls.  without  bracts.  '  ' 

ovate  plaitc^d.  smooth,  and 'longitudinally''veiu;d  T^oTZ^rLif  FoZT' 
liigh,  bearing  a  racemo  of  many  amall,  greenish  noddin^X  «iS^  ,  ^  ^ 
as  long  as  tho  ovary.     Maauer^of  gros^nSar  to  tlSof  IplSr^^^^^^^ 

6.^  CALYP'SO.  Salisb.  (N-ained  for  the  goddess  Calypso  from 
^aAvrrro.  to  conceal.)  Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  asGendinCecunc " 
hp  inflated,  large,  2-pointed  or  spurred  beneath^  near  the  end"^  co  imn 
petaloid  ;  polhma  4._Scapo  1-flowered,  1-leafed,  arising  f.^m 'a 'orm 

long.     hi.  near  the  size  of  Cypripedium,  variegated  with  dufdIo  ind  v<>iu„r  ♦) 
l.p  us  most  conspicuous  part,  bearing  2  projecti^.g  poiri  beSh  tie  apC     ka)-   • 

h  ?^f7/f  ^^''l''  ""^  ^'''^-  (^^">«^'  ^""^  ^«'«  -^^^^  a  Spanish  bot- 
amst.)  Petals  and  sepals  distinct,  nearly  equal ;  lip  ;essiircu  ulatc 
by  Its  mduphcate  sidc-lobcs,  spurless  (in  our  species)  ;  column  free ' 
polhrna  8,  m  pairs  waxy,  each  pair  pedicel late.-Sts.  or' scapes  simpi; 
arising  from  globular  conns  and  bearing  a  raceme  or  head  of  showy  fls' 

thick  stem  tapering  above.     Sheaths  about  half  an  iueh  W     Sea  /Sn   n 

LT^IulSr"""^^'  '"""^  '"  ^""^-     ^'P  '-'^^'^'  -^^  Sdtts  oJ 

2  B.  yereciinda  H.  K.     Lvs.  all  radical  broadlu  lanceolate  nliftprT  «nH  t,^^   ■ 

re'S.ir'v,T°'"^^^  ^'■*"'  '^^""^'  *  n.an^2wrred%atme'  '^tS  Z: 
frit  \k  ^  ^.'i'','*'^'^™'*^*^  ^"°»  "^^d  folds,  the  side-lobes  narmwed  towards  tl^o 
a^x;  the  middle  cr.spate,  emarginate,  broader  than  long;  spur  none -G»  and 

^l^gefuTX      jrr^''^'-'"'^"-     ^^'^^^*-^^W..    Fis.pur;ret 

^  8.  CORALLORHrZA,  Brown.     Coral-root.     (Gr.  «opa'AAfo^  coral 
pi^a,  root ;  its  branched  roots  much  resemble  coral.)    Segals  and  petals 
nearly  equal,  converging;  lip  produced  behind;  spur  shirt  and  adnate 

L  S'TT''  l^^^r"/'""^  P^'""^^  ^'^^''-l^^  ("«t  parallel). 
free.-Pjants  eafless  simple,  of  a  browri  color,  arising  from  coralline 
loots,  sheathed  with  bracts  and  bearing  a  raceme. 

»  Spur  conspieuwsly  prominent,  fait  «(lnate.    Lip3-l.>b«I  w    t 

*  Spur  Mr  holly  oblitenue.1  -Lip  orenuUte,  wnvy,  not  «T^1  fob;,! l^jl 

— i.Ip  uutire,  slightly  loathed  near  the  base .'.'.'.'.".'." .".W.'.'IInJ^.  3,4 

^  S'  "^^j?**,^. *  ^""-    ^'^P*'  many-flowered ;  lip  cuneate-oval  snotted  •  S-nartcd. 
the  middle  obe  recurved,  lateral  ones  short  and  ear-like;  spurSiSi  nEe - 
capa  eHiptic-obovoid,  pendulous.-ln  woods,  growing' oii  the  37 J'tr«>?  N 
Eng.  and  Mid.  States.    Root  «iralliue.     Soa^f  10  to  15'  high!  Si^  bmwnish: 


Obde«  133.--ORCHIDACE.fJ. 


681 


purple,  sheathed  with  a  fow  bracts.  Fls.  larger  than  hi  tho  other  species,  15  to 
•20,  erect,  aproadiug,  in  a  long  racoine.  Lip  showy,  a  to  4"  loug,  white,  sprinkled 
with  purple  spoti.  Spur  yellowish,  conspicuous,  but  short  und  adnato  to  tho 
ovary.     JL 

2  C.  odontorhlza  Nutt.  Lip  undivided,  ovtd,  obtuse,  crenulato,  spotted ;  spur 
none ;  capsule  oblong  or  subglobous.— A  singular  plant,  with  no  leaves  or  green 
herbage,  inhabiting  old  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  The  root  is  a  collection  of 
email,  fleshy  tubers,  articulated  and  branched  much  like  coral.  Scape  9 — 14'  high 
rather  fleshy,  striate,  smooth,  invested  with  a  {ow  long,  purpUsh-brown  sheaths! 
Flowers  10—20,  in  a  long  spike,  ofa  brownisli-greeiu  Lip  white,  generally  with 
purple  spots.     Capsules  largo,  rofiexed,  strongly  ribbed.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  C.  inndta  11.  Brown.  Scape  ftvo-ftowered ;  lip  ohlong,  angularly  2-toothed  towards 
the  ba.se,  A-poHess,  dotiexed  above;  spur  none  or  obsolete;  caps,  clliptic-obovoid, 
roflexed.— Rich  damp  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.,  rare.  Scape  not  bulbous  at 
base,  5  to  8'  high.     Fls.  5  to  10,  dull  purple,  with  a  white  lip.     May,  Jn. 

4  C.  Macr^i  Gray.  Scape  many-flowered;  fls.  large,  on  very  sliort  pedicels;  Vp 
oval,  obtuse,  '^-nerved,  entire  above,  obscurely  aurickd  at  base;  spur  none.— "Canada 
along  the  great  Lakes."  Also?  Northern  N.  H.  Plant  10  to  16' high.  Sep.  and 
and  pet.  €"  long.  Caps,  refloxed,  oval,  6  "  long.— Our  spoeimena  from  Nor.  N.  H. 
are  18  high,  20-flowered,  agreeing  with  Dr.  Gray'a  description  as  far  as  wo  can 
jndge  by  tho  fruit. 

9.  APLEC'TRUM,  Nutt.  Adam  and  Eve.  Putty-root.  (Gr.  a, 
TrMjKTpov,  a  spur;  tho  lip  being  without  a  spur)  Sepals  and  petals 
distinct,  nearly  equal,  converging;  lip  unguiculate,  3-lobcd,  obtuse, 
middle  lobe  crenulate,  palate  ridged;  spur  none;  column  free,  anther  a 
little  below  the  apex  ;  pollinia  4,  oblique,  lenticular  ! — Scape  and 
raceme  as  in  Coral lorhiza,  but  arising  from  a  globous  corm  after  the 
.single,  large,  coriaceous,  biennial  leaf. 

A.  hyemale  Nutt.  A  fine  plant  in  woods,  Can.  to  Fla.,  rare.  Rather  frequent 
westward.  The  oorma  are  near  1'  thksk,  composed  of  strongly  glutinous  matter 
and  connected  by  a  thick  fiber.  A  new  corm  is  produced  annually,  in  advance 
of  the  old,  which  dries  up  the  second  or  third  year.  Leaf  elliptic  or  ovate,  3  to  5' 
long,  many-veined,  twice  longer  tiian  tho  petiole,  arising  late  in  tho  season  from 
the  new  corni,  r-maining  through  tho  winter,  until  the  scape  (12  to  18'  high^ 
arises  by  its  side.  Sheaths  brownisli,  2  or  3.  Perianth  brownish,  6"  long' 
Caps,  pendulous,  l'  long.     May. 

10.  MICROS'TYLIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  fiiKpug,  little,  aTVA6g,  stylo ;  alluding 
to  the  slender  column  )  Sepals  spreading,  distinct;  petals  filiform  or 
linear,  spreading;  lip  sessile,  concave,  spreading,  hastate  or  bidentate  at 
base,  not  tubercled ;  column  minute,  with  2  teeth  or  lobes  at  the  sum- 
mit;  pollinia  4,  loose,  cohering  by  pairs  in  each  cell. — Erect  from  tube- 
rous bulbs,  with  1  or  2  Ivs.  and  small,  racemed  fls. 

1  M.  ophioglosaoldes  Nutt  Lf.  solitary,  ovate,  amplexicaul;  st.  5-angled- 
rue.  shori,  obtuse;  pedicels  much  longer  Ihan  tlie  flowers.— A.  email  plant,  in  woods! 
&C.  Can.  and  N.  Sutes,  Stem  5 — 9'  higli,  with  a  single  leaf  a  little  bebw  the 
middle.  The  leaf  is  rather  acute,  smooth,  ovate  or  oval,  about  2'  in  lejigth,  1  in 
width.  At  the  base  of  tho  stem  is  an  abrupt  sheath.  Fls.  whitish,  minute,  nu- 
merous, in  a  terminal  raceme  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  dense  at  top,  oitea 
abortive.     Pedicels  about  4"  long.    Jn.     (Malaxia,  Mx.) 

2  M.  monoph;^llTi8  Lindl.  Lf.  solitary,  ovate,  sheathing  at  base;  rac.  ehngattd, 
many-ilaweied,  pedicels  aiioui  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  bracts  minute;  sep  acute; 
spreading;  lateral  petals  reflexed,  linear;  hp  triangular-hastate,  cucullate,  acum- 
inate with  a  recurved  point. — fold  mountain  swamps,  N.  En<r.  to  Penn.,  rare. 
Stem  2  to  6'  high,  3-anglcd,  with  a  suhspicate  raceme  of  20  to  40  small,  trreenish 
fls.    JL    (Malaxis,  Willd.     Ophrys,  L.) 


088 


Order  138.--ORCIIIDACE.E, 


II.  LIP  ARIS,  R.cl..    'IwAV-DLADK.     (Gr.  Xii:ap6q,  elegant,  sln.nnjr- 
a  term  clmractenst.c  of  the  leaves.)     Sepals  andpeUtls  ciiJi.ct  2' 

.near,  spreading  or  deflexed ;  lip  spreading,  flat,  usJending,  often 'ex.. 

erior;   cuhunn   wu.ged;   pollinia  4,  parallel  with  each  ori.er,  without 
pedicels  or  glands.— Erect  from  tuberous  bulks,  with  about  2  Ivs  an 
a  raceme.  " 

^  rnH  ^^H'^"*  Y'""^-  ^^^s-  2,  ovrtto-lanooolato;  scapo  trianmilar;  petals  filifim,, 
roHexed;  hp  large,  wedge-ohavat.,  abi~uptly  cuspidate  at  the  br^denl~iZ' 
woods,  Can  to  Car.  W.  to  Wis.  Lv..  radi/al,  3  to  4'  lon^.  nJ^tZ'u^Sl 
into  a  «lu.ath.n;^  b..sc>.  Scapo  about  6'  higl,.  Fls.  10  to  20,  in  a  tSna  ra  ? 
showy  raceme.  Ped.ceLs  ..ear  an  inch  in  length.  The  3  sotmls  g^o  sh'-wl  . 
.near,  2  upper  petals  capillary,  yoliowish-whito.  Lip  G"  loL  /  wide  nu  lo' 
translucent.     Jn.     (Malaxia  lilifolia.     Sw.)  *^'  '  ^    '  ''' 

^  fL^r?^^"*  "'*"''•  ^''•''-  ^'  ?^"t<^-«^>"''K.  obtuse,  keeled,  shorttr  than  the  few- 
llowtred  racemes;  scape  angular ;  l>p  oblong,  mucronate  inatrved,  wavy-  Z  Z, 
PC  ]  near,  Hubequal.-About  half  as  large  as  the  preceding,  in'  nS'meadow 
and  fl.lds,  Can.  N.  Eng.  to  re.ni.  and  Wis.  Lvs.  2  to  .T  long  about  1'  wX 
obtu.se  or  acute,  sheathing  at  base.  Scape  3  to  5'  high.  I^ls.  ^o^no  appro ^ 
to  tho  raclus,  m  a  tlun  raceme.    P.-dicels  about  2"  in  length.    Lip  2''  loni^W. 

SrSnuSf-"'""     ^^"'^'^  '''''''''  "^  ^"'^S  -  ^'^  P«"     JMmK 

12.  LISTERA,  R.  Brown.     TwAv-nLADE.     (Nam   Wor  Dr   Mirtir. 
Lister    au  English   naturalist.)      Sepals  and   petals  «omewha't  emial 
Hpreading  or  reflexcd ;  lip  usually  pendulous,  2-lobed,  or  2-cIeft;  columil 
wingless,  tho  beak  rounded;  anther  dorsal,  ovate ;  polle:.  powdery - 
bt.  2-leaved  above  tho  middle,  with  a  raceme.     Lvs.  opposite. 

1  L.  cord^ta  R.  Brown.     Lvs.  roundish,  subcordato,  acute:  rac    few-flowrrprl 
pedicels  tho  length  of  tho  ovary;  lip  linear,  2-toothed  at  ba  e,  de^p  7S  Stil 
d.var.cate,  Imear  segments ;  column  very  8hort.-Root  fibrous      St^  4  f  8' ll 

gr^n«..-purple,  10  to  la,  m  a  short  raeenio.     A  delicate  little  plant,  in  woods 
r^^d^sphagnous  swan.ps,  among  mountains,  &c.,  N.  States,  and  I3rit.  Am.    Jl! 

2  L.  conyallarioides  Hook.     Lvs.  roundisl.Kjvato;   rac.   few-flowered    loose 

•  lo^r^l''  ffP-  «^f«-l^^'eolato;  lip.  cuneate-spatuUe,  twice  Tlong  as  1^ 
sepals,  2.toolhed  at  base,  with  2  roundish  lobes  a^  an  intermediate  mi.mte  Z 
fJi  f^'",  a/ ,'"""?  '-'loo^^ted.-Car.  to  Arc.  Am.  Hoot  fibrous.  St.  vJ^y  slT 
dfe'  \W'^^''  '^''f^''^  ^^^'  ^  ^'^^^  ^••^^•'«'  »>^«"»g  the  2  lvs.  above  Zl  1^1 

Ui'lJL^]::^VT'  "'  ""'''''     '''■  "'"^^  ^'^  '^"''  ""'"^''^"^  '^' 

3  L.  pub^scens  Kutt.  St.  pubescent,  leafless;  lvs.  all  radical,  ovate,  acute-  iU 
in  a  racen>o;  lip  2-lobed,  the  other  segments  connivent,  about  Ls  Lar  as  the'  1  i-" 
capa  clavate.-Pmo  barrens,  Car.  and  (ia.  i'ls.  greenish-white.  Jn  JL-Welial': 
seen  no  six'cimen.     Is  it  a  Cranichis  ?  '' 

4  L.  auotralis  Lindl.  Lvs.  ovate;  fls.  minute,  puberulent,  on  poUcels  twico 
lougerthan  tho  ovary,  m  a  loose,  slender  raceme;  lip  linear  del  k'^into  2  lin^-ai-^ 
setaceous  segments,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  tho  sepaik- Swamps,  N.  Jer.  to  cL 

13.  CRAN'ICHIS,  Swartz.  (Gr.  updvo^,  a  helmet ?)-SepaIs  spread- 
ing orreflexod;  lip  narrow,  entire,  arched;  column  straight,  bearin- 
(he  anther  on  the  back,  parallel  with  the  style ;  pollen  faHnaceous.- 
Lvs.  nearly  radical.  St.  bracted,  bearing  a  slender  spike.  Fls.  obliquely 
cernuous.  ^     ^ 

C.  multifldra  Ell.    Ft.  slender,  with  a  few  sheathing  bracts,  pubescent  abovo  •  Ivs 

SIl'^H^Ttf '','''"'''  °"  '^°'t'  '•'^^*'""^  P^""''^^  »^«'-  "'«  base;  spike  ma  y: 
flowered,  rather  loose;  sep.  pubescent,  lanceolate,  mostly  reflexed    petals liuear 


Order  138.— ORCHIDACE^. 


089 


connivent  and  curved  upwards,  lip  reeurvod  almost  to  a  l.alf  circle  ohannoled  im 
base  embracuK  il.o  colunm.-Sandy  soils.  S.  Ou.  Fla.  to  U^.     (Scri  fed  from  an 
mperfect  specimen  resemblinjf  a  Spiranthes.)     St.  10  to  20'  1  igh     Lvs:  1  to  2' 
long.     Ponanth  scarce  6'  long,  groouish-whito.     Sept.,  Oct.  -l^VB.  1  to  2 

14.  SPIRANTHES,  Rich.  Ladies'  Tresses.  (Gv.  cnelpov  a 
wreath  ;  sc.  the  tw.sted  spike.)  I'erianth  ringent ;  lower  sepals  obliquo 
and  including  the  base  of  the  lip;  upper  sepal  conniver.t  with  ho 
petals;  hp  oblong,  channeled,  parallel  with  the  column,  and  with  callous 
processes  at  ba.se ;  column  curved,  stig.n.  ovate,  rostrate,  becoming 
b  dentate  at  apex;  anther  dorsal;  pollinia  2,  each  2-lol,ed,  powdery- 
bt.  scape-like,  bearing  many  white  tls.  in  an  oblique,  spiral  row 

1  L.  grdoilia  Bigolow.  Slender  Ladies'  Tresses.  Lvs.  aU  radical  ovate  or  oh. 
lanceolae  fugacious ;  scape  witii  remote  sl.caH.s;  fls.  it,  a  single  row  wht^l,  L 
moderately  spiral;  lip  oblong-spatuiate,  crenulate-wavy  at  the  recurved  tin  ho 
inZTnnTT'  Pl';"^  nearly  glabrous.-A  rery  delicate  planriruncoLon 
n  old  woods,  Can  and  U.  S.  Scape  very  slender,  8  to  12'  high.  Lvs  close  o 
the  ground,  1  to  2  long,  contracted  to  a  petiole  usually  wifhoring  belbre  the 
flowers  appear  Fis.  white,  fragrant.  Ilachis  twisted  more  than^the  row  of 
flowers,  but  in  the  opposite  direction.    Jl.,  Aug. 

^  di;tltran.l  2;ir '"'  'i'"''f  r',  '^*- "'"f"^  ««  ^«''«;  ^ong  and  linear;  the  caulino 
Uistant  and  sheathmg;  bract-hke;  fls.  in  a  single  row,  moderately  twisted  on  a 

J  enltrtS" /P™'"'  ''r^"''}  ^'"^'  ''>  oblong,  aeuto,  pmnawJlS'lobes 
vu^ol  '9  f^-.f    !''"'■'<''■  J'^^P^bf^'c^nt  above—Qvassy  plaii.s.  Car    to  Ala.  and 

^ke'3  to  5'  ll'r  '/^T""  *''"  ^"  ^'-  ^^^""^-    ^-  «  '^  '''  ^°%'  2  'o  '"  -idol 

3  S.  c6rnua  Rich.   Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  elongated,  the  cauline  jrraduallr 

Up  oblong  obtuse,  wavy  and  crenulate,  recurved,  longer  than  the  petols-  «Zi 
pubescent  above-Can.  an.l  U.  S.,  common  in  meadowa,V     S  .  9  to^?  or'  ,So 

K'^tV""^^-     ^?-  '  "^  ^  ^"  ^«'  '""*^-  ''  ^«  «"  ^ide^     Spike  I  to  3' Lu      Fls' 
large  for  the  genus,  fragrant.     Perianth  4  to  5"  long,  creain-whito.     Aug.-Ocl- 

St    vith  2  or  3  sheathing  bracts;  fls.  (small  3  to  4')  in  an  oblong  dense  «nikQ 

abou^L^ZT^'i  'T"'^',  ^'P  °^^'^"^'  "^^»^'^'  crenilate-crisped  o^rl  themargin 
about  5.veined  callosities  adnate;  plant  quite  glabrous.-In  moist  jrroundTci^ 
to  Penn.     A  low  plant,  often  concealed  in  thf  grass,  4  to  8  1  Sif    Lvs    3  ^^ 

lTr??<Ino  "  u    ^'T'  "f'^»,.^'^'"«i«>'-     Fls.  rather  Wr  than  in  No  1,  thUe  tho 
lip  yellowish,  with  green  lines.     Jn.,  Jl.  '  ' 

15.  GOODYE^RA,  R.  Br.  Rattlesnake  Plantain.  (Named  for 
John  Goodj/cr,  an  obscure  English  botanist.)  Perianth  ringent;  calyx 
inflated  upper  sepals  with  the  petals  vaulted,  the  two  Imver  sepals 
placed  beneath  and  including  the  saccate,  entire  lip,  which  is  without 
callosities  an<l  abruptly  acuminate  and  reflexcd  at  apex ;  anther  on  the 
back  o  the  free  column;  pollinia  2,  composed  of  angular  grains.— 
iiracted  scapes  arising  from  creeping  rhizomes,  with  radical,  ovate  lvs. 
andadowny  spike  of  small  white  fls.  ,         v- i  b. 

^  o^;te*Sfth*!,rf  n.^"'     ^?:  o^"*^-^"".^^"!"^.  obscurely  reticulated  with  white,  lip 
ovatt,  with  an  oblong,  obtuse  acunnnatiou;  column  acutely  2-horned  at  the  sunt 

woods.  Can  to  Car.     St.  s lender,  5  to  8'  high,  bearing  a  spike  2  to  3' long.    Lvs. 
.'  to  U.    m  length,  curiously  netted  with  white  lines,  but  less  so  than  the  next 
(which  IS  scarcely  distinct  from  this).     Jl.,  Aug. 
2  G.  pub^Bcens  R.  Br.     Lvs.  ovate,  and  conspicuously  reticulate  with  white; 

44 


690 


Obdee  138.— OROHIDACE^ 


cont—Woods,  Can.  and  U.  S,  wkh  its  sevrn  1  Ivl  rS'  ^t'''''^^  .^'-'''^Uged,  pubos- 
with  wliito  and  dark  green.     St  6  to  ?2'  hS     T    '^'''^^^^  «'"gularly  mottled 

«umnnt;  pollen  a.igular.-Corm  beurinrr  a  lh Js-  L  f\     S    i 
with  several  showy  fls.  *=     i,'ass-iiJvO  Jt.,  a  naked  scapo 

^r^et!tt;fred^:;tbS^^  -apo  few-flowerod;  lip 

A  beautiful  pluut,  in  swamp«  al  dTnp  ntad^^i  U  ^  and  P '''  T'''''*  '?^"'^-~ 
10  to  20'  high,  with  a  long  leaf  ^8  to  12' hrA\.     I'/.'*"'^.  ^""-    Scape  slender, 
large,  purpll,  remarkable  for  their^  apoarentlv  HtfT"^-!''  ^"f '     *^'^-  ^  to  8 
apex,  spatulato,  crested  with  S  to  SZ  Irn.   n? /"f'*'''"  'J-^  '"P""^^^  «' 
u^er^side  of  the  flower,  while  ^S^^/S^fXT^'^^ZZ 

guiculato,  cucullatc,  bearded  inside-  cdunm  w  nXV     ^        ':  V'i"  ""■ 
pollinia  2  f.rinaceous.-Habit  v^^i^' "CT'l^if  "g ^^^^  = 

6mi..-A«  iuterestinrplunTnutf  fcL7;l^^'!Pf^'^"".'"^^^  ''>•  fi"^'' 
swamps  ojui  nmddy  shores  C„N  F„„  I  °n*''^  ^'j'^.T  ^"-etlHisa.  found  in 
slender  9-16'  high  w  Ui  2  rif  1«  ?^'  .'J  ^'"■-  "?^  ^^^  ^^'^  ^t*-™  i«  very 
long,  lanceolate,  nc^T  eatlhra  t  Xse  thT  f^'.^  about  midway,  2-;? 
situated  near  the  flower  Flower  1«r.o  ,,!fn'-  ^  f'"""  ^^  """"^^  ""'«l'  ^mallsr, 
and  sepals  (f)    Jun^   (Ai-ethu'a  If        ^'"°'  P"''  P^''^'^"     ^'^  ^'^"^'  "^  P^^ali 

create?!  in  the  middr  Mly''  (AKsalhlTd')  ''  '^  ^'--'^^•'■^--". -'-     ^h^ 

""  L  Tp  ■  1vs."eSSg.  o;atrai;enfate''fls  a  T"^'  ^S-^^""^^'  «^-'  '^->^-^'^  »* 
not  bearded;  fr.  pendulous -A  Sf  S';.^^'"'^''^  "«d<:»'»"';  ^*>-  ««<'>-'^,  scabrous, 
and  S.  States  St  sP^rrS^'^K  .  , '  f"  '"**''  P''"'*>  "'  swamps,  Mid.  and  W. 
the  ovary  are  1' lonr  Th  ff    ■  "^^  '^'^''^'^  '''"^'^*^'l'  ^^'"'  "l'""'  ^  "s.  whicli  w  tl 

^eral  lobes  t^S^'  ^Z;^!:!^^'  ^^ -^^I^/t^J^tj^. -PJ^ 

purple.     Lip  green,  with  puU  vS     Aprj  May?"''  ^"''  "^^  ''  '  '"""^^'• 
i8.  ARETHU^SA,  Gronov.      iArethusa,  a  nymph  of  Diana,  tran^ 


Ohdkr  139.— MARANTACE^. 


691 


3.     Fls.  3  to  8. 


fonned  to  a  fountain.)     Periantli  somewhat  riiigent;    sepals  and  petals 
cohering  at   the  base ;  lip  spurless,  adnato  to  the  column  at  base,  de- 
flected at  the  end,  and  bearded  inside  ;  poUinia  4,  angular.— St.  low, 
sheathed,  l-flowered,  arising  from  a  corm  or  bulb  imbedded  in  moss. 
A.  bulbdaa  L.    This  beautiful  and  interostinf?  plant  is  found  in  wet  meadows  and 
swampa,  Can.  to  Va.  W.  to  Wis.     Stem  6—12'  high,  invested  with  about  3  long, 
loose  sheaths,  with  lanceolate  points,  the  upper  ones  rarely  at  length  produced 
into  a  short  linear-spatulate  leaf.     At  the  top  is  a  single,  large,  fragrant  flower  of 
a  r.ch  purple  color.    At  the  base  of  the  flower  is  a  smaU  spathe  of  2  unequal 
bracts.    June.  ^ 

19.  EPIDEN'DRUM,  Swartz.     Tkee  Orchip.     (Gr.  errt,  upon,  dev- 
6pov,  a  tree.)     Sepals  and  petals  spreading;  lip  united  with  the  col- 
umn and  forming  a  tube  which  is  sometimes  decurrent  on  the  ovary  ; 
jinthcr  terminal,  opercular;  pollinia  4,  separated  by  complete,  persistent 
partitions,  and  each  narrowed  at  base  into  a  reflexed,  elastic  pedicel. 
—Epiphytic  plants,  vegetating  in  air  and  the  scanty  soil  lodged  in  the 
bark  of  trees.    Sts.  few-leaved  at  base,  naked  and  many-flowered  above. 
E.  con6pseum  H.  K.     Sts.  tufted,  2-leaved  simple;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acute  or  mucronate,  sessile;  fls.  3  to  7,  spicate,  erect,  yellow;  lip  3-lobed 
middle  lobe  obcordate,  spreading  as  well  as  the  narrow-linear.  obtuse  petals.-^ 
Oiiiefly  on  the  Magnolia  grandiflora,  in  damp  woods,  low  country,  S.  Car  to  Fla 
and  farther  West.     Root  an  entangled  mass  of  thick  fibers.     Sts.  in  clusters  5  to 
8    high      Lvs.   1'  to  18"  long.     Fls.  expanding  5  or  G",  tinged  with  purple. 
Aug.,  Sept.  '       o  If 

Order   CXXXIX.     MAR  ANT  ACE  J^.     Arro  worts. 

Herbs  with  a  creeping  rhizome,  sheathing  petioles,  and  ample  leaves,  with  par- 
allel veins  diverging  from  tho  midveiu.  Fls.  with  spathaceous  bracts.  Perianth 
adherent,  irregular,  of  3  circles,  each  of  3  parts,  the  inner  oaen  abortive.  Stamens 
.3,  petaloid,  2  bterilc,  t'ao  3d  fertile,  lateral,  with  only  half  an  anther.  Ovary  infe- 
rior,  1  to  3-cclled.     Seeds  albuminous,  embryo  not  in  a  sac  (vitellus). 

„)  Ifn^f,','?  "'.f^*'''*'' l*""';  «'"^-fly  '■'>"')<'  fn  tl>«  tropics.    Thoy  nre  remnrknWe.  ns  nn  order,  for  tho 
nbundancooti'urestiiichcontttin.Mliii  tho  rhlzoiru-s  of  nmny  species,  constituting  the  Kenuino 

Indies,  and  M.  rainoHixxtma,  W.  Indius.    Somo  avu  cultivated  for  ornament. 

1.  THA'LIA,  L.  (Named  for  John  Thalius,  a  German  physician  and 
author.)  Flowers  contained  in  a  f -leaved,  glume-like  spathe  ;  calyx  3- 
scpaled,  small,  concave,  lancc-ovate ;  corolla  6-parted,  the  3  outer  seg- 
ments-equal,  3  inner  very  unequal ;  stamen  2-parted,  the  outer  segment 
petaloid,  inner  slender,  bearing  the  1-cellod,  ovate  (half)  anther ;  stylo 
short,  twisted,  with  a  large,  lip-shaped  stigma;  fruit  capsular,  thin,  with 
1  cr  2  large  seeds;  embryo  recurved.— 2|:  Lvs.  with  long  sheaths. 
Scape  paniculate. 

T.  dealbata  Roscoo.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  revolute  at  apex,  rounded 
at  base,  petiole  distinct,  much  shorter  than  its  sheath ;  scape  and  panicle  pow- 
dered; spathe  of  2  very  unequal  lvs.,  2-flowered,  but  usually  l-fruited,  pilous- 
pericarp  membranous,  inclosing  1  large,  farinaceous  seed,  in  which  the  slender 
embryo  lies  distinct,  bent  double.—A  tall,  elegant  plant,  in  marshes,  S.  Car.  (Cur- 
tis) to  Fla.  Abundant  in  the  Chattahoochee  R.  near  Ap.-ilHohioola.  Scape  slender, 
3  to  6  to  nix  high,  bearing  a  large,  forking  panicle,  with  several  laiice-linear,  de- 
ciduous bracts.  Lvs.  9  to  14'  by  4  to  8',  oflen  subcordate.  Fls.  purple,  half  con- 
coaled  in  tho  bracts. 

2.  CANNA,  L.     Indian  Shot.     (Derivation  doubtful.)     Calyx  of  3 
sepals,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  corolla  6-parted,  with  unequal  segments, 


fi02  Obdkb  140.— amaryllidace^ 

'  Jn^thl*?'  ""n""!  '^fwf  V'*^"'"  P'*^^^'^'  2-'«l>e<J'  the  upper  lobe  bear- 
mg  the  l-celied  (halt)  anther  on  its  margin ;  style  petaloiMeshy,  stigraa 
obtuse;  capsule  muricate,  3-celled ;  seeds  globular.— 2j:  Haidsomo 
evergreen  herbs,  with  large  Ivs.  and  showy  panicles,  or  spikes. 

§  CORYTHIUM.*  (Gr.  {Kopvg)  KopvBog,  with  a  hebnet.)  Tube 
of  the  corolla  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  with  the  outer  segment  spirally 
attached,  and  rejtexed,  inner  segment  and  the  stamen  dilated  andcoront 
Jorm  ;  anther  wholly  adnatc. 

^2'  ?,4°*^^?*  ^T°°-  .  <^'«*'''0"s;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  to  a  lonir 
8  eatung  base;  fls.  spk-ate,  2-bracted ;  sep.  erect,  lance-linear;  cor.  tuL  S 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals-,  limb  of  the  inner  petals  spreading,  flaccid,  wavy 

TnXtUL  ;, ir'tr  'TT^'^  ^^r*^  oWiquely 'dieted  above,  tSl 
ting  the  corolla  tube.— A  fine  plant,  around  ponds,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  and  Fla     Stem 
3f  high.     Lvs.  near  2f  long  (including  the  narrow  base),  2  to  4'  wide.     Fls  abou^ 
4  long.      Caps,  oval,  12  to  16"  long.-This  plant,  with  its  congeners  might  per 
haps  constitute  a  now  genus.  h^"ciB,  unfaui  ptr 

§   CANNA  proper.     Corolla  tube  short  or  none,  segments  erect  or 

spreading  above,  the  inner  not  coroniform  ;  anther  free  above. 

2  C.  Indica  Rose.     Glabrous;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  abrupt  at  base-  cor   tube 

eJeT'^ote  'Ir?''.  'T'\  ''^"'-  «t^-P-«h--^Ped  or  «Patulate,  subequ:i-inS 
Tf  W  V,"  ^"l^'^f,  f  •  ^^^-  l^'-se,  smooth  and  glossy,  tho  lamina  more  than 
It  long.     11^  near  2'  long,  red  and  yellow,     f  W.  Indies. 

Order  CXL.     AMARYLLIDACE^.     Amaryllids. 
Herbs  perennial,  chiefly  bulbous,  with  linear  leaves  not  scurfy  nor  woolly     Flow 
ers  showy,  mostly  regular  and  on  scapes,  with  an  adherent,  6-parted  perianth     Sla- 
mem  6,  anthers  introrse.   Ovary  3-celled,  with  styles  united  into  1.    tVuit  a  S-celled 
capsule  or  berry.     -Seerf,^  1  to  oo,  with  fleshy  albumen.     Pigs.  315,  342   395  39G 

t^'z^at^c:!::^^:^^'  '"p'""'  "'^"^^  "•"«'  »»"■""""* '" «-"  -<»  s-  AwJa.  very 

n..mnTt1io'EmIoin'^'''TL"Hi.tfr7''''^'   ''"r"'   pmsonous   propertiof.,  which  is  Tory  rare 

GENERA. 
§  Perianth  bcarincr  a  crown  on  the  summit  of  Its  tube.  (•) 

•  Crown  a  thin  niembnino  connecting. tho  stamens Pancratium       1 

*  Crown  a  (Inn  cup  containing  tlio  stamens NAunssrs     *      a 

S  Perianth  destitute  of  a  crown.  (")  ■«  aucissls.  8 

*♦  Segments  united  into  a  tube  above  tho  ovary.    Stamens  perigynous   (a) 

O  Flowers  solitary,  tube  of  tho  perianth  straight  erect.. Zfphvranthus  8 

a  Flowers  many,  tube  of  tho  perianth  straiglit. . . .                          j,. ^vf  '  4 

a  Flowers  many,  tube  cf  the  perianth  curved .■.■.■;;  ■.'.'.■.■.■po'i.YAKTnF.s.  5 

••  Segments  distinct  dowa  to  tho  ovary.    Flowers  nodding,  (b) 

b  Perianth  irregular.    Stamens  declined  and  curved^. . .   .             Sprekelia  6 

b  Perianth  regular.-Sepuls  (all  white)  larger  than  petals ".Galanthus.  T 

—Sepals  (green-tipped)  as  largo  as  petals. ....  Leucojum.  8 

—Sepals  and  petals  equal,  yellow IIypoxw.  9 

1.  PANCRATIUM,  L.  (Gr.  Trdv,  all,  KpaTvg,  powerful;  the  name 
was  first  applied  to  tho  medicinal  squill.)  Tube  of  tbe  perianth  pro- 
duced above  the  ovary,  long  and  slender,  dilated  in  the  throat,  limb 
regular,  G-partcd ;  stamens  0,  inserted  on  the  throat,  their  bases  con- 
nected by  an  ample  membrane  forming  a  broad,  funnel-shaped  corona; 
anthers  hncarversatde;  capsule  3-valved,  .-^seeded.— Bulbs  tunicatcd, 
bearing  Jong  lvs.  and  a  scapo  with  a  bractcd  umbel  of  sbowy  H. 


Order  140.— AMARYLLIDACE.-E.  093 

1  P.  rotitum  L.  Scapes  2 — 6-flowered;  ivs.  hmg,  strap-shaped,  obtuse;  ovary 
ovate-triangular ;  sep.  and  pet  linear,  as  long  as  the  tube ;  crown  broad-funnel- 
shaped  or  top-shaped,  the  margin  12-toothed,  alternate  teeth  stameniferous  sta- 
mens and  declined  style  nearly  as  long  aa  the  sepals;  anthers  yellow.— Marshes 
and  low  grounds,  along  streams,  throughout  the  S.  States.  Bulb  white,  an  inch 
or  more  in  diam.  Scape  18'  to  2f  high,  Fls.  usually  but  2,  white.  Perianth  and 
tube  about  3'  long,  the  crown  about  18"  broad,  very  thin  and  often  torn,  Apr, 
May.     (P,  Mexicauum  L,    llymenocallis  Herbt.) 

2  P,  corondrium  Lo  Conte.  Scapo  many-flowered  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  dhtute ; 
petals  linear,  tlirice  longer  than  the  crown,  which  is  large,  funnel-shaped,  18-angled, 
or  having  2  angular  tec  th  between  the  stamens,  and  often  a  jagged  sinva  between 
the  teeth;  stam.  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  long  (6  to  8"),  linear,  yellow 
anthers.— River  swamps,  along  the  coast,  Car.,  Ga,  (Pursh)  to  La.  (Mr.  R.  Green). 
Scapes  and  Ivs.  2  or  3f  long.     Fls.  white.     Stylo  much  longer  than  the  stamens. 

3  P.  maritimum  L.  Scapo  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  linear,  strap-shaped,  glaucous, 
longer  than  the  scapo  ;  perianth  funnel-shaped,  segm.  lance-linear,  spreading  above, 
longer  than  tlio  crown;  crown  funnel-shaped,  its  base  adherent  to  the  segments,  its 
margin  with  G  pairs  (12)  0/ prominent  teeth,  alternating  with  the  stamens,  which 
are  borno  in  the  sinuses.  River  swamps,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Walter,  Catesby)  and  west- 
ward (Le  Conte).  Not  lately  seen?  Scape  18'  to  2f  high,  Fls.  very  fragrant, 
evanescent.     (P.  occidentalis  Le  Conte  ?)   Eur. 

2.  NARCIS'SUS,  L.  (Gr.  vapK-rj,  stupor ;  from  the  effects  produced 
by  the  smell  of  some  of  the  species.)  Perianth  regular,  G-parted, 
bearing  on  its  throat  a  cup  or  bell-form  crown  (consisting  of  a  whorl  of 
united  sterile  stamens) ;  fertile  stamens  6,  inserted  within  the  tube  and 
concealed  within  the  crown. — A  genus  of  well  known,  much  cultivated 
flowers,  many  of  them  very  fragrant  and  beautiful.  They  have  bulbous 
roots,  ensiform  leaves,  and  usually  yellow  fls.,  with  a  long,  compressed 
spathe,  opening  on  one  side  and  deciduous. 

S  Crown  lonccr  than  tlio  tube  of  the  perlnntti Np_  -y 

§  Crown  fihoi'ter  t>han  tho  tube  oftho  iierlantli,— its  border  crciKitc '..'.".".'.".'.'.'.".' .Nos.  2  8 

—its  border  entire No!  4 

1  N.  Pseudo-NarcfsBUS  L.  Daffodil.  Scapo  2-edged,  straight,  striated ;  seg- 
ments sulphur  color ;  corona  with  a  serrate-creiiato  orifice,  and  as  long  as  the  pe- 
tals.— Gardens.  Root  bulbous.  Leaves  linear,  a  foot  long,  striate,  veined.  Scapo 
a  foot  high,  bearing  at  the  top  a  single,  very  largo  flower,  with  a  very  long  cup 
or  corona.     April,  May.     -f  Eur.     (Ajax,  Ilaworth.) 

2  N.  Jonquilla  L.  Jonquils.  Scapo  l—.'i-floweroa  ;  segments  reflexed,  spatu- 
lato;  cup  (corona)  much  shorter  than  the  segments,  saucer -shaped,  spreading,  ere- 
naie. — Gardens.  Scapo  a  foot  high,  round,  slender,  bearing  at  tho  summit  a  lew 
flowers  cf  a  rich  yellow,  and  very  fragrant.  May,  Jn.  f  Spain.  (Queltia  Her- 
bert,) 

3  N,  posticus  L,  Poet's  Narcisscs.  Scapo  1-flowered;  segments  imbricate 
at  base,  reflexed;  corona  expanded,  fiat,  rotate,  crenulato;  3  anth.  shorter  than  tho 
tube.— Gardens.  Scape  about  a  foot  high,  leaves  of  the  same  length.  It  bears  a 
single  flower,  which  is  mostly  white,  but  having  the  crown  singularly  adorned 
with  circles  of  crimson,  white  and  yellow.    Jn.     f  S.  Europe. 

4  N.  Taz^tta  L.  Spatho  many-flowered ;  corona  campanulate,  truncate,  shorter 
than  tho  petals;  Ivs.  flat. — Gardens.  Root  a  largo  bulb.  Leaves  smooth,  sword- 
fihaped.  Scape  naked,  striate,  a  loot  high,  witli  10 — 12  flowers.  Corolla  white, 
cup  a  strong  yellow,  not  fragrant.     April,  May,     f  Spain.     (Hermione  Herbert.) 

o     Trnuvn « luj'rijiic       tt--i       •  t  »  ■•■ 

<3.  <.E.rninAFi  inuo,    xierucrt.       iVMARXLLis.       Atamasco     LiIi.y. 

(Zt'0vpof,  tho  west  wind,  dvdog.)  Perianth  superior,  tubular  at  base, 
funnel-form,  with  a  6-parted,  regular  limb,  which  spreads  above ;  sta- 
mens 0,  inserted  in  the  throat,  or  one  of  them  lower  down,  filaments 
blender ;  anther  versatile  ;   style  filiform,  somewhat  (.loclined ;  stigma 


C94 


Oedeb  uo.— amarylltdace^. 


form  f  fhtlft  t:  S"'  ''^''T'  ^^^"^r^l'^-)  I'^^i'ianth  tubular-fnnncl- 
rorm,  alheienttj  he  ovary,  6-parted;  stamens  6,  cxserted  •  anthor^ 
iinear,  soou  versatile ;  capsule  coriaceous,  obtusely  tr.WulS 

Stem  herbaceous.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  thick  and  rigid,  chrnelcd" 
often  spiny.     Scape  many-flowered  *    '  ^"^""*^'«^t 

to  Ira.     Root  premorse,  tuberous     Sfsmo  j.  tr.  «p  i,;™u  *     ""^Y,  "^""^^  -renn. 
spicate  above.     Radical  lealeTlonTZ^t      mi  ^'S^'^"^^^'  g'^hrous,  loosely 

The  J- -eest  of  nil  hprh^!^!.!      i     .  middle;  ;>e<iiceZ  as  long  a.^  the  corolla.— 

5.  POLYAMTHES,    L.     Tcbeeose.     (Gr.  toAw   manv    £vetr\ 

suram!   fc,'     Rf    ^  ."eluded  ;  ovary  at  the  bottom  of  tl,e  tube,  tbo 

^  Zjr  T^-  "",  "''"=]"  '■'"^°"'='  "'''=t,  producing  tubers  above 
bt.  terete,  sobd,  sirapio,  oo-Uowered.  s      ">-  »  »iH)ve. 

c  i^K-i^r-^^^^T^^'^","?'-  JAt^'OBEA  Lily.  Perianth  adherent  Cleaved 
subbdabiate  and  spreading  above  ;  inner  segm.  Lurrower  stain  Tin- 
«erted  on  the  ovary,  unequal,  and  with  the  s'tyle  declined,  buibending 
«patapex._Bulbous.     Scape  fistulous,  1-flowered.     Lvs.  linear  ^ 

notched  or  lobed;  stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  ov^ry  erec  ' 
mcluded  ;  style  straight,  longer  than  the  stamens^;  stigma  cnSro  ;  cap!: 


Obdeb  141.— BROM^LIACKrE. 


695 


sule  8-celled,  loculiciJal,  co-seeded. — Bulb  tuuicated,  acrid.  Scape  9,- 
edged,  solid.  Spathe  1-leaved.  Fls.  white,  pendulous.  Caps,  umtui^ 
ing  under  ground. 

Q.  nivalis.  Snow- drop.  Lvs.  linear,  radical,  keeled,  acute ;  scape  1-flowered. 
— Native  of  the  Alps,  well  knowu  in  gardens,  flowering  early  in  spring.  It  is  a 
small  plant,  half  a  foot  high,  arising  troni  a  perennial  bulb,  bearing  a  single,  large, 
nodding  flower,  white  as  snow.  Stem  usually  furnished  with  2  long,  narrow 
loaves  towards  the  top. 

8.  LEUCO^JUM,  L.  Snow-flake.  (Gr.  XevKbq,  white,  tor,  violet.) 
Perianth  superior,  segments  distinct,  subequal,  often  thickened  at  the 
apex ;  stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  tip  of  the  ovary,  included  ;  stylo 
erect,  thickened  upwards  ;  stigma  entire,  obtuse ;  capsule  fleshy,  3- 
valved,  loculicidal,  co-seeded. — Bulb  tunicated.  Scape  2-edged,  fistu- 
lous.    Lvs.  few.     Spatho  1-lcaved.     Fls.  pendulous. 

1  L.  sestivum  L.  Lvs.  linear,  a  little  shorter  than  the  scape ;  spathe  many 
(4  to  8)-flowered ;  caps,  pyriform,  with  numerous  black  seeds  in  each  cell. — Gar- 
dens, very  pretty.  Lvs.  6  or  more,  of  a  rich  green,  long,  channeled,  sheathing. 
Scape  6  to  10'  high,  sharply  2-angled,  bearing  at  top  an  umbel  of  pedicellate  nod- 
ding fls.  issuing  from  a  spathe.  Sep.  pure  white,  G  to  8"  long,  tipped  with  a 
green  thickened  point.     May,  Jn.     f  Eur. 

2  L.  v^rnum  L.  Lvs.  linear  or  strap-shaped,  sheathing  at  base ;  scape  1  or 
2-flowered  ;  perianth  segm.  with  divergent  veins,  white,  marked  with  a  green  or 
yellow  tip ;  seeds  7  in  each  coll,  straw-colored. — Gardens,  less  frequent  than  tho 
other.     Mar.,  Apr.     f  Eur.     (L.  rinosma,  Herbert.) 

9.  HYPOX'IS,  L.  Star-grass.  (Gr.  vTro,  under,  o^'i;f,  sharp ;  on 
account  of  the  pointed  base  of  the  fruit.)  Spathe  2-leaved  ;  perianth 
6-parted,  i-egular,  persistent ;  stamens  0  ;  capsule  elongated,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  indehiscent ;  seeds  numerous,  roundish,  with  a  black,  crus- 
taceous  integument. — Small,  bulbous,  grass-like  plants,  with  yellow  fls. 
Lvs.  radical,  linear. 

1  H.  er^cta  L.  Pilous ;  scape  about  4:-flowered,  shorter  than  tlie  linear-lanceolate 
lvs. — In  woods  and  meadows.  Can.  and  LT.  S.  Lvs.  all  radical,  G  to  12'  by  3  to 
5",  very  acute.  Tho  slender,  hairy  scapes,  several  from  tho  same  root,  arise  6  to 
8',  divided  at  top  into  a  sort  of  umbel  with  3  to  5  pedvincles,  having  each  a  min- 
ute, subulate  spathe  at  tlie  base.  Perianth  hairy  and  greenish  without,  yellow 
within ;  segm.  oval,  rather  obtuse.     Jn. 

2  H.  filifdlia  Ell.  Sparingly  pilous ;  scape  2-flowtred,  shorter  than  tho  filiform 
lvs. — In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  av.d  Fla.  Same  height  as  tho  other  specios.  Lvs. 
8  to  12'  long,  thread-shaped,  but  channeled,  not  half  a  line  wide.  Fls.  rather 
largo  (!)  to  11"  diam.). 


Order  CXLL     BROMELIACE^.     Bromeliads. 

IlerhSy  chiefly  epiphytic,  with  persistent,  often  scurfy  loaves,  channeled  and  sheath- 
ing. Calyx  3-parted  or  3 -toothed,  often  green.  Corolla  3-petaled,  distinct,  imbri- 
cated, colored.  Stamens  G,  perigynous.  Style  single ;  ovary  3-celled,  with  numer- 
ous ovules.  Seeds  numerous,  embryo  at  the  base  of  mealy  albumen,  radida  next 
the  hllum.     Fig.  37,  c 

niitiva,  tlio  ^)ino  apple,  very  ikbiiiiiliiiit  in  the  Bahuams,  which  <ielictous  I'ruit  »;<inslst»»>f  the  en- 
tire snlko  ol  flowers,  withomcts  and  stem  blundu<l  into  one  fleshy  iiuihs — n  sorosis.  Another 
useful  piutit  id  our  own  Tillundsin  unneoiden — tho  Spanish  muss  uf  cuinmeruo. 

TILLAND'SIA,  L.  Lonu  Moss.  (Named  for  Prof.  E.  Tillands, 
o{  Abo,  author  of  Flora  Aboensis.)     Perianth  double,  3  sepals  mem- 


606 


Oedkb  U2.— :H^MODORACEiE. 


branous,  convolute  into  a  tube.  3  petals  colored,  spreading  abov« 
stamens  scarcely  cohering,  with   the  base  of  the  sepals     ovarvf      ' 
capsule  elongated  the  3  ^alvos  splitting  each    utolty'e^Z^''^'; 
the  outer  .s  membrui>ous,  the  inner  cartilaginous;  seeds  Su^ZS 
ra,sed   on    comous   s.pes.-Plants   grayish^ith '  scurf,    ~^:|; 

1  T.  usneoide*  L.    Blace  Mesa     Spanish   \im<*      vt    4ivt 
long,JUxv^as,pendvi^;  Ivs.  recurved,  tiliS(I  t?J' bf  i-"!  ^"''"^    Ranching, 
«h(,rt-Ve.y  eoruiuon  ia  iho  low  country  ^110   j^^lfl' t''^ }r'-^''''<i' 
jmd  La.   hauging  ia  long  dark  gray  tuftsV"f:sl'as''(^^re,^r"L'^*It  u''t 
looted,  dried  and  beaten  until  the  bark  falls  off  when  Z  l\2v     y    .-^  '^  ^^"^ 

.nass  of  orowna  with  libers,  "  ca  tl,»  bark  of  ol™  £,08'^(Sr?„ii '     5 .'  L'"'!"? 
h;iJl|,  and  will,  tbo  Iva.  (6  to  12)  forming  dens,  tX     S  !' *  .  ®.'"  "Slfc 

forming  tufts  covered  with  gravisii  scales     ^Pi  r,h  ^     wi  .         '     ■      ^"'^  ^l^-- 
species  in  the  herbarium  of  lev".  ir'B^J^ZtL^:oTs:^S^'  °'  "'^ 

OkdebCXLII.    IL^MODORACE^     Bloodworts. 

/^/•6.  perennial,  with  fibrous  roots,  equitant  or  rosulato  leaves,  and  perfect  iloweT, 
/J-^,^.  regular,  6-parted,  scurfy  or  woolly  outside,  more  or  less  J.^r'sZ 
2  G,  or  3  and  opposite  the  petals,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-ceIled  l-stylel 
Capsule  covered  with  the  withered  perianth.     Seeds  with  cartilaginous  albuLef 

-^"rZl'u^^^tiX^^^^^;,^-^  Africa,  New  Holland,  &c.    The 

iiiown  is  AletriH  jarinom.       """°"^  "*  *  '^"'^  coloimg  matter.    Oneoftlie  most  Inteuso  bitters 

GENERA. 
~"''*='='"''*1 1'^'ianths  rugous-scuify Aletris     3 

1.  LACHNAN'THES.   Elliott.      REn-Roor.      (Gr.  Xdyvoc    soft  hair 
&vOog^     Penanth  woo  ly  outside,  tube  adherent ;  calyx^lobJs  exterTo  ' 
of  3  linear  sepals    as  long  as  the   3   lunce-oblo  ,g  petals     starne'iS 
equaing  the  petals  and  opposite  to  them;  filaments^nd 'fi£m  del 
cl.ned   .tyle   exserted;    capsule   3-ceIled,   truncated,    rnany- eede'd -1 

^sss?^^'litSTs^t^r^Kt^/;iw 

white  wool  above.  Lvs.  mostly  radical  flos hv  2  m  ^'  l  't'  '''°?^'"^  ^"^ 
as  the  stem.  Cuuline  lvs.  remote  anl^Sle  Corvmb't'erl  "T""^^  ""  *"? 
many-flowered.     Fls.  denselv  ..loth^"-it!?ti-f„\.i'.°'Z.7'^.,*"™         compactly 

Pursh.)—Tho  root  13  said  to  bo  employed  in  dyeing.  ^'     ^^"^^'^'^ 

2.  LOPHrOLA,  Ker.     Crest-flower.     (Gr.  Ad0oc,  a  crest-  allud- 
ing to  the  crested  petals.)     Perianth  half  Lperiort  clclefrpcit. 


Obder  143.— IRIDACE.(E. 


607 


iTooIIy  outside  anJ  inside  ;  petals  narrower  than  tlio  sepals,  somewhat 
interior ;  stamens  6^  filaments  naked,  anthera  erect ;  style  conical,  8- 
partible ;  stigma  simple ;  capsule  opening  at  the  summit,  3-celled, 
3-valved,  many-seeded. — An  herb  with  a  creeping?  root,  flexuous  stem, 
woolly  above,  and  a  loose  cormyb,  densely  clothed  with  soft,  white 
wool. 

If.  Americana.  Sandy  swamps,  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  erects 
hoary-tomentous  when  young.  Lvs.  glaucous,  narrowly  linear,  equitant,  glab- 
rous, the  lower  and  radical  long,  cauline  2  or  3,  shorter;  Corymb  finally  much 
expanded,  many  ttowered.  Corolla  woolly  and  yellow  within,  segments  reflexed, 
about  as  long  as  the  stamens.  Capsule  ovate,  dissepiments  arising  from  the  center 
of  each  valve.     Seeds  white.     Jl.,  Aug.     (L.  aurea  Ker.     Conostylis,  Ph.) 

3.  ALETRIS,  L.  Star-grass.  Colic-root.  (Gr.  oAerp/Vr  a  mil- 
ler^s  wife  ;  because  of  the  mealy-looking  flowei-s.)  Perianth  6-cleft, 
tubular,  rugous  as  if  scurfy  or  mealy,  persistent ;  stamens  issuing  at  the 
top  of  the  tube,  style  S-sided,  3-partible ;  ovary  adherent  at  base  only  ; 
capsule  opening  at  top,  many-seeded. — Smooth  herbs,  very  bitter,  lvs. 
radical,  rosulate,  and  scape  many-flowered. 

1  A.  farindsa  L.  Lvs.  broad-lanceolate;  fls.  white,  oblong-tubular,  pediceled; 
perianth  in  fruit  rugous  or  mealy  in  appearance. — Grows  in  low  grounds^  m  mosl 
of  the  Statea  Root  premorse.  Scapo  20 — 30'  high,  with  remote  scales  or  bract^^. 
and  surrounded  at  base  with  a  circle  of  lanceolate,  sessile  leaves.  These  are  3. — V 
long,  \  as  wide,  and  lie  flat  upon  the  ground.  Flowers  ir>  a  long,  thin  raceme. 
Perianth  white,  Y  long,  on  very  short  pedicels,  rugous  without,  whea  old.  Me- 
dicinal.   July. 

2.  A.  ailrea  Walt.  Lvs.  lanceolate ;/.?.  2/e?fow,  subsessile ;  perianth  short,,  tubular- 
campanulate,  finally  rugous  and  very  scabrous. — In  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to- 
Fla.,  abundant.  Scarcely  different  from  the  preceding  except  in  color.  Scape 
2 — 3f  liigli,  with  rather  distant  yellow  flowers  in  the  spicato  raceme.  Lvs.  all 
radical,  2  to  3'  by  3—  1".    Jl.,  Aug. 


Order  CXLIIL    IRIDACE^I.    Irids. 

Ilerhs  with  corms,  bulbs  or  rhi2X)mes,  equitant,  2-ranked  leaves  and  spathaceous 
bracts.     Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,,  segments  in  2  sets,  often  unequal  and. 
convolute  m  bud.     Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  petals,  anthers  extrorse.    Style  1 
stigBvis.  3,  often  petaloid.    Capsule  3-valved,  3-celled,  loculicidal.    Seeds  many,  with 
hard,  fleshy  albumen.     Figs.  16,  151,  425. 

Genera  52,  species  550,  eliiefly  natives  of  the  Capo  ef  Good  Hope,  or  of  the  middle  of  Europ* 
or  N.  Auiorica. 

ProptrtieM.—Uore  reinarknhlo  for  beanty  thnm  utility.  Som&  of  tlieta  are  cathartic,  as  Iris, 
tiiberosa.  The  «roii>«Uc  oriinroet  ks  thediied  rliizoino  of  Ii-i.iJlor«nti7ia  of  S.Europe.  Safrvn 
consists  of  the  dried  orango-color*<l  stigma*  of  Crocus,  satlvusv 

GENERA. 

S  Flowers.  Irregular,  somewliat  bilabiate,  nodding Glapioi.is.  7 

§  Flowers  regular  and  ei^uilateral,  mostly  erect.    (*) 

*  Sep«il3  similar  to  tlio  petals  ii>  iorm,  size  and  position,    (a) 

a  Stamens distittct.    Tube  very  long,  partly  uader  ground Crocts.  S 

a  Stamens  distinct.    Tube  sliwt  or  none  above- the  ovary Ixia.  5 

a  Stiuncw  monadelplious.    Flowers  small,  bine.    Plant  gru8s-like...Si8YRi.scuiuM.  4 

*  Sepuis  larger  tliuiv  tlie  petals  ami  otherwise  dissimilar,    lb) 

b  Stamen*  monadelphoHS.    Petals  si;>reIldiI^;,  panduriform Tioridia.  3 

b  Stamens- distinct, —stigmas  slomlcr,  on  a  tlendor  style Nkmastvlis.  2 

— stigmas  petaloidroa  a  very  short  style Iris.  1 

1.  IRIS,  L.  FLowEr-DE-LucE.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  signifying 
rainbow ;  on  account  of  the  varied  color  of  the  flowers.)     Sepals  3^ 


698  Order  143.— IRIDACE^. 

reflexed,  larger  than  the  3  erect  petals;  stamens  distinct ;  style  short 
or  0 ;  stigjnas  petoloid,  covering  the  stamens.— Herbs  from  tuberous, 
horizontal  rhizomes,  with  ensifonn  Ivs.,  and  large  showy  fls. 

§  steins  leafy,  tall  (1  to  3t\  mostly  bearing  several  flowers.    (•) 

•  Sepals  and  petals  bear.lless.    WlUl  plants  scldon.  cultivated,    (a) 

a  Leaves  linear,  grass-like     Ovaiy  and  pod  2-Kr<wvod  on  ti.e  hI.Ics. .  Wn    1 

a  Leaves  swori-sliaped.     F  owers  blue.     Sepals  nuich  larger  than  r  ^  alV  " '  No^  ^ 

•  Q»^  p'lves  sword-shaped     Flowers  tawny  or  copper-colored,    iCtairreflexVd      N^ 

•  Sepals  or  perianth  bearded.     Cultivated  exotics     (b)  *«^'»«>  rtnexeu...«o.  6 

b  Stem  inauy-fl(  wered.  Flowers  blue  or  whlti.>li.  Senals  and  neUK  nn»-.i,„  i  «  ^ 
b  Ste.n  nmny-flowered.  Flower,  ,leep  blue.  Spathes'il^  cl?ed  I  Gr^M^^J^T  t 
b  Stem  l-flowered.  flower  striped.    I'etaU  reflexed  "kbmanica.  + 

S  Stem  or  scape  low  (2  to  60  and  nearly  leafless,  mostly  l-fli.wered""  V**V st'S'ANA.  ^ 

11  g^Pas  beardless,  but  with  3  lonftltudinal  fol.fs  (crested). .....  Nn.   T   o 

•*  bepals  beardless,  and  »lso  crestless.     Flower  blue  \t  '  it 

**  Sepals  bearded  In  a  longitudinal  lino.     Flowers  bVightbluo.".'." .■.■.■.■;.■;;;;;;;  "jj^'j^ 

^  lnn7'«^?i°*,^  E0ST0>f  Iris.  St.  round,  slender,  few-flov,'en>d;  Im 'linear 
long:  fls.  beardless;  ova.  triangular,  tl.o  side  doubly  grooved.— In  s  milar  sitm 
tions  wjth  the  next,  readily  di.slinguished  by  its  ver/ slender  hab  t  Mai  o  N 
J.  Rhizoma  fleshy.  Stem  sm<x)th,  1-2"  in  diam.",  ]-2f  high,  branching  at  ton 
and  bearing  2-6  flowers.  Brax=ts  at  the  base  of  the  branches  withering  WeS 
fow  alternate,  grass-hke,  6--10'  long,  amplexicaul.  Sepals  narrow,  yelfow  edged 
with  purple.     Petals  Imear-lanceolate.     Jn.     (1.  prismatioa  Ph.)     '  ■^''"°'^' ^"^^'^ 

^fl^  yersfcolor  L  CoMMO>f  Blue  Flag.  St  terete,  flexuous;  Ivs.  ensiform- 
i,  ^'^f'"";  f'^t'^  ^'^S  <^  thesUgma^;  ova.  tricnguUvr,  with  concaveSTnd 
S  f  a«^fc..-Wet  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Rhi.oma  large,  horizontaUond 
Stem  2-3f  high,  acute  on  one  side,  often  branched,  bearing  several  large  showy 
flowers.  Leaves  a  foot  long,  ^-1'  wid.,  erect,  sheathing  at  base.  sS  spaS 
late,  purple  the  claw  variegated  with  green,  yellow  and  Ihite,  with  pKe  iC 
Petals  erect,  pder,  a  little  shorter  than  tlie  stigma.s.  Style  sh^rt,  beaS  S-peta^ 
loid  stigmas  winch  are  bifid  at  the  end,  purple  or  violet,  conceal  ng  the  stamens 
beneath.     Anther  oblong ;  seeds  flat     Jn.  "b  i»e  siamens 

^  L  ?®^^Sona  Walt.     Six-angled  Iris.     Lvs.  sword-shaped,  longer  than  the 
terete,  flexuous  5fem;  .pathe  l-flowered;  sep.  spatulate,  rounded  at  end  crenu- 
late,  reflexed   much  larger  than  tiie  obiong-spatulate  pe  a^  with  a  longitudinal 
gandular-yelloj  line    >tom.  dilated,  .linear ;   stig,   dSply\9.clefl;^   o.T  S  3 
d^fyMroicedanghscaps.  6-a«<7fed-Swamps  and  p<^Is,  N.  Car.  to  Fla  and 

*y^/f*^f**^,*  J^^^-.  Three-petaled  Iris.  Lvs.  linear-ensiform,  shorter  than 
the  terete,  slender ^fem ;  spathe  lanceolate,  1-flo.vered;  .ep.  longer  than  tube 
beardles.s  and  nearly  crestless,ma«yim«.  longer  than  the  rldim^Ly^foZd 

S  Sr\',K*°"nr'^."'"'^''^'''^''^'  'T-  ^^'<^^relyZ.angM,  acuminate.-Ponds 
b.  Car.  and  Ua^     (Bachman).     Rare.     St.  about  2f  high,  from  a  creeping  riiizome 
m  purple.     The  petals  mere  rudiments,  much  shorter  than  the  sdgias.    l^i 

^  in"n°'^^f^*  ?^-  ^^  ^r^'  flexuous,  angled  on  one  side;  lvs.  broad-cnsiform  aa 
ong  as  ho  stem;  spathe  often  2-flovvered;  sep  obovate,'emarginate,  largerThan 
the  peuils,  all  reflexed;  siig.  linear,  dilated  ai  base,  h^lf  as  long  as  thf petals 
S  «;^;P'y  «-»^l^'1.7-'^^"^.ou^\-In  river  swamp.s;Ga.  to  La.  (Hale  |^  3f 
Sntt?  10-fl°^7^^d.  Perianth  tawny  (Elliott),  of  a  beautiful  copper  color 
veined  with  purple  (Pursh),  limb  spreading  3'.     Apr.,  May.  (Ell.),  Jl  (Ph  ) 

6  I.  sambucina  L.  Flower-de-Luce.  Fr.  FLEUR-DE-Lia  St.' many-flowered 
longer  than  the  leaves;  segm.  of  the  perianth  emarginate,  outer  oneJ  flat  lvs 
bent  inwards  at  the  point;  spathe  membranaceous  Tat  the' apex ;  fll^  bearded 
if  Fnrnr  P^;^""^"'^^«.  ^  ^"^^-/^'^^  «-"t«.  s'^rrate  divisions.-&ative  o''  the  south 

H,,?  T    r?"""r-^-  ,"-   °^''"^"'-     ^''«  prevailing  color  of  the  flower  is  light 
blue,  often  fading  to  white.     May.  f  ^ 

^  5;^;^**^!*  ^'^-     ^'^ES™  IR'S-     I-vs.  lanceolate^nsiform,  as  long  as  the  low 
compressed  srapo  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  slender  (2'  long    ezr34  <Ae  soatho 

crest  or  fold  instead  of  a  beard,  and  equaling  the  narrower  petals;  ova  acutely  3- 


OauEB  143.— IBIDACEiE. 


0d9 


angled.-Pin6  barrens,  Mid.  Ga.  and  S.  Car.  (Bachman)     St    and  Ivs.  3  t«  K' 
liigh.     Fl8.  blue,  the  sepals  in  llie  middle  yelloi.     F6b    Mar  '^s.  3  to  6, 

^  L]rX^:J!T.,J:^:r^;,'^Z^  Ifl^  I^-  L^^o;.    longer  ..n  no 


^bTn^XSatte^^^^^^^^^^  ^^-'  ^^«  ^^^'^ 

8hi?er'ihan ?h« ?„h;  ^"'''"''  J"'^-. ^^'^'P''  ^"""^ «''"■•* (^  «°  6),  1  -flowered ;  .patLo 
snorter  than  the  tube;  sep.  reflexed,  narrower  than  the  erect  petals —A  amall 
species  from  Hungarj-,  cultivated  in  the  edgings  of  walks  Lvs  Tumeroui 
broad  ens.form,  suberoct.     Fls.  large,  deep  purple,'appoaringt  earl^spr" 

2.  NEMASTYLIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  vZ/fia,  thread,  arvXo,^,  style.)  Spatl.e 
2-leavecl;  perianth  Begments  distinct  down  to  the  top  of  the  ovary  h'^ 
E.n?/T  ?^'  'rsor  tlmn  the  ascending,  concave  petals  ;  stamens  ^, 
filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers;  style  slender,  enlarged  and  3-elcf 
tZV:  T  ^^ll'^SY^^^r^o.-.^tom  very  slender,  with  linear-ensi- 
form  Ivs.  from  a  bulb.     Spathe  2-flowered 

•    ^"  l^'^^^''2''^',  ^'     TiGER-FLowER.     (Lat.  tiffridis,  of  the  ti^er  •  sc 

Ihe'snlti     r''  '''''rt\  P^"2;'*^  ^'^S^^-rX  a'sepalslarfr  t'han 
the  3  petals;  stam.  monadelphous,  fil..iinited  into  a  long  tube.— Bulbous. 

„  .^i  P*',^"*?  ^-  St.  simple,  floxuous;  Ivs.  ensiform,  veinetl;  sesrm  flat- 
petals  pandunform.-A  superb  plant  of  tho  ganlens.  St  2f  high  ereTJete' 
eafy,  branchmg.  Lvs.  erect,  a  foot  long.  Flowers  inodorous,  st'c"  bro-.J  vdl 
low,  vanegated  with  scarlet,  crimson  and  purple.  It  is  rerv  evanescent  lasts  but 
a  few  hours,  but  a  new  one  appears  daily  for  several  weeksf    f  Mexico! 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM  L.  Blue-eyid  Grass.  (Gr.  ai;^-,  a  hog,  and 
pi^X\;or,  asnout;  alluding  to  the  singular  spathe.)  Spathe  2-Icw'ed  • 
segments  of  the  perianth  flat,  equal ;  stamens  monadelphous;  stigma' 
3-clett.— 2r  Grass-like  plants,  with  compressed,  winged  or  ancipital 
scapes,  from  fibrous  roots.  »  1      ^ 

■*■  f?;  P®™"^*^""  ^:  ^.'"^'^  f'itnvh,  winged;  valves  oC  the  spatho  unequal 
the  longer  .carce/t/  eqmlmg  the  flowers  ;  petals  mucronate.-A  deH^ate  httlo  nlant 
with  blue  floweis,  common  i.  low  grass  lands,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  or  sSp?! 0  tci 
12  high  so  winged  as  to  resemble  tho  k-aves,  smooth  and  mosllv  simple.  Lvs. 
inear,  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  sheathing  at  base.  Spathe  2  to  5-flowered  the 
onger  valve  acuminate.  Fls.  purple  or  blue,  on  filiform^edicels.  Sepals  u  litt  o 
broader  than  the  petals  spreading.  Cap.  globous.  Jn.,Jl.  (S.  ancops.  Ca") 
[i.  ALBA.     Flowers  white.— Wet  prairies.  &c.  v  i  y 

^  n?;^!"!!'?"*"^ *";"  *'^-  ^"^I  "'"?'^'  •^"^'^^"''  ^"'•''^^  2.edffed;  ,patho  col- 
ored, outer  valve  longer  than  thefts.,  ending  in  a  hng,  mwronate  poird!—{iid  States 
W.  to  Iowa,  common  m  wet  prairies,  whero  the  grasa  is  not  luxuriant.  Lvs  rad! 
wL  i"f  Tfl^-  ^A^.  ®  l*  1.0' »><??•>-  narrowly  winged,  setaceously  slender. 
Spathe  3  to  4-flowered  tmged  with  purple,  lis.  smaller  than  in  tho  precedina 
or  a  fliio  blue  color.    Jn.— Appears  very  distinct  from  the  other. 


Too 


Order  144.— DIOSCOREACE.E. 


5.  IXIA,  L.  (Gr.  i^bg,  sticky  ;  from  the  glutinous  juice.)  Spatho 
of  2  or  3  ovate,  short  bracts;  petals  and  sepals  distinct  or  slightly 
united,  similar,  regular,  spreading,  tube  straight,  adherent;  stamens  3; 

filaments  and  stylo  filiform,  straight,  ofteu  connate;  ovary  3-celled. A 

large  genus,  chiefly  from  S.  Africa.     Lvs.  ensiform. 

1  I.  celestina  Bartram.  Lvs.  linear-subulate,  many  times  shorter  tlmn  the  1- 
flowered  aoapo  aimi.  Ell.).— Borders  of  swamps,  Oa,  and  Fla  (Bartram) ;  rare  — 
We  have  a  single ^wer  without  stem,  lvs.  or  fruit,  gathered  in  K  Fla.  by  ProC 
Loomis,  and  sent  us  by  Dr.  Foay.  It  is  of  a  briglit  purplish  blue,  spreading  21'' 
Segm.  about  equal,  oval,  obtuse,  united  into  a  tube  4"  in  length,  t^tamcns  aiti 
stylo  apparently  distinct,  6"  long. 

2  I.  (PARDANTHUS)  Chinensis  L.  Lva  ensiform,  vertical,  sheathing  sliortor 
than  the  tall,  toreto,  lk..vuoiis  stem;  panicle  somewhat  dichotomous  and  corym- 
bous;  perianth  broad-campanulato,  segm.  distinct  down  to  the  top  of  the  ovary 
oblong,  twistmg  aaer  flowering;  capsule  ovoid,  the  valves  deciduous,  seeds  black 
roundisii,  shuung,  attaclied  to  the  central  ojluran,  and  resembling  a  largo  blackl 
berry.— I'lentifully  naturalized  on  the  bluffs  at  Alerom,  Ind.  St.  3f  hiffh  FK 
orange,  spotted.    Jn.  f  §  '  ^  ^ 

6.  CRO'CUS,  L.  (Named  from  the  youth  Crocus,  who  accordin.i-  to 
Grecian  mythology,  was  changed  into  this  flower.)  Perianth  fun'nel- 
form,  the  segments  united  at  base  into  a  long  and  slender  tube ;  stigma 
3-cleft,  convolute,  crested.— Spatho  radical,  l_2-leaved,  thin,  transpa- 
rent. The  long  tube  of  the  flower  nearly  or  quite  sessile  upon  the 
bulb.  After  flowering,  the  ovary  arises  from  the  ground  by  the  growth 
of  the  scape,  to  ripen  its  seeds  in  the  sun. 

1  C.  sativua  L.  Saffron.  Fall  Cuocus.  Lv.'<.  Hnear,  revolute  nt  the  mar. 
guis ;  sitg.  -S-parted,  as  long  as  the  corvUa,  reJLtxed.  Leaves  radical,  with  a  lonjri- 
tudinal,  whitu  furrow  above.  Flower  with  a  long,  white  tube,  and  purple  elliD- 
tical  segments.  Stigmas  long,  emarginate,  exsert,  of  a  deep  orange-color  Its 
vn-tues,  both  medicmal  and  coloring,  reside  chiefly  in  the  largo  stigmas.  Sept  — 
A  variety,  perhaps  the  most  common,  has  yellow  perianths.     J  Asia. 

2  C.  yernu»  L.  Spuing  Crocus.  Siig.  included  within  the  flower,  with  .1 
short,  wedge-shaped  segments.— Scape  an  inch  or  two  higli,  3-sided.  Flowers 
vary  m  color,  generally  purple,  oRen  yellow  or  white ;  tube  very  long,  slender 
gradually  enlarged  upwards,  closed  at  the  mouth  with  a  circle  of  hairs,  limb  cam- 
panulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube.  Antli.  yellow,  sagittate.    Mar.,  Apr.  f  Eur. 

7.  GLADrOLUS,  L.  Corn-flag.  (Lat.  gladius,  a  sword  ;  in  refer- 
ence to  the  form  of  the  leaves.)  Spathe  2.1eaved;  perianth  irregular, 
C-partcd,  somewhat  2-lippcd ;  stamens  J',,  distinct,  ascending;  stigmas  3, 
broader  above;  seeds  winged.— A  large  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  nono 
native.     1ms.  showy, 

«t.55\^°?"^"?**,  ^'•.  ^P'^°  unilateral;  upper  petal  the  (upper  lip)  covered  by 
the  lateral  sepals,  the  lower  sepals  largest ;  tube  longer  than  the  ovary.— A  lino 
showy  flowerer  in  gardens.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  with  the  large,  rosy  purple  fls.  ar- 
ranged ma  long,  soinewhat  spiral  row  upon  it.  The  3  lower  segments  are  marked 
by  a  white  stnpe.     Color  variablo.     f  S.  Europe, 


Order  CXLIV.     DIOSCOREACE^.     Yam  Roots. 

Plunia  shrubby,  twining,  arising  from  tho  tuberous  rhizomes,  with  broad  net-veined 
leaves. ^fow^r*  dioecious,  regular,  he.xandrous,  tube  adherent,  limb  6-parted.  Oc  y 
3-celled,  ^  lo  6-ovuled,  S-styled.  s  Stamens  6,  perigynous.  Fruit  a  capsule  3  or 
(by  aoortion)  1-celled,  or  a  berry.     Seeds  compressed,  albuminous. 


Obdeb  U5.— SMILACE^.  ^01 

Gmera  n  specUt  ^^-r^^^  ""'^  '■emarkftblo  or  tweftal  product  of  ll.|»  orrtcr  1»  Yatnn  nn 

8.  DIOSCO'REA,  L.     Yam  Root.    (In  honor  of  PedaciiiaDioscorides, 
a  (ireek  physician  and  florist  of  about  the  reign  of  Nero.)     Flowers  S 
?  ;  styles  of  the  fertile  flowers  3  ;  cells  of  the  capsule  2-8(  ded  ;  seeds 
ineuibranaceously  margined.— Slender,  shrubby  climbers,  twiiiin-.  with 
the  sun.     Lvs.  simple  and  palmately  veined  or  palmately  dividedT    Fls. 
green,  inconspicuous,  in  axillary  spikes  or  i)anicle8. 
1  p.  villdaa  I..    Wild  Yam.    Lvs.  broad-ovato,  cordate,  acuminate,  9— 11-veined 
the  margin  entire  or  wavy,  lowor  Purt'ico  downy  or  glabrous,  never  villous  ;  iipper 
surface  glabrous;  petiolos  elongated,  the  lowest  fiomewhat  verticillato  in  48  tho 
next  subopposito,  tlio  middle  and  upper  alternate;   S  plant  with  tiie  spiiics  pani- 
culate,   $  witli   the  spii<es  simple.— A  delicate  twining  vine,   in  thickets  and 
fiedges,  U.  b.  and  Can.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.     Stem  woolly,  reddlsl. -brown,   1— 2  ' 
diara.,  6— .10— 15f  long,  running  over  bushes  and  fences.     J.cavea  2— ^i'  lonir  * 
as  wide,  dLstmctly  collate  and  acuminate.     Petioles  2—4'  long.    Peduncles  axil- 
lary.    Ovaries  at  Hrst  elliptic,  finally  almost  as  broad  as  long.     June,  July.     (D 
quarternala  Ph.)  °  >       j      v   • 

2  D.  satiyaL.  Yam.  Lvs.  alternate,  roundish-ovate,  long-cuspidate,  sinu- 
ate-cordate,  glabrous,  9  to  13-nerved,  outer  nerves  bifld,  transverao  veins  simple- 
st, terete,  smooth ;  5  spikes  densely  paniculate;  $  spikes  aggregate.  Var  acu- 
LEATA  stems  aculeate-Native  of  K  India.  This  species,  with  its  varieties,  is 
understood  to  bo  tliat  which  is  known  as  the  Sweet  Yam,  cultivated  in  Ga.  and 
i^la.,  and  all  tropical  countries,  on  account  of  its  sweet  and  nutritious  tubers.  % 

Order  CXLV.     SMILACE^.     SARsAPARiLtAs. 

Ilerls  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  reticulate-veined.  Flowers  dioecious 
or  monoecious.  Perianth  free  from  tho  ovary,  «-parted,  regular.  Stamens  6  in- 
serted into  the  base  of  tho  segments.  Anth.  1-cellod  (2-lameilate).  Ovary  3-celled  • 
cells  1  or  many-seeded.  Slyh  1  or  none.  Stigmas  3.  Berry  roundish,  few  or 
man3'-seeded.     Seeds  orthotropous  albuminous.     Fig.  58G. 

Oemra  2,  sperie»  120,  tliinly  (lissoininated  throiiph  mo.<^t  cciintiios.    Tlio  diuretic  an.l  Pmnl 
cent  aarsaparillas  arc  tUo  roots  of  ^overal,  chlctly  S.  American  spXs  of  s'uilax. 

SMriAX,  L.  Green  Brier.  Sarsaparilla.  (Gr.  (tu/Ati,  a  grater  • 
from  Its  prickly  stems.)  Flowers  $  ?,  perianth  deciduous,  of  G  simi- 
lar, spreading,  sepaloid  segments;  $,  stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  secr- 
ments  and  shorter  than  they ;  anthers  adnato  ;  ?  stamen  0,  or  sterifc 
hlaments;  stigmas  3,  sessile;  berry  globular,  1  to  3-celled,  1  to  6- 
seeded.— 2/  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  climbing  by  stipular  tendrils,  often 
prickly.  Lvs.  entire,  petiolate,  palmately  veined.  Fls.  green  or  yellow- 
ish,  m  axillary,  stalked  umbels,  ([n  the  elaboration  of  this  genus  we 
have  been  greatly  aided  by  the  accurate  observations  of  Dr.  Feav  of 
Savannah.)  • ' 

^  i^'V'f "v!'*'!'^!?"^*    nerbaceons  (unarmed).    Leaves  long-petiole.l.    Flowers  fcotld.  (*) 

•  Leaves  jjlubrous  on  both  sides.     Stems  ciinibinK N,w   U  T? 

•  Leaves  downy  or  hl.spid  on  tlie  veins  J.encai li.     Krect  or  climbini'.  ■.::'.:■.::■"   Not  12  13 
§  Sm,. AX  proper,     bbrubby,  aimed  or  not.     Leaves  short-petioled.     Seeds  1  to  3.  (♦)   " 

•  iubescent.  prostrate,  unarmed.     Leaves  cordate,  evergreen.  South Noll 

•  G  abrou.s  e  In.b  ng.     Leaves  acute  at  base.     I'c.tuncle  sliorter  than  petiole'. .' .' '.  INos.  i  lO 

•  ulabroiis.  climbinpr.    Leaves  abrupt  or  cord.".tfi  .it  b.-fe.  (a)  .. ..  i"o.  c,  iw 

a  Iawcs  panduriform  or  somewhat  contracted  in  the  middlo. . .  No*.  7  a 

a  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  deciduous,  (b)  

b  Plants  unarmed..' -jj      .  » 

b  IMtnts  priekly.— Leaves  giancous.  ospeciMiy  benekti»".V.*.".V ".'.'.'." '.". No'  4 

—Leaves  green  on  both  sides !..Nos.l-^ 

1  S.  rotundifdlia  L.    Common  Green  Brier.    ^Ti.  tereto  or  8ub-4-sided,  flex- 
uous,  aculeate,  ligneous,  climbing;  lvs.  short-petiolate,  roundish-ovate,  5  to  7-vcined, 


703 


Ohdkb  145.— SMiLACEiK. 


RlnbrouH.  roun<l  or  subcordate  at  h.iso ;  acuminivte-ciiRniilato  at  apox  ■  tx-J  man,, 

.lowered,  liUI.  longer  thanth.  petiol.,  i  berries  black,  ^Inu^^Z-TmS  S 

vme,  exte..d.nK   10  to  40f  in  hedKe«  at.d   thickets,  U.  H.  and  Can.     Kt  w3 

mnooth,  except  tho  Bcatterod  tborn«  wi.ieh  proceed  from  ti.o  wood.     Brat3 

4-an«led.     Lva.  2  to  3   by  U  to  3',  cordate  or  tapering  at  base.    TendrilH  8t m  t 

ron.  tho  wu.gH  of  the  petioles.     Fls.  Hrnall,  grooui«h,  iu  «mull.  axi  1"^  uS 

JJerriea  round,  mostly  l-seedod.     Mar.— Jn.  '  ""iona. 

fi.  OADUCA.     Smaller,  with  ovato,  thin  lva.     (S.  caduca  L ) 

y.  quadranoulXhis.     Branches  4-anglod.     (S.  quadrangularia  Mulii.) 

2  S.  hfsplda  Mulil.  St.  terete,  climbinpr,  hispid  heloro  with  weak,  slender  rrrkhles 
noarly  unarmed  alxwe ;  branchlota  quadrangular;  /«;».  glabrous,  greea  both  sidoJ' 
ovate,  aubcordute,  cuH|,.dttto,  rough-edged,  6-veined,  thin,  deciduous;  ped  twicVa\ 
lon,j  as  the  petioks ;  bt.rnes  black.  1  to  3-8eode.l.-Thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Mich  aZ 
Can.  Cmibing  8  to  12f.  Lvh.  2  to  .T  long,  rather  broadly  ovate.  Ped  1' or 
more  m  longtli.     Umbels  4  to  6-ilowered.     Jn. 

3  S.  Walter!  Ph.  St.  anned  or  unarmed,  with  angular  branehea ;  Ivs.  corelato. 
ovate,  ^-veined  (or  5- veined,  tho  2  outer  incon^jiicuous),  glabrous-  ««/  n^Ztn, 

3-8coded.-\Voods,  in  tho  low  d.-tricta,  Va  to  Fla.  Stnvggling  sterna  c  imbing  u 
thickets.  Lvs.  <icci(  uous,  large  (3  to  5' lung),  more  or  loss  cordate.  Fls  fra 
grant.     Apr.— Jn.     (S.  China  Walt.) 

♦  S.  glaiioa  Wait.     Faisr  Sarsapahilla.     St.  slightly  4-angled  and  nculeato 
above;  lvs.  ovate,  cuspidate,  C-veined,  edges  smooth  and  entire,  glaucous  esjo- 
cially  beneath ;  pel.  twice  or  more  longer  than  tho  petiolo;  berries  black  with  a 
bloom,   l-3-seeded.-Thickets,   L   Jsl.  to  (Jn.,  w'to  Ky.     Root  long, 'aCer 
St.  stout,  somewhat  fle.xuous,  armed  with  a  few  scattered,  hooked  prickles     Lvs 
nna  y  n.Mirly  orb.cu  ar,  2  to  3'  diam.,  abruptly  contracted  at  each  end,  with  3 
.  trong  ve.na  and  2  lateral  smaller  ones.     Petioles  abort,  margined  with  2  tendrils 
I'ls.  m  small,  thm  umbels,  yellowish-white.    Mar.-Jn:    (3.  SarsapariUa  I?  eto 
uec  L.  S.  spinulosa  Torr.)  ^  '       ' 

S  S.  Pseudo-China  L.  St.  terete,  unarmed;  caulino  lv.i  ovato,  cordate,  raraial 
ovato-ob  ong,  all  5- veined,  on  short  petioles ;  ped.  flat,  nearly  as  Lig  as  the  /™ ' 
berries  black  ?_Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Cur.,  W.  t,  Ohio.  Root  la^rge,  tuberouV 
bt.  purplish-brown,  very  smooth,  branching  and  climbing  by  tendrils  vvhicli  arise 

£1°  '-^^Z  ^1^  ^,  5r  *■  ^^ "°  ''■  "'^'"^  ""^^^  °" ''»"'»' 

®f;/!*t?,n^flfi"*^^"^  ''^*-  ""^i  .quadrangular  branchlets  unarmed;  lvs.  ollong- 
w  '//  '  X  T"^  ^'r"'  ^/^'^""^f'>  <'"«Pidato,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base; 
ped.  flat,  a  httk  longer  than  the  petioles;  berries  large;  globular,  mostly  1-seeded 
bright  pmk-red  when  fully  ripe.-River  banks,  N.  J.  ?  to  Yiy.  and  La  (Mr  R 
Oreen).  Rt.  with  long,  creeping  rhizomes.  Vines  with  tendrils.  Lvs.  We  ;j 
to  6  long,  half  as  wide,  deciduous.  Ripe  fruit  persistent  until  Spring.  Ped  l' to 
I  long.     Apr.— JI.— This  is  regarded  in  La.  as  the  true  medicinal  Sarsaparilla. 

7  S.  tamnoides  L.  St.  terete,  branches  and  iranc^fe^s  4-angular,  flexuous  acuk- 
ate;  lvs.  g;labrou8,  ovate  wuh  the  sides  more  or  less  concave,  varving  to  hastate 
or  pandunform,  acuminate,  spinuhv^-scabrov^  on  the  margin,  truncate  or  subcor- 
date at  base  5  to  9-veined ;  ped.  2  to  3  times  longer  than  petiolo ;  berries  spheri- 

iv  s  .^•^^^''^r^''''^^  ^'^'•^^•''  ^-  ^-  *«  I"-  «^d  the  S.  States,  confmon, 
c  imbing  8  to  20t  Lvs.-of  various  forms  on  different  stems  of  the  same  root 
shming-green  both  sides,  tardily  deciduous,  or  sometimes,  in  sheltered  situations 
persistent  all  winter.     Mar.,  Apr.-Jn.     (S.  panduratus,  hastata,  Bonanox.     PIl 

8  S.  maritima  Feay.  St.  armed ;  branches  angular,  flexuous,  unarmed;  lvs.  Ian- 
ceoMe,  aurtculate-ha^tate,  coriaceous,  b-nerved  at  base,  ^-nerved  above,  cuspidate 
glabrous,  etiges_  smooth  and  even;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  petiolo.  or  shorter; 
licrncs  large,  ::  or  ^-ae^ded,  red  before  maturity,  tinally  black:— Sandy  bluffs  of 
the  salt-water  rivers  near  tho  coast.  Savannah  and  southward.  Lvs.  rarely  some- 
what ovate.  Fls.  very  fragrant.  Jn.  (S.  Beyrichii  Kunth  ?  S.  ovata  Ph.  The 
latter  name,  although  the  earliest,  is  utterly  inappropriate.) 

9  S.  laurifdUa  I*     St.  aculeate,  terete,  branches  flexuous,  unarmed;  hs.  coria 


Orueb  14C.— ROXBUROIIIACK^. 


703 


eeous,  ovallnnceoliKfl  or  oblorifr,  varyinjy  to  linear,  3  to  6-veined  (Uie  lateral  veins 
maryinal),  cuspidate,  auutu  at  base,  evi-rgroen;  pi-tioloa  and  ped.  wlioit,  the  latter 
soinutiniod  paiiieled;  borriea  black,  1 -Heeded. — N.  J.  to  Oa.  A  vigorouM,  ever- 
green climber,  ascenuing  trees  to  a  great  iieight.  »St.  with  a  fow  scattered  pricklea 
Lv8.  nuinorous,  very  thick  and  smooth,  2  to  4'  long,  often  more  abrupt  at  apax 
tiian  baso.    Jn. — Auj;'. 

3.0  S.  lanceoldta  L.  St.  aculeate  bolow,  toreto,  branches  and  imarmcd  branch- 
lets  Bubangiilar,  Ivs.  v  embrarwiui,  lanceolate  and  larue-wale,  varying  to  ovate  (in 
tlio  <^  plantH),  fj-veined,  aomninate-cuspidato,  narrowo<i  at  baso  to  a  short  petiole 
which  is  twice  longer  than  tiio  very  aiiort  peduncle  ;  berries  1  to  ti-seeded,  red  until 
ripe  when  they  arc  also  perfectly  black. — Damp  woods  coast  ward,  Va  to  Fla.  A 
stout  vine,  often  1'  d.am.  and  40f  higli  on  trees.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  a  third  to 
two-thirds  as  wide,  pod.  1  to  5"  long,  10  to  20-flowored.  Jn.,  Jl.  (S.  alba  I'h). 
Closely  related  to  No.  9. 

11  S.  pi^imila  Walt.  Unarmed,  low;  branchlets  terete,  pubescent;  lvs.  ovate, 
cordate,  acutish,  .'{  to  5-veined,  shining  above,  .soil  pubescent  beneath ;  ped.  as 
long  as  tiio  petiole ;  berries  rod,  1  to  3-seeded. — Shady  rich  soils,  S.  (Jar.  to  Fla. 
and  La.  Quito  difl'crent  in  habit  from  our  other  species.  St.  1  to  3f  long,  run- 
ning along  on  tiio  ground.  Lvs.  perennial,  becoming  firm,  2  or  3'  long,  varying 
from  oblong-ovato  to  roundish-ovate,  always  cordate.  Ped.  6  to  8"  long,  with 
small,  white  (lowers  and  berries  rod  when  ripe.     Oct.     (S.  pubora  Mx.) 

12  S.  herb^cea  L.  CAnRio>f  Flowek.  St.  herbaceous,  terete,  erect,  simple, 
glabrous;  lvs.  pubescent  beneath,  crowded  toward  tho  summit,  ovate,  5  to  7-veined, 
cuspidate,  rounded  or  subcordato  at  base,  on  petioles  a  third  as  long ;  pod.  not 
twice  longer  than  tho  petioles;  berries  red,  becoming  bluish-black  when  fully  ripe, 
2  to  3-seeded.— Thickets  and  low  grounds.  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  2  to  3f  high, 
without  tendrils.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide,  more  or  loss  downy  be- 
neath. Ped.  2  to  3'  long,  with  an  umbel  of  8  to  16  yellowish-green  flowers  of  a 
sickening  odor.     Apr. — Jn. 

13  S.  lasioneflron  Tlook.  St.  terete,  climbing,  subaimple,  unarmed ;  lvs.  oblong, 
broadly  ovate,  cordate,  rounded  and  niucronato  at  apex,  7-veined,  glaucous  and 
hispid-pubescent  on  the  veinkls  beneath,  glabrous  and  green  above;  ped.  a  littlo 
longer  than  the  petiole,  many-flowered^  tendrils  from  tho  base  of  tho  petioles. — 
Thickets,  Jnd.,  1)1.,  Wis.  and  Can.  Sts.  slender,  several  feet  long.  Ped.  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  which  are  often  5'  by  3',  beautifully  fringed  on  tho  veins 
beneath. 

14  S.  peduncul^ris  MuhL  Tall  Carriox  Flower.  St.  herbaceous,  angular, 
tall,  striate,  inclining  or  leaning,  branched ;  leaves  1  to  9-veined,  ovate,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  glaucous,  e.speeially  beneath,  rounded  or  subcordato  at  base,  the  lower 
Bubtriangular,  petioles  a  third  as  long,  bearing  2  filiform  tendrils  at  baso ;  ped. 
much  longer  than  the  leaves,  00-flowered ;  berries  red,  at  last  blue  C-seeded. — 
Damp  thickets  and  meadows.  Can.  and  IJ.  S.  St.  3  to  6  to  8f  long,  its  slender 
summit  nodding  or  climbing.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long.  Ped.  5  to  G'  long,  30  to  00- 
flowered,  greenish,  with  a  disgusting  odor.     May,  Jn. 

15  S.  tamnifdlia  Mx.  St.  herbaceous,  tfTctc,  climbing;  lvs.  long-petioled,  5- 
veined,  glabrous,  sultriangular-hastate,  cordate,  tapering  to  tho  obtuso  apex,  base 
lobes  rounded,  upper  lvs.  lanceolate ;  ped.  longer  than  tho  petioles ;  (berrias  bluish- 
black,  Dr.  Gray).— N.  J.  to  Car.     (Micbaux.)     (S.  tamnoides  Ph.) 


Order  CXLVI.     ROXBURGIIIACEiE, 

Shrubby  plants  with  twining  or  creeping  stems  and  many-veined,  netted  loaves. 
Flowers  perfect  with  a  4-parted,  petaloid,  persistent  pori.'mth.  Stamens  4,  on  tho 
!owe.stb.isft  fifthopfigmonts.  Orary  free,  oblique,  1-celled.  Pencafy  follicular  ?  at 
length  2-valved.     Seeds  several,  costate,  fimbriate-arillate. 

A  small  Order,  of  2  genera  (now  that  Croomia  is  added)  and  5  species,  Roxburghia 
grows  in  the  hotter  parts  of  E.  India. 

CROOK 'I  A,  Torr.     (In  honor  of  the  late  II.  B.  Croora  of  Florida.)— 


704 


Order  147.-.TRILLIACE^. 


sile;   fruit  ovate,     Hceds  1-3,  copiously  fringed  along  the  raphe  and 
funiculus  as  ifanllate,  and  ribbed  lengthwise;  embryo  rnonocotyledo- 
nous   —2|  Khizomo  slender,  creeping,  sending  up  annual  stems  with 
about  6  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  cordate  leaves,  and  a  few  .mall  whitish 
axillary  flowers.  ' 

'^■rm>«"?n,??  Torr-S  Gn.  (Poay,  Pond)  nnd  Fla.  (no.ir  Quinooy  I)  Stems  glab- 
rous  If  higli  bearing  at  top  6  loaves  pedately  arranged.     Lvs.  :{— 1'  lonjr  Surt 
neunnnate   tlun    T-O-veined,  pet  1'  long.     Pedundes  capillary,  1'  S'.     F 
W  near  2    wido  when  open.     Apr—The  truo  character  of  this  plant  as  mono: 
cotylodonous  was  lirst  doraoustratod  by  Dr.  Gray. 


Oruer  CXLVir.    TRILLIACE.E.    Triluads. 

Herbs  with  simple  stom^  tuberous  roots  and  TerticiDate,  net-vcinod  loaves 
Flowers  terminal,  1  n^  fo«^,  perfect,  mostly  3-partod.  Calyx  herbaceous,  corolla 
more  or  lesg  colored.  ,^tamens  C  t.  10.  Ovary  free,  3  to  S-oeiled,  bearing  in  fruit 
IV  juicy,   Qo-seeded  pi,  .     Figs.  356,  53,  88. 

r^of^:^^'!^^':^::^^''"'''  '""'"■•"'"  P"^^*'  '^-"'"P^'  A""*  «""  ^   America.    The 

GENERA. 

J  Leaves  In  ono  whorl.    Sopols  green,  petals  colored TKiriii-«   1 

§  Leaves  i n  two  whor la.    Sepals  and  petals  alike  greenish '.'.'.'.'. 'Z'..".'.'Z Mkdeol'a:  2 

1.  TRIL'LIUM,  Miller.  Wake-robin.  (Lat.  trilir,  triple  ;  every  part 
being  m  3s.)  Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  in  2  distinct  series,  cute?  of  3 
sepals  inner  of  3  colored  petals;  stamens  0,  nearly  equal, anthers  longer 
than  the  filaments;  stigmas  sessile,  distinct  or  approximate;  berrv  3- 
celled  cells  many-seeded.- 2^  St.  simple.  Lvr,.  3,  whorled  at 'the 
top  of  the  stem,  reticulate-palmate  veined.  Fls.  solitary,  terminal.  Fr 
purple  "^ 

S  Flowers  sessile,  petals  dark  purple,  erect. ...  v      -i  . 

i  !•  lowers  on  a  peduncle  raised  above  the  leaves '(♦) Nos.  I,  2 

Leaves  petiolate  ovate  r<)iinded  at  the  base.     Petals  thin,  delicate  N.«  S  i 

♦  Leaves  sessile,  rliotnboldal.  nearly  as  broad  as  lonir     Petals  tirklsh v      I'  7 

J  I  lowers  on  a  peduncle  dertexed  beneath  the  \'^<^s^ty\o^X'^y.:::::::::::::No:-7:  S 

—Stylo  1,  as  long  as  stigmas No!  9 

1  T.  Sessile  L.  Lvs.  rhombic-ovate,  or  suborbicular,  acute,  sessile,  snottod  •  fl 
closely  sessile,  ereet;  sep  erect,  ovote-lanceoLle  or  laneeolate',  acute  pet  1  near- 
lanceolae,  purple,  a  third  longer  tlian  tho  sepals;  anth.  long  erect --Vsm^ll 

frSr  '""T  'f'''^f^i  ''r'T  «"''  ««"'•--  Suios.  VLoma  itori'on- 
tal,   thick,     blem  G— 12  high,  slender.     Leaves  ratlier  tliick,  U— 3'  bv  1— 2' 
smooth  and  entire,  bloteheil  witli  dark  purple.    Sep.  8  to  12"  long  tiio  notals  nar^ 
rower  and  mncli  longer,  dark  purple.     Apr.  May.  ^(T.  discolor  Wvny.) 
^  nTic  *:«°""f,^*"™  I^fck.     Lvs.  ovate  or  obovate,  atlenuated  to  a  petiole,  aeute ;  fl. 
do  ely  sessile;  !,.#.  laneeolate-ovato,  very  acute,  attenuate  at  bJe,  ereJt,  as  long 

fn  ^^J^ZJ!^fV-^-7')  '"'i^  '^''■"""'"  *1"''°  'l'"*'"^*'  «!">«"?''  allied  to  tho  last, 
m  shady  woods,  Wis.  to  La.  Stem  8_10'  high,  rather  thick.  Leaves  2-2i'  b} 
n—2  ,  with  distinct,  short  petioles,  not  usually  spotted.  Petals  purple,  andVith 
the  green,  retlexed  sepals  about  r  long.     May.  i'    i    ,      u  w  n. 

^  J;/irH^''H^''^'^?\  '^'''T''  Trillium.  St.  low;  ks.  ovate  or  oval,  rather  oh- 
iuse,  distinctly  and  abruptly  petiolate ;  fl.  short,  pedunculate,  erect;  pk.  spalulate- 
IS  ^^''"*«'7'"^«.  «"«  «i»':d  longer  than  the  calyx.-The  BmalleW  spec  ies  hero 
descnbed.  m  stony  or  dry  fldd.^  Ohio  to  Wis.     Stem  2-4'  higii,  from  a  thick. 


OaofB  14t.— TRILLIACE^ 


lorica.    The 


tuberous  root    Leaves  8—1 8"  by  6—12"   netiolfi«  9— a"  «k^,*         i- 

twice  .,  long  1.^  a^l^LT.^^'  r^hl     a'  I'^J^TS^^'*'  ™"™* 
wo«is  i„  Ma/and  J„„rS„  8-f2'';ig°%i,t  i?W  of  3°K  1°'°".'^  ""' 

T.  erectum.  but  is  Very  distinct  from  tl"  next  I' Jo.)-rerlmp3  runs  into 

woocl,  N.  Kng. ?  N.  t  !<;  Kran^hT^  coutt  ;SU''^S  'T  toST^^rP 
n^^'S;|^^^rSEr^Se.^1^S-^---^^^ 

acnto  sepals;  ova.  produced  into  a  stykv,h\c\x  is  as  lon^lfni  .?•   ^  °*''°"«^ 
cloiigated—Woods,  la  tlio  up  count.rof  N  r?r  ^mV^o^p  /^'^"'^^'  «*°™- 

2010  30.     Petalsroscato,15tol8-  long.     Apr.-Jn.     (T!  CaU Jf il)        ^^ 

tl.«^"f^^°^'°^^'  ^''''"''';.   ^''°'^^''  Cucumber-root.     (Named  aftor 
«io  fabulous  sorceress,  Medea,  for   its   supposed  medicinarXtues  [ 

^^nii  .U.nucr  liiaments;  stigmas  3,  divaricate,  united  at  base-  berrv  S 
celled ;  cells  3  to  6-seeded.   Stem  simple,  aris  ni?  from  a  whif«'  iZl 
rhuome  (which  is  thought  to  resemblS  the  cucumber  in  flivlV^^^^^^^^^^ 
2  whorls  ot  Ivs.  and  1  to  3  terminal  fls.  ^  "*  ' 

^9M'*^^^^°*  \    ^°"°  ^^'^  ^^^  admire  tho  symmetry  of  its  form     «?f  «r«„f  i  * 
2f  ln,l,  ..vested  witi,  loose,  cottony  wool     Lwer  Xri^aShoLrof"^^^ 

46 


106 


Ordbr  148.~LILIACE^E. 


■tem,  consisting  of  6  to  8  wedge-lanceolato  Ivs.  (3  to  4'  by  9  to  12'') ;  the  other  at 
the  top,  of  about  3  ovate,  shorter  loa'^ea.  Fla.  in  the  upper  whorl,  1,  2  or  3,  pen- 
dulous, with  greenish,  revoluto  segments.  The  Btigmas  are  very  long,  reflexed, 
dark  red.    Jl. 

Order  CXLVIII.      LILIACEiE.     Lilyworts. 


Eerbs  with  bulbous  or  tuberous  stems,  parallel- 
veined,  sessile  leaves,  flowers  perfect,  regular, 
generally  largo  and  richly  colored,  perianth  6 
(rarely  4)-partod,  uniformly  colored,  free  from  the 
ovary,  stamens  G  (rarely  4),  perigynous;  anthers 
introrse  (extrorso  in  Uvularia),  styles  wholly  or 
partly  united,  ovary  superior,  2  or  3-celled.  FruU 
a  capsule,  loculicidal,  or  a  pulpy  berry.  Seeds 
few  or  many,  witii  fleshy  albumen.  Illustr.  in 
figs.  58,  60,  G3,  103,  171,  254,  259,  400,  454. 

Genera  147,  aneciea  1200,  chiefly  nntivos  of  tcmpernta 
reeioiis.  T!in  flowers  of  most  .I'ro  buauliful,  of  innny 
brilliant,  and  uf  :!umo  truly  spK-ntlid. 

Propertiea  — ^Tho  order  abounds  in  a  bitter,  stimnlnnt 
principle  nnd  also  in  iiiuullicc.  Some  of  the  bulhoiis 
BnecU'9  yield  a  nutritio\i3  diet,  as  the  Anparuyiis,  Onion, 
OarHc.  The  well  Isnown  active  tnedicine,  squiUit,  is  tlio 
bulb  of  Stiilla  iuaritiina,of  S.  Europe.  The  various  kinds 
of  oflicinal  aloei*,  are  the  iiroduct  of  several  species  of 
Aloe.  The  powerfiil  astringent.  Dragon's  liloofi,  in  h» 
concentrated  jnico  of  Draeajna  Draco  of  the  Canary  Isln?. 
(Tlio  Tribe  Cviilariie  is  intermediate  between  Liliauote 
nnd  MelanthaceiB,  approaching  the  latter  by  its  mostly 
cxtroso  nntherii,  but  liest  according  with  the  former  in  it* 
united  styles,  fruit,  and  in  habit.) 


FIG.  ri6.    Bmllacina  boroidls. 
showing  the  2  cellsi,  &c. 


C.  A  berry  cut  open, 


TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 

I  Plants  bulbous  at  the  base,  or  with  a  thick,  woody  candes.  (*) 

*  Perianth  segments  united,  forming  a  tubular  flower,  (d) 

♦  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube,  (t) 

+  Stem  (or  caudex)  leafy,  at  least  below,  few  or  many-flowered,  (b) 
t  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  bose,  bearing  a  solitary  flower,  (a) 
t  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  leafless,  many-flowered,  (o) 
3  Plant  with  a  rhizome,  creeper,  or  fibrous  roots.  (♦♦) 

*•  Stamens  deciinato  and  curved-ascending.    Flowers  showy,  (e) 
••  Stamens  straight  and  equal  in  position.  (t+) 

tt  Perianth  segments  united  to  near  the  summit,  (f) 
tt  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube,  (t) 

%  Flowers  in  terminal,  leafless  clusters,  small,  whitish,  (g) 
X  Flowers  oxillary,  or  terminal  and  subaolltary.— LeaTes  flliform,  &c.  (h) 

— Leaves  ovate,  &c.  (k) 
(TBtBBTtTLIPE.E.    Perianth  «-leaved.    Fruit  a  capsule.    Seod-coat  soft  and  pale.) 

a  Flowers  nodding EKVTnnoNiuu.    1 

a  Flowers  erect Titlipa.    3 

b  Nectary  a  linear  groove  at  the  base  of  each  segment Liliu.«    8 

b  Nectary  a  roundish  cavity  at  the  bose  of  each  segment... , Fritili.\uia.    4 

b  Nectary  none.    Flowers  panlcied, — large.    Seeds  many Vi;oca.    6 

—small.    Seeds  1  to  3 Nolina.    6 

(Tribb  ASPHODELE/B.    Fruit  a  capsule.    Seed-coat  crustaceous,  block.) 

0  Flowers  In  racemes  blue  or  purple Sciila.    7 

0  Flowers  In  r.icemes  or  corymbs,  yellow  or  white OBSiTnooAi.uM.    8 

O  Flowers  In  umbels, -white  or  roseate.    Stamens  straight Atui'M.    9 

—blue.    Stamens  decllnatc,  curved AOArANTHUi  10 


I  berry  cut  open, 


Ohdir  148.— LILIAOBiB.  ^q^ 

d  Perianth  limb  reTolute,M  long  M  the  tube ITt*«,««™  i. 

d  Perianth  limb  eprewllng,  much  shorter  than  tube.... M  Z!!!"  ,i 

e  Perianth  wgment.  distinct  Ba*3  of  the  eUraen,  ;;ive.Vlke;' ' '  As^hod^lw  \l 
e  P-'-th«,gmentahaIf.unlted.-9tame„aper.gynous.....  '::kt:Bo^^^^^^^^      U 

f%':rsi"ri2:i^Sc^^^^^  '~^^.  ^. 

g  8cape  leafless,  bearing  an  umbel.    Berry  2.celled t.«N vallaria.  U 

K  Stem  leafy,  bearing    cluster.-Flowers'e-partl  .::::;::;::::;: BullTcZ'  It 

'       h  Stems  branching.    Flow;;s''lXS;;.v'' •«:;;;•'•,• M*'*"""''"'"'  '" 

II^-K  UVULAUIE^.    r.„„/fl.,o„,  TtSroX^^nateXWlng-o^Vrdrr"-  '' 

Bpecies.)     Fcmnthcampanulate,  segments  recurved,  the  3   inner  ones 
(petals)  usually  w  th  a  callous  tootlT  attached  to  each  side  at  base  and 

4'  high.    The  2  leaves  are  of  equal  length  ?5M„neo?C^'n.^Pf  '  '°'^''"'  ^T 

in.^;7*?'''i^^'  ^''?''"'     ^''"^'     (^^^^'^^  ^AoM//5a;i,  a  turban  •  allud 

stamens  short,  subulate  ;  anthers  broad-linear,  deeply  emarSte  ai 
base;  stylo  very  short ;  stigma  thick;  capsule  oblongftrian  Jar -J 

Sg^^js^^r^sr  '-''-^ ''-'-  )v,a^asi.s;;lr;ca^ 

K  tu"7S7vtriE'  "''h""^^  '?  tha.  cxqui.I",ia2'L''nruc'hT^^^^^^ 
t  rom  Porsil  '"'^''^-  ""  "'"''''  ^^^talogues.    Apr.,  May,  j^ 

3.  LIL'IUM.  L.     Lav.     (Gr.  Xipiov,  Celtic  //,  white ;  one  specie. 


708 


Ordeb  148.— LTLIACBiES. 


is  the  emblem  of  purity.)  Perianth  campannlate,  segments  spreading 
above  or  recurved,  each  with  a  longitudinal  honey  groove  within,  from 
the  middle  to  the  base  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  style,  anthers  versa- 
tile ;  capsule  subtriangular,  the  valves  connected  with  latticed  hairs ; 
seed?  2-rowcd  in  each  cell. — 11  Herbs  with  bulbous  and  leafy  stems. 
Lvs.  sessile,  alternate  or  verticillate.     Fls.  terminal,  large  and  showy. 

I  Flowers  white,  nodding.    PInnte  cnlti vated. Nos.  8  9 

)  Flowers  orniiKe-colorett  or  red,  spotted.  (♦)  •  ■       •    i 

♦  Loaf-ftxies  bearing  bulblots.    Loaves  scattered Nos.  6, 7 

•  Leaf-aslcit  not  bulbiferuus. — Flowers  erect,  segments  unguiciilato Nos.  8^4 

—Flowers  nodding.— Lvs.  l.;velned,  oblanceolate No.  6 

—Lvs.  8  to  6-velned,  lunreolate. . .  .Nos.  1,  3 

1  L.  Canad^use  L.  Teli,ow  Lily.  Lvs.  3-veint  i,  mostly  verticillate,  lanceo- 
late, the  veins  hairy  beneath;  ped.  terminal,  elongated,  usually  by  3a;  /?.  nodding, 
the  segments  spreading,  never  revoluie. — Can.  and  U.  S.  A  plant  of  much  beauty| 
frequently  adorning  our  meadows  in  Bummer.  Bul'o  scaly.  Stem  round,  2— 4f 
high,  Bun-ounded  by  several  remote  whorls,  each  consisting  of  4—6  leaves,  and 
often  a  few  scattered  ones  at  base.  These  are  2 — 3'  by  J — 1'.  Flowers  1—3, 
flometimes  7—20,  pendulous,  yellow,  or  orange-colored,  spotted  with  dark  purple 
inside.     July. 

2  L.  Bup^rbum  L.  Superr  Lily.  Turk's  Cap.  Lvs.  linear-lanceoiaie,  acuminate, 
3-veined,  glabrous,  lower  ones  verticillate,  upper  ones  scattered ;  fls.  often  in  a 
pyramidal  raceme,  nodding,  segments  revoluie. — Can.,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Few 
cultivated  plants  are  more  ornamental  than  this  inhabitant  of  prairies  and  mea- 
dows. Root  bearing  a  white,  squamous  bulb.  (Fig.  60.)  St.  erect,  round, 
atraighi,  4  to  6f  high.  Lva.  2  to  3'  by  4  to  9''.  Fls.  3  to  20  or  more,  of  a  bright 
orange  color  with  purple  spots.  Sep.  and  pet.  linear-lanceolate,  beautifully  and 
fully  rovolute.    Very  distinct,  at  least  in  appearance  from  the  foregoing.    Jl. 

3  L.  Philad41pbicuiu  L.  Philadelphia  Lily.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
1-veined,  upper  verticillate,  lower  generally  scattered  ;  fls.  subsolitary,  campanu- 
late,  terminal,  erect;  pet.  and  sep.  lance-ovate,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  erect- 
apreading,  unguiculate. — Dry  pastures,  fields  and  barrens,  U.  S.  and  Can.  An 
elegant  and  showy  plant,  15  to  20'  \\\gh.  St.  terete,  smooth,  simple.  Lvs.  2  to 
3'  by  3  to  5",  sessile,  smooth,  collected  into  1,  2  or  3,  or  more  whorls  of  Ss  to  5s, 
with  the  lower  scattered.  Fls.  usually  solitary,  rarelv  2  to  4,  and  umbellate. 
Sep.  and  pet.  deep  orange  color,  spotted  at  base,  2^*^  long,  standing  apart  on 
claws  about  6"  long.    Jn. 

4  L.  Catesbsbi  Walt.  Catesby's  Lily.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  and  linear-acu- 
xninate,  all  scattered,  sep.  and  pet.  undulate,  long-unguiculate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  long,  thickened  a^umination,  which  is  reflexed  above. — Damp  pine  bar- 
rens, Md.  to  Ky.  and  ail  the  S.  States.  St.  18  to  30'  high,  smooth  and  polished, 
often  purple.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  (the  lower  3'),  by  1  to  4",  suberect,  spreading.  Sep. 
and  pet.  3  to  4'  long,  the  claws  1'  or  more,  yellow,  the  lamina  scarlet,  spotted 
with  red  and  purple.     Jl.,  Aug. 

5  L.  Carolinidnum  Mx.  Lvs.  l-veined,  oblanceolate,  or  spatulaie,  acuminate, 
tapering  to  a  slender,  ftossilo  base,  in  wliorls  of  about  6,  the  lower  scattered; 
flower  mostly  solitary,  nodding;  segin.  lauce-linear,  recurved,  tapering  to  a  slender 
acumination,  midvein  winged;  style  curved  upwards. — A  more  delicate  species 
than  the  last,  18'  to  3f  high,  rarely  3-flowored.  Lvs.  18"  to  3'  by  9  to  16",  mem- 
branous. Fls.  deep  yellow,  spotted  with  purple,  the  segm.  strongly  recurved, 
but  not  revolute.     JL,  Aug. 

6  L.  bulbiferum  L.  Orange  Lily.  Lvs.  scattered,  3-veined ;  fls.  campanu- 
late,  erect,  rough  witliin,  segm.  sessile. — Gardens.  St.  thick,  round,  4f  high, 
bearing  small,  roundish,  dark-colored  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Fls.  largo, 
orange-coiored,  resembling  iii  form  those  of  L.  candidum,  but  are  scabrous  wilUiu. 
JL    fitaly. 

7  L.  tigiinum  GawL  Tiger-spotted  Lily.  Lvs.  scattered,  sessile,  5- 
reined,  the  upper  cordate-ovate ;  perianth  rovolute,  papillous  inside. — Gardens, 
common  in  cultivation.  St.  6f  high,  with  a  pyramid  of  dark,  orange-colored, 
spotted  fls.     Axils  of  lvs.  bulbiferoua     Aug.    f  China. 


OstDKB  148.— LILIAOEJE. 


ro9 


m5«hf  t&?  °™^^-  ^^""^  ^''''''  ,  ^""^  scattered,  graded,  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed  at  the  base ;  fls.  several,  campanulate.  smooth  inside.-Gardena.  It  has  a 
thick  stem,  4f  high,  supporting  a  raceme  of  very  large,  enowy-white  fla.,  which 
J  Levant     F? "  ^e^^""^  ^  the  very  perfection  of  whitoneas  and  purity.     Jl 

9  L.  Jap6nioum  Thunb.  Lvs.  scattered,  lanceolate;  flower  solilarv  cam- 
panulate,  nodc^ng.-Greenhouse.  A  noble 'species,  requiring  carefuTCan- 
?  CWnl  ^^^^  '^       *^'  "^'^'^'^^  terminal,  white,  on  *  stem  2f  high. 

4.  FRITILLA'RIA,  Tourn.  Chequered  Lily.  (Lat.  fritillus,  a 
chess-board;  alluding  to  the  chequered  petals.)  Perianth  campanu- 
late, with  a  broad  base  and  nectariferous  cavity  above  the  claw  of  each 
segment;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals;  stigma  trifid;  capsule  coria- 
ceous, 3'celled,  septifragal.— Uerbs  with  coated  bulbs,  simple.  leafV 
stems,  bearing  1  or  more  nodding  fls.  r    .         j- 

1  P.  imperidlis  L.  Crown  Imperial.  Roc.  comous,  naked  below  Iva. 
en  .re._Native  of  Persia.  A  fine,  showy  flower,  of  easy  Julture.  Stem  tincfe 
striate,  3f  high,  he  lower  part  invested  with  the  bng,  nai^ow,  entire  leaves  t£ 
upper  part  la  naked,  bearing  at  tiie  top  a  raceme  of  several  large,  red  or  yellow 
nodding  flowers,  beneath  a  crown  formed  by  the  pairs  of  small,  narrow  leaves:  at 
the  base  of  each  pedicel.     May.     f  (Petiliu^^  Kunth  )  "w  leaves,  at 

5.  YUC'CA,  L.  Bear's-grass.  Spanibh  Daggers.  (The  Indian 
name.)  I  enanth  of  6  petaloid  segments,  withering-persistent,  the  in- 
ner broader ;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  petals,  inserted  into  their 
base  ;  ovary  free ;  stigmas  3,  sessile  ;  capsule  oblong,  obtusely  hexago- 
nal,  3-valved  at  apex,  3-celled,  cells  more  or  less  divided  by  a  false  dis- 
sepiment ;  seeds  numerous  and  2-rowed  in  each  cell.— Sts.  subterranean 
or  arising  in  a  eafy  or  naked  caudex,  with  rigid,  linear,  or  sword- 
Lte^fls  '^''^''  "  ^"'^  ^  terminal  panicle  of  showy,  white,  pedicel: 

I  Cftutlex  scwccly  arising  above  the  ground.    Leaf  martin  bearlne  threads  v„  't 

i  Caudex  conspicuous,  trunk-llko.    Leavesentlreor serrulate  ...__„: :::;;::;;;n^^^ 

IT.  filamentdsa  L.  Beab's-Thrbad.  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so-  lvs  line^ 
Ihrf  !?r?  fi^"''^  *"'"*^'  ?"«^<^«"^  the  margin  filamentous,  that  is,  bearing  lonT 
thread-like  fibers;  segm.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  erect-spreading.-In  light  soil! 
S.  States,  and  often  cultivated.  The  lvs.  are  nearly  erect,  1  to  2f  long  f  to  18" 
wide,  all  densely  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  short  caudex,  which  ia  at  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  or  a  few  nches  above  it.  Scape  5  to  8f  high,  bearing  a  E 
pyramidal  panicle  of  simple  racemes.  Fl«.  cup-shaped,  segm.  15''  long  a£^ 
^.  RECcuvifolia.  Somewhat  caulescent ;  lvs.  lance-linear  or  linear,"  recurved, 
rarely  somewliat  filamentous.     (Y.  recurvitolia  Salisb.  ?)  i-'^'vt.u, 

^  J'^^^^^y^.  ^  Caulescent,  caudex  some  3f  high ;  lvs.  erect,  lanceolate,  rigid. 
thK^  subphcate,  very  acute,  the  margins  very  entire ;  perianth  ovoid-cSpS 
late,  segm.^  lanceolate. -Sandy  sea-coasts,  -Jar.  to  ml  Caudex  haJf-shrE. 
.hit-.,  =imp;o,  i^sny  su-ongiy  searrea  below  with  the  old  leaf-stalks.  Lvs.  12  to 
18  long,  2  to  3  wide,  clustered  above.  Panicle  of  racemes  2  to  3f  long,  erect- 
Qjomjlie  summit  of  the  caudex,  with  numerous  cup-shapad,  white,  nodding  flowewi 

^  J'  °J^^'^"?  ^^\  Spanish  Daggers.  Caulescent;  caudex  some  lOf  high, 
olten  branched,  naked  and  marked  with  leaf-scare  below;  lvs.  densely  clustered 
above,  very  rigid,  tlnck,  strict,  deflexed  when  old,  lanceolate,  apex  spineacenii 


no 


Obdbu  148.— LILIACBiB. 


margin  rough-serrulato;  segm.  oblonj?,  acutish.— Tliicketa,  near  tho  soa-coaaL  S 
Car.  to  t  la.     A  shrubby,  palm-liko  plant,  of  singular  andforbidding  aspect  when 
.      not  in  flo-.ver.    Leaves  a  foot  or  moro  long,  sharp  and  rigid  like  dagRere.    Fk 
white,  with  a  violet  baso  and  violet  spots.     Jn.— Aug.     (Y.  Draconis  L.) 

■  6.  NOLrNA,  L.  0.  Rich.  (For  P.  C.  Nolin,  an  American  botan- 
ist.) DioBcio-polygamous ;  perianth  (small)  of  6,  ovate,  spreadin.r,  sul)- 
cqual  segments ;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  tho  perianth  ;  ovary  free  3- 
cornered,  3-cel!ed  ;  stigmas  3,  recurved,  with  a  very  short  style-  can 
Bule  3-winged,3  (or  by  abortion  2  or  l)-.seeded.— Root  bearing  a  coated 
bulb.  St.  scapedike,  branched  into  several  long,  simple,  nearly  bract- 
less  racemes  of  very  small,  white  fls. 

'"^'i  °®°f.?r^*\*  o"^'  -^'"^  ^^""^  '"""'  ^-  ^«  •  «"^  «»•  (Mottauer).  Bulb  very 
brge  (Klhott).  Scape  2  to  3f  high,  with  a  few  short  Ivs.  at  its  base  which  diS 
fah  to  scales  upwards.  Root  1  vs.  linear,  1  to  2f  long,  numerous,  ^eurved,  their 
bases  mucli  dilated  and  imbricated.  Panicle  large.  Rrv;.  loose,  If  or  moro  lone 
Pedicels  5  to  ti  '  long.     Perinntli  spreading  3".  ** 

•     7.  SCIL'LA,  L.     Squill.    Perianth  6-parted,  petals  and  sepals  simi- 
-lar,  spreading  .^bluo  or  purple)  ;  filaments  6,  subulate  or  filiform,  smooth 
Lypogynous;  stylo  filitbrm-clavellato ;  capsule  free,  3-cclled,  3-valved' 
obtusely  3-angled  ;  cells  with  1  or  several  roundish,  black  seeds.— Iklb 
coated,  bearing  s.cral  linear  Ivs.  and  a  scape  with  a  raceme. 
1  S.  escul6nta  Ker.     Qc.uiasu.     Lvs.  linear,  carinate,  flaccid  and  recurved 
tapering  to  both  ends,  shorter  tlian  tho  scape ;  bracts  solitary,  subu.ute,  scuriouj 
longer  than  the  pedicels,  which  are  about  tlio length  of  the  flowers:  fil.  fihform- 
Btig  S-tootiicd—Grassy,  wet  prairies,  along  tho  rivers.  Wis.  to  Oliio.  tho  uplands 
Of  Ga.,  and  westward     Bulb  nutritious,  about   I'  diam.,   resembling  a  small 
onion.     Scapo  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  nearly  as  long,  grass-like.     Rac.  2  to  3'  long 
Pet.  and  sop.   hncar-lanccolate,  4  to   6"  long.      Antii.  oblong,  yellow.     May! 
(Phalangmin,  Nutt     Camassia.  Lindl.     C.  Fraseri  Torr  )-Improve3  by  cultiva- 
tion as  to  iho  size  botii  of  tiio  bulbs  and  flowers.  j-    "  t  vu 

2  S  prwbracteata  Haw.  Squill.  Lva  broad-linear,  longer  than  the 
■cape ;  bracts  as  long  as  tho  pedicels ;  flowers  in  a  largo  conical  panicle ;  perianth 
spreading,  persistent.— Bulb  large,  white.     Fls.  blue,     f  S.  Eur. 

8.  ORNITHOG'ALUIW,  L.  Star-of-Bethleiiem.  (Gr.  opviOog,  of  a 
bird,  yaAa,  milk ;  why  so-called  is  not  obvious.)  Perianth  deeply  6- 
partcd,  regular,  persistent,  segments  many  (3  to  1)  veined,  spreadin^^ 
(white,  green  or  yellow) ;  filaments  6,  dilated  at  base,  scarcely  perigy- 
nous  ovary  free  ;  style  erect,  tapering  or  subtrilobato  ;  capsule  3-lobcd, 
3-celed,  3-vaIved  above;  seeds  few  or  many  in  each  cell,  shining, 
black.— Lulbous  plants,  scarcely  diff*ering  from  Scilla  except  in  the 
color  of  the  fls. 

1  O.  crdceum  Ell  Yellow  STAR-OF-BKraLEHEM.  Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  radi- 
ical,  longer  than  the  slendtr  scape  which  bears  an  ohbng  raceme  of  soffrm-yeUow 
fiowers  at  top;  bracts  scarious  at  apex,  obtuse,  sheathing,  many  times  sho-ter 
than  the  slender  pedicel ;  segra.  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  3-veined,  €rwt  aaer  flower- 
ing, with  a  greenish-orangc  stripe  on  the  back  ;  sty.  and  stai.i.  '<ubulate,  shorter 
*nan  tho  segment3.-Mid.  Ga.,  rare.  (Ou  Stone  Mt.,  16m.  fx-iu  Atlanta !  Also 
at  Macon,  Dr.  Mettauer.>  Scape  10  to  20'  high,  almc",t,  filifcrai.  Rac.  10  to  15- 
flowered.     Ped.  8  to  )  •    long,  fls.  half  as  long.    Apr.,  M,...     (Phalangium  Mx, 

a  O.  umbellktum  L.  White  Star-of-Eethlehem.  Lx  linear,  channeled,  « 
kmg  as  the  scape,  emarginate;  scape  bearing  a  few  white,  u  ■m-striped  fls.  in  a 
loose  corymb;  pedicels  longer  than  tho  bracts;  filaments  iai-eniute-subulate.— 
Uardens,  and  naturalized  in  many  localities.  Scape  near  If  hiil.  Segm.  of  tho 
Btar-liko  perianth  beautifully  marked  with  a  longitudinal  stripe  -  " ;;-;  outside.  May. 


Obdkb  148.— LILIACE^.  Yll 

9.  AL'LIOM,  L.  Garlic.  Onion.  (Celtic  a//,  hot  or  burninir^ 
F  owcn,  m  a  dense  umbel,  with  a  incnibrano,.«,  2-Ic'aved  spathcTperC 
a..th  deeply  6-parted,  segments  mostly  spreadi.ig,  ovate,  the  3  inSS 
son^what  smaller;  ovary  angular;  stigmi;  aeuteT  capsule Tlob^ri 
Strong-scented,  bulbous  plants.      Lvs.  mostly  radical!      Umbel  on  a 

*  Sfntnims  evl.lcntly  short  -r  tim  ,  tho  Hc.mls     IJ  nh^U  wi      i  '^  '"■  ""T'"" N"*-  8.  ■♦ 

-bcapo  imkud.    Flhiniontsnottricimi.idftU-,......        Nw  10-12 

1  A.  tric6ocum  Ait.    Lance-lea vbd  Garlic.    Soapo  terete  •  lvs    lflnf.pr.tnt« 
S-Sd'-tuirH^  u,nbolg,obous;  ovule  u.d  seed Lite'^l/JlS/STf  he 

acute,  tapering  into  a  peticSe.  all  withcnn^^^nd  d^^ealg  bSe^un^^^^^^^^ 

2  A.  c^muumRoth.    Xoddino  Garlic.    Scapo  angular-  lvs  linear  flat  v,>r,r 
aua   vv.  states.     Hug  is  our  handsomest  species.     Bulb  fi  tnS",im,r,      aZ. 

Bcape,  smooth,  nearly  flat  above.     Seine  12  to  18'  1,1^1,    round    smnnf  5honJ 
a  spatho  of  2  ovate,  aeute  braets  at  to,S,  with  a  hi  cFbulb^ld  Tow  U    "?hf 

8-toAed,  3^eedecf.-Damp  woods,   Ga.,  Fla.  and  Ala.     Common  at  Monteomefv 

bcape  12  to  20  high,  strict.     Fls.  20  to  40,  wl.ilo  or  roseate.     Perianth  2"  Ion? 
lulam.  purple,  anth.  white.    Tastes  strong  of  garlic.     Mar.— May  ^* 

^  .fl.iph  mt*^"*  .k'^'*-  .'^l'''^'  *^^"'^''''  ^•""^^''^'  ^""^°''  t''-'*'^  the  hnear,  striate  leaves 
which  are  sheathing  at  base;  spatho  of  2  ovate  bracts:  umbd  few  (3  ioVvZw. 
ered;,egm.  ovate-lanceolale,  with  midvoin  grcenisli  purpl'e,  tLr  t^^.e  hmgc  £ 
thestiuuens;  lihvm.  dilated  at  base  ;  ca;,.v.  downy,  perLt'ing,  2  or li  .4eE  eS 
Ii  r  lvs  iri^^'f-^^^-^^^  ^'>P"T)'  «'^  S.  States.  Scape  8  toS' 
bof  V^  \  \^'''"^''■  ^^^"'^''  ^  '°  '-^-^  ^«"^'  ^'^'dofn  mo'-«  than  5  in  num- 
Ma;.  Jjl";  J"''^'"*  *^'""  '"  ""'■  °"^'^'"  ^""^  ^P^'^'cs.  spreading  about  10",  whitij, 

cll,7.  t:  ■^^^'^"^  ^^s  Common  Garlic.    Bulb  compound;  st.  leafy  to  the  mi* 
dlo;  lvs.  hnoar-lancGolato ;  spatho  Meaved,  long-acuminate;  umbel  bulbiferous - 

S«  1^  n^  a  common  membrane,  acrid  and  very  strong-scented.     St.  2f  high. 

X18.  small,  white.     Used  m  seasoning  and  sometimes  in  mediciHe.     Jl.  j'    Sicily 

8  A.  pc'rixm  L.     LEric.     St.  compressed,  leafy ;    lvs.  sheathing  at  basa 


T12 


Ordkb  148.— LILIA0E2B. 


channeled  and  keeled ;  umbel  of  fls.  ghhoua ;  atam.  tricwpidale,  a  UiOe  longer  than 
the  rough-keeled  sepofo.— Gardona.  lU.  Louring  a  scaly,  cylindrical  bulb.  Stem  2f 
lugli,  bourinK  long,  linear,  altomato,  shoutbing  ka,  and  at  the  top  a  lurtro  umbcL 
ot  small  white  fls.    Jl.  f    Switzoriand.  f         o  ^ 

9  A.  vlne^le  L.  Chow  Gauuc.  St.  alondor,  with  a  few  leaves ;  caulino  Iva 
terete,  flstulous;  umbel  bulbiferous;  sta.  oxsort;  fiL  alternutely  tricuspidato.  the 
nndilto  point  bearing  the  anther.— 2f  Meadows,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Leaves 
6— 12  long.  Scape  1— 2f  high,  bearing  a  spatho  of  2  small  bracts  at  top,  and 
«n  umbel  ol  flowers  with  which  bulbs  are  sometimes  intermixed.  Perianth  nur- 
plo.    June,  July.  §  *^ 

10  A.  sohoBnoprasum  L.    Gives.     Si-ape  somewhat  lenfy  at  base,  equaling  the 
terete  JiUform,  Justulous  Ivs. ;  spatho  of  2  bracts,  nearly  as  long  as  the  cupituto 
umbel ;  segm.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  JUam.  which  are  toothless 
and  dilated  at  base.— Lake  shnrea,  Can.     Common  in  gardens,  growing  in  tuRs 
Bulbs  small.    Scape  less  than  If  high.     Umbel  1'  diam.     Fls.  purple.     Jl. 

11  A.  flBtuldsum  L.  Wei.sii  Onion.  Scape  leafy  at  base,  inflaled  in  the 
trndst;  ii;.v,  ttstu  ous  throughout,  terete,  about  the  length  of  the  scape;  umbel  dense 
globular,  fruitftil ;  sop.  acuminate,  witli  a  green  keel ;  atam.  exserted,  with  simple 
manients;  ova.  3-lobed,  green.- Gardens.  Scapo  and  Ivs.  forming  dense  tuils. 
18  high.     ■)■  Asia.  ^ 

12  A.  Cepa  L.  Cojimon  Onion.  Scape  fistulous,  aweUing  towards  the  base 
much  longer  than  the  terete,  fistulous  Iva.— @  Gardens.  Bulb  compres.sed  or 
round,  or  oblong  in  figure.  The  scapo,  which  appears  the  second  year,  is  3  to  4f 
High,  straight,  smooth,  stout,  bearing  at  top  a  largo,  round  umbel  of  greeniah- 
whito  lis.     Universally  cultivated  for  the  kitchen. 

/?.  PROLiFEUUM.     Top  Onion.     Umbels  bulbiferous  and  proliferous,  t.c,  pro- 
ducing secondary  bulbs  and  plants  at  top,  with  few  Uowers  or  none. 

10.  AGAPAN'THUS,  L'llcrit.  (Gr.  dyanrj,  love,  dvOog ;  a  flower  to 
be  loved  )  Perianth  funnel-form,  regular,  6-partod  ;  stainen.s  6,  adnato 
to  the  base  of  the  tube,  curved  upwards ;  ovary  free ;  style  filiform, 
•arved  at  the  end;  stigma  entire;  capsule  3-lobed,  3-ceiled,  many- 
weded.— Rt,  tuberous.  Lvs.  radical,  thick,  linear.  Scape  thick,  bear- 
ing an  umbel  with  a  2-leavoc'  involucre. 

A.  umbell^tua  L'ller.  Lvs.  linear ;  umbel  many-flowerod ;  pedicels  as  long 
as  tlio  perianth.— A  fine,  showj  plant  for  the  parlor  or  greenhouse,  easily  reared 
m  pots.  Scapo  2f  or  more  high,  with  an  umbel  of  numerous  fls.  of  i  rich  blue 
f  S.  Africa. 

11.  HYACINTHUS,  L.  IIyacinth.  {Hyacinthus  of  Grecian  fable, 
was  killed  by  Zophyrns,  and  transformed  into  this  flower.)  Perianth 
tubular  campauulate,  regular,  6-cleft,  segments  spreading-recurved ; 
stamens  6,  adherent  to  the  tube,  free  at  ape.\  ;  ovary  free ;  cells  of  the 
capsule  about  2-seeded.— Herbs  acaulescent,  from  a  coated  bulb.  Fls. 
raccmed. 

,^;  °''*®"*^"«  I^-  Perianth  funnel-form,  half  6-cleft,  ventricous  at  the  base.— 
n  A  well-known  flower,  long  prized  and  cultivated.  Lvs.  thick,  linear-lanee- 
oiato,  i  to  5  long.  Scape  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  thick,  bearing  a  raceme  of 
numerous  blue  flowers  which  are  often  double.  The  tube  is  enlarged  at  base  by 
the  roundish  ovary  within  it.  Stam.  adherent  a  third  the  length  of  the  tube, 
deeply  included.  Segments  oblong,  obtuse,  recurved,  rather  shorter  than  the 
tube.    Mar.,  Apr.  f    Levant.— Varies  with  fls.  white,  pink,  red,  etc. 

12.  MUSCA'RI,  Tourn.     Grape  Hyacinth.     Perianth  tube  ventri- 
v~'  "^""'^  "^  canipanulate,  throat  constricted,  limb  of  6  very  short, 

obtuse,  spreading  segments,  sometimes  with  a  crown.     Other^viso  as  in 
Hyacinthus. 

1  M.  racemdsum  L.    Fls.  fragrant,  roundlsh-ovoid,  nodding;  lvs.  linear, 
channeled,  arcuate-recurved,  flaccid.-Gardens.    Scape  terete,  4  to  6'  high,  shortei 


Obdbb  U8.—UUACEJE. 


lit 


2  M"^^U^^;"r  1i:i  "-''  \'  «tU  stcHIo  panic,. 
tJio  other.    tKun-vWeswir/jrarr^Tf       ,?  "'''a'-'y  «*  month  later  thaS 

fofteci  crot.™-  tubo  Sent  b,  li'r'^^^^^^       C-lobo.  hmb.  and  bearing  a  small  £ 
Ivs.  fleshy,  linear;  rTS^lSdfS     J'iir       '"''*'  ^^^  ^''"'^  ^^"o-ish; 

pla^nttfeSrcuTtu^eanX^Jitrr^tf^S^^^^         ^^  3.co.w.-A 
nerod,  hollow  leaves.    Pis   vello«r  in  a  inn!:      i*  '  ^'"u^'^  mvosted  with  a-cor- 

to  the  ba«o  of  thrstem.     Jn.^   t  slcil^  "'  ""*"    ^^  '"'°'"  ^'^^  *°P  '^"°«* 

4eMh"Trt"'.^3.  e^S.^^Sr"  n,Sh"!Sr^^^^^^    P"^^"  ^''^"^'^^ 
preceding,  but  with  larger,  white  X.J,L"si^"'^''^-    ^°*  «°  t'^  «»  t^e 

i4.  HEMEROCAL'LIS,  L     Day  Tnv     /r/  • 
beauty.)    Periautl.  funtw.aj^u:  ^  L, 'dec^rr:  ltobY"^i!?' 
voiLcd,  spreading;  slamons  6,  insirted  in  tho  .1,,L  „'        j    B-partoil. 
ovary  fleo;  style  slender,  cur;ed1ikrt,e  «(.».„.  ^  T,""^  "''"•''''" 
entire;  capsnlLith  3  favJ^e^d  el-VK  U^' ,  ^"S'S/'Sr 

ofH.  Mva.    Seape  bnmchiSg.    jt    |  sS  ^°"°"'  "»"* «"»>ller Uian  lho« 

15.  FOH'KIA,  Sprcng.    Whiti!  Day  Lily.    (ForlTimr,,  V„,l.  .r. 
J»an  cryptogann-st.)     Perianth  funnelshapid,  deeiSuT    rt^i„?« 
hypogynons,  and  with  the  style  declinate-cirved  •  0^.',,],  ,     ir  ^ 
elongated,  3.angled;  seeds  many,  2.row.^  "?Zd 'atTnd      'vt'lk 

ir'-k  tiet'ly':^!?''  -^  -  ""-^-  ^^--  «4tL'L°:j 

With  violet-coIored  flowers.  "  '  —I'-mCa  xuuub.)— \anes 


Hi 


OuiiKU  US.—LILIACEifi. 


than  tl»o  pp(liocl«. — Otmloiis,  ruro.     Flu.  lilac,  vuriegntod  with  white  aud  purpln 
linoM.     f  ,la|Nkii. 

16.  POLYGONA'TUM.  Toum.  Tih;k  Sulomon'k  Skal.  (Op.  noXvr, 
mniiy,  yt'wv,  kiioc;  IVoin  tho  iiiuny-joiiiUxl  rliizuino.)  Pciiaiitli  tubular, 
limb  short,  Olobod,  riti.* ,  ^.i-tuxms  (J,  inserted  near  uud  above  tlie 
middle  of  the  t»d>(»,  'nehuiii!'.  i>\ury  free,  a-cellod,  cells  2  to  (i-ovulcl; 
stylo  slender,  ineliuleU;  boiry  globular,  I)  to  O-socded. —  2^  Kliizonu! 
horizontal,  thick.  St.  oroct  or  curving,  leafy  ubovo.  Fla.  uxillury,  pen- 
dent, greenish  white. 

P.  multifidrum  Pcsr  St.  rocurvtM],  Hitiooth ;  Ivh.  diHliehuuH,  liuiceulut(>,  uinpiexU 
caul,  HmiHJtli  abovo;  poduiu'los  axillary,  1  to  l-lioweroil. —  U  In  woocLs,  IKo  Slatt-B 
anil  Can.  Stem  I  to  ,'U'  iiigli,  nioHt  n^tMirvi  ■'  'i  *;..  ♦nUiHt  plants.  Leaves  uioro 
or  less  olaapiiijf  iit  base,  or  only  sossilo  i.  iho  muallest  pliuil  i,  'Ih  to  6'  by  1  to  2 J', 
veinoil,  snumlh  ami  glossy  abovo,  palur  aud  >fenorally  puboHooul  bouealh,  I'edun- 
clos  tlliforiM,  braiioliing,  soareely  a  litlli  as  long  as  tho  leaves.  Flowers  0 — 8" 
long,  iRMiilulous,  grocuiiali,  sub-eylindriu,  Horrioa  dark  bluo  or  blackiHli  whoa 
ripo.     Apr. — Jn. 

a.  L, s.   very  auiplexkaul,   smooth  both  sides,   distiin^lly   voiiiod ;    peduneloH 

elongated,  the  lower  4-tio\vori'd;  111.  pnberulenl. — la  riei»  danij)  Hoils.     Thia 

var.  is  eouiinon  to  Kui-opc!  aud  Aaierical     (T.  uugiiHtitbliuni  I'h.     T.  biilo- 

rum  Kll.) 

p.  ^lIlU^8^'lJNS.    livs.  pubescent  beneath,  glaueous,  slightly  elasping;  st.  1  to  2f 

high ;  Us.  as  short  aa  the  peduueles. — Connnon  iu  N.  Knglaiid. 
y.  uiOANTKiM.  Tali,  given  and  glabrous  tiirougliout ;  Ivs.  partly  elasping; 
pod,  2  to  G-tioworud.— In  rieli  alluvion.  St.  3  to  If  liigh.  (V.  eanieulatunj 
I'll.) 
i.  LATiKoLiUM.  rubescoet  abovo;  Ivs.  ovato-obloug,  up|)er  8urfat;e  glabrous, 
base  aessilo  or  souiowliat  potiolod. — Middlo  Btuloa.  St.  2  to  4t'  iiwh.  (I*, 
latilbiiuui  Muid.     P.  hirtuin.  rii.) 

17.  CONVALLA'RIA,  L.     Lilv  of  Tirs  Valley.     (Lat.  convaltis,  a 
.  valley ;  tho  h>oulity  of  sonio  species.)    I'erianth  canipanidato,  of  0  united 

segments,  lobes  of  the  limb  recurved;  stamcn.s  6,  included,  perigynous; 
ovary  3-cellod,  1-styled,  cells  4  to  0-ovuIed ;  berry  fow-seeded. —  21 
Rhizome  creeping,  slender.  Lvs.  radical,  and  scupo  very  smooth,  low, 
bearing  a  secnnd  raceme  of  wluto,  drooping  lis. 

C.  majc^lis  L.  An  elegant,  swcot-seentcd  plant,  native  of  mountain  woods,  Va. 
to  Ua.,  al.^^o  of  Europe,  and  is,  or  deserves  to  bo,  a  froquout  itdiabitant  of  our  gar- 
dens. Lvs.  '2,  seldom  3,  ovate-ollipticul.  Seapo  C  high,  witli  tho  small,  elegant 
flowora  dopouding  I'rom  its  upper  half  in  a  single  rank.     Jday. 

18.  CLINTO'NIA,  Raf.  (In  honor  of  Gov.  DeWitt  Clinton,  of  N.  Y.) 
Perianth  cainpanulate,  of  6  equal,  distinct  segments ;  stamens  6,  hypo- 
gynous,  anthers  linear-oblong;  ovary  oblong,  2  (rarely  3)-eelled ;  stylo 
elongated;  berry  (blue)  2-eelled,  cells  2  to  10-seeded. —  Zf  Rhizome 
creeping.  Lvs.  all  radical,  few  (2  to  6),  broad.  Scape  naked,  bearing 
ftn  umbel. 

1  C.  boredlis  Raf.  Northern  Clintonia.  Lvs.  broad-oval-lanceolate ;  /s.  2  to 
6  in  the  bructless  umltel,  cernuoius ;  berry-cells  many-seeded. — Mountainous  or  hilly 
wood.  Can.,  N.  Kng.  to  Car.,  W.  to  the  Mi.sa.  Rhizome  creeping  to  some  extent. 
Lvs.  4  to  7'  long,  ^  as  wide,  petiolato,  radical  or  nearly'  so,  smooth  and  glossy, 
fringed  with  scattered  hairs.  Scape  erect,  round,  8  to  13'  high,  bearing  at  top  a 
beautiful  umbel  of  ".  to  G,  jellowisn-grecn,  nodding  fls.  rorianth  Jiiiaoeous,  of  5 
oblanceolate,  erect-spreading  scgm.  Berries  of  a  rich  amethystine  bluo.  (Con- 
valLiria  Poir.) 

2  C.  multifldra  Bock.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath ;  umbel  many 
(12  to  dOyjUnvered,  bracted ;  Jls.  erect  or  spreading;  berry  cella  2-Heeded. — Woodiv 


OnDRn  148.— urjACK^. 


r!« 


«m/A/r    l.ut  with  no  ^co.l  misou.)     Vv.nnuth   of  0  ...nul    H,,rca<]ini 
.egn.ctH  .unrcjl  at  tin,  l>a„„ ;  stH.ner.H  0,  hIo,..!..,.,  ruMiJy  1     X? 
short;  ovary  ^lohouH  3.<u.|Ic(l  (mroly  2-<.fII(ul),  wit,  2'^ovul..;       'a!' 
cell;  Myl.,  nhort  thuk  ;  IxMry  kIuLouh,  pulpy,     to  3.«<.c.lc(l -!  ?"  lUi 

parts,  i„  an  ov.U  pa.  i,-    of  IwluJn  J-      ''",'■>',"""'>''  •'""^".  ^'''i"  i"  "H  their 

^  ^S  .^S  Snninaf  ^s;;;p^J!^';,:*ii:::f  ^^r '^''^  ^^--^^  ^  ^^^  -c^.  a™. 

Can,  N.  kng.  (raro),  \ ' '  ?        is     st    ■    n  n'        "  "''T"'  '"  "'o^^tain-swamp^ 
to  3*'  lonir  a  f  fth   L  ,' . i  •  • .      ^"  **  '">^'''  P"bcHC(>rit,  arurular.     Lvs    2 

darkrocL     May.     ((^on'^^nJ^  l' ^t;L\t.irSh /^^^^ 
20    MAJAN'THEMUM,  Manch.      Two-le.vkd   Solomon's  Seal. 
(Or.  Mam,  a  mountuin  nymph,  d.O,,wv,  a  llower.)    iVn^th  of  4  ovat^ 
obtuse,  sproadmn-  gomnnnt-  ....Jf,.-!  .,f  i  '„...  „. {.  ■^^"»"''"  «' *  ^^vate, 


obtuse,  sproachng  scgu.ont.  united  nt  base ;  stan/cr,s  4  ;  ova  y  2-celIed  ' 
o  horw,9c  as  ,n  Smilacina—Rhizonu,  creeping.  St.  bc'aiS  or  3  Ivl* 
his.  in  a  siinpio  terminal  raceme  "t^dimg  ^  or  3  lvs. 

21.  ASPAR'ACUS,  L.      (The  a„cie„t  Greek  name.)     Perianth  «. 

fibrous,  matted.     Sts.  with  very  narrow  lvs.  ind  smallTs  ^         ' 

fS^Zfaltto-'l^^^^  ^^«-^,-^.  --t;  JvB.  setaceous 

writers,  than  at  tlio  present  day-    DiureUo     Jl    §  Eur  ^  ^  ''°^ '  ^"^  ^""^  °*^^ 

22.  STREPTOTUS,  Mx.    Twist-foot     /cv  «1  -^     *    . 

foot;  a  WUted  footsiaU.  or  "pXcTcT  i&LKrarl:,:"e™;;S 


%H 


Obd«b  Ut.~UUA.OEM. 


late ;  BCffinents  with  a  nectariferous  pore  at  the  base  of  each  ;  anthera 
lODflrer  than  the  filamont«  ;  stigma  very  short ;  berry  roun.Jish,  S-cellod  : 
•eeds  few,  hilum  with  a  very  slender  raphe.— 2r  St.  branched.  Fls! 
axillary,  solitary,  generally  with  the  peduncle  distorted,  or  abruptly 
bent  near  the  middle.  ^ 

1  a  r6«eu8Mx.  Smooth;  /w.  oblong-ovato,  clajping,  margin  sorrulatcHjilinto • 
under  surface  green  hke  tf^e  upper;  pedicels  short,  generally  SatortoU  in  tho  uZ. 
die ;  segments  spreading  at  apex ;  anth.  skort,  2-horneJ;  Jig.  trtJiU.-<:aD.  to  Car 
andTenn.  A  oommon  species,  native  of  wooda.  Stom  a  foot  or  moro  hiirh' 
round,  dichotomously  branching.  Leaves  2—1  long,  J  as  wide,  ending  in  » 
gender  point,  smooth,  but  oouspiouousiy  edged  with  minute,  roueii  hairs 
klZ'^Jn  ''  ^^  suspended    beneath  the  branches,   ono  under  eaeli 

*  <?*  *"P^«**'2."u«  DC.  Smooth;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  smooth  and  en- 
tire on  the  margin  glaucous  beneath;  pedicels  solitary,  geniculate  and  distorted  in 
the  middle;  sep  long-acuminate,  refleied;  anth.  sagittate,  acute-pointod.  entire  • 
tLt"^^f-'T^T-  """^o  ^'\  f^^^  ^"*'^«  «f  ^°^^-  Stom  Vound,  dichoto^ 
S  1  f]-  •  ^T'^.l*"  '^y^'^'  *  «^  ^''^^'  ^^'y  «™o°">-  Pedunclas  oppo- 
site the  lent  twisted  and  bent  downwards  each  with  a  beli-form,  drooping  flower 

gibbous  at  base,  of  a  pale  straw-color.    Fruit  oblong,  red,  maiiy-soededL    Jn.  (8 
distortus  Mx.     Uvularia  L.)  ai       ,        j  uu.  ^o. 

23.  PROSAR'TES,  Don.  (Gr.  -npoaapTdcj^  to  suspend ;  allndincf  to 
the  pendulous  flowers.)  Perianth  as  in  Uvularia;  stamens  6,  periffy. 
nous,  included,  with  long,  filiform  filaments;  ovary  3-celled,  with  2  sus- 
pended ovules  m  each  cell ;  stylo  elongated,  trifid  ;  berry  roundish  ob- 
long 3  to  G-soeded.— 2i:  St.  erect,  with  divergent  branches,  scattered, 
se.ssile,  ovate,  thin,  pubescent  Ivs.  and  drooping,  terminal,  greenish- 
purple  ns.  i    D  >  6 

P.  lanugindsa  Don.    Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  cordate  or  rounded  at  tho 
clasping  base    pubescent  beneath ;    pedicels  in  pairs;    perianth   segm.   linear- 
lanceoLatc;    stylo  smooth.— Mts.   N.  Y.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Or.     St.  12  to  18'  high 
2  or  3  tunes  forked  above.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  veined.     Pedicels  f,  to  8"  long! 
downy.    Fls.  spreading-bell-shaped,  segm.  near  6"  long.    Berry  red.    May. 

24.  UVULA'RIA,  L.  Bell-wort.  (Lat.  uvula,  tho  palate;  tho 
flower  depends  like  that  organ.)  Perianth  connivent-campanulatc  de- 
ciduous deeply  6-parted ;  segments  linear-oblong,  acute,  erect,  with  a 
nectariferous  cavity  at  the  base  of  each  ;  filaments  very  short,  scarcely 
perigynous ;  anthers  linear,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ;  stylo  trifid ; 
capsule  8-cellcd ;  seeds  few,  with  a  very  tumid  raphe.— Lvs.  alternate, 
rls.  solitary,  terminal,  becoming  axillary,  nodding. 

J  Leaves  perfoliate  near  tho  bnso.    Capsule  obovoi.l-trlonmlar.  trnncnto Nos  1  2 

§  Leaves  sessile  or  half-claspliig.    Capsule  ovoid  or  oval-trlangulur ". '.  V.Nm.  8,  4 

1  XT.  peifoliata  L.  Mealy  Bellwoet.  Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptical,  subacute ; 
perianth  subcampanulate,  iuberculate-scabrous  within,  segm. acute;  anths  cuspidate- 
capa  trunca,to.— 2f  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  handsome,  smooth  plant,  in  woods.  Stem 
10—14  high,  passing  through  tho  perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  and  dividing 
into  2  branches  at  top.  Leaves  2-3'  by  §-1',  rounded  at  tho  base,  acute  at 
apex.  !< lower  palo  yellow,  pendulous.  Segments  linoar-ianceolato.  If  long, 
twisted,  covered  within  with  shining  grains.  Anthers  ¥  long.  May.  (U.  flava 
Bmith.)  to  J      \ 

2  U.  grandiflora  Smith.  Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptic-oblong,  acute;  fl.  terminal,  soli- 
tary, pendulous ;  segments  acuminate,  smooth  within  and  v.'ithout  •  anth.  obtuse. 

1^  ^-'^"u  ""^^  ^'  ^'  ■^^'■fe'^'"  ^^'^^  ^'^^^^^  of  ^f'e  foregoing.  In  woods.  "  Stem  I'iJ— 
15  inches  high,  passing  throuRh  tlio  perfoliato  leaves  near  their  bases,  dividing 
into  2  branches  at  top,  ono  cf  vhicli  boars  tho  large,  yellow,  pendulous  flower. 


OlU)«a  149.-MKLANTHA0BA  yjj 

JLeayes  almwi  Bcumloate,  roundod  at  bane      Jln«.^      a- 1 

drntuiffuishod  by  the  smooth  potaT  "^"  *  ^°°»-    Maj.-Readl?; 

Itiped,  oval-trimgvlur.—uCMllnd  ^''J'^'  ^"^^woA  ^ii««cott»  beneath;  ««,. 
•  and  in  gra«H  lands.    Stem  Bra^thrslende;  etlTlZ^'^r'  ''"""'^  *°  «°«^ 

-A.nS^^rS.r^^;'J:i^^^^  «*  ^-.  ova,.  o/\a.  .arn. 

arnh  segtn.  acuto,  smooth  both  Bidfi«     £.      ,  """^K'"".  «*  t/'*;^  <m  ^  »/«n ;  peri- 
to  Car.    St.  8  to  12'  high,    mi  yeUowi^h^^.  "T''  ^"^  *'*>^)'  «t«/d.-ilte.  V^ 
gu.    J?i&  yeuowiah- white,  lurgor  than  in  U.  seesilifolia. 

OrdkhCXLIX.    MELANTUACE^.     Melantiis 

.^am*«,d,  with'oxtforsoantS    SdisinctTT'"    ';  *'T"  *'''  "''^^'^^  ^^^'"^''^ 

3-ceIlod,  3.partiblo  or  sept  Si  Lrlelf ''"'''■■''• '-^'^^^^^ 

Fign.  Gl,  62,  464.  ^         ^*''^''  '^^  "^  "»"y  ^i^J^  »  thin  seed  coat. 

<Ha.  which  1«  Aund  m  thU  genuB,  ^  wdl  m  iV  most 'of  the  "oth"  rl'*''"""  P'">clPi«"aiYed  TJ- 
....        ^  GENERA. 

a  ScpaJs  glandular  at  base  inl  do;  dawoi    sZ^I'T^''"''"* Melanth^h.  1 

a  8epal.  not  gland  bearing.    StaronTpeHg™  2.aAD..„,.  , 

•  Infloresconce  racemous,  with  white  fl(>w«r«     s        ; Vebatkdh.  8 

♦  Inflorescence  «p.cate,  with  green  flowcrsStanJ^^n"","'  '"^'•'»>-°'"'« Am.anth.uh.  4 

brjowersUJ    Fit=uS  ^Xerytutr^^--  « 

bUowerBdloDclous,  white.    Stem  leafy  "'"'^ '='""  *-°vuIed IIelonias.  T 

S  Anthers  2-collcd,  Introrso.    Capsule  sentioMn'i' " '  vi CuAUjKLiRWit.  » 

C  Stamens  6     Flowers  green'.sh  IT;!?  tth,  fZZ'  """"""'^    ^°^  . 

0  fetamens9tol2.    Flowers  deep  yellow,  6  to  9,  mottlV  "c" ToF«LmA.  » 

fall;  r„'o*i?:Ko'jr;i,„itu:t7^  )"¥ ''"^^^^^^^^ 

polygamous:  perianth  rntAt«    «\!  T  i  *''     ^^'o^^ers  inoiioec  ously 

the  claws  bearing  the  stinsovafvnft^^^  'P^^«  «'  »>^ei 

subovoid,  trifid  at  tl  e  summk  '  d  ti7  ^,^^"  f  ^'^'"t'^^ .  capsule  cxserted. 

broadly  winged.-S     eS     hicken^frf  T'^'  ?  P^''^^''*^"'  «*>'^««  •  «««d, 
dul  panicle  of  sirnpe  raceme       Lrlanll"/  '^^'""^  ""  "P^"  P>'^^^ 

contracted  and  subdaLping^bast    Fls  "bout  S^'  hrn^^  ^    *?  '  '''^'^  «^'^.  °°  » 

m  simple,  alternate  racemes,  and  to^^th^r  1    .-.  "f*^  °°  ^^'''^  P^^^'^e's,  arranged 

•15' in  length.     Lower  firgl'erally  f£  T^Au^  '  '^''"''^'  P^'^**  ^^^ 

hybridum  1  I's]  °°'^''  ""'^  lance-oval-A  larger  growth.     (M. 


»18 


Ommb  149.— MEIANTHACEJ!. 


»bove  its  contracted  base  ;  rtaraons  inserted  in  contact  with  tlio  orarv  ■ 
capsdo  n,e,nbran„na,  a-eellcd    ,na„y.eeded,  septiciJal;  .oedr.caS 

upporoneg.  gradually  diminishing,  aU  concave  and  tapeS  to  a  mint      kntf' 

S  eri  mis  i    InZ"^?  1  *''"  ?P '•"''  ^''«^'^""l''to;compressed.-N  J.   o  [T 

by  abortion  ^  ^  ?  ;  scg.nonts  of  the  perianth  united  at  bas e^  pcta  oid 
spreading,  sessde  and  .vithout  ghinds  ;  'stamens  6,  shor  ct  than  S  TeH-' 
2.;,  1  T''"'^  r  'tsb,,,e;  ovaries  3,  united  at  base,  often  abor  v  • 
Fkl^^^r"  '''''  '■P"'^"-'^'  oc-seeded.-Rt.  Ivs.  alterlato.' 

-Sepals  uciimiimto.    Loaves  linear. .. .  Not 

nana,  panicle.    J„,;,    u«  cmc  JanSL^rtatVaJr^^^XtV^ 


Srbroad    11  Tmfr'  ''-'^f  1'"'*^  'i^^^»^"^•     So-^ds  compressed,  ^vir'^ed  S 
ine  Droad,  I00.0,  membranous  testa.     July.  -Verj  different  from  tho  next. 

BcarJelv  i;lieite"^.n.7,'o;«^    JT        •   ^  '>'«!ral,  oval   and   lance-ovul,   plabroua, 
Ked     .ScioTon^^^^^^^  .ntownged  petioles;  stem  sonpe-liko,  toretcv 

Sm  JXl    '^'°"«"^^^'  '^■^'•y  loose,  with  niiform  brandies;  >.  cT/t^^v  7r«"«,  o/i 

mxcn  are  scarcdy  half  as  long.-hlm  U.dge,  Va.  (Miss  Carpenter)  to  the  Mts.  of 


Obder  WO.—MELANTHACB^  7jq 

S^Hiiiy^  ^'''*'^'"  ^'^'^.broador  than  in  No.  2.  St,  2  to  5f  high.  Pis.  very  open 
6  diam.,  sometimes  all  sterile.  Jl.  (Melanthium  raoaoicum  Walt) 
7;  *"8«BtIf51ium  Ph.  Grass-leaved  Vebatrum.  Lvs.  narrowly  Uaear 
flat,  very  long,  lowent  obtuse,  upper  ones  diminishing  to  subulate  bS-  fla  in  i 
slender  panicle  of  racemea,  those  of  the  terminal  raceme  (except^  lfe«r  of  Uie 
highest  perfect  and  fertile,  those  of  the  lateral  racemes  moslly  sterile^  XraenS 
narrowly  lancoolate,  subulate,  acurainate.-A  very  slender,  gLTl  ke'sSrS 

Teat's  7-2  r  5^  %''  'hV?''"-  ^'T  '''A--^'^  greenish-whito'Si" 
ZtiLlZLn^  -7  '  '^'^^f-'=l»sp'»^^-  Panicle  Hf  long,  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  each  with  a  very  mmute  bract.    June,  July.    (Stenanthium,  Gray  ) 

nil  .^'?'P'^'"P?'  ^'^y-.  F^^-POisox.  (Gr.  dfxcavTO^,  pure,  imraac 
nlate;  av^og ;  alluding  to  t.  o  white  flowers.)  Flowers  $5;  perianth 
segments  scarcely  united  at  base,  pctaloid,  spreading,  sessile  and  with- 
out  glands ;  sta.n.  6,  hypogynons,  as  long  as  the  segments ;  anthem 
reniform  ;  ovanos  3,  more  or  less  united  ;  cups.  3-lobed,  3-partible  ;  car- 
pels  follicular,  1-4-seeded ;  testa  of  the  seeds  loose,  at  length  fleshy  - 
Jlerbs  with  scapiform  stems,  grass-liko  leaves,  and  a  raceme  of  numerous, 
white,  long-pediceled  fls.,  turning  green  with  age. 

^  pt  nS^S"?,??^  ^''"^-  •  '^\  ^''^^'^'  ^''-fi^  ^"^''''  broad-linear,  obtuse,  up- 
mem  pedicels  filiform ;  carpels  distmct  above ;  sty.  divergent;  seeds  ovoid  red. 
-&  lady  swamps,  N.  J.,  Ponn.  and  Southern  States.  Stem  l-2f  hil  LeavS 
mostly  radica^  about  If  long.  Raceme  2  to  4',  rarely  longer,  dense-flowereA 
pedicels  6-9  '  long.  Perianth  and  stamens  white,  the  latter  ra  her  the  lo3 
Carpels  united  only  at  base,  the  summits  horn- like  and  diverging  SeTdsSr 
large,  scarlet-red  when  ripe.     Apr.-Jn.     (Ilelonias  crythrospSa  Mx!) 

2  A.  angustifdUum  Gray.  Si.  slender,  scarcely  bulbous;  lvs.  narrowly  linear 
fr:Z:  "  ^r'  T^  Point-.v^c.  slmplo;  Sep.  ovnl,  acutish.  scZelyl^Jr^;, 
««to/M;  sty.  filiform,  contiguous;  seeds  linear.-Damp  pine  wood^^Carte 
(Bambndge,  Ga.,  and)  Fla.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  9  to  18' iZTto  3' wW? 

twice  smaller  than  i  n  No.  ] .     Plant  of  a  deep  green .     Apr.-^,V.  '  ' 

5.  SCHvENOCAU^ON,  Gray.  (Gr.  axotvog,  a  rush,  mvXdg,  caulis.) 
lenanth  horbaceou.,  ol  6  linear-oblong,  suberect,  persistent  sepals 
Btamens  6,  hypogynous,  much  exserted,  with  large,  reniform,  1-celled 
anthers;  ovaries  3,  slightly  conjoined;  stigmas  3.— Herb  bulbous, 
acaalescent,  glabrous,  with  the  lvs.  all  radical,  very  long  and  narrow^ 
ficdge-like,  and  a  very  slender  scape.     Fls.  in  a  slender  spike. 

S.  grScile  Gray.  Sandy  soUa,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Scapes  2  to  3f  high,  lvs  half  am 
long.     Spike  2  to  4',  with  palo  green  lis.     Fr.  yet  unknown.     Apr.;  May. 

6.  XEROPHYL'LUM,  Mx.  (Gr.  ^Tjpoq,  dry,  0^aAov,  loaf.)  Flowers 
5,  Icatlets  ot  the  perianth  oval,  spreading,  pctaloid,  sessile,  and  with- 
out glands ;  stamens  0,  filaments  dilated  and  contiguous  at  base  •  ovaiv 
siibglobous;  styles  3,  linear,  revolute;  capsule  subglobous,  3^Iobed.  8- 
celled,  cells  2-seeded.— Herbs  with  numerous  dry,  setaceous  leaves,  the 
lower  longer,  rosnlately  reclined,  the  upper  gradually  reduced.  Ra<i 
simple,  with  white,  showy  fls.  i       o  j  -^ 

^ioalv^^^^f  °M®"  S"-  ^"""^^  P^"'"'-  ^-  •^-  *°  ^'''-  St.  3  to  5f  high,  very 
leafy.     Radical  lvs.  If  long,  very  narrow,  crowded  and  ca^spitous.     Fls  in  a  lent 

dense  showy  raceme.     Segra.  spreading  5".  obtu.ie.     Pof]i,.ol>.   i"  nr  ,nor„  i     * 

bruclless  at  base,  but  willi  2  bractlets  above  the  base.     Jn.  '" 

7.  HELO\NIAS,  L.     (Gr.  tXog,  a  marsh  ;  where  some  species  grow.) 
l<lowers^;  perianth  C-parted,  sprciding,  pctaloid,  the  segments  sessile^ 


rso 


Ordbk  149.— MELANTHACB^. 


persistent,  without  glands;  stamens  6,  hvDOffvnous.  at  l^n^i,  i 
._«.row,  often  gra^ineou,  sheathing  at  Le.    Fls.  in  a  te'Sl.t^t 
*ileX"oU„w,  iy'nS"-  tllj^r, ',",'"  ."'  "«"•  "*"''  ""*  "1 

oblanLlato  and   ;b:S:b  ut>      t;,-    ^^  frlf V""^  'f'"'' 
flowered,  yollowish-whitc.  spiu-like,  nodding,  dense- 

"wgffrow/r  is'',™'?^  5''?7ori2''%^  ":^  f-  ?•  «••  >= » =»■ 
-.od,  w  .?s ;?  ^^c:Xn^\Ti\TT,rt,'T '■'''■ 

Ulor,  more  er.ct,  but  withfcw.r  ,l„„eV    V-in    'ko£L''Sa''pb°)'  "' 

.i4rSL'^j''i?oweK.v^ff •  :i^f  «"""r-^  ''• 


l^aS  fSS  '^^in  &^'r!!^'»:r:"!-::  • 


No8. 1,  S 
No.  8 


—Woods,  Ohio  lo  Vise.  N  to  AreT,,     «,i^  '  i  '^      "«'"'  "'""  "'''  J*'™"* 

l-lj'  Ions,  9-18.flowored.     InvoI«,e7m„,L!"t,'  T","""-  ,.'^>~»'»  "«»'»• 
p.Ha„.L     Petals  and  sepal,  oitoiI/S\t'„  t'^.li'r'i.a™^':"'''""'  ''' 

greenish-Slte     Jll&p,       '^'^  '^  '°  *  '°°«'  ™  '»  IMovrered.    I'ls.  ^m, 

Eng^not  caidato        "^       ^"'-  '  "^  '  '''"^'  '"  ***  3«-«owerod.     Seeds  drvear- 

Pprii'ntW^T^'/'  ^-  ?^''^-     ^^''-  ""^""f'  *^«   I'''^'a<J<'^' ;  its  flowers.) 
Penanth  colored,  persistent,  6.sop..lcd,  stellately  spreading;  starnene.  9 


Obdbr  150.— PONTEDERIACE^.  ^ 

to  12  hypogynous,  longer  tban  the  sepals  ;  anthers  introrse:  styles  3  • 
capsuh,  3-part.bleoo.seeded.-2r  Hert  glabrous,  with  a  sleiden  rush! 
like  stem,  dry,  rush-like  Ivs.,  and  a  raceme  of  6  to  9  yellow  fls 

^Vrf,^"^*P?»f  ^'°''-     ^°^  ^-  ^^'■-  (^•^'■''«)'  S-  Car.  (Michx.)    St.   1  to  2f  hieh 

Order  CL.  PONTEDERIACE^.  Pontederiads. 
Plants  aquatic,  with  tho  leaves  parallel-veined,  mostly  dilated  at  base.  Fls  suath- 
aceous.  I'erjanth  tubular,  colored,  6-parted,  often  irregular  and  circinate  after 
flowering.  Stamens  3  or  6.  unequal,  perigynous.  Ovanj  free,  S-cellod.  SCyk  1 
Stigma  s.mplo.  Capsule  3  (sometimes  l)-celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehis- 
cence. Seeds  numerous  (sometimes  soUtary),  attached  to  a  central  axia  Albumen 
farmaceous,  •v«'"i.c« 

ottXZvk  Z"'"  ""'  '■""'"'  *'«""'^«'y  "»  America,  E.  Indies,  «nd  tropical  AMcx    They  nre 

GENERA. 

Flowers  irrcKular,  blue.    Etamens  6.    Utrlcio  l-secded Po^jtm™*  i 

Flower.  regular.-AntherH  8.  of  2  forms.    Loaves  reniform ;.  [.'/.ui^^^I^Zll  I 

-Anthers  3,  of  one  form.    Leaves  linear Schollkra  8 

1.  PONTEDrRIA,  L.  Pickerel  Weed.  (In  honor  of  !^«;.m.  Pon- 
teUera,  a  botanic  author  and  professor,  of  Padua,  about  1 720  )  Perianth 
bi  ablate,  tubular  at  base,  under  side  of  the  tube  split  with  3  longitudi- 
nal clefts  (the  2  lower  sepals  free),  circinate  after  flowering  and  persis- 
tent ;  stamens  unequally  inserted.  3  near  the  base  and  3  «t  the  summit 
ot  the  tube;  utricle  1-seeded  (2  cells  abortive).-Lvs.  radical,  long, 
petioled.     bt.  1-leaved,  bearing  a  spike  of  blue  fls. 

^  c^iV^°''?-^*i*  ^;  ^'!*-  <^°'"^«'«'-«^'o«?.  obtuse ;  petiole  shorter  than  the  peduncle  • 
spike  cyhndncal,  pubescent.— 2/  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  fine  consnicuous  nlftnrn,' 
tjve  of  the  borders  of  muddy  lakes,  Ac,  growing  in  pSWs  eSTn^l  om'  Z 
shores  to  deep  water.  Stem  thick,  round,  erect,  arising  l_2f  abovele  water 
bearing  a  single  loaf.  Leaves  4—7'  by  li— 3',  very  smooth  and  JloZ  IhZll 
sagittate,  with  .-eins  beautifully  arranged  tUonVorm^o  the  margin^  Tow  rsTn 
a  spike  arising  above  the  spathe,  very  irregular.  Perianth  2-iipped,  each  lip  3- 
cleft,  always  blue,  appearing  in  July.  ^  ^  * 

/?.  ANQUSTIPOLIA  Torr.     Lvs.  narrow,  truncate  and  subcordato  at  baso. 

2  P.  lancifdlia  Muhl.  Lvs.  lance-obhng  or  lance-linear,  rather  acute  at  each  end  ■ 
dSiruTJ  *»!«%"'«  Peduncle;  spike  cylindrical,  pubescent.-Pools  ^d 
d  tches,  &a.  (Foay)  and  S.  Car.  More  slender  every  way  tlian  the  other,  15  to  30' 
ingi.  Wo  can  detect  no  difference  in  its  flowers,  but  the  permanent  difference 
of  the  leaves  IS  worthy  of  consideration.    Apr.,  May. 

2.  HETERAN 'THERA,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (Gr.  irepa,  otherwise,  dvdrjpd' 
the  anthers  being  dissimilar  in  the  same  flower.)  Spathe  several! 
flowered;  tube  of  the  perianth  long  and  slender,  limb  6-parted,  equal  • 
stamens  3  ;  anthers  of  2  forms,  the  lower  oblong-sagittate,  on  a  loncre^ 
niaineiit ;  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Lvs.  mostly  reniform.  lonir- 
petioled.  '        ° 

^'h  "!?""?■. ^-  '*'^-  /^-  P'-ostrale  or  floating;  lvs.  suborbicular,  reniform  or 
j.!!.ieuiate  at  u^so^  spatne  acuminate,  low-flowtneU.— On  muddy  or  inundated 
banks,  Mid  and  W.  States.  Stem  4'  to  a  foot  or  more  in  length  Leaves  J'br 
t ,  on  petioles  1—2'  long,  with  a  broad  sinus  at  base,  and  a  short,  abnipt  acumi- 
T„iS"V*.^"  '*^  closely  enveloping  the  2  or  3  very  evaneaoent,  white  flowers, 
iubeof  the  perianth  J  long,  limb  m  Q  oblong  segments.     Filaments  inserted  at 

46 


722  Obdek  151.— iJUNCACEiE. 

the  oriflco,  2  of  the  anthers  amail,  round,  yellow,  the  other  oblong,  greenish.    J*.. 
Aug.    (Leptanthus,  Mx.) 

3.  SCHOL'LERA,  Schreber.  (Dedicated  to  one  Scholler^  aGeiman 
botanisr.)  Spathe  several-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and 
slender,  iiuib  C-parted,  equal ;  stamens  3,  with  similar  anthers  ;  capsule 
1-celled,  many-seeded. — Lvs.  alternate,  Bheathing  at  base,  grass-like, 
submersed.     St.  floating,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 

S.  gramfnea  Willd.  A  grass-like  aquatic,  in  flowing  water,  N.  States.  St.  slen- 
der, diohotomous,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  1  to  2"  wide,  obtuse  at  npex, 
slightly  sheathing  at  base.  Flower  solitary,  issuing  from  a  sliort  (I'  spathe),  tubo 
1  J' long,  limb  in  G  linear-lanceolate  Bigments,  yellow.  Stam.  3  (4,  antJiers); 
filaments  broad,  one  of  them  abortive,  the  other  2  with  linear  anthers  longer  than 
the  thick  style.    Jl.,  Aug.     (Leptanthus,  Mx.) 

Order  OLI.    JUNCACEJi:.     Rushes. 

Plants  herbaceous,  generally  grass-like,  often  leafless,  wUh  small,  dry,  greoa 
flowers.  Perianth  more  or  less  glume-like,  regular,  6-leaved,  in  2  series  (sepals  and 
petals.)  Stamens  6,  rarely  3,  hypogynous.  AnViers  2-celled,  introrso  Style  1. 
Ovary  3-carpeled,  3  (or  by  the  dissepiment  not  reaching  the  center  l)-celled.  Cap- 
sule 3-valved,  with  the  dissepiments  from  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Seeds  few  or 
many,  witji  a  fleshy  albumen.     Fig.  377. 

Genera  15,  species  200,  chiefly  natives  of  the  cool  imrts  of  the  earth.    Properties  unlin- 
portant. 

GENERA. 

rorfanth  yellow  (srrcenlsh  outside).    Stigma  1.    Capsule  cc-soeded N\nTiiEcnTM.    1 

Parianth  green  or  brownish.    Stigmas  3.— Ciipsiiie  a-seoiled Luzui.a.    3 

—Capsule  oo-seudod JuNcua.    3 

1.  NARTHEXIUM,  Mcehr.  (Gr.  vdpdrj^,  a  rod  or  wand ;  in  allusion 
to  the  slender  inflorescence.)  Perianth  6-parted,  colored,  spreading, 
persistent ;  stam.  6  ;  filaments  hairy  ;  caps,  prismatic,  3-celled  ;  seeds 

Qo,  ovato-oblong,  appeiidaged  at  each   extremity. —  21  Root  fibrous. 
Lvs.  ensiform.     Scape  nearly  naked.     Fls.  yellowish. 

N.  AmericSnuxn  Kcr.  Lvs.  radical,  striate,  naiTow-onsiform ;  rac.  lay,  mter- 
rupted  ;  j)edicels  with  a  bract  at  base,  and  a  setaceous  bractoolo  near  the  flower. 
—An  interesting  little  plant,  in  pino  barrens  and  sandy  swamps  of  N.  J.  ALso 
in  Can.  escapes  8  to  12'  high,  terete,  with  2  or  3  subulate  bracts.  Leaves  nu- 
merous, much  shorter  than  the  scape.  Pedici'ls  3—7"  long,  reriaiith  green- 
ish externally,  yellow  within,  about  half  as  long  .as  the  yellowish,  mature  cansulo. 
Aug. 

2.  LU^ZULA,  DC.  Wood  Rush.  (Italian  lucciola,  &  glow-worm; 
from  tho  dew  glistening  upon  its  flowers.)  Perianth  persistent,  bibiac- 
teatc  at  base ;  stamens  6  ;  capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded  ;  seeds  fixed  to 
the  bottom. — Stem  jointed,  leafy.  Lvs.  grass-like,  on  entire  sheaths. 
Fls.  terminal,  green  or  brownish. 

$  Flowors  separate,  prdloellate,  In  umbels  or  paniculate  cymes Nos.  1,9 

§  Jb'iovversuggiegate,— in  podunculatt-  lieads  fiTming  an  uiubid  or  cvnie N(is.3,4 

— in  6e».xile  heads  t'urmingu  noddiuj,'  black  splice No.  6 

1  L.  pildna  Willd.  Lvs.  pilous;  umhd  ajmous,  spreading,  consisting  of  suheqml 
1-Jlowered,  simple  pedicels;  caps,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sepals. — Common  in 
woods  and  groves,  N.  3.  and  Can.  Pt,.  4  to  16'  higli.  Radical  lvs.  numerous,  2 
to  4'  long,  iinoar-iancoolate,  veined,  'Tinged  with  long  white  hairs.  Umbels  8  ',o 
12-flowered,  with  a  leafy  bract.  Pedicels  5  to  10"  long,  finally  defloxod.  Peri- 
anth brown,  with  2  green  bractlets.    May. 


g,  greenish.    J*.. 


Propertiea  unlm- 


Oedbr  161.— JUNCACE^,  Y28 

2  L.  parvifldra  Desv.    St.  elongated;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  glabrous:  corymb  deeom- 
pound;  ped.  elongated,  the  branch^  with  '6  to  &  pedicellate  Jls. ;  sep.  ovate  ocu- 

uiinate,  longer  than  the  oval-triangular,  obtuse-mucronate  capsule White  Hills. 

N.  If.  (Prof:  Bosworth),  Graylock  Mt.,  Mass.  (Chadbourne),  etc.     Stem  12  to  18' 
high.     Radical  Ivs.  8  to  10'  by  3  to  5",  thcae  of  the  stem  much  shorter  all  verv 
smooth.     Panicle  large,  nodding,    many-flowered.      Capsule  black.     Jn      (L 
ni(.'lanocarpa  Desv.)  '     *■  * 

3  L.  campdstris  Willd.  Fiei  d  Rusn.  Lvs.  hairy ;  spikes  globular  or  ovate 
some  on  long  peduncles,  some  nearly  sessilo;  sep.  lanceolate,  ncuminate-awned 
longer  th.an  the  obtuse  capsule ;  seeds  witka  conical  appendage  at  base.— lu  roead- 
0W.S,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  simple,  straight,  3  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  grass-like,  2  to  6' 
long,  with  tufts  of  cotton -like  hairs.  Heads  in  a  sort  of  umbel,  with  an  involucre 
of  2  or  3  short,  unequal  Iva.  Perianth  rust-colored,  capsule  at  length  brown. 
May.  ° 

/?.  nuLBoSA.  Bulbous ;  lvs.  narrowly  linear ;  sep.  shorter  than  the  globular  dark 
brown  capsules.— Lookout  Mt.,  Tenn.  St.  6'  high.  With  the  other  but  flow- 
ers earlier. 

4  L.  arcu^ta  E.  Meyer.  Lvs.  linear,  channeled,  glabrous  ;  heads  few,  3  to  5- flow- 
ered on  unequal,  filiform,  often  recurved  pedicels ;  bracts  ciliate ;  sepal?  acute 
roddish-brown,  about  equaling  the  roundisli-olliptiail  capsule ;  seeds  not  amen- 
da'jed.—W\nto  Mts.,  N.  II.  (not  common)  and  Arc.  Am. 

5  T.  spicita  DC.  Lvs.  linear,  hairy  at  the  base ;  spike  cemuous,  composed  of 
Bevoi-al  set-silo  globular  heads;  sep.  acuminate-awned,  about  equal  in  lenE^'h  to 
tiiosubglohous  short-pointed,  black  capsule.  White  Hills,  N.  IT.  (Prof  Bosvvorth)' 
St.  8  to  10  high,  sleuder,  simple.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  a  lino  wide,  smooth  ex.-ept 
at  t  le  base.  Spiko  an  inch  long,  appearing  greyish  black  when  mature.  Seeds 
oval,  with  a  small,  oblique  appendage.     Jl. 

3.  JUNXUS,  L.  Rush.  (Lat.  ^m^./o,  to  join  ;  because  ropes  wore 
ancicntiy  made  of  these  plants.)  Perianth  G-sepaletl,  glunic-like,  per- 
sistcnt ;  stamens  6,  rarely  3  ;  capsule  mostly  3-cclicd  ;  seeds  numerous, 
attached  to  the  inner  edge  of  the  dissepiments.— St.  simple,  leafy  or 
leatless,  with  terete,  flat  or  channekid  lvs.,  entire  sheaths  and  small 
bibracteate,  greenish  fls.  ' 

§  Cyme  or  panicle  laternl,  biirstins  from  the  rI.Io  of  the  scnpe  nbow  the  inlildlo   (O 

a  Ia'iivo8  none,     h  luweis  .-iepiinite,  mostly  licxiindrous,  prei-nlsb Nqs  1—3 

e.     uivos  few,  radiciil,  lointless.     Tlowi-rs  CMiiitate,  fi-andmns,  brownish' ...'.        j>Joa*  4  6 
S  Cyme  orpanicle  tentjiiiul  on  tliostein  or  scapi-     Leaves  present,  (b)         '  '"'  ' 

b  Flowers  capitate,  t'eiv  or  many  In  <'acli  liead   (c) 

0  Leaves  Jointed  (nodous)  witli  internal,  tranNverse  partitions    (d) 

d  SUunens  3.— (leads  «rt'en  or  (lale  straw-colored Nos  6—3 

— Heads  l>r()wn  or  ciiestniit  coloi'ed Nos  9  10 

d  Stamens  6.    Heads  tawny  or  brown,— 10  to  flO-rtowered. ....... .,jjos.  11*  12 

— 2  to  9-floweied "  Nos"  is'  14 

O  Leaves  not  jointed.— Heads  many,  brown.    Sepals  ol»use.    Stamens  8        No' 15 

— Heads  few  or  many,  frreen.    Sepa  s  awned No'  16 

-Heads  mostly  but  one.    Sepals  acute.    Stamens  O.Nos,  17. 18 
b  1  lowers  separate,  not  in  lieads,  mostly  second.    Stamens  6.  (e) 

O  Stems  leafy,  paiilclo  diffuse^  many-flowereil jj,„  jg  go 

e  Stems  naked,  except  ut  Oaso,  scape-lilce ."'.•'.'..'.'.'.'.'.Nos.  £1-^23 

1  J.  B5itiou«  Willd.  P  !  1  nc  Rrrsii.  Rhizomo  creeping,  prostrate,  rooting ;  scapes 
numerous,  slijathuij  ni  \\i:j,  op;iquo  teroto,  rigid,  slender,  pur^jently  acute;  pani- 
fk  near  Che  summit,  t-',(iU ;  fls.  separate,  brown;  sep.  subequal,  ovate-lancoolate 
very  .acute,  equal  j\;?  ih^:  elliptical,  miioronato  cap-!ulo. — Sandy  shores.  Me.  to  Wis! 
and  Can.  Scapo  louliess'  1  to  Sf  hi','h,  hard,  tough,  closely  arranged  aioM<''  tho 
sealy  rootstock,  tho  sheaths  3"  to  3'  long.  Pmiclo  2  to  5'  below  the  apex  of  tho 
eeape,  1'  long.     Fls.  30  to  40,  reddish  brown 

-,--"—- — '•  •    «-'^"'     ..H.r.„-l?lyo!!.     o^u/>c  BiLuam,  nai  ngia;    panicit 

iatoial,  lootic,  decompound,  sometimes  dense;  fla.  separate;  sep.  green,  tapor- 
poititod,  as  long  as  tiio  obovato,  obtuse  capsules.— Very  commo^i  in  ditchen  and 
moist  land-i,  lorming  tufts.  Can.  and  U.  g.  Scape  solid,  witii  a  spongy  pith,  soft, 
etriate,  2  to  3:  liigh,  bearing  a  loose,  sprtading  panicle  which  protrudes  from  a 


724 


Obdkr  161.-- JUNOAOEJI. 


flflsuro  opening  in  tho  side  of  tho  atom  about  half  way  up.  Fla.  small,  groen 
numerous,  with  3  white  anthera  and  yellowish  seeds.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  J.  filiformis  L.  (not  Mx.)  Rhizome  creeping,  leafless,  scape  slender,  filiform 
minutely  striate,  flaccid;  panicle  sub$imple,  lateral,  near  the  middle  of  the  scape  • 
fls.  separate;  sep.  pale,  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  pale' 
shining,  obovate,  mucronate  capsule.  Borders  of  lakes,  N.  States  and  Can'. 
Scape  1  to  2f  high,  with  a  few  brown  sheaths  at  base.  Fls.,  some  pedicellato 
some  sessile.    JL 

4  J.  set^ceuB  Rostkow.  Scape  filiform,  striate ;  umbel  lateral,  aubsimpk,  few- 
flowered;  pod.  compressed,  sevenil  flowered ;  perianth  segments  very  acute 

Swamps,  Tenn.  to  Fla.,  growing  in  tufta,  about  2f  high.  Scapes  weak  and  .slen- 
der (not  setaceous),  sheathed  at  base  with  the  shorter  leaves.  Panicle  small,  20 
to  30-flowerod,  bursting  from  tho  side  of  tho  scape  some  distance  below  the  sum- 
mit.    Fls.  iu  small  heads,  scarcely  brownish.    Jn.,  Jl. 

5  J.  marftimus  Lam.  Black  Rush.  Scapes  numerous,  tall,  rigid,  terete,  sheathed 
at  base ;  panicle  decompound,  far  below  tho  summit ;  fls.  aggregated  in  roundish 
heads  ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  tho  roundish-obovate,  mucronato 
capsule. — In  brackish  niarshes,  Va.  to  Fla.  Scapes  2  to  5f  high,  forming  dense 
tufts.  Panicle  2  to  S'  long,  with  numerous  heads,  and  subtended  by  a  shorter 
bract.     Fls.  dark  browu.     Jl.    (J.  acutus  Ell.,  etc.) 

6  3.  QCirpoidea  Lam.  3L  leafy,  terete,  stout ;  Ivs.  terete,  slender,  with  frequent 
joints ;  panicle  cymoun,  branches  few,  subcroct,  heads  5  to  20,  green,  about  20- 
flowered;  sep.  rigid,  lance-acuminate,  sharp;  stam.  3,  nearly  as  long;  style  much 
exseried;  caps,  taper-pointed,  as  long  as  the  sepals;  seeds  oblong,  merely  acute  at 
each  end.— Us-',  and  U.  S.,  especially  coastward,  in  wet  places.  St.  1  to  2f  high, 
about  3-leave.,'  !)c!ow.  Lvs.  shorter  than  tho  stem.  Heads  3  to  4"  diam.,  linally 
straw-colored.     May — Jl.    (J.  cchinatus  Ell.) 

7  J.  polycephalus  Mx.  Si.  few-leaved,  terete,  strict;  lvs.  terete-compressed, 
slender,  strict,  many-jointed;  panicle  decompound,  loose;  lieads  5  to  15,  globous, 
many-flowered ;  sep.  subulate,  acuminate,  bristle-pointed,  the  3  outer  longer  and 
wider,  greenish,  stam.  3,  nearly  as  long ;  caps,  oblong-triangular,  abruptly  acumin- 
ate, longer  than  the  sepals,  at  length  brownish;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  white  tail  at 
each  end.— Wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  12  to  30'  high,  rigid,  but  slender,  the 
lvs.  shorter.     Heads  8  to  20-flowered,  4"  diam.     May— Jl.    (J.  paradoxus  Gray.) 

8  J.  d^bilis  Gray.  Sis.  weak  and  slender,  flattened;  lvs.  flattened,  obscurely 
jointed;  panicle  de-  or  suprade-compound,  loosely  spreading;  hds.  few-flowtred, 
straw-color;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  oblong  capsule;  seeds  ob- 
long, acute  at  each  end.— Common  in  wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  9  to  2-1' 
long,  from  fibrous  roots.  Heads  about  5-fiowered  (in  spec,  from  Wis.,  1  to  3- 
flowered),  fls,  2"  long.  Lvs.  nearly  filiform  in  tlio  smalle/  plants.  (J.  subvcrti- 
cillatus  MuhL  nee  Wulf ) 

9  J.  acumin^tUB  Mx,  Sk  slender,  strict,  terete ;  lvs.  terete,  manv-jointed ;  pani- 
cle decompound,  branches  suberect;  heads  numerous,  3  to  5-flower«d,  che-stnut 
brown,  fls.  erect ;  sep.  strongly  veined,  lanceolate,  acute  and  mucronate,  much 
shorter  than  the  obhng-iriangular,  abruptly  pointed  capsule ;  seeds  tailed  at  loth 
ends.— Very  common  in  bogs,  etc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Sts.  9  to  30'  high,  slender  or 
rather  stout,  tho  slender  lvs.  much  shorter,  many-jointed.  Capsules  becoming 
deep  brown  or  (in  tho  Southern  spec.)  almost  black. 

10  J.  Fdndil.  Si,  rather  stout,  terete ;  lvs.  terete-compressed,  jointed ;  paniclo 
spreadmg,  diffuse,  decompound ;  Jieads  numerous,  globular,  5  to  12-flowered,  cliest- 
nut  colored  ;  sep.  equal,  lance-acuminate,  bristle-pointed,  as  long  as  ifie  triangular- 
miate,  abruptly  pointed  capsule;  stam.  3;  seeds  oval,  m^ely  acute  at  each  end.-- 
Wet  p  aces.  Car.  to  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond,)  and  Ky.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  with  1  or  2 
Bhort  leaves.  Heads  20  to  40,  3  to  4"  diam.,  in  a  wide  panicle.  Mar.— Jn.  (J. 
acuminatus  Ell.  nee  Mx.) 

11  J.  mBerac^nhaliia.      .Qt    ri/ytit   uo^ji^^m^^  ^i  i./,—  .  i....   j;c.i;„_ii i_.,-    -1 — 

gated,  tho  upper  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence ;  heads  few,  glomerate,  or 
some  pedunculate,  rarely  paniculate,  large,  30  to  &(i-flowered,  tawny;  spjo.  subu- 
late, bristle-pomted,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  acuminato  capsule ;  stam,  6 ;  seeds 


Obdib  161.— JUNCACBiE. 


I2i 


Fk  small,  groen, 


11 '-51-        -1~" 


acute.— Borders  of  streams  and  lakes,  N.  Y.  to  Wis  a  to  T?l<i  <3f  i<"  »  a* 
high.  Heads  5  to  6"  diam.,  globular,!  to  5  to  it  cli'te^d  or  panicfed  S?u<21 
mtii  tawny  awns,  greenish  at  base.     (J.  nodosus,  >.  mega^e^Ls  Torr!)     ^ 

12  J.  noddsua  L  St.  erect,  slender;  Ivs.  slender  or  often  filiform  distinctlv  norf 
COS.  he  upper  often  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  hd,.  few  (  Ts  to  9Mn  aSS" 
pie  cluster,  tawny  or  brown,  5  to  20./iowered ;  ^ep.  ovate-linceolato  acuminaS." 
S?„  '''""'^  ^J«'-(fr  <Aa«<Ae  rostrate  ca;«.;?^.  stam.  6 ;  rroVara^uTe  ^ 
Sanay  swamps  and  shores.  Can.  to  Car.  Sts.  12  to  18'  high  Heads  3  to  5" 
d.aa,.-Appeara  very  different  from  the  last.    (J.  Rostkovu  E^MeyerT 

13  J.  artlculdtua  L.    /?.  pelocaupus  Gray.     Stem  erect   comDresaed    1  to  ^ 

EMeyoJ)  ^       Hda.  chestnut  colored.    Anth.  yellow.    (J.  pelacarpus 

15  J.  margin^tus  Rostkow.    St.  comnresaed  •    Uo    flot    c,r,^^*7 
gucle.  corymbous,  simple,  prolifero'TC?  to'j^otldTAo^rsTnut' 

RadicaMvs.  ^o^'s.feSg'  lit  \"  0^2  'Vn^  ?'     '^-^  V  '"«^ 

"eL^lSiroly  JLS^Ta's  Tw'af;  .^f''   -"^  -^-"^.  ^^'.^l^tly  chan- 
sS-cobr  '  ^-  ^^'"^'^   ^'^  Newfoundland.     Fls.   unusually  largo, 

2  lonf  brtts^  abr  nt  -f  H    ''^''^f  T'  ''•  "g;-  «'-«°^'''^ !  M.  solitary,  sessile'  between 
RadiSil  Ivl   1   J  9  •   *^^'"'-T;.N.  ^.     Sts.  crowded,  threadlike,  6'  high 

fortiS  .is.  \ul  I  fSeo^lS^S  Lt-  ^T'^^^  *^^  '  ^^-^'  ^^P--' ^ 

brauhp.  nf  ^^1'h-  .     ,'^P'*'^^''''  mattered,  central  anJ  unilateral  on  the  slender 
5X1 //     1^  ^'"*"''''°*''"'""^  P^»'^l«:  -'ep.  lanceolate,  margi as  scarious  rather 


726 


Order  152.— COMMELYNACE^ 


countrioa    Sts.  many,  3  to  8'  long.    Lv.s.  few.  1  to  3'  long.    Fla.  many,  Bocund 

21  J.  Oroenii  Oakos  &  Tuckm.    Soapo  tall  subtoroto  sfriifn.  iva  Mir 
c.,.ou.s^  H..bU..reto,  scarcely  chanuolod,  Iorl^A!ZZl^Z^^^^^^^^^^ 

paniclo  dunso  braucho3  auberect;  bracts  setaceous,  oJo/  C  «!S  Sr /t' 
^IT^'','^'-^''^^'^  approximate;  sep.  ovate,  acute,  Zile2o^^Lrtlt7TS 
angular-acule,  shining  caps.— Wet  grounds,  H   I    Mass  aiiomn      A  T     i 
rush   1  to  2f  big!,,  rigid,  Srict.     Lvs.  nil  radical.    'iSuTto  J^long  otortZ 
bracts  tvv.co  longer  the  other  twice  shorter.     Caps.  2  '  long,  reddish  Kn      "" 

22  J.  tenuis  WiUd.     St.  Rcapo-like,  Blonder,  erect;  Iva.  subrudieal    linear  <,<.f». 
ceous,  shorter  than  the  stem;  bracts  2-3,  much  longer  than  t.o  paSt" 

than  the  capsule. -Waysides,  SomerviUe,  Mass.,  also  S^uth!^    (J.SoSus 

23  J.  bulbdau*  L.    /3.  Geuardi.     St.  very  slender,  compressed-    Ivs    mo.M„ 
riH?;i  ''"^'"7^t»^^'«"«.  ^''^'ter  than  the  st^^ln;  panicle  smaMow-lio  vered  su^ 

tnchotomoua,  longer  than  the  bracts;  Jls.  separate,  approximate  bvSert 
dark-colored:  sep.  equal,  acute,  incurved,  rather  shorte^thal  «  .^ foC  St^  ' 
ca^,      A  common  rush,  in  salt  marshes,  N.  J.  to  the  Arc.  Sea  usuallv IS'th  2 

anu  sto  oni  erous,  1  to  2f  high,  tough  and  wiry.  Lvs.  3  to  8'  lonir  bracts  6  to 
12  .     l-l.s.  12  or  more,  at  length  brown  or  blackish.     Jl.,  Aug.-lt  , 


hay. 


makes  good 


Ordkr  CLII.     COMMELYNACEiE.     Spiderworts. 


Herbs  with  flat,  narrow  leaves  which  are  usually  sheathing  at  base.  Perianth  d 
2  sones,  the  outer  of  3  herbaceous  sepals,  the  inner  of  3  colored  petals.  Stamens 
6  some  of  them  usually  deformed  or  abortive,  hypogynous.  Ovary  2  to  3-eelled, 
cells  few-ovulod  Style  an.l  stigma  united  into  one.  CapsuU  2  to  3-celled  2  to  3* 
valved ;  cells  often  but  2-seeded,  witii  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  few,  with  dtaso, 
Hoshy  albumen,     ^wfcrj/o  opposite  the  hilum.     Figs   584  592 

Itself  ju  Kiinth.  v-o  lu  umii.     lui,  unoiiulous  genus,  Miiyaca,  coiistitiues  un  order  by 

GENERA. 

S  Flowers  irrc-ular,  clustoro.1  In  a  spathe-Iiko,  c.r.late,  floral  loaf Commflvsa  1 

S  J  ower«  regu  ar.  clusterea  ;  floral  fcaves  like  the  rest.    Stanu-ns  6 . .  .  .    T^lT^ctsn, 
I  I  lowers  regular,  solitary,  axillary  stan.ens  8.    Moss-liko  herbs. . . . .......  .'.I^xvaca;  3 

i.  COMMELrNA,  Dill.  (In  honor  of  the  brothers  Commelyn,  Ger- 
man  botanists)  hh.  irregular;  sepals  herbaceous,  petals  cokued ; 
stamens  6,  3  ot  them  sterile  and  furnished  with  cruciform  glands  for 
anthers ;  capsule  3-celIed,  3.valved,  one  of  the  cells  abortivc.-Lvs. 
lancc-linear  with  sheaths  at  base.  Fls.  enfolded  in  a  condunlicate,  per- 
sistent,  spathaceous,  cordate  bract,  ero<-t  in  flower,  recurved  before  and 
alter.     Fetals  bhio,  open  but  a  few  hours. 

•  Prostrate  (inatho  onnoslto  tho  Ibbvps.  rumnnoa*"  >.«=..  i-.i.— *,.--  ..      ,  « 

•  Krcci  or  a..ccn(nng.     Si-atlie  sut»tertnimU,l^,oinV.!i;;it«;Turpertate.\\\\\\\7:::*?."!No:  8 

— nueiillate-](eItnto hoi.  4,  % 

^  zS;  P?""^"/*  ^-  ,^'""^*^»t,  «nuch  branched ;  branchlets  marked  with  a  hairy 
ftne,  lvs.  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  margin  finely  serru. 


Obdm  162.— COMUELTNACEiE. 


727 


Fla.  many,  bocuwJ. 


'Jommelyn,  Ger- 


lato ;  elioatli  open,  ciliato ;  spatho  opposite  the  loaves,  roundish-cordate,  complL- 
calo ;  ped.  iu  pairs,  1  to  3-floworcd ;  petals  unequal  (blue),  the  odd  one  renifortn ; 
eep.  (pull--)  tlio  2  lateral  larger,  connate  below. — In  wet  grounds,  Car.  and  Ga. 
Prostrate  and  spreading;  1  to  3f.    Lva.  ii  to  5'  long.    Ju. — Nov.     (Elliott) 

)  C.  agrclria  Kuath.  St.  procumbent,  glabrous,  branclied ;  Ivs,  oblong  or  oblong' 
ovate,  obtuse,  tfu  upper  short-pttioled ;  shcatlm  ciliato ;  spatlie  opposite  tliu  leaves, 
cordate-ovate,  acuuiinate,  complicate,  3  to  4-Hovvered;  odd  petal  (blue)  roundish- 
ovate. — River  banks,  S.  111.  to  La.  Sts.  If  or  more  in  longtii.  Lvs.  small  (16  to 
30"  long).  FLs.  often  polygamous.  Sep.  pale.  Two  of  the  (blue)  petals  clawed. 
(C.  Cajcnncusia  llich.) 

3  C.  Virgfnioa  L.  St.  assurgont,  branching,  subgeniculato ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
Bubpotiolato,  slioatlis  split  to  tlie  baau ;  apatho  broad-cordate,  distinct  and  open 
at  hMB  (except  a  sliort  coliesion),  enfolding  2  peduncles  and  several  liowers;  ped- 
icels contorted;  pot.  unequal,  tlio  lower  ouomucli  smaller, unguiculato. — Dry  soila 
Middle  1  Southern  and  Western  Stated  1  Plant  nearly  smooth,  12 — 18  high, 
glabrous.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  8 — 14' ,  varying  from  lanco-lincar  to  lanco-ovato. 
Spatho  veiny,  3 — 5-lloworcd.     Jl.,  Aug.     (C.  angustifolia  Mx.) 

4  C.  hirt^lla  Vahl.  Strictly  erect,  tall,  and  conspicuously  pubescent ;  lvs.  long- 
lanceolate,  sheaths  densely  rusty-bearded  at  the  tliroat ;  spathe  subsessile,  smaU, 
clustered  at  the  summit  of  tlio  stem;  petuls  subequal. — In  shady  woods,  Va.  to  S. 
Pur.  St.  2  to  3f  higli,  ratlicr  tliiek  and  firm.  Lvs.  5  to  8'  long,  both  sides  hairy. 
Spatlie  subrenilbrin  when  open,  5'  long,  glabrous,  colored,  baso  lobes  cucullate, 
sliglitly  united. — Hardly  distinct  from  No.  5. 

5  C.  ericta  L.  St.  erect,  branched  at  base,  ciliate-puboscent ;  lvs.  lanceolatef 
subpotioiato,  sheatlis  entin-,  elongated,  ciliato-pilous  ;  spatho  deltoid-falcate,  united 
and  entire  at  baso  as  if  peltate,  about  2-flowered ;  pet.  nearly  equal. — Rocky 
woods,  tliickets,  Pcnn.  (Mulil.)  Harper's  F(;rry  to  Ga.  St.  simple  or  branched  at 
base,  upright,  1— 2f  high.  Leaves  3—5'  by  G — 12",  usually  lanceolate,  pilous- 
scabrous,  tho  sheaths  9  to  11"  long.  Spatho  broadly  funnel-shaped.  JL,  Aug. 
(C.  Virginica  Ph.) 

.3.  ANQUSTIFOLIA.     Of  vcry  slender  habit,  with  lance-linear  lvs.  and  tho  spathe 
conspicuously  arcuate  (liawk-bill-shape). — Soutliern. 

2.  TRADESCAN'TIA,  L.  Spidebwout.  (Named  in  honor  of  John 
Tradescant,  gardener  to  Cliarlcs  I.)  Flowers  regular  ;  sepals  persis- 
tent; petals  large,  snborbicular,  spreading;  filaments  clothed  with 
jointed  hairs  ;  anthers  reniform. —  21  Fls.  in  terminal,  close  umbels,  sub- 
tended by  2  or  3  long,  leafy  bracts. 

♦  Umbels  sessile,  terminal  and  axillnry,  with  loaf-liko  brncts Nos.  1,9 

♦  Uiiibut  luug-|>eduiiculutu,  terinlmil  and  axillary,  bnictless No.  8 

1  T.  Virgfuica  L.  St.  erect,  simple  or  branched ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  or  linear 
channeled  above,  sessile,  ciUato  or  glabrous ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  subumbeliate  clus- 
ter, pedicels  finally  elongated  and  reflexed ;  cal.  pubescent. — Moist  meadows, 
prairies,  &c.,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  ^:tates  common.  Stem  thick,  round,  jointed,  2 — 3f 
higli.  Leaves  numerous,  12 — 18'  by  G — 12  ",  the  bracts  similar.  Petals  large, 
suborbieular,  of  a  deep,  rich  blue,  soon  fading.  May — Aug — The  juice  of  tho 
plant  is  viscid  and  spina  into  thread ;  hence  the  common  name. 

2  T.  pildsa  Lehra.  St.  erect,  smoothiah,  bractlets  hairy ;  lvs.  lanceolate  with  a 
narrow  base,  long-acuminate,  coniplicato,  on  a  loose  sheath,  and  pilous  both  sides, 
the  floral  like  the  rest;  umbels  both  terminal  and  axillary,  many-flowered,  dense; 
pedicels  and  sepals  glandular-hairv. — Shady  river  banks,  III.  to  Ohio  and  La.  St. 
2f  high.  Lvs.  4  to  7'  by  6  to  12  ',  shcaihs  entire,  8  to  10 '  long.  Fls.  in  the 
upper  axils,  small,  bluish  purple. 

3  T.  rdsea  Mx.  St.  erect,  simple:  lvs.  linear,  glabrous,  channeled,  amplexicaul ; 
ped.  elongated  ;  cal.  glabrous.— Pen n.  to  (in.,  in  moi.st  woods.  Stem  8 — 12'  high- 
Leaves  G— 8'  by  2—3'.  Umbel  terminal,  subtended  by  2  or  3  subulate  braeta. 
Pedicels  nearly  1'  long.  Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species. 
Petals  rose-colored,  twice  longer  than  the  smooth  calyx.    May. 


129 


Ordkb  163.— XYRIDACE-*. 


petals  3,  obovato,  colored;  stntneim  a,  oppu-ito  the  nopals,  persistent' 
ovary  l-coiIoJ,  style  filiform,  ntwrna  Hiujple  ;  cupsule  O-valvoJ    sc.U 
several,  attached  to  the  middle  ofthe  s  alves.-Moss-like  n.nmties  Xh 
rous,  croeping,  branched,  densely  clothed  with    nurrowlv   Jinoar  K.' 
red.  axillary,  solitary,  1-tlowered. 
M  Miohaiixil  Sdiott.  A  Endl.     Pod.  lonRor  than  tho  Ivs.,  rofloxod  In  iVuit  •  caps 

Fla.  (Meitauer).  Sts.  several  indu-8  long,  somcwl.at  rcHombling  Sph?«n„r  I  v^ 
numero.>.s  and  minuto.  bifld,  2  to  3'  Icn^r.  p.d.  thrico  lo.,  or.  'sop  S  3 ',  j^'j; 
Seeds  globular,  wluto.    JL    (S/ona  (luviatilis  Ph.)  P  u.w  a    joug. 

Order  CLIII.     XYRIDACPLE.     Xyrids. 

Serbs  Podgo-like,  with  oquitant  leave.s  and  a  seapo  bearing  a  lioad  ofyfowrw  Pe. 
rtanth  0-partcd,  in  2  scrioa,  scpal.^  .1,  gliunaoeou.,  petals  3,  unguicuiato.  Stamcis  3 
with  oxtrorso  antliorH,  and  inserted  on  tho  claw  of  tho  petals.  Capsule  3-vUvo(l! 
1-collc.l,  with  parietal  placenUo,  or  3.celli.d.  Seeds  uurnorous,  albuminoun  ortho^ 
tropous,  embryo  at  tho  apox,  ' 

XrRlS,  L.  Yellow-kyed  Grabs.  (Gr.  ^vpdr;,  acute-pointed;  in 
allusion  to  the  form  of  the  leaves.)  Heads  of  flowers  ovoid-cvlindric  • 
sepals  unequal,  the  2  lateral  glume-like,  keeled,  persistent,  the  odd  one 
membranous,  involving  the  corolla  in  bud  and  deciduous;  petals  equal 
ovate,  erenate,  with  narrow  claws  as  long  as  tho  sepals;  capsule  1- 
celled,  with  parietal  placentj«.-Lvs.  linear,  rigid,  radical,  sheathing  the 
base  ot  the  scape.  Us.  m  a  terminal,  dense  head,  with  cartilaginous 
bracts  (scales)  ;  petals  yellow.  ^ 

*  Leaves  very  short  (S  to  80").    Sepals  frlnpreless.  tnftles.s.    a.nall  and  .lelicate    Bouth       Vo  1 

•  L.^»vn>8  e  ..nsate.1  ..ne-t  lir.l  to  three-fourtlLS  the  leu^th  ofthe  scZ      (a)  '*""*^----'^°'  ' 

a  bepaswitkawitiKless,  frln-eli.6.s  keel,  rarely  cnvsted      I'hi  t  Imll  nii«  «f  hn.n  v     0 

a  Sepals  with  a  winged,  fringed  keel  an.l  crestJd  apei:-,horr.L  tZe  Bcale  .^   .-.VNo;  8.  4 

—twice  longer  than  the  scale. .  .No!  6 

1  X.  brevifolia  Mx.  (ncc  Ell.)  Lvs.  linear,  subulate,  falcate,  ncuto  dislvch- 
ously  nnbncated,  3  to  5  times  shorter  tlian  tho  filiform,  angular  srapo  1  ead  oval 
few-flowored,  bracts  rounded  at  apex;  sep.  i^^te,  laue^olate.  the  Snot  u'ngd 
merely  scabrous^--.,Sprmgy  places  Car.  to  Fla.     Our  smallest  species.     Scape  4  U> 

La."  ApJ;,'iay  '"''''  "'""'  '"  ^^'^°-     ''''''  "*^'  '■^''^''  *»'"«  "^  P^"^ 

2  X.  bulbdsa  Kunth.  Bulbous;  lvs.  narrow-linear,  obtusiah,  half  as  lonR  ns 
ivntf  T"'' w  •'■'''"  «*°™' ^t''  t^i^ted;  head  globular  ovoid  bracts  rounLJ^ 
nnd^.',<l!7.?  '  «eP  oi,b„g.]anceolato,  minutely  bearded  on  the  sharp  keel 
and  tufted  at  apex,  a  litUe  shorter  than  tho  bract.-Bogs,  N.  Enir  to  Ga    W  to 

tbr^Ttf  '^'"''"''  "  'r  '"  «"^''''  ^"t  '  ^  ^^'-    ^^'"^  " '"»t  5"  l«"g.  brac's'closoly 
^  S.      \?'%  ,f I^T^o'f-  ,  1^ /"Pi'^i  Mx.     X.  Indica  Fir   X.  torta Smj 
3.  MINOR     Dwarh8h(3to8  high),  slender;  lvs.  thrico  shorter,  scarcely  twisted 
sep.  with  an  evident  tufl  at  apex.— S.  E.  Ga.    (Miss  Keen.) 

^/fmS^'(P„v,'**^°*  ^'''r  .^"*"-  '■'^''^'  ««"•««''!/  ii^^<^r,  a  Hard  or  more  slwrter 
tT  1 .  "  '  "rt  "^'^''*'^  '■"^^'-'^  «"^P«'  '^°^'^  «»'P"cal,  yellowish  brown; 

ll\  Mn  •*r'''°S,'°""f  ^'''*"  *''°  *''''*'  '"^'^  conspicuously  fringed  on  the 
keel  abovo  tho  rnidd  0  and  crested  at  the  obtuse  apex—Sandy  swamps,  N.  Y.  to 
aia.     bis.  1  to  2f  high,  more  or  loss  twisted.     Lv.«  6  to  18'  '-""■  1  t^  ""  '>r  thfi 

r^^^^u  "^"^Xr  l^l""^  ^  ^  '"  ^°"^-  ^^*^>«  >'^"'«'-  l^'-g^-  jC'Aug.'  "(X.  flex- 
uosa  EH.  nee  Muhl.)  °  1       b     v 

*.^'«*'"^*^*/^)"'^''J  ^',{  9ladiaU-lmear,  plain,  2  to  3  <tm«,?  s^i^^er  Ihm 
scape.^,  scapes  {often  clustered)  distinctly  2.cdged,  tall;  head  elliptic-ovoid,  large, 


froon,  lanceolate ; 
opals,  persjstent; 
e  a-valved,  swds 
ko  flijUHties,  gliib- 
•owly   Jiiioar   lv8. 

exod  In  iVuit ;  capa 

I.  (Foay,  Pond)  umi 

ig  Sphiignuni.    Lva. 

Sop.  Dear  3"  loug. 


18. 

culiito.     Slamou  3, 

Capsule  .'{-valvod, 

albuminouH,  ortlio. 

\  tew  spoclcs  of  Xyrli 

3utc-pointed ;  in 
ovoid-cylindric ; 
out,  the  odd  one 
U8 ;  petals  equal 
pals;  capsule  1- 
il,  sheathing  the 
ith  cartilaginous 

lato.   B(>uth....No.  1 

18  ftt  bftso No.  2 

ale No.s.  8,  4 

mn  tlio  scale... No.  6 

to,  ncuto,  dislych- 
pcapo;  head  oval, 
e  keel  not  wingod, 
lecies.  Scape  4  to 
L>r  than  a  peppcr- 

,  half  OS  long  as 
I,  bracts  roundish- 
jn  the  gliarp  keel 
ing.  to  Ga.,  W.  to 
long,  bracts  closely 
Pli.  X.  tortaSm.) 
■(Scarcely  twisted; 

I  or  more  sJicrter 
yellowish  brown; 
y  fringed  on  the 
awampa,  N.  Y.  to 
ig,  1  t.o  2"  .'>r  the 
.,  Aug.     (X.  flex- 

'mem  shorter  than 
liptic-ovoid,  large, 


OBnm  164.— ERIOOAULONAOBiB.  720 

ica^rounded-ohovate;  sop.  shorter  than  tho  flcalo.s,  fringed  along  tl.o  wingod  IcooL 
-Wot  p.nn  ImrrcnH  a„.  (K.ay).  Heapo.s  strict,  1  'to  3n,i«h.  Lva  sSfc  to  9 
A  )  Tht  {  ^'■'"^"•'"^'  *"-■"'"• .  "'^'*'^''  '  ^^  »  '  lo»ff-  Aug.,  Sept.  (X.  broviolii; 
.  ^'^7  uJT'V'  """■  ''»^'"'"'*""  *^"  ""»  ""  rough-odgod  k«  in  Kumh'fl 
S  X.  fimbri^ta  hll  FuAinnnnu  Xyuih.  Lvs.  linear-gladiatc  crct  n.arlv  nn 
long  a.  tho  scape  which  is  strict,  ntriato,  and  enlarged  at^^om  Inm  t-  "l"  td  Jval 
or  oblong,  Hcalofl  rounded,  Icosdy  imbricated;  aep.  twice(I)  IoZct  Ih  m  tha 
bracjts,eonsp.cuouHly  fringed  on  tho  keel  above  ~^mdy  8^0^  ?t   I     SLv> 

o     wiuo,  HheatI  ini?  below      Unnri  n  »«  q"  i r....,^  , 


3"  wide,  sheathing  below.     Head  G*to  8"  lonir 
innumerable,  elliptical,  minute.     Jl.,  Aug. 


.  ing,  about 

Bracts  tawuy-odged.    Socud 


Order      UV.     ERIOCAULONACE/E.     Pipeworts. 

TTeri,  perennial,  aquatic,  with  linear,  spongj-,  cellular  leaves,  sheathing  at  baso 
FUnorr.,ruoua.c^oun  or  dic«H3ious,  in  a  dense  head.  Perianth  2  to  6-parted  or  ^Z- 
ing.  Slnncns  0,  some  of  them  generally  abortive.  Anthers  mostly  1-ceUed  in- 
iro™.     Ot^ary  2  or  3-cclled,  cells  l-scodcd.     ftttfo  pendulous. 

Genera  0,  ,pscie»  200,  chleHy  troj-lcul.    Thoy  „ro  of  no  known  u»o. 

OE-VEUA. 

b  ,wnons   ,  a.  nmny  ,«  tho  potaI«.    (Soap.  .Vrll.bort,  pHborulont.). .... .      :   p';!™  s   I 

8,uuu.nH  .%  an,I  no  p.taln.    Scape  r.-rlbbcl,  sbort,  hairy ! .\\\\\  La.  ICoZZ:  I 

1.  ERIOCAUION,  L.    Pipewort.     (Or.  ^p.or,  wool,  «avAd?,  stem.) 
Flowers  5    collected  n,to  an  .nbricatod  k.td  ;i,uoh,cro  of  many  bm^^^^^ 
^m  the  disk  (rarely  mixed) ;  perianth   double;  sepals  3,  subreRular 
petals  umted  to  near  thn  summit ;  stan.cns  twice  'a.  many  ^s  the  p'^^taJs 
$.n  the  margin;  penanth  double;  sepals  3,   potals  2  or  3,  distinct 

T^sZtLrV^    T'^'T'^'r'  ''y^'  '^  ''''^"''''  2  or  3;  capsule 
2  or  3-8eedcd.-2r  Acaulescont.     Lvs.  grass-like,  Hat,  tufted  at  the  base 

sjectf        '  '""^   '  ^"'^-''c^Jed,  fluted  scape.     (Fls.  4-parted  in  ono 

IE  decanguiare  L  Scape  tall,  slender,  marJced  with  10  n-6«  and  furrows- 
U  Imear-onsdorn,,  suberect,  hal/a,  long  as  the  scape;  bracts  of  ho  tU  nr  "STnl 
voimio  acute;  chair  acunn-nato  and  tipped  with  a  white  IrinRo  as  wd  «„  tha 
ponant I..  -Ponds,  n  pine  barrens,  S.  States,  com.non.  Scapo  5  to?f  ^>  ,h  ve^J 
jK-t  ciustored.  Lvs.  G  to  IG'  high,  3  to  4"  wide.  Head  5"  broad  v cry  wS 
with  tho  Irmges,  tho  corollas  tipped  with  black.     Jl.,  Aug.  ^ 

2  B.  gnaphaloides  Mx.     Scape  tall,  slender,  marked  with  10  rihs  .md  furrows- 
ks.  en.sitorm,  subulate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  scvpe,  svrladinT  S  A^' 
pressed;  bracts  obtusish ;  chaft"  acute,  white  fringed  asCeh^ri^Jrianth 
bwampy  p,ne  barrens,  N  J.  to  Fla.,  common.     Sc:?po  mostly  sin^lJfKi'i'Z 

.  li'sfmitrX^L  '  j::l\?r^"^  ^^^^""^  ^  '^'^  -"^«  -  skaceouspS 

3  B.  aeptanguldre  Withering.      Scape  slender,   l-farrowed   short  or  till   anrl 

very  short  -head  small,  globular ;  bracts  of  tho  in  vol.  obtuse  -In  shallow  water 
Can  to  N.  J.  and  Mich.  Sts.  clur.tered,  3'  to  3f,  fdiform  reaching  fo  surface  of 
«  0  water  Lvs.  m  a  small  tuft,  submersed.  Head  2  to  3"  diam.fwUe  with  the 
fringes  of  tho  compact  flowers.     Jl.,  Aug.  '  ^® 

Rolfrf  qi^*.^7""l^'  *''"■*••     ?''•  ^^^'^^'^^^  ^»st  or  powder,  dvOog.) 
Flowers  3-parted;    stamens  m  the  sterile  flowers  3;   stigma^  in  the 

Z"^2V  '  ''P"'^  3.seeded.~0therwiso  nearly'as  i.^  Eriocaulon 
irom  which  tho  genua  was  separated. 


I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


& 


{./ 


A 


..«-  M 


C* 


A 
^ 


1.0 


I.I 


2.5 


M 

1.8 


1.25      1.4 

16 

-* 

6"     - 



► 

PhoiDgraphic 

Scienres 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


-^•\ 


-qV' 


"^ 


V 


o^ 


730 


Order  154.— ERICAULONACE^. 


^ 


>.  < 


I 


1 


fT^  Kunth.    Acaulescent,  turfy;  scapes  numerous,  filiform,  5-ribbed 

and  furrowed,  finely  puberulent ;  Ivs.  linear-aetaceous,  many  times  shorter  tlian 
the  scapes;  head  globular;  bracts  of  tlie  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  stniw-colored 
dry;^  fls.  not  fringed.— Wet,  sandy  barrens,  Va.  to  Pla.    Sts.  6  to  9'  high  Iva  i 
to  2  .    Heads  3"  diam.  with  a  straw-colored  invol.  and  silvery  white  oeriantha 
Apr.— Jn.     (Eriocaulon  Mx.)  '  ^         "* 

3.  LACHNOCAU'LON,  Kuuth.  (Gr.  Ao;tvo?,  wool,  KavXog,  stem.) 
Flowers  and  inflorescence  as  in  Eriocaulon  ;  $  calyx  S-sepaled ;  corolla 
0 ;  stamens  3 ;  anthers  1-celled,  filament  united  below ;  $  calvx  3- 
sopaled  ;  corolla  reduced  to  a  tuft  of  hairs  surrounding  the  3-seeded 
ovary. — Habit  of  Eriocaulon. 

L.  Michaiiadi  Kunth.  Wet,  sandy  plains,  Va.  to  Fla.  Scapes  1  to  5'  hieh 
numerous,  5-ribbed,  filiform,  clothed  with  thin,  spreading,  woolly  hairs  Lvs' 
linear-subulate,  about  I'  long,  tufted.  Head  very  small'  (I"  diam.),  giobular 
greenish-white.    Apr.,  May.    (Eriocaulon  villosum  Mx.)  ' 


Fia.  748-7S4. 1.  Cyperns  diandnie.  SSplke- 
let  mmm.  a  A  >tl  une.  4.  A  flowiT.  B.  TrI- 
clielo.HtvH.Hnutiiinnalis.  6.  (iplkcii-t  7.  Ovary 
with  triple  St  vie.  8.  Flower  of  T.  cnttlllnris. 
9.  Ovnry  ol'  T.  stcnopliyllu,  10.  Kliynclios- 
poraiilha.  11.  Spikt'li-t.  12.  Ovittv  sc  tip.  etc. 
18.  Cirox  rosea.   14.  Glume.  Ifj  ;  eriirvniuin. 


OttOB  165.M;TP£B4.CBiB. 


731 


Class  IV.    GLUMIPER^. 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  having  the  flowers  invested 
with  an  imbricated  perianth  of  alternate  glumes  instead  of 
senala  and  petals,  and  collected  into  spikelets,  spikes  or  heads. 
Ine  Class  is  equivalent  to  the 

Cohort  7.    GRAMINOIDE^. 

Order  CLV.  CYPERACEL^  Thk  Sedges. 
Herhs  grass-like  or  rush-like,  with  fibrous  roots  and  solid  culms.  Leaves  mostly 
linear,  channeled,  arising  from  entire  or  tubular  sheaths.  Flowers  spiked,  perfect  or 
diclinous,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  glume.  Perianth  none,  or  represented  by  a  few 
hypogynous  bristles  («te),  or  a  cup-shaped  or  a  sac-shaped  perigynium.  Stamens 
definite  (1  to  12),  mostly  3.  Anth.  fixed  by  their  base,  2.celled.  Ovary  l-celled 
with  an  anatropous,  erect  ovule,  forming  in  fruit  a  utricle.  Bmbryo  enclosed  in  the 
base  of  the  albumen. 

\M^^\^,'y^"  ^^-    '^''^  ^"^^""^  '*^"»"''  «n  »''"'>*»  «"  cUmes  of  the  globe,  and  in  all 

rboUom8..f  chairs  vi?  'IV'"  ^'T'l  ''"','i  ""f  "'•"  "«"'' '"  ''"'y  •"  *""»»  fl"«k«.«n<l  In  wenv  n| 
t  «  hiiilf  n.„»  tK  V  ^*^''  »'t''<>"g'>  "'  »'>  H»le  apimrf  nt  vnluc,  their  va^t  numbers  nuthoriza 
the  belief  that  they  subserve  luany  liigiily  important  ends  in  the  economy  of  nuturl.    """"'"" 

TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 
{  Tribk  1.    CTPERE^.    Glumes  distichous  (2-rowed).    Flowers  perfect     (*) 

•  Inflorescence  axillary.    Perigynium  or  perianth  of  6  to  10  se^w DuLicmuM  1 

•  Inflorescence  terminal.    Perigynium  none.-Spilves  2  to  00-fl„wercd CvPKRua".  3 

.»  „     o^,„„^  — Spiltos  l-flowered,  caiiitate Kyllingia.  8 

8  Tribk  2.  SCIRPEiE,  Glumes  imbricated  in  several  rows,  each  (except  some- 
times the  lowest)  flower  bearinar.  Inflorescence  wholly  terminal  or  wholly  lat- 
eral (never  both).    Flowers  perfect.    (*) 

•  Perianth  of  8  ovate  petals  and  (often)  of  3  seta) Fuibkna  4 

•  Perianth  of  8  to  oo  hypogynous  seta),    (a) 

a  Achenlum  crowned  with  a  tubercle.    Spike  solitary,  terminal. . . .  Eikociiaris   6 

a  Achenlam  not  tuberc-Scta;  8  to  6,  short,  or  else  tawny.    Spikes  1  to  oo  .  ..Scirpits  i 

t  P„,„„»i,n     a.  1    o    ,  r^"^'^  .°°  (■■"'■''i'«).'""«.«'''te,  cottony Er.opiu.bim;  7 

•  Perianth  O.-Stylo  2-elcft,  smootii.-Splkes  2  to  .3,  lateral IIkmioarpiia.  8 

—Spikes  00,  in  a  terminal  head Lipocarpiia    9 

—Stylo  2-cleft,  ciliolatc.    Spikes  5  to  10.  terminal Fimbribtvlis*  9 

"~^'^'®  ^-c''^'^'  smooth.    Achenium  3-«ngled Triciielostvlis   10 

I  Tribk  8.    UIIYNCIIOSPOKE^.    Glumes  imbricated  in  several  rows,  many 
of  the  lowest  empty.     Iiifl<.re.sccncc  both  terminal  and  a.xillary  (except  In  No. 
12).    Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,    (c) 
0  Achonia  crowned  with  the  persistent  style  or  its  bulbous  base,    (d) 

d  Perianth  none  (no  setie).— Spikes  diffusely  cymous, Psilooakya.  U 

—Spikes  cnpitatc.     Bracts  colored Dichro.mr.na    12 

d  Perianth  of  setre.-Achen.  tuberculate  with  the  base  of  the  style..  ..Riivnciiospora   18 
-  A  1.     .        .  .  u     -;^'=''""'"""  •»'"•"'"'  ^'''tl'  tho  entire  long  stylo... Ckkatosciiosnus.'  14 

0  AOnenlft  not  tuberculate. — brnwn  lil-n  tha  uool,,.       q^.,.  n-^n  -  ^ 

,,,',:     •->• -R' n.>n»- CLAniu.M.  lo 

— wuito  or  whitish,  crustaccous.    Sutm  none . .  .Solibia.  16 


*82  Obdib  156.— CTPERACaa. 

f  Trim  4    CARICE^.    Glnmes  Imbricated  or  alternate.    8«t«  0.    Perianth 

1.  DULICHIUM,  Rich.     (Gr.  dvco  tworA«vov* "scale"   'the ''^1" 
are  m  two  rows.)     Spikes  lineaManceolite,  s'^b<i>mpreied ;   fc 
sheathing,  closely  irabncated  in  2  rows;  style  long,  bifid,  the  rJ^ZZ 
base  crowning  the  compressed  achenium ;  ovary  iivested  witre  tn  o 
barbed  8et«e.-2f  St.  leafy.    Spikes  sessile.  alte^rnat<^rarrr  god  in  % 
rowed,  axillary  racemes.  ^     *«"g«.u  m  i- 

D.  spath&ceum  Pers.    Marshes,  borders  of  streams  TT  fi  «,iA  p—     o^ 

eafy,  and  somewl.at  resided  abo^o.  thick,  sheathSTbelYw  Us  Zrnfi^  'T^. 
ing  3  ways,  2  to  4'  by  3".  Sheaths  tubular,  shorter lS.n  theTnterSeT'  K 
ters  axillary  from  within  the  sheatiis,  and  terminal,  each  coniS  oTfi  t^Z 
Imear-lanceolate,  alternate  spikes  in  2  rows  Soikea  5  tn  7  fln»ii^  ^  ^" 
inch  in  length.     Glumes  linear-lanceoU?   lu^^  ''flowered,  nearly  an 

2.  CYPE\RUS,  L.    Galinoale.    Sedge.    (Gr.  «v7rttpor,  the  ancient 
name.)     Spikes  compressed,  distinct,   many-flowered ;  gliLs  S 
caed  in  2  opposite  rows,  nearly  all  with  'a  flower  e'ncLeT' flowe"; 
without  setao;  stamens  3,  rarely  fewer;  style  3.fid  (rarely  2.'fid>  de^J 
uous.-Mosty  U.    St.  simple,  leafy  at  base,  mostly  trian^gular,  bear  nt 
an  mvolncrate,  simple  or  compound  head  or  umbel  at  top  ^ 

— Stiiniena  always  '8 Nog.  1—8 

•ai^ffl^^^^^^  No.« 

ItJKS^KrtL^S^^^^^  No.r 

o  Snik'J.^lT't"'.!.^  ?r""''*1  «I"ng  the  rachis/  Stamens  8.  (c) 

«  ai.V    *  K,  t(>  20-llow«rc(l,  the  clusters  2-.oweU w„.  o  a 

5  s^  i"*'^  "I'"r'''"'<"''  "'<»  clusters  2.rowed  ......    k'M 

0  Spikes  6  to  iD-flowered.  clusters  many-rowed,  (d)  ^"' ^"^ 

d  Spikes  terete  cr  tetrajconal ^   '  w      „  .» 

d  Spikes  flittened,  linear  or  lanceolate    v      . V'  ]l 

b  Spikes  capitate  on  tiio  summit  of  the  rTchis    ie) ^°''-  '^^'^ 

e  G  umes  with  recurve.l  points.     Stamen  1  onlv  v      «  i, 

6  G  umes  with  erect  points.    Stamenlonly.   .'^•••■. ^"'vl'll 

e  Glumes  with  erect  points.    Stamens  8.  (f )         "°-^^ 

f  Umbel  simpIe.-Spikes  terete,  few-flowered  .  v„  lo 

-Spikes  flattlNh,  6  to  10-flowered. , '. '.'.] .' Nnj  on  21 

#TT,«K«i  -Spikesflat.  12  to  40.flowered.. ... N  „  22 

•  u  e.  .    "^"''«' eomponnil-    Spikes  0  to  8a-flowered..... No^'islw 

iMAWSCtffl.    Style  3-cleft.    Aclienium  8-an(tIed.    Spikes  teretlsh  1  fni  a ••••"•«•  ^8-« 

dense  heatis,  the  2  lowest  glumes  empty     ^  "''•  ^  *"  ^-flowered,  in 

°  1/     Nos.26,27 

«fo  .  ^f^""!  '''*'"'•    f"^""^  ^'®"'^®'''  reclining,  4  to  10'  high;  umbel  contracted. 
green  on  tne  keel,  the  sides  rust-colored  in  various  shades :  slam  mostlv  2  •  stv 

\=nUS:;rJ.Vxsir'^"^^       «'''"'-"^'  c^riac^S^eloselyi. 

'''wi'trvSfhi?^'''^'^''^'"*'  I^t^^-flowered;  glumes  chestnut  brown, 

with  >oUowish  margins;  lvs.hnear.8etaceous.—N.  Ohio. 

.^'i'y**^^"*  J"";     ^"''"^  triquetrous,  tufted,  4  to  12'  high-  ravs  few  and 

flore'rortr.*"*  ?  V  'V°^^l  /^W-tonceo/afe,  flattened,  JS-VoS^loTo"? 

„^„  ?«  '  i!.  ^  ''''•"^  ^"'fy  t^^'TtcaK  yellowish-brown ;  stam  2 :  Sh.  oblong 

«  u,  iV'long.  in  Wfir^g^ilar  umblis:  Aur'  ™  '"^  '''°''    ''''" 


OEDtt  165.— OYPERACE^ 


71)8 


A  Mrnnros.    Invol.  of  1  or  2  Ivs.    Spikes  1  or  2,  10  to  12.flowered:  (rlumes 
loosely  imbricated,  acute;  stain.  1.— Culm  and  Ivs.  setaceous.    N.  J.    (Torn) 

®  ^o  *?***"**  '^°"'    ^"'™  *  *°  ^'^'  '^'fc'*''  slender,  obtusely  S-angled,  umbel  cf  6 
y^.     [Tb  very  unequal  roy,»;  apiAw  atternafe,  racier  remote,  linear-lanceolate 
10  to  12.flowered,  tho  lowest  compound;  acaks  acute,  loose,  pofe  5/rca)-ve«(W  • 
®*?"^Vr.\^'^'.*^^mP^^  i^^'-\^J  ^'*-  o^ovato,  obtuse,  dull,  dark  gray.—Near  Mobilc[ 
Ala.  (Crates,  m  Torr.  Cyp.).    Plant  pale  green.     Invol.  about  3-l4ved. 

4  C.  flay6scen»  L.  Culm  4  to  10'  high,  leafy  below ;  umhd  ofttoi  short  rays  • 
spikes  linear,  obtusish,  15  to  20  or  30-flowerod;  glumes  obtuse,  straw-color,  broadl 
ovate,  1-vmed;  stam.  3;  sty.  deeply  2-cleft ;  ach.  suborbicular,  dark  brown,  shin- 
ing.-Marshy  grounds,  U.  S  common  in  Pcnn.  (Jackson).  Lvs.  about  as  high  as 
the  culms.  Spikes  5  to  9"  long,  1\"  wide,  in  crowded  fascicles  of  3  to  6  on  each 
Bliort  rachis.     Aug. 

5  C.  flavlc6mu«  Mx,  Culm  1  to  3f  high,  3-angled ;  invol.  3  to  5.1eaved,  verr 
long;  ttmfte/  somewhat  compound,  of  many  (4  to  7)  spreading  rays;  spikes  nnmo- 
rous,  lance-hnear,  divanoate,  loosely  12  to  30-flowot*d;  glumes  very  obtuse,  brown- 
^h  yellow  green  and  3-veined  on  the  keel,  with  a  broad,  white-scarious  margin: 
stam  3;  sty  short,  2-clcft;  ach.  obovate,  blackish.-Bop,  also  in  dry  soils,  Va 
Mayi^ept^  ^°^-    ^^"™''  somewhat  truncate  and  omarginat^: 

*  n^'^^l'^^"?^!*"]?  ^-  ,Jo^^i^«=o  Sedge.  Culm  2  to  Cf  high,  with  internal  joints, 
and  several  leafless  sheaths  towards  the  base;  lvs.  none  or  sheath-liko •  umbel 
compound,  loose,  with  about  5  rays;  invol.  2  or  S-loaved,  short,  spikes  linear- 
subulate,  alternate,  14  to  20-flowered;  glumes  lanceolate,  obtusish,  with  a  green 
keel,  membranous  sides,  white,  with  red  dots ;  stam,  ;•  sty.  3<;left ;  ach.  aaitelv 
.^-angled.— River  swamps,  S.  States.     Rt.  jointed,  creeping.    Jn.— Aug. 

7  C.  erythrorhizos  Muhl.  Culm  2-3f  high,  obtusely  triquetrous,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  umbel  compound;  rays  5-9,  3-4'  long,  each  with  3-4  sessile  clusters: 
sheaths  entire;  spikelets  very  numerous,  6"  long,  crowded  and  spreading  in  the 
oblong  subscssilo  (heads)  clusters,  a  little  flattened  '  13-30-flowerBd  •  outer 
glumes  mucronate,  clcsely  imbricated,  chestnut-brown,  veinloss  and  shining,  the 

IZZ^JIf  r''-' t""  ^''''^}^''  '^^''^'  «**•  3;  *«^-  smooth  and  shining,  Such 
shorter  than  tho  glumo.— Wet  grounds  Penn.  and  Southern  States. 

°  fS;?.^?*,^''-     ■^^?'  .^''f  ^-    ^"'™  ^  **^  ^2'  to  2f  high,  3.anglod ;  lvs.  shorter 

inl  r  "*'  i^'''^  '""P  °'  ^  '""  ^■'■^y*'''  """y  °««''y ''^  Jon?  ««  the  involucre; 
spikes  hnear,  alternate  and  2.rowed  on  tho  rachis,  14  to  24.flowered;  glum^ 
wa^,vetnless,  acute,  separate  at  tlie  tips,  of  a  fine  purple  brown;  stam.  3;  sty. 
3-cleft,  much  oxsertcd;  ach.  3-angled.-Sandy  fields,  Va.  to  Pla.  and  La.  Yen" 
troublesome  m  cotton  fields.  Rhizomes  creeping  and  branching  oxtensivel/. 
bearing  tubers.     Spikes  G  to  12"  long,    Apr.— Jl.  ^' 

9C.phymatdde8  Muhl.  Culm  l-2f  high,  S-angled,  striate;  lvs.  subradicaL 
as  long  as  the  stem;  umbel  4-6-rayod;  rays  often  branched  bearing  12-20 
linear,  obtuse  spikelets  somewhat  in  2  rows;  sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  involu- 
celsO;  spikelets  12-20-flowercd,  6-8"  long,  the  lowest  generaUy  fasciculate ; 
glumes  veiny,  yellowish.-U  Moist  fields.,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.  and  S.  States.  Rhizome^ 
creeping,  bearing  small,  round  tubers  at  tho  ends.     May— Aug. 

10  C.  diasitifldrus  Torr.  Culms  slender,  tumid  at  the  base,  1  to  2f  high-  lvs. 
narrow,  nearly  radical ;  umbel  3  to  5-rayed,  suberect,  half  as  long  as  thlinvohT- 
ere;  spikes  remotely  alternate,  subdistychous  on  the  slender  rays,  teretish,  slender 
6  to  7-flowered,  6'^  to  I'long;  glumes  lance-oblong,  acute;  £  brown,  S-angS 
•~-K  ienn.?  to  La^  Plant  slender,  erect.  Rays  of  tho  umbel  1  to  3'  long. 
Spikes  divaricate  and  reilexed.    Aug.  ** 

^^.!  ^\  Michauadknus  Schultes.  Culm  acutely  triangular ;  umbel  compound,  with 
sho  t  rays;  spikelets  G~Q.fiowered,  the  lower^mes  compound;  ntchis  very  b3 
easily  soparatnig  at  the  joints;  ova.  ovoid-triangular,  enfolded  by  tho  interior 
^l?nf  %^  "^"T®  ^Jr^^^}^^'  swamps,  generally  near  tho  sea,  Middlo  and  Southenl 
btatcs.  Stem  1 2--15  high,  reddened  at  the  base,  longer  than  tho  leaves.  Spike- 
leis  y    long,  7 — 9-flowercd.  *^ 

^1h?;n!f  •'■'''^°^"if  ?"•  F"^  2  to  3f  high;  lvs.  shorter,  channeled,  serrulate  on 
the  margins  and  keel;  umbel  many-raycd,  involucela  none;  clusters  oblong-cylin- 


734 


Okder  106.— CYPERACEJ3. 


dric;  $pikes  3  to  6-flowered,  with  a  broad  rachia  and  distinctly  i-angled;  Rlumos 
slightly  luucronuto ;  och.  oblong,  3-anglod.~Mttrdhe8,  S.  Car.  to  Ma.  (Klliolt 
Baldwin.) 

13  C.  Btrigdaua  L.  Culm  triquetrous,  loafy  only  at  base ;  Ivx  broud-lincar,  rou"-h. 
margiuod,  about  aa  long  aa  tlio  atom ;  umbel  .soiiio  coinpouiid,  w  itii  olongatod  mvs 
and  oblong,  iooso  clustora,  their  theallis  :i-bri«tkd;  iuvolucels  0  or  Bttaceous- 
spikolcta  uuuiurous,  linour-aubuluto,  spreading  liori/ontully,  8 — 10-floworcd,  1—9'' 
long;  invol.  of  about  G  leavoa,  tho  2  outer  ones  very  long. — Wet  grounds^  U.  t^. 
frequent.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  bulbous  at  base.     Umbel  yellowish.     Sept.  ' 

fi.  si'ECiosus.     Umbel  compound,  tho  partial  umbels  with  leaf-like  involucois. 
(C.  spociosus  Vahl.) 

14  C.  aten61epis  Torr.  Culm  2  to  3f  high,  slender,  3-anglo(l;  wnbcl  simple,  of  3 
or  4  elongated  rays;  invol.  3  or  4-leavod;  ochreas  (nhealhs)  truncate,  ix)lntlcss' 
spikes  orowdud,  spreading  or  n.'llexed,  linear,  llattoncd,  5  (o  8-lloworcd,  in  ovoid 
clusters;  glumes  distant,  lance-linear,  veined;  ach.  linear-oblong. — N.  Car.  to  (la. 
and  Teim.     Spikes  6  to  8"  long,  of  a  dusky  yellow. 

15  C.  Schweinitzii  Torr.  Culm  8—12'  high,  triquetrous,  rough  on  tho  angles;  Ivs. 
sliortor  than  tho  stem,  about  a  lino  wide;  umbel  simpk,  cruet,  4 — G-rayed,  ra3-3 
elongated,  unequal ;  sfiealhs  truncate,  entire ;  invol.  3 — 6-loavcd,  longer  than  tho 
leaves,  8cabrou-»  on  tlio  margin ;  spikolets  6—7,  alternate,  approximate,  in  cylindne 
clusters,  G — 8-<lowerod,  with  a  small,  setaceous  bract  at  tha  base  v/  each;  scales 
membranaceous  on  tho  margin;  sta.  3;  sty.  3-clon;,  scarcely  longer  than  tho 
smooth  achenia. — Shore  of  L.  Ontario  (Sartwell)  of  Lake  Erie  (Sullivant)  to  Ark. 

16  C.  inflSzus  Muhl.  Culm  setaceous,  leafy  at  base,  2 — 3'  higli ;  Ivs.  oqualinjj 
tho  stem;  umbel  2 — :!-rayed,  or  conglomorato  and  simple;  invol.  of  3  long  loaves; 
spikelets  oblong,  8—V2-jlowered,  10 — 20  together,  densely  crowded  into  the  ovoid 
heads;  glumes  yellowish,  veined,  squarroua-uncinato  at  tip;  sta.  1.— Banks  of 
streams.    Froo  States  and  British  Provinces.    Aug.,  Sept. 

17  C.  acuminStua  Torr.  &  Hook.  Culm  3  to  12'  higli,  slender,  obtusely  trique- 
trous; Ivs.  erect,  radical,  as  long  as  the  stem;  umbel  1 — 6-rayed;  invol.  3 — t- 
loaved,  very  long;  rays  unequal,  each  with  a  globoua  head  of  16—40  spikekls; 
api/cehts  3 — 11',  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  15 — 25-)lowered;  lis.  very  regularly  imbri- 
cated in  2  rows;  glumes  acute,  with  tho  point  recurved;  sta.  1 ;  ach.  dull-grayish. 
— 111.  (Mead.)  and  westward. 

18  C.  virens  Mx.  Culm  2  to  4f  high,  stout,  3-angkd;  Ivs.  nearly  as  long, 
strongly  k.-elod,  rough-edged;  umbel  compound,  with  5  to  7  vory  unequal  rays; 
invol.  of  4  or  moro  leaves,  very  long,  involucois  loafy;  spikes  ovate,  in  donsc, 
globular  heads,  flattened,  10  to  20-flowered;  glumes  acute,  groenisii;  staui.  1; 
ach.  3-angled,  acuto  at  each  end. — Swamps,  S.  States.  Spikes  8  to  5''  long.  Nut 
dull  yellow.     (C.  vegetus  Ell.     Torr.) 

19  C.  echin^tus.  Culm  10'  to  2f  high,  3-angled,  bulbous  at  baso;  Ivs.  numerous, 
rather  shorter;  invol.  6  to  10-leaved,  long;  umbel  simple,  G  to  10-rayed;  spikes 
short,  terotish,  acute,  3  to  6-llcwered,  in  dense,  globular  hea<ls;  glumes  striate, 
tiwny,  apprcssod;  stam.  3;  ach.  obovato. — Dry  fields,  S.  States.  Root  with 
numerous  fibres.  Plant  very  leafy.  Spikes  2  to  5 '  long,  with  a  broad  racuis. 
(C.  Baldwinii  Torr.     Mariscus,  Ell.) 

20  C.  Or^3rii  Torr.  Culm  8—1 2'  high,  filiform,  obtusely  triangular,  erect,  tuberous 
at  baso;  Ivs.  radical,  channeled,  about  J  "  wide;  umbtl  4 — 6-rayed capiiiary,  erect, 
spreading;  sheatlis  truncuto;  lids,  loose,  of  6 — 8  spikelets;  spikelets  linear,  com- 
pressed, 8— 7-Howered;  scales  ovate,  veined,  obtuse,  imbricated,  interior  cues 
lanceolate;  sta.  3;  sty.  3-cleft;  ac!v  obovato-triquotrous,  ^  tho  length  of  tho  scale, 
gray,  dotted.— Sandy  fields,  Llass.  to  N.  J.     Sept. 

21  C.  filiciilmis  "Vahl.  Culm  slender,  almost  filiform,  tuberous  at  base,  8 — 12'  long, 
leafy  only  at  base ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  carinato ;  umbel  simple  and  sessile,  or  with 
1  or  2  rays;  spikes  linear-lanceolate,  3 — 8-flowered,  flattened  when  old,  coUectv-Ml 
into  globoua  heads ;  glumes  remote,  loose,  ovate,  yellowish. — Dry,  rocky  hills,  N. 
Eng.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  III.    Aug.     (C.  mariscoides  Ell.) 

22  C.  compr^BSUs  h.  Culm  naked,  3-angkd,  3  to  8'  high,  tumid  at  base; 
umbci  Bessiio  or  eimpie  and  few-rayed,  raya  spreading;  spikes  lanceolate,  2-odgod, 


Order  1B6.— CYPKRACK^. 


735 


12  to  40.flowored,  loosely  aggrogatod  in  heads;  rachia  winged;  glumes  ovate. 
Blighty  vemod,  ocurmnate  yollowiHh,  verjr  acutely  koolod  j  8tam.  3;  aeh.  obS 
3.anglod,  8lnning.-pry  Holds,  S.  States.  Spikes  6  to  12"  long,  si  urply  gmated 
by  tlio  projecting  points  of  tiae  glumes.     Root  iibrous.  P'/ eerraiea 

^^...^r;„?T^*J!"  '^^t"-  ^"'"™  *^""'  '^'"«^''  ^""'J^  "'  »'''«^.  triquetrous ;  Iva  a  little 
shorter  than  tho  stem,  strongly  keeled ;  umbel  compound,  0-1 0-rayed -13 
of  3  unequal  leaves,  o..o  of  them  longortiian  tl»o  umbel;  spik<,s  3  on  edchpedunck, 
3-7  lunooyuto,  flat,  8  (rarely  5  to  30)  floworod;  glumes  acuie,  spreading  at  the 
points,  gmng  the  spikes  a  serrated  appearance;  sty.  3-cloft;  ach  triangular  _ir 
r:/2SiTontgoa'''^"'''^-     ^^•'-—P""^.  ^--«  tuber?.    Spik?, 

^th™;f^.'°'^""^ '^^7"'  9"'"}  3-anglod  1  to  2f  high,  leafy  at  base;  Ivs.  linear, 
about  the  samo  height;  mvol.  :$  to  G-lvd.,  longer  than  tlio  umbel ;  'umbel  com' 
pound,  many-rayod;  spikes  oblong,  obtuse,  flat,  in  small  digitate  clusters,  20  to  40- 
flow<rcd;  Rlum.s  closely  unbrioatod,  acute,  yellowish,  the  point,  obtmM,  callous 

rr;'Xot^;rSnr''^''*^'*^-  ^"^^^'«-^«p--  ^p^^-^to';^'' 

2.kaved  involucre;  spikes  3  to  5  in  each  loose  head,  lancilinear,'^12  toiS-flow- 
crcd;  glumes  ovato-lanceolato,  acute,  keeled,  tho  keel  green,  sides  yellow  with  2 

Oct.' (S7ran\a)''-  '-'•  '^ ''''  '^'  ^^  ^p'^- '  ^«  ^"  '-«  ^pt' 

26  C.  ovuldrlB  Vahl.  Culm  acutely  O-anglod,  nearly  naked,  6  to  10'  high  •  Ivs 
nn™'«r*  ^  smooth;  umbel  m.nplo;  rays  3'  to  2'  long;  W  1  to  5,  gloluhxr, 
Tm  rr  I  * '°  7'\r  i^"  r^^^'^J?  ^^^^-^  «Pikos  nnear-subulato,  3"  b„g,  50  to 
100  m  each  head ;  fls.  2  to  4,  1  or  2  fertile;  iavol.  3  or  4-leaved,  outer  Ivs.  veS 
long;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  greenish,  tlio  two  lowest  empty.— Bogs  and  low 
iing^Mx^'         ^      ^•^^*''*''''°™~     ^"S-'   Sopt.     (iLkcus^Vahl      KyU 

^^n^'f  ?;f.^f°?'^°*"f  ^""''l-  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  nearly  leafless,  pubescent.  2 
to  3f  higli;  Ivs.  pubescent,  3  to  4"  wido,  about  half  as  long  as  tho  stem  ;  umbels 
simpL.;  rays  unequal,  long,  6  to  8;  invol.  3  to  S-leaved;  bracts  unequal  not 
S1^7  *'r  TV  T"V.''  '"  '*'?•  '''^''^''"'  l-««™d  finally  SS.^: 
noruuvard!    Aug^^s'pf '  "'  ^      ''  ompty.-Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States,  mo 

3.  KYLLIN'GIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist.) 
bpikcs  compressed ;  scales  about  4,  tl\e  2  lowest  short  and  empty  tho 
third  only  usually  with  a  fertile  flower ;  stamens  1  to  3  ;  style  loni  2- 
cleft;  achenia  lenticular— Sts.  triangular.  lids,  sessile,  solitary  or  aff- 
gregatcd,  mvolucrate.  •         ® 

1  K.  piimila  Mx.  Ceespitous;  culm  2  to  12'  high,  slender;  Ivs.  mostly  radical 
shorter  tl.au  the  stem,  smooth;  hds.  generally  aohtary,  som^^times  trip  a  closed 
.  sossilo,  ov-al  or  oblong;  mvol  3-leaved,  1  to  2'  long;  spikes  1-flowered,  very  nu- 
mcroas,  about  2  long;  the  lowest  plumo  or  glumes  very  small ;  sta.  Always  2  : 
ach.  lens-shaped,  fulvous.- Wet  banks,  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sullivant)  to  111  (Lan- 
lam)  and  S.  States.  Variable.  Aug.  K.  sesquiflora  Torr.  is  a  taller  form,  with 
triplo  hoada    (Florida,  Chapman.)  ' 

4.  FUIRE^NA,  Rotboll.  Clot-orass.  (In  honor  of  G^eorw  i^MiVen. 
a  Dntc  1  b  ;tanist.)  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  into  a  spike,  awned 
l)c!ow  the  apex ;  petaloid  scales  3,  cordate,  awned,  un-uiculato,  invest- 
ing the  achenuun,  which  is  abruptly  contracted  to  a  stipe  at  base  — 2f 
bt.  angular,  leafy.  Spikes  umbeled  or  capitate,  axillary  and  terminal. 
1  P.  squarrdsa  M.v.    Culm  1  to  2f  high,  obtusely  triangular,  sulcato;  Ivs.  flat 

eihato,  Bhnrtor  tiian  tho  stem;    sheaths  hispid-pilous;  spikes  clustered,   ovoKL 
mostly  t.rm.nal,  7  to  12;  awna  nearly  as  long  <u  the  glumes;  petals  ovate,  cuspU 


T36  Obdkb  166.— CYPERACE^ 

dato  with  a  short  bristle ;  ach.  twice  the  length  of  the  stipe. — Boga  and  awamna. 
Mass.  to  Midi.,  S.  to  Fla.  and  La.  «■  •»  t«i 

p.  PUMILA.     Culm  a  few  (3  to  6)  inches  high ,  spikes  1,  2  or  3  ;  glumes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  with  sliort  awns ;  petaloid  scales  ovate-lanceolate. 

2  P.  hfspida  Ell.  Culm  triangular,  sulcate,  hispid  ubovt,  2  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.  linear 
5  to  8'  long,  flat,  hispid-pubeacent,  with  very  hispid  sheaths;  spikes  3  to  1  .\  in  clus- 
ters of  3  to  6,  ovoid-oblong,  mostly  terminal ;  awru  longer  than  the  glumes,  spread- 
i:Ag-recurved ;  petals  ovate,  mucronate;  stani.  3,  scarcely  longer  th.in  the  corolla; 
sty.  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens.— Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Differs  from  No.  1 
chiefly  in  its  hairiness. 

3  F.  acirpoidea  Mx.  Culm  slender,  1  to  2f  high,  3-angled,  striate,  leafless,  but 
with  several  sheaths ;  spikes  1  to  6,  ovoid,  terminal,  dingy  brown,  not  aquarrous  • 
glumes  short  owned  or  cuspidate;  petals  ovate,  shorter  than  the  claws;  stain.  3- 
ach.  triangular,  pointed  at  both  ends.— S.  Ga.  and  Fla.  libizomo  creeping.  Heads 
as  large  as  the  white  bean. 

5.  ELEOCH'ARIS,  R.  Br.  Spiked  Rush.  (Gr  tAof,  a  marsh,  ;v;a'>w, 
to  rejoice;  plants  delighting  in  marshy  grounds.)  Spikes  terete; 
glumes  imbricated  all  around;  bristles  of  the  perigynium  mostly  6  (3  to 
12)  rigid,  persistent;  style  2  to  3-cleft,  articulated  to  the  ovary ;  aehc- 
nium  crowned  with  a  tubercle  which  is  the  persistent,  bulbous  base  of 
the  style. — Mostly  li .     St.  simple,  leafless.     Spike  so'itary,  terminal. 

S  LIMNOCIILOA.    Spiko  cyllndrlcnJ,  elongated  (10,  glumes  rounded,  pale,  spirally  arranifod. 

Culms  stout,  2  to  4r  high ..     .  Nc  1  J 

S  ELEOCHAUia    Spikes  ovoid  or  lanceolate,  terctclyiiiibricate(*). "         ' 

•  Spike  lanco-rtblong,  length  thrice  greater  than  tlie  diameter  (a). 

a  Culms  teivto  (I  to  20-    Spike  rusty  brown,  6  to  lo"  long N„  3 

a  Culms  flattened,  halr-likn  or  thread-like,  narrower  than  spiko "  Nos  4  ,1 

.  «  ..*  ^"'"'*  8-nngled,  stout,  as  broail  as  the  spike.    Lv».  ?  floating No'  fl 

•  Bplke  ovoid-obltmg,  ength  less  than  tinico  the  diameter  (b). 

b  Spikes  greenish  white,  globous-ovoid,  2  to  3"  long.    Bouth Nob  7  8 

D  Spikes  brown,  or  the  glumes  brown  in  the  center  (c).  '  ' 

0  Culms4or6-angled,  2  to12'high No*.  9  10 

O  Culms  terete,  8  to  14' hiah....! Nos  11  19 

O  Culms  flat.— Bristles  4  to  C,  longer  than  the  achcnium. . '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 'Hm.  lit',  14 

.  «»,  _«.^^^^. —Bristles  few,  shorter  than  the  ach.  or  none Nob.  15  10 

S  CH^TOCTPERUS.    Spike  flat,  plumes  imbricated  In  2  or  3  rows.    Culms  cupil- 

lary,—l  to  8' hisrh,  never  proliferous  at  the  top x„a  u  is 

—5  to  12'  long,  often  proliferous  at  the  top '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. !  !no"b.'  loi  20 

1  E.  equisetoidea  Torr.  Culm  about  2ihig\\  papiUous,  terete,  2—3"  diam.,  with 
about  20  jomis,  produced  by  internal,  transverse  partitions  ;  iheath  radical,  obtuse, 
membranous;  spzle oblong  cylindrical,  about  1'  in  length,  acute  and  slightly  con- 
tracted at  base ;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  cartilaginous,  obtuse ;  bristles  6,  as  long 
as  tho  achenium ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  brown,  shining.— Bogs,  Cumberland,  R.  I. 
(Olney),  Del.  to  Ga.     It  strikingly  resembles  Equisetum  hyemale. 

2  E.  quadrangul^ta  R,  Br.  Culm  2— 4f  high,  acutely  and  unequatty  quadran- 
gular, the  broadest  side  convex,  the  others  concave;  sheaths  radical,  purplish; 
spike  1'  or  moro  in  length ;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  coriaceous ;  bristles  G; 
ach.  obovate,  of  a  dull  white.— Penn.,  Md.  (Robbins)  ,to  Ga.  and  La.  In  swampa 
and  inundated  banks. 

3  B.  paliistria  R.  Br.  Rhizomes  creeping ;  culms  subterete  (slightly  4-sided 
below),  spongy,  9'  to  2f  high,  varj-ing  from  filiform  to  IJ"  diam. ;  spikes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  3  to  6  to  10"  long,  many-flowered;  glumes  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  rusty  or  tawny  brown,  with  a  broad,  locse,  scarious  margin,  the 
lowest  enlarged ;  ach.  oboyate,  smooth,  shning,  yellowish. 

p.  CALVA.    Bristles  none ;  culms  filiform.— W.  N.  Y.  (E.  calva  Torr.). 

4  E.  intermedia  Shultes.  Tufted  culms  setaceous,  diffuse,  compressed,  fur- 
rowed, bard,  wiry,  6  lo  8'  long;  spike  lance-ovate,  acute,  2  to  3"  long,  1  to  9-Jlowered: 
glumes,  lanee-ovate,  acute,  reddish-brown,  with  a  green  midvein;  bri.stles  6, 
white,  longer  than  the  achenium ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate,  attenuated  to  tho 
base,  striate,  of  a  light  brown  color.— In  running  water,  forming  a  dense  tur£  N 
H.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Onio.    JL  an 


OlDlB  166.— OTPBBACBA 


113 ;  bristles  G ; 


787 

a  broad,  ««riou3  margirknd  agreen^ife?  h2^  obtuae  rusty  brown,  with 
prominent,  tl.iok  angle-  rouxhi^lrownorL^J^Z^'  ^-'V  °''°^*t«.  "'''^^  3 
do ;  style  a-oleft.- VVet  plS  N-  J  to  Fla  ^^  *  '^''"'''''  "'"^"^^  ^^^e^ 

'  p'°aie?rt^J:'-vera?ffL^^^  rigid,  aharply  triangular, 

thicker  than  the  stem,  placed  2-.5''  h^n!^^?^^'  T'^  ^-^^  '«°K.  scarcely 
late,  acute,  Aually  brownish  ^iL^ti^pll^''' '^  ^-^'  lino^r-lancei 

long,  pale  brown;  tuCcTcMf^oX^^^^^^^^  ^f'^J-.'t"  '«"'°"'"'»'  '''^-  ^" 
(Ricard).  Vorjr  distinct  Water^  na^ «?  t1f«  ^f  '^'^^'f.  ^-  ^^-  ""'^  ^asa. 
as  haire.    Jl.  ^"^'  "*  P*"  °'  ^^'^  stoma  are  lioating  and  as  fin« 

bristles  6,  some  of  thom\*^hSexl'lii.^  ^?.  '^^'  ^'^'""g-   «btL; 

Icns-shapod,  black  sEnLr  ormvn^r  -1^  ^''®  "''''•'  "^i"^^  is  l^-oadly  obovate^ 

cloft.-AS'et'pllcerGa!;Ft  to  Zr      ''''"'""*"'  ^"^^''^^'^'1  '^'''''^''  ^'7^^^ 

'|[ke'?vdj;  I^^o,  2'"o1no;r'gE:'2?S?oth1?         r  ^"''  '  "^  '''' 
bristles  6,  brown,  longer  than  the  T/J.n J     ,  ' '^^'^''^' °^**<''  '"'^t'**"'  acute 
tubercle  small,  acute  rs'ylo  3  deft  _wSl?„T^        'T°*'''  broad-orate  ach. 
at  sight  by  its'  whitish  iSs.     S  tRHhtrf   "^  ^^^  ^^^«-  *«  ^-     Knowtl 

'Se,°S^^j7:;L,  a^S.  llrTAnr^o't'fl^^""'^'-;  -^^""'P'^ssed.  suL 
tuse,  reddislf-brown  with  SouVTLi    ^'i^~^""^°'^^'^'^ '  ^'"'»«*  o^ate,  ob- 
6m«e,  6;  sty.  2^"cft     J^Zadft     "1  "^  ^'''"  1!'''*^°''^  *^^ 
color  when  ripe  -Sandrtonor^n  ^  ^7"*^  ^™°°*^'  ^^  *  d»".  blackish-olive 
Mass.  to  Ga.   ^  ''  ^«°'''^i'/ P^^ly  submersed,  Providence,  R.  I.  (Qlney) 

'155;'wrt!raSg,%o''3tath^  .-^ra«.«^r.  .;i«  ..-^  «^ 

at  each  end;  ff/uT^LdSpuS  „vL.    I'  *^'*f2  ,*«  3  'Jong,  elliptic-ovairacuto 

ova.  roundish.'ta;^i„7b'erc:;v^  reS  'T'  ^'^'^  ^^P*^'' 

places.  Can.  and  U.  S.    Jn.,  Jl.  ^  or  d  or  0  set®.— Common  in  wet 

^''o£s^''^^l!;l';XJ"'^^^^^  tS""  'i'':  '^'  ^'''  --^.  --^ 

margins;  ach.  obovatc  c^mp^esrecl  «mnSh  S  '  °'"^'^'  ^^^  brown,  with  whitish 
as  the  glumes,  and  crowTd  with  khrnS'  ^T.VT^^^  ^i*'^  «  set®  as  long 
and  U.  S.,  common.  T  '  ^^*  t^berde.-Shallow  waters,  Can 

"atL^^pKltSii^l^^^^^^^^  '*"^*?'  ^=^'  '"^•^  ^^^fl^ss.  sheathed 

able  for  its  largo  tubercle     jT  ^'  ^^  ***  ^^°'-  ^""^  ^a.    Remark- 

"l8^"  BpKvdd,'^°:cuti^"'S^^^^^  (terete  To„.).  filiform,  striate,  12  to 

bristles  6,  rigid,  Wrtl^n^o  nortr^"-°V'''"*,^^^  with  a  brown  cl^nter; 
wise,  olivWreen  crowned  wit    .  l ,r  '  ^•"?  '!  broad-obovate,  furrowed  length^ 

cleft:-Wet^plSs!rcS  Jo  Fll  aS^'^^^^  *"^^^^'°'  ^'i'^^  ^^ 

"almJSorm^*tid"'LSnh!'~^  ^"^ular  and  sulcato,  slender 

spike  l^n£:i:''ttt!!!f^t^^^^^^^  to  tn^L"^''^'  ^T^^^^ 

brown,  edge  scarious-  hpi«tioa  J  fi*'r  ^  i~  "'.  '^nce-ovate,  smooth,     ght 

co«4  o^S-SrwitK  00^^^^^^  **;« »  /bf  s,««x>th  acA.,  which  isV 

^  l,r^tlea-R.  I.  (olie;)!  N.  V?'(sfrti):rMict  *"'''"'''  ^'°""  ^'"'^  ^''°  « 
^iry,  '?S-^TSt^.\heI^L  ,^«^"*  ^^^Pressed,  furrowed,  «fe„der,  almost  filiform, 
len|h,  20-ioloweS^  ^?.,m.r'*^;  '^S^  lance-oblong,  rather'acute,  £-6'^^ 
and  a  pro^ncnt  yXwisfrdir  '^""^^^^  «^"«»s  ^^P^» 

16  B.  compr^saa  Sullivaat.    Culm^u-^i,'  high,  «^it,^  ^J'^  ^^^ 


^•"^S  Order  1GB.— CYPERACE^. 

narrowly  linear,  striate;  sheutli  close,  truncate;  spike  obloiif^-ovate,  3—5"  u 
length,  20— 30-floworod ;  glumes  ovato-]uncoolatc<,  acute,  mostly  2-cleft  at  apex 
•lark  purple  on  the  back,  witii  a  broad,  scarioua  margin;  hriaUes  0 ;  ach.  obovatol 
ftf'o   "— \v'""*l'  "''""''■''•^  pu»«tate,  o/a  light,  shining  yellow,  the  minute  tuborclo 

■^^o  ^A.*,^*?"^^*1,"  "■  ^^'  ^"^^  leafless,  setaceous,  quadrangular,  very  slender 
i—h  hi^rli;  spike  compressed,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  4— 8-flowered;  glumes  ob^ 
tusisl),  tho  lowest  one  larger  and  empty;  ach.  oboooid,  triangular,  striated  leneth- 
wiae— Kdgea  ot  i)onda,  often  partly  submersed,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Very  deli- 
cate.     Juno,  July,  ^  """ 

18  B.  plgm*a  Torr.  Culm  1—2'  high,  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcato;  spikes 
ovate,  compressed,  3-6-fld. ;  gl.  mostly  empty;  bristles  6,  longer  than  the 
achenium  slender,  scabroiis  backwards;  ach.  ovate,  amte,  triangviar,  smooth  not 
striate,  whitish  and  shining;  tubercle  minute.— Sea  coast,  Mass.,  to  Fla.  and  La. 

19  B.  microcdrpa  Torr.  Culm  capUlary,  4-anglod.  5  to  8'  long;  spike  obloue 
compressed  10  to  20.flowered,  about  2"  long,  often  proliferous ;  glumes  ovate 
acutish,  keeled,  chestnut  brown,  the  lowest  much  the  largest,  bristles  3  to  5* 
shorter  than  the  achenium  which  is  minute,  smooth,  whitish,  with  a  very  minute 
tubercle.— Wet  places,  N.  J.,  also  La.  '  '  J 

20  B.  prolffera  Torr.  Culms  capillary,  4-angled  and  fiirrowed,  4  to  12'  long  in 
dense  tufts ;  spike  minute,  1  to  2''  long,  compressed,  4  to  Q-flowered;  glumes  ovate 
Chestnut  brown  with  scarious  margins,  often  proliferous,  that  is,  producing  new 
culms  instead  of  flowers;  bristles  3  or  4,  much  shorter  than  the  achenium  which 
18  3-angled  and  with  a  broad,  depressed  tubercle.— Fla.  I  to  La.  (Hale).  rChaeto- 
cyperus  Baldwinii  Torr.)  \        i     \       <" 

6.  SCIR'PUS,  L.  Cluh-rush.  Bcllrush.  (Celtic  cirSy  the  general 
name  for  rushes.)  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides ;  porigynium  of  3—6 
bristles,  persistent ;  sty.  2— 3-cleft,  not  tuberculate  at  base,  deciduous ; 
achenium  biconvex  or  triangular.— 2f  Stems  mostly  triquetro^is,  simple, 
rarely  leafless.     Spikes  solitary,  conglomerated  or  corymbous. 

I  SciKPUS.    Bristles  retrorsely  denticulate,  nbout  eqiinlinff  the  achenium.    (♦) 

•  8p  ke  single,  termiiini,  with  a  short,  erect  bract  at  its  base Nos   1~.<» 

•  Spikes  several  or  many  clustered  oil  each  culm,    (a)  

a  Clusters  of  spikes  lateral— on  tlie  terete,  leafless  culin Nos   4  5 

„,    ^        ,      ,  —oil  the  triangular  culm ....Nos  6-8 

a  Clusters  of  spikes  terminal,  mostly  umbellate,    (b) 

b  Glumes  lacerately  3-toothed.    Spikes  largo  (9  to  12"  lona) Nos.  9  10 

b  Glumes  entire -Spikes  small  (1"),  collected  in  globular  heads ....  Nos.  ll'  12 

,„  T,  ,  .,     -       —Spikos  small  (2  to  8"  long>,  separate No.  13 

{  TRicopnoRnM.    Bristles  (5,  tortiioiiN,  tawny,  much  longer  than  tho  achenium.  and 
exserted.    btem  (culm)  leafy.     Umbel  decompound Nos.  14  16 

1  S.  planifdliuB  Mulil.  Cidm  ccespitous,  leafy  at  base,  acutely  and  roughly  3- 
angkd,  5—10'  high;  Ivs.  broad-liuear,  flat,  rough  on  the  margin,  equaling  tho 
stem;  sp?A;e  oblong-lanceolate,  compressed,  ^erminai,  4— 8-flowered;  glumes  ovate- 
mucronate,  yellowish ;  bracts  at  tho  base  of  tho  spike,  cuspidate,  outer  ones  longer 
than  the  spike ;  ach.  reddish-brown,  invested  with  6  bristles  longer  than  itself.— 
In  cold,  hard  soils,  Mass.  (Robbins),  N.  Y.  to  Del.     June. 

2  S.  subterminalis  Torr.  Culm  floating,  furrowed,  inflated,  leafy  below,  1  to  3f 
long;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  almost  capdlary,  2  to  4f  long;  spike  somewhat  terminal 
(the  stem  being  continued  above  it  in  the  form  of  a  bract),  lanceolate;  style  2-ck(l; 
bristles  6.— Streams,  &e.,  Mass.  to  N.  Y.,  Mich.     Aug. 

3  S.  08BBpit68us  L.  Culm  cccspitous,  round,  sheathed  at  base  with  r.umerom  nr 
dimwits  of  leaves;  spikes  compressed,  terminal;  2  lower  glumes  involucre-like,  as 
long  as  the  spike;  ach.  Avith  6  bristles.— Grows  in  dense  tufts,  4 — 12'  high.  Spike 
4 — 5-flowered,  reddish-brown.     On  the  alpine  summits  of  Mts.,  N.  States.     Jl. 

4  S.  dSbilis  Pursh.  Culm  crospitous,  roundish,  deeply  striate,  9  to  16'  high,  with 
a  few  subulate  leaves  at  base;  spikelets  about  3,  short-ovoid,  sessile,  crowded, 
lateral,  the  culm  continuing  a  fourth  of  its  length  above  them,  glumes  ovate,  obtuse, 
carinate,  pale  green ;  ach.  obovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  4  or  6. — Porders  of  pond* 
and  rivulets,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.    Aug. 


Obdbb  166.— CTPERACEiE. 


1Z9 


Sih ^^^^   f  •    }'  V:  B^'i-Rt^sn.     Culm  smooth,  loaflesa,  filled  with  a  poroiM 

filiort  cusp;  ponkjtecymouj  near  the  top;  ped.  rouRh,  twice  comwund    «n?lr«?„f^ 
ovo.d,  closely  hubricato;  scaloa  ovato,Tniate,  ?ube3  ^E"  shoiS^K 

rivera  and  pondy,  U.  S.  to  Arc.  Am,  July.  (S.  acutus  MubL) 
♦?;  1??"*^®°*  ^"''"r  ^"^™  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  oomera  acute  and  two  of 
from  t£o  rn™7;,^^°'i*  '?"«•'  '^"^  ""^'"S  •"  -*  «hai^  poTntT  1^  fow  and  Lrt 
?rou8  dlsu^nl  bolotTh'^'  '"^'^  ^f*"™'-  ^-''  ^«rcn>;.derfandT;ilo  ar 
Xr2W^//  P^nHo  ^^''°  P?'"*'  ^'^^''^  round-ovate,  mucronalo;  bristles  G  • 
Xn^'^^iZ)^         ""^  '""'■''''''  "^^^^  «"^  "^^^  throughout  N.  America.     (S: 

^t?ppe?wuT/.°Zrt  f^J'^'l,^'\^'i'ous.winged,  Uafl^s,  2-7fhigh,  sheath  radical. 

°  ifa>7al7A!VJ-"2"  2  ^"f  5'"^'''  ^-^^S^"^  ^'^l^  «°°«^^«  «'d««.  "-ather  slender, 
mI KvfJ-  .  'J  ■  ^  '"■  ^'  ^^^^  '"°''°  'on&  slender;  spikes  2—4  (rarelv  1)  ses 
sile,  distmct,  acute,  ovate-oblong;  scales  ovate,  muc^onSte  sm^,  •  2   3^// 

^ke^Stfe^SinSucSorji:'!^^  ^cJ^Sil^^^C^ 
ri.,m,«7!n;„  ?  i'^".  ™'' '.'',"»  ""ymtoi^;  iiivol.  of  about  3  very  long  l»vM 

SLt:iarfar^'?,;\^:*.o%Tor5  ""^■•'  ^°'*  iA^ffi 

'°i';?„tS;^^7-„,0uta  «'^^^  leafy,  .u,.,.  3  orof  h«l,;  ,.. 

W  Kl.  and  W.  States.     Jl.,  Aug.     (S.  maritimus,  y3.  fluv.  Torr.) 

12  S.  polyphyllus  Vahl.     Culm  obtusely  triangular  leafv  "— -Jf  1,!,rl,  -    o,rn.    ' 
(&  brumeTs  El"  )  """"•     ""8'°»  "f  "«'«'».  N-  Eog.,  HL  aad  S.  Slate,. 

as  lone  as   tlio  vlilfn  „„,'  "•^'p"'''^'^>  ^^^  conspicuous,  bemg  £.  or  6  tmea 
as  ong  as  tlio  vhito  aclicmum.-A  common,  stiff,  rank,  meadow  sedge,  which 


1410  onDin  155.— cyperace;e.  • 

catUo  do  not  oat,    U.   8.  and  Can.     Aujj.      (Tricophorum    cyporinutn  rors.) 
Variablo. 

15  S.  line&tna  Mx.  Culm  trinnpular,  vory  loafy,  2  to  .If  IiIrIi  ;  ttmbcla  tcrminnl 
and  ftxilliiry,  dt-minpotind,  at  Icn^tli  niKldiux;  invol.  1  or  '1  bracU,  shorter  than 
thewnM.i;  spikes  ovohl.  prduiiciilato,  ^■olita^y;  glumos  lanwolato,  forniginoiw  • 
bristles  0,  <ui  long  iw  the  glunus,  hardly  exsfrted. — JiwunipH  in  most  of  tljo  Btatos'. 
Aug.     (riioDpiiorum,  Pcra.) 

7.  ERIOPH'ORUM,  L.  Cotton  Ckabs.  (Gr.  fptov,  wool,  ^f'pw,  to 
War  ;  alliuiing  to  tlio  copious  bristles  of  the  pcrijryniutu.)  Glumes  im- 
briouled  all  nround  into  a  spiko;  nchonium  invested  with  innnv,  rarely 
only  0,  very  long,  dense,  woolly  or  cottony  hairs. — Stetn  generally  leafy. 
Spikelets  mostly  in  umbels,  finally  clothed  with  the  long,  silk  hairs. 

iHrlstlct  iif  till'  pcrlifynluin  fl.    Hpiko  alnelo No  1 
Url.stK'H  of  llio  |iviiKyiiUirii  niniiuroiiit.— Splku  mIiikIc .'.'.'.".'.'.*.'.'.'.'.*"  No"  i 

— .S|)lko8  Duvernl.  (•) 

•  Pplkos  oollcctod  Into  n  «ub«ciisllp,  cnMlt.ito  cluhttir jjo  3 

•  Splkos  Ki'imitttP,  iiodiinciilftto,  In  uiiiUulliitu  ciilstors !......!'.'.*.  .i<V)9.  4  6 

1  E.  alpinum  L.  Culm  vory  slondor,  ncutoly  .1-nnglod,  nakod,  somowliat  sca- 
brous, 8— Ki'  liigh,  witi\  .'i— 4  radical  PJioatlis;  radical  Ivs.  vory  short,  subuLito- 
epiko  oblong,  terminal,  about  2"  in  longtii ;  hairs  6  to  oacli  llpwcr,  woolly,  whitoj 
crisped,  4  timoa  an  long  as  tho  spiko. — Bog  moadows,  often 'alpino,  N.  IT.  to  N 
Y.  and  IVnn.     Jl.  x      .  . 

2  B.  vaglnatum  L.  SnEATUKD  Cottom  Grass.  Sts.  donaoly  oBspitous,  obtusely 
triangular,  slender,  smooth  and  rigid.  1— 2rhigh;  uppermost  sheatha  inflated- 
spikelet  ovate,  oblong,  6—8"  long,  of  a  blackish  color,  with  scarious  glumes; 
hairs  30 — ^tO  to  each  flower,  straight,  white  and  glossy,  twice  as  Jong  as  tho 
spikelet,  conspicuous,  as  well  as  in  other  species,  oven  at  a  distance  among  tho 
meadow  grass. — N.  Kng.  to  Mich.,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  E.  Virgfnicum  L.  Culm  strict,  firm,  slender,  teroteish,  2  to  3f  high ;  Iva, 
smooth,  narrowly  linear,  shorter;  invol.  2  to  4-k'aved,  longer  than  the  iulloros- 
oonco;  spikes  many,  ovoid,  acute,  3"  long,  glomerate,  with  very  short  peduncles, 
forming  a  capitate  cluster ;  stam.  J,  tawny,  cxsertod  with  .3  tawny  styles;  aclie- 
nium  flattened,  obovate,  keeled  on  tho  back,  pointed,  invested  with  10  to  200 
pale  cinnamon  colored  setto  which  are  4  to  7"  long.— Hogs,  Can.  and  IT.  S.  Jl., 
Aug.     In  flower  tho  heads  aro  tawny  rod. 

a.  conpi;rtissimi:.m.     Ilc.ids  very 'largo  (20"  diam.)  and  dense  with  white  soto). 
—In  Northern  N.  II.  (E.  conlertissimum  Ed.  2(1.) 

4  B.  polystachyon  L.  Culm  somowiiat  triangular,  smooth,  1 — 2f  high ;  eaidine 
Ivs.  2—3,  Iroad-linear,  flattened  below,  triquetrous  at  tho  end;  invoL  i-kaved; 
."pikes  about  10,  on  rouj^h  peduncles  which  are  long  and  drooping  and  sometimes 
branched;  setjo  30—40  to  each  flower,  white,  6 — 8"  long,  ach.  obovate,  obtuse. 
— Vory  conspicuous,  in  meadows  and  swamps,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am. 

5  E.  grScile  Koch.  Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  18'  to  2f  high,  roughlsh  above;  Ivs. 
iriqwArous,  charuieled  on  tho  upper  side,  scarce  1'  wide ;  invol  one-leaved,  very 
short ;  pod.  rotighish  or  subpubesccnt,  nodding ;  spikes  3  to  8,  ovoid,  some  sub- 
sessile,  others  on  peduncles  1  to  4"  long ;  glumes  striate,  brownish ;  bristles  50 
or  more  in  each  flower,  8  to  10"  long,  white;  ach.  lancc-obovate,  obtuse.— 
Bogs,  N.  States  and  Can.    Common  in  N."  J.  (Jackson)  (E.  augustifolium  Torn). 

8.  HEMICARTHA,  Necs.  (Gr.  i'lfiiavg,  Imlf,  Kdp<pa,  straw  or  chaff, 
there  being  but  one  scale  to  tho  flower.)  Spiko  many-flowered  ;  glumes 
imbricated  all  around  ;  interior  scale  1,  embracing  tho  flower  and  fruit; 
bristles  0;  stamens  1  ;  stylo  2  cleft,  not  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous; 
ftchenium  compressed,  oblong,  subtcretc. —  71  Low,  tufted,  with  seta- 
ceous culms  and  leaves. 

R.  Bubsquarroea  Nees.  Culm  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcate,  recurved,  2—3' 
high;  Ivs.  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  Fcape;  spikes  2—3,  terminal  (appa' 
rently  lateral),  subsessile,  ovoid,  nearly  2"  long;  invol.  of  2  bracts,  ono  appear- 


0«D«B  IfiB.-CYPERACEJK.  i^^j 

ing  liko  a  continuation  of  tho  soano  thrico  loncmr  ttitn  «i,«  «♦».         i 
tvithaBhort.  recurved  or  miuarrouTKinSTrown"  iej    ,Hn  .V  A"*".°!i' 

9.  LIPOCAR'PHA,  Brown.      Spikes  nmny-flowcrcd  ;  tfh.nos  Bnatn- 

n  0.  nnbncatccl  all  a.;o,nul ;  interior  Hcaics  2,  tl.i,,,  Hub^^  im  Jvina 

tl.  0  fl.nvornnd  tl.o  frmt ;  poriantl,   nono  ;  st^uncns  1 ;  Jylc  2  o  TfiS^ 

nol.o„n,rn  coHted  with  tho  8calc..s._(J„hns  leafy  at  ba«J.     ^kes  numcr- 

oirs  collected  into  an  involucrate,  tonninnj  luwl  ^ 

10    FIMBRISTYLIS,  Valil.     (Lnt.  >mftm,  a  fringe,  stulus    stvlo  • 
from  tho  clmto  8tyle.)     Glume,  imbricated  on   ail  ^sidos  •  tltlS  0  • 

m'J:ir:!!'rw  uf -tilf,'  V-f  7v*  ^-.decidn<>„s,  ofterciiia';;"oru'c 

mairrin.--  4  With  the  habit  of  Scirpus.     Lvs.  mostly  radical 

a.  ™«INEA.    Urrbol  of  many  ray,  eomowhut  compound.     (F.  ferrugincM 

3  p.  arg^ntea  Vahl.     Glaucous-  culm"?  inftoA   0  tr,  a>   u-  1 

pressed;  lvs.  radical,  niifonu,  as  long  .Ttlfo  culms    .pikes  5  o  8  Sr"% f""*- 
acute,  sessile,  straw^bredin  a  <knse  W      L'l    ^  L^  1      ^  ■^^'''"'^' 

longer  than  the  keaO,  v.uallylon,t  E^'cl     Sles^Jo  t  m^^'  Z^'^ 

4  P.  diBtdchya  Chapman?     Culms  setaceous,  leaflcsj.   tuftod    ^   tr.  a'  x.-  x. 
J?;!!2'f  ^"'----'^.  '^^tcral,  sessile  near  ^l,o  top  S  tMmN'^L^^^^^^ 
Xno'  K'"'?^^^  very  ntnuerous;  sty.  2-cleft;  ach.   minute,  but  as  C  as  the 
glume.-Mid.  Fia.  (Chapman.  It  is  Ilemicarpha  subsquarrosa  Nees )       ^ 

«.  TRICHELOSTYLIS.  Listiboudois.  (Gr.  rmyn^oc  threefold. 
^rrvAor ;  from  the  character.)  Glumes  in  4\o  8  ra^ik^  c^Hnat  S 
ties  none ;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous  below  the  bulb  (if  any)  at  the'basT 

ISpikP8!nncompoiinflnmhel,oWone,  ferrujrlnond „      ,. 

N).lk<.8liiftRubslmp,a«inbil,  2  to  4  to  0.  chestnut  colored ^"'It^'! 
rI!!v  *  '!■?  ''''""''  '"'T';  Prei-nish.  Involucre  leaves  rtlliited  'aVbiw m  '  !?'  2 
Spike  solitiiiy,  greenish,  lateral  near  the  summit  of  the  culm  !?!?; ! .' .' ! .'  .'.■ ^t"  « 

1  T.  autumnalis.    Culm  compressed,  2-edged,  caespitou,  leafy  at  baae^  alio* 


742 


Obdbr  156.— CTPERAOE^. 


high ;  Ivs.  flat,  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  umWil  compound,  difTuae ;  invoL 
2-Ieavod ;  spikolets  knceohUo,  aouto,  somewhat  4-8idod,  2 — 3  together  ;  gluineg 
brown,  niucronato ;  ach.  white. — Wet  places,  along  rivers,  etc.,  N.  Eng.  I  to  Ga., 
W.  to  Mo.     July.     (Fiinbristilis,  R.  4  S.) 

2  T.  coarct^ta.  Culm  fllifonn,  teretish,  8  to  12'  high;  Iva.  setaceous,  withbearded 
t?ieaths ;  mnbel  "ompound,  contracted;  invol.  Ivs.  many,  short  setaceous,  one  a 
little  longer  than  the  utnbel;  spikes  15  to  20,  linear-oblong,  3 'long;  gluines 
about  1 2,  acute,  rust-colo  cd  ;  stam.  2  ;  sty.  deeply  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate,  3-angled. 
— Dry,  sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     (Isolepis  Torr.     Scirijus  Ell.) 

9  T.  oapilldris.  Culm  ceespitous,  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  capillary,  4 — 8'  high ; 
Ivs.  aubradical,  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  spikes  moid,  2— A,  in  a  simple 
umbel,  inner  one  sessile;  glumes  oblong,  ferruginous,  margin  pubescent;  ach. 
white. — In  sandy  fields,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ky.  and  Ohio.  Aug.  (Isolepis,  R. 
&  S.    ].  ciliutif)lius.  Ell.,  a  taller  form  (7  to  10')  with  4  to  6  spikes.) 

4  T.  Btenophylla.  Culms  twisted,  2  to  4'  high,  setaceous,  as  long  as  the  seta- 
t  ins  Ivs. ;  spikes  4  to  C,  ovoid,  acute,  few-flowered,  sossiJe,  in  a  dense  head ; 
invoi.  ivs.  3  or  4,  dilated  ■■•t  base,  ciliato,  2  or  3  times  longer  (3  to  12  ')  than  the 
head ,  glumes  ovate-ucuminate,  keeled,  greenish ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  short-triangu- 
Hr,  black-pruinous  when  manure. — Dry  soils,  Car.  to  Fla.  Jl. — Sept.  (Isolepis, 
Kuuch.    Scirpus,  Ell.) 

5  T.  Wdrei.  Culm  filiform,  terete,  furrowed,  near  If  high;  Ivs.  2  to  3' Ion?, 
channeled  ;  spikes  6  to  12,  ovoid,  in  a  dense  head;  invol.  Ivs.  3  or  4,  longer  than 
the  Dead,  base  dilated  and  cut-fringed;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliatf ;  ach.  wIjuc, 
rugulous,  obovate-triangular. — W.  Fla  (Ware,  Torr.  Cyp.).  Very  neui  the  preced- 
ing:.    (Isolepis,  Tcr.) 

6  T.  oarin&ta.  Culm  flattened,  setaceous,  3  to  6'  high,  with  a  short,  solitary 
setaceous  leaf  near  the  base ;  spike  single,  ovoid,  lateral  near  tlie  top  of  the  culm ; 
glumes  green,  5  to  8,  broad-ovate,  veined  acuminate;  sty.  3-cleft;  ach.  short- 
triangular,  grayish,  half  as  long  as  the  glume. — Near  N.  Orioans  (Hale)  (IsolcpLs, 
ilook.  &  Aril.), 

12.  PSILOCAR'YA,  Torr.  (Gr.  tpikog,  naked,  Kapva,  nut;  no 
bristle*.)  Flowers  ^  .  Glumes  oo,  imbricated  all  round,  all  fertile ; 
pcrigynium  0  ;  stain.  2  ;  filaments  long,  persistent ;  ^tyle  2-clcft,  dilated 
or  tuberculate  at  base ;  acheniuni  biconvex,  r:iowncd  with  the  persis- 
tent style. — Stems  leafy.     Spikes  la'aral  and  terminal,  cymous. 

1  P.  scirpoides  Torr.  Culm  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  Ssided,  5— 9' high;  Ivs. 
linear,  sniooih,  J — 5'  by  1",  eauline  about  2;  cj/me*'  terminal,  and  one  from  the, 
bheath  of  each  eauline  leaf;  spikes  about  3"  long,  oblong-ovate,  in  small,  loose 
clusters,  20—30fi0wired;  glumes  chestn\.Wo\oTed,  thi.i  ovate,  acute;  ach.  tumid, 
dark  brown,  ciowntd  with  the  long  style,  which  is  mu'.h  dilated  at  base.— Bor- 
ders of  poiid-j,  Smitlifield,  R.  I.  (Olney),  Mar :.  (Greene),  and  Ark.  (Hale). 

2  P.rhyuchosporoides  Torr.  Culm  8  to  U'  high,  leafy,  smooth;  Ivs.  lin'^ir  2" 
broad,  oviTtoppiiig  the  culm;  vr/M few-rayed ;  spikes o\o]d,  2  to  3"  long,  a*  pe- 
dunculate, 8  io  iC jiotvtred ;  glumet!  roundish  ovate,  obtuse,  pale  brown;  ucli. 
roundish,  lenticular,  strongly  rugous;  tubercle  short,  obtuse,. — Quincy,  Fla. 
(Ch.'i.pmau). 

i3.  DICHROM'ENA,  Richard.  (Gr.  d/'r,  tv.  o,  ;twa,  color.)  Spikes 
flattened,  collected  into  a  terminal  head;  glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides, 
many  abortive  ;  pcrigynium  none  :  stamens  3  ;  styles  2-cleft ;  acheniuni 
lens~sl!:>ped,  croAvncd  with  t?.e  broad,  tuberculate  base  of  the  stylo.— 
Rhizome  v-rcepinjr.  Culms  leafy.  Lvs.  of  the  uivol.  usually  whitened 
at  the  base. 

1  D.  leucoc£phala  Mx.  Culm  irip.ngular,  2  to  3f  high ;  lvs.  concave,  narrow, 
shorter  than  the  culm;  invol.  G  to  8-leaved,  the  lvs.  lanceolate,  long-pointed, 
whitened  below,  spreading,  1  to  4'  long;  a.ih.  truncate  -it  the  summit,  transversely 
rugulous. — Fogs,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Known  at  u  distance  by  its  wliite  in- 
volucre. 


0RDE3  155.— CrPERACiS^;  ^.g 

2  D.  latif  >lia  Baldw.  Culm  tereteish  stout  q'  *«  or  i,  ..  ,  , 
very  hmg,  overtopping  the  culm  •  in  vol  8  to  fo  l^J  "L'^^I  ^-  ^""^V  ^^««^. 
atth^ba^e;  acLroundish  in  ouUino  (  Jept  tl  rSjf  ^  'oecoming  duU  red 
tubercle  broad,  conical  at  top  base  IL^!?  h1„  ^"^f '='*^)'  roughened,  dull,  tlio 
With  its  hcmaLponds  in  ^  Urre4  K  Car  toTa"'  '"  ""  ^'«^«  ''  *^«  '"^^ 
14.  RHYNCHOS'POFA    V«l.l     (r.    "  ,     , 

fro,n  the  character)  fIow^- «^ or  777'  ?  ^'^•''^''  T^'^'  «««^5 
Kl.nnes  loosely  imbri^ted,  the  owost  L,ll  an^d  oZt '"  '"'^  '^"^'^'"'^ 
0  to  12  bristles;  stamens  3  to  ?2  stvTe  Ifid  "f^  ?  P«"gy"'r  °^ 
or  subdobous  crowned  w^tl,  n  \j  ^^^.^J?'^^^]  achenium  lens-shaped 

a  Sete  equnling  or  excce.l ,ng  the  iciienVum'. ' (b) Nos.  8-S 

b  Is  le»nir?'''^ ''■''"'?■'"'••    AchenlU  oblong.  „    . 

•  Aohenlam  smooth  and  even.  (c>  -Acheniuu,  oval i-il^Nos.  12, 18 

°       'd  8lti'6'to'ir7»"""''r'"'.?"''»™  "r  setaceous,  (d) 
^    3  a/6,'.;l?:;l;";;$j''«I'''»  (-dera  stro„g^2.Wnifle,)....Nos.  14-1. 

0  Culm  wiry,  firm.    Leaves  linear'. 7e) Nos.  17-19 

e  Stamens  3  or  12.    Setse  10  or  12.. 

•  8t«^„sa    8et«,6,-retrorse,yhlspiaVloVger^ 

-upwardly  hlspi,l,_sborter  than  the  ach::Nos  24  25 

lR.pluindsaEll.    Culm  ririd    wirr   fi' to  9f  »,-T    ?'""'"""'"""""' '^"•'* 

ceous  above,  half  a.  lon^asTo'cS  LSslLo??'  ''•  T^'*^'  '"^°'"*«'  ^^^^ 
ri^inal  fasckle,  rarely  a  smdleraxilLvSif-llh??  ''*''•  '''"''^""'  '^'^'  *«  «  '^'^ 
filuraes  broad/ovate,  acute, TLrS  lit.  Y^^T  "''  ""  ^""^^'^  peduncle;, 
lar-ovoid,  rugous  a^beuium ;  tuWKort  Dr  ^  ^^"T""'  "'  ^"''^  ^  ^'^^  e^^bul 
|8.  8EM.PLUM6SA.  Set®  featherv  half  wa7,?n^  Pme  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
Near  N.  Orleans  (iSallfr^em  nlui^r  J'^'^'^'lf  "'^  denticulate  above.- 

2  R.oli6dntha  Gray.^  Culn    filiform  srisMM"     T^'  ^""'"^^  P"  '^')' 
setaceous  Ivs.  about  tho  sa  no    St     li^^fh  1"^  T.  *^'"  ^^'^  ^"'""^"^ 
lance-ovate,  fuscous-red,  /a^^o/  neTiu  Zn^nlcftL^:^'^'^^^  -rarely  solitary, 
cronato;  setae  6,  as  long  as  tho  s^h  LTZlnr,  ( l     T^"^ ',  ^''""^8  ovate,  mu- 
ato.e.-N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  in  Sndy  bogs  *  ^"''"■'^"'  ^^"'«^"*  *«^«'.  ^^P'^^ 

'  B?one^"fa?tlfe1L^^^^^^^  -^^-  -f  /  -'^-^  ^..  W, 

largest ;  spikelets  oviid,  b  do  o  f.ScH  of  aSt'  r'^T^'  '  /"  ^'  *''^  ^^■™'''^ 
brown ;  bristles  6,  » as  lone  as  tiio  IroS  In.    7        '  ^''"f """^  broad-ovate,  dark 

tub^cle  depressed,  LchsL"r?,rtho^^^^^^ 

obovate  achenium;  (ube^cloXrt  Siv  £  E  .  ^'l''''^  "'  W as  the  oblong: 
J.    Jl.,  Aug.     (Holton.)  '  ^    '■  ^'"'""^  "^  ^'^'^•^  "3  tho  achenium.-N. 

'  c^ous'SvesT  ^TLs'^WoS VJo'ns''  '"'^'V^f^"--'  -'th  much  shorter,  seta- 
loose,  simple:  coCbo„rr^rnW.'/SS:r-^^  >".^'  f '"'^''"''^'  ''^^  '»  2  or  3 
ovate,  acuto;  set^  alKjut'e; Vearlv  ^  l^T^'ti'^'^^^^  brac-ls  ..apU'arr;  glumes 
vato  ach.onium  ;  tubcrclo  verj  St^R  Ca^i  tl  "'"^'^r™^"''  '"^''^'^^^  "^o^ 
aspect  of  a  TricheIo.«tylis.  «"«'*— ^-  Car.  .o  Fla.  and  La,  in  bogs,     llaa  tlxe 

^tro^;TneTfla?sLooth'hnf^'"'r'  ''•■'^'?'  '«*^«'  "g'*^-  ^8'  to  3f  high;  Iva. 

^ut/iong-ara^y'^^^^^^^^^^ 


744 


Obdkb  165.— CYPERACE^. 


iroopiuft  panicles ;  seta  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  rugous,  oblong,  flattish  ache, 
nium  and  Bhort  tubercle.— Wet  soils,  S.  Car.  to  FJa.  and  La.    (Schoenus  Mx.) 

7  R.  mili&cea  Gray.  Culm  slender,  triangular,  very  Jeafy  below,  2f  high  fiatu- 
k)us ;  Ivs.  nither  rigid,  flat,  lance-linear,  smooth,  glaucous,  6  to  8  long,  3  'to  4" 
wide;  npikes  oborate,  all  pedicellate,  3  to  5-fiowored,  forming  diffme,  compound, 
axillary  and  terminal  cymous  panicles;  aetce  6,  a  little  longer  than  the  roundish 
obovato  achcnlum  and  very  short  tubercle. — Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La.    (R,  sparsa  Vahl.    Schcsnus  Lam.) 

8  R.  cadilca  Ell.  Culm  acutely  triangular,  1  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.  broadly  linear 
emooth,  2  to  3"  wide;  spikes  ovate,  large  (4  to  fi"  long),  pedicellate  or  sessile,  in 
several  rather  close,  erect,  axillary  and  terminal  panicler.;  glumes  caducous,  ovate 
the  outer  broad;  setat  twice  longer  than  the  orbicular-ovate,  rugous  achenium', 
tubercle  flattened,  conical,  a  third  as  long  as  tho  achenium. — Wet  soils  N.  Car' 
to  Fla.  ' 

9  R.  achoenoides.  Culm  triangular,  2  to  3f  high,  leafy  at  base;  Ivs.  linear,  2'' 
wide,  glabrous,  not  half  tho  length  of  tho  culm;  spikes  very  numerous,  lance-ovate, 
small  (2  '  long),  sessile  or  nearly 'so,  clustered,  forming  several  axillary  and  terminal, 
pedunculate  panicles;  glumes  fuscous,  broad-ovate;  seta)  twice  as  long  as  the 
obovate,  flat,  rugous  achenium  and  small  tubercle.  Bogs,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.  (Scir- 
pus,  Ell.)  ^ 

10  R.  pStula  Gray.  Culm  3-angled,  thick  and  stout  at  the  base,  2f  high ;  Iva. 
linear,  short;  spikes  ovate,  small  {2"  \ox\^),  forming  several  spreading,  loose-flow- 
ered corymbs,  of  which  tho  terminal  one  is  much  the  longest;  setie  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding the  roundish,  flattened,  strongly  rugous  achenium  and  tubercle,  tho  latter 
nearly  half  as  long  as  tho  former. — Ga.  and  Fla.,  rare. 

11  R.  Blli6ttii  Gray.  Culm  3-angled,  slender,  1  to  2f  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat, 
glabrous,  serrulate  on  the  margins,  the  caulino  short;  spikes  ovate,  sessile  in  fasci- 
cles forrning  3  or  ^few-flowered,  subsimple  corymbs,  borne  on  oxsertcd  peduncles; 
seta?  a  little  longer  than  the  roundish-ovate,  minutely  rugous  achenium  ;  tubercle 
very  short,  flattened,  conic— Wet  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.     Jn.— Sept. 

12  R.  microcdrpa  Baldw.  Culm  slender,  teretish,  tufted,  nearly  naked;  Ivs. 
narrowly  linear,  setaceous  at  end,  mostly  radical ;  spikes  turgid-ovate,  dark  brown, 
I  to  2"  long,  loosely  fascicled  in  several  approximate,  pedunculate  corymbs ;  setJB 
very  fragile,  scarcely  equaling  the  minute,  ovate,  flat,  rugous  achenium.— Wet 
grounds,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

13  R.  punctata  Ell.  Culm  slender,  3-angled,  1  to  2f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
acute,  rough-edged ;  spikes  ovate,  chestnut  brown,  fascicled,  in  several  peduncu- 
late corymbs;  8cta3  a  little  longer  than  the  achenium,  which  is  ovate,  compressed, 
and  1-ugous-netted,  with  impressed  dots  in  tJie  furrows. — Marshes,  Ga.  and  Fla. 

14  R.  alba  Vahl.  Culm  triangular  above,  very  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  10—16' 
high;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  channeled;  corymbous  fascicles  pedunculate,  both  ter- 
minal and  from  tho  axils  of  tho  sheaths,  with  setaceous  bracts;  spikolets  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  each  end,  with  crowded,  lanceolate,  whitish  glumes;  setm  9  or  10, 
as  long  a    the  ach.  and  tubercle. — In  wet,  shady  grounds;  common.    July— Sept, 

15  R.  Kniesk^rnii  Carey.  Culms  in  tufts,  6  to  16'  high,  slender;  Ivs.  mostly 
cauline,  setaceous,  linear,  shorter;  spikes  small  (1"  long)  in  4  or  5  dense  fascicles, 
distant  along  the  whole  length  of  the  culm;  setse  G,  downwardly  hispi(lulou.«,  as  long 
as  the  minute,  obovato  achenium.— In  bog  iron  soil,  N.  J.  (Ilolton).  rare.  (B. 
distans?  Nutt.)  >  v  /•  v 

16  R.  capiliacea  Torr.  Culm  6  to  12'  higli,  filiform,  glabrous,  triangular;  Irs. 
fletaceous,  much  shorter  than  tho  stem;  spi.es  I  to  i  to  6  {mostly  in  1  termind 
fascicle),  oblong,  each  with  a  setaceous  bract;  glumes  chestnut-colored,  with  scar- 
ious  edges ;  bristles  G,  much  longer  than  tho  oblong,  substipitato  achenium ;  tuber- 
cle about  half  tho  length  of  iho  achenium. — ttwurnp.^,  N.  Y.  (Sartwcli),  Penn.  to 
Mich. 

17  R.  Msca  Roem.  &  Schult.  Culm  3-angled,  about  2 f  high;  Iva.setaceous-carin- 
ate ;  smooth ;  fascicles  alternate,  pedunculate ;  bracts  setaceous,  longer  than  tli« 
ovoid  spikes;  glumes  brown,  ovate;  ach.  obovate,  its  pointed  tubercle  as  long,  both 
tqvaling  ifie  hispid  seta:.— Wot  places,  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  rare. 


Oacia  156.— CTPEIiAOB.B. 


>* 


14A 

^^^,^^"tX^&T^^^^^  ''  *"  18' high, ivs. mi. 

.^  ....-N.  car.  trj£.^Tl;L-.j  =l^-;;s£  Ll.^^ 

ovate  achoniC;  stot  3:-EtrS  cr''  ""    "^  ""  *''  arnS.  roundish: 

culm  at  first,  at  lon^th  thr,  V.„ul  i  ^  ^7  ^®  *'    ^^'^^)'  °'^^  "early  equalinir  thd 

4"  long,  ligSt  dS  Sr'po'di  Xte'  Jf^'  oT5  <'--« ^^^'^  ""'"  ^^"^^ 
12,  as  long  aa  the  largo  (iV'  dLm  )  rou'ndlh  ^J  P^^'^f^f?  corymbs ;  set*  6  to 
much  longer;  tuborc?o  UacJ^  d^Lodi^^^^^^  1«  '^  ^2. 

and  pyncocarpa  Gray.)  f  "=»""•    -oogs,  e>.  tra.,  ila.    (R.  megalocarpa 

^lfe£"'roJgh!fdgtd-''±i^  '''^'■^'  ^  '■«°*-™o-  '"«h;  Iva 

terminal;  sp  kelets  laSato  Clulft^l,^,  ^^  '''""''''  *'*  ^'^''•*'  "^'^'■V  ««<» 
or  cuneiform,  vcTy  sSral  'iohlS  ^  t^^h  '  ""°''°'^^^°.  brown;  ach.  obovoid 
In  bog.s,  Can.  to  Fla     July  Aug^       ^  ''  *"''°''''° '  8et.-«  6,  rough,  backwards.- 

"^^'^^^'^^^^£^J^  IV.  linear,  ve^ 

xrvrti^obS^f£i''i- 


24^R,fasolcuUris  ^  Culm  tercti^,  l  to^  hiS,;!;;;  ZZrou>ly  Unear, 


SbS^Edef  Sd'^TuaVlv  sSl'alT  ^••°^".d<^"«°ly  fascicled,  in'seveiii 
roundish-obovate\denir--S  S  t  ?M f ^^T  ^  seta^  half  as  long  as  the 
times  c.j.ouslytc™inal,Xain'sc^uU?dta'^^^^^^^^^^^       ^"''^  ^-^^^«'  «-- 

Ivf  la!fcSaI"l^t?bS^'S^^^^^^^^^  'V*''  ^f  high,  ancipital,  striate; 

into  a  dense  ter mS  CiSr^itKovif JP^'^  chestnut-colored,  all  collected 
basc,ofthoroundi.luSL"cLrurLt  aS"?^^^^      ^^^^  «^°^  '''^ 

''~:^^r^Z^^^^^  Sfhigh;  ivs.  linear,. 

CO,  uBually  willi  I  or  2  i-,f,S^  ,T       u "  J'  "       5™  °™"''  '"  "  terra  nal  fiaoi- 

ia^e  .,  ,„  I.  ,W.L  JJr!  aX""'  Zrr™;"  app^riSr  '^*' 
Mrymb,,  lormLl  ol\C  W.,    S?'   , ' '"  \°^  '"'*«•  """''""I  """l  M^nW 


746  Ordee  155.— CTPERACB^ 

than  the  ac?imium,  which  ia  2"  long,  and  crowned  with  the  (7")  long,  subulate, 
horny  stylo. — Ohio  to  Fla.  Common  in  wet  places.  Aug.  Rhyncoapora  cor- 
niculata  Gray.)  • 

a  C.  maoroatichya  Torr.    Glabrous;  culm  2— 3f  high,  triangular;  Ivs.  1— 2f 

by  2 4',  rough-edged;  axillary  corymbs  svJbsimple,   terminal  ones  compound; 

upper  spikelots  densely  fascicled ;  ach.  ovate,  smooth ;  bristles  erectly  hispid, 
twice  as  long  as  the  ach&iiwn ;  style  persistent,  nearly  4  times  as  long  as  theacho- 
uium. — Mass.  (Robbins).     (Rhyncospora  cjusd.) 

16.  CLA'DIUM,  Browne.  Flowers  5  5$;  glumes  imbricated  some- 
what in  3  rows,  lower  ones  empty;  bristles  0;  stam.  2;  stylo  2 — 3- 
cleft,  deciduous ;  acheniura  subglobous,  the  pericarp  hard,  thickened 
and  corky  above.—  U  Stem  leafy.  Corymbs  or  panicles  terminal  and 
axiljary. 

1  C.  mariacoideB  Torr,  Boo  Rush.  St.  terete,  leafy,  20—30'  high,  hard  and 
rigid ;  fvs.  narrowly  linear,  channeled  above,  rounded  beneath,  much  ahorier  than 
Oie  stems;  bracts  short ;  umbels  2—3,  erect,  the  lateral  on  long,  exserted  pedun- 
cles; rays  3 — 7,  some  of  tl»em  very  sliort;  spikes  aggregaied  in  heads  oi  4—8, 
lance-ovate,  3"  long ;  glumes  tawny-brown,  about  6,  the  upper  usually  ^ ,  the 
next  $ ,  and  the  rest  empty ;  ach.  ovoid,  short-beaked  with  the  remains  of  the  3- 
cleft  style.— Bogs,  Can.  toPonn.     July.    (Schoenus,  MuhL) 

2  C.  effCiaum  Torr.  SAW-QRAsa  Culm  obtusely  3 -angled,  6  to  1  Of  high;  Ivs.  3 
to  lOff  long,  4  to  10"  wide,  tapering  to  a  very  long,  3-angled  point,  margins 
sharply  serrate-barbed ;  corymbs  numerous,  decompound,  diffuse,  approximated 
and  forming  a  large,  elongated  panicle;  spikes  2"  long,  3  or  4  together,  brown; 
adi.  ovoid,  1 '  long.  -Ponds  and  swamps,  N.  Car.  to  La.  (Hale).  A  coarse  and 
rank  sedge. 

17.  SCLE'RIA,  L.  Nut  Sedge.  (Gr.  OKXripog^  hard  ;  alluding  to 
the  indurated  shell  of  the  fruit.)  Fowers  8 ,  staminatc  spikes  inter- 
mixed, fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  glumes  fasciculate  ;  perigynium  cup- 
shaped  or  0 ;  achenium  globous,  ovoid  or  triangular,  with  a  thick,  bony 
pericarp ;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous.—  4  Stems  leafy.  Spikes  in  fasci- 
cles or  panicles. 

I  SctBBiA.     Adientum  ovoid  or  gTobons,  base  Invested  with  a  short  perfpyntnm.  (•) 

*  Aclieniuiri  smooth,  ovoid.    Perigynium  annular,  subentlre S'^^'q!! 

*  Aclienlum  rucous-wnrty,  globular.    I'erigynium  6or  8-lobed ?/"*•»« 

*  Achenium  reticulated  or  hispid-rugous,  globular.    Perigynium  8-lobed Nos.  0,  « 

«  Hypopobum.    Achenium  ovold-triangular,  base  fluted.    Perigynium  none,  (a) 

a  Fascicles  4  to  T,  interruptedly  spiked.    Ach.  smtmth  or  rugous '^X  ,  i 

a  Fascicles  single,  terminal.    Achenium  ribbed  or  smooth Nos.  9, 10 

1  S.  triglomer^ta  Mx.  Whip-grass.  Culm  erect,  acutely  triangular,  rough, 
leafy,  3—41'  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  rough-edged ;  spikes  lateral  and  lermmal, 
alternate',  io  about  3  subsessilo,  triglomeraie  fascicles,  and  much  shorter  than  tlia 
leafy  bracts;  glumes  ovate,  cuspidate,  dark  purple;  ach.  globous,  smooth  and 
polished,  white,  nearly  2"  diam.,  invested  at  base  with  an  entire,  cruslaceous  nm. 
— Swamps,  in  nearly  all  the  States.     Jn.,  Jl. 

a  S.  leptociilmia.  Culm  very  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  2 f high;  Ivs.  smooth, 
flat;  sterile  spikes  elongated  (4'  long),  in  2  fascicles,  the  lateral  one  remote  from 
the  terminal,  on  a  long  filiform  penduncle;  glumes  dark  purple;  stam.  3;  oc/i. 
ovoid,  obtuse,  white,  polished  minutely  corrugated;  perig,  annular,  mthahouiS 
mi,.ute  tubercles.— Yh.     Pairs  of  spikelets  3  or  4.     (S.  oligantha  Torr.  nee  Mx.) 

3  8.  cili^ta  Mx.  Culm  1  to  2f  high,  acutely  3-angled,  the  angles  scabrous  above; 
Ivs.  clianneled,  pubescent  as  well  as  the  sheaths;  bracts  fringed  witli  bug,  yn™sh 
hairs;  fliscicle  subsolitary,  terminal  ach.  subglobous,  white,  roughened  witti 
scattered  warts ;  perig.  a  narrow  border,  bearing  3  obtuse  tubercles. — Damp  sous, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

4  S.  pauciflora  Mulil.  St.  10  to  16'  high,  triangular,  slender,  smoothish;  Ivs. 
narrow,  neariy  smooth ;  shcatlis  pubescent ;  fasciclea  I  to  3,  few-flowered,  ttio 


Ordbr  165.--CYPERACE^.  •  '  ^v^ 

-Wet  or  drysoU^Kl  to  Oh  0  :Sr'Iuf  Th^^  rn.nufeWS: 

Tarieties,  'ouuuiJia.    Aug.— There  are  several  well  marked 

y.  "Very  slender,  scabrous-hirsuto ;    lateral  fasclelo  1   fn  9  fl» 
lower  .raots  much  exeeecUng '  the  o^l^^S,  'J  ^Ha^^t'Sll 

5  e'^'^^^^i^^-^-S^sS:  ^-*^-'^*-"'-e;  1-ral  .scicles  on 

distant,  looso.floworcd,  8ubs^8;i^.  SS,'    '''""''"•^  ^-'^'  ^''^^'-''^  «'"i  t«™i'>a^ 
.    flowered,  at  the  b>u,e  of  tho^l     ',i    : 'h,  7^'''^"'   ".'  ^""""^   "'«  ^  '"«»y- 
porig.3-lobed;  acA.  globoU8%f 'a  doS' So  !'■  r"'  °^'*^  a«"m.nate;  sta.  2 ; 
and  deeply  pitted.-Ldors' oLoXll   l%U^^^^^  reticulated 

curious  and  beautiful  object.  ^      ^^'  ^'^  ^^"^     ^he  acheniurn  is  a 

7  S.  vertiolllelta  MuhL    St  fi «    lo'  u;  i    ,  • 

linear,  narrow  and  Hat,  Hbortort]ni^hLl^f'}"'^'f'°'^  ^'''"'^'''•'  glabrous;  Iva 
few-Howered,  appearingTi '  veSl U^^^  ^-^^  «°««il«. 

as  the  fascicles,%cabnms  upward  taW  p  nv  .''  '"^^l'''  ^^°"*  «^  '«°8 
keeled;  a^^A.  ^fo6o«.,  r«^«u.,  a  JiromorSm  V' d^nm^^  h""^.?'  ^'^^'^^^  ^"^ 
somewhat  3 -sided  at  basi^— Very  aCml.,  t  ^.  r  '^.''™' ^'l^'Pt'y  mucronate  and 

w.  to  Ohio  (suiiivaut).  (iiypVp^rjin  vt;diiL\i:;."a,^-  ""■  ^'^^'^^^^^  *°  ^-• 

fow-flowered,  5  to  7,  alternate  aonrSr.   .?^! fl J  ^"  *''.«  ^"J":  C»sciele« 


and  La. 
whitish.-Ga.andFIa.    (ChapmlinJ  '       ^    ^         ^    ^°"»^'  °"°*^   'i"".  even! 


or  with  the  two  kinds  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  nlant 7^^^^^ 


T48 


Oeder  166.— CYPERACELffi. 


Tho  following  nccoxint  of  our  species  of  Cnrex  is  from  tho  pen  of  Prof.  C.  Dewey  (D.D.),  re- 
▼bed  by  liliii  expressly  for  the  prt-seiil  Edition.  The  unncxeil  Aiialyticul  lablo  lius  been  prc- 
wroiJ  by  ourselves  (with  the  ulrf  of  copious  aixl  well  outlieniicuttHi  (.pcciiiiens,  auionij  whlcli  U  a, 
Kill  set  coiiiinuniciitoil  by  Dr.  8artwell),  on  t/ie  6i<«wf  of  the  ^rtlitiul  suUlivlslt.n  of  tlio  (fenim 
Biloptcd  by  Prof.  Dewey  in  tho  lornier  eillti'.n.  It  Is  useless  to  mltnonlsh  the  student  timt  this 
table  Is  not  perfect,  an-l  may  somollmes  lei.a  hlin  astray.  Yet,  In  the  main,  U  sul)dlvisl..ns  nro 
correct,  and  cannot  fall  to  lead  to  correct  .csults,  and  thus  greatly  facilitate  tho  study  of  this  tUo 
most  extensive  and  dlfflcult  genus  in  our  Flora.  /n     .»  .n     .  \      /i. 

N  B  —In  tho  spocifto  descriptions  tho  readerls  often  referred  as  follows  :  (Boott,  lllust.)or  (I.. 
t).  These  refer  by  lumber  to  tho  Illustrations  of  tho  Oenus  Carex,  la  tho  recent  splendid  ww:k 
of  Frauds  Booit,  M.D.,  President  of  tho  Linnttau  boc.  of  England. 

1 1.  8TiaM,\3  2.    AciiKNiuM  docblk-convkx.  (*) 

•  A.  Spika  «/rt{/i«,~iiionajolous,  stamlnuto  at  the  top Vt         ,, 

—dioecious, or  «  spike  with  stanuns  at  b.ise Nii.  i,  J 

•  B.  Spii-ea  aeventl.,  androi/ijnoun  (with  both  kinds  of  flowers).  (1) 

*  1.  Stamens  variously  situated,  above,  below,  or  in  tho  middle,  sometimes 

thu  wholo  splko  i .— Spikes  4  to  8 ^.?"- 1~' 

—Spikes  10  to  20 Nos.  1,8 

*  2.  Btnmensatthosummitofthesplkelcts.  (a)  ^    ^  «      «  ,« 

a  Spikelets  evidently  paniculate  and  pcrlgyninm  not  rostrate Nos.  9,  10 

'   a  Hpikelets  8  to  6,  approximate  into  one  spike."  (b)  , .     ,„ 

b  Spike  ovate.— Glume  cqualinjt  tho  pcrlgynlum Nos.  11— 13 

— Ulumo  sliortor  than  the  jwrigy nium No.  14 

b  Spike  ohlonir,  a  littlo  loose.    Glume  shorter  than  tho  perigynlum.  ..Nos.  15— IT 

a  Bpikelets  3  to  8,  remote.    Porigynium  radiating,— longer  than  glume N os.  IS— 20 

*^  —shorter  than  glume No.  21 

a  Bpifcelets  8 1'>  00 ,  approximate  in  a  decompound  spike,  (c)  „ 

C  Periu'ynUiin  rostrate, not  longer  than  the  gluMio No8.22,23 

0  Purigynliiiii  rastrato.  longer  than  the  glume,  (d)  „      „      _ 

:    d  Spike  cylindrical,  of 8  to  15  spikelets Nos.  24,  25 

d  Siiiko  large,  branched,  <if  00  spikelets Nos.  2C,  27 

d  Spikes  ellintlcal,  of  8  to  10  spikelets No.  2S 

t  8.  Stamens  at  tho  base  of  tho  spikelets.  (0) 

e  Pcrlgy nia  radiating.  Id  remote  spikelets.- Glumes  green N <»■  29—31 

■^  —Glumes  hyaline,  white No3.82,8a 

e  Pcri^ry nia  subercct,  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  few-fruited Nos.  S4— 38 

a  e  Pcrll'yn'a  Ruberect*  spikelets  oval,  (i)  ,-      ■,,  „» 

,  f  Porisynianotwlngod,aboutequallngtheliyaHnoor  Drownglumo...Nos.87,8» 

f  Perigynla  distinctly  winged,  broadly  or  narrowly,  (g) 

a  Perigynla  short-rostruto,— shorter  than  the  glumo Nos,  89,  40 

— equallivr  tho  glume No.  41 

—longer  than  the  glume,  (h) 

h  Perlary  nia  spreading  (not  railiate) Nos.  42, 45 

h  Perigynla  suberect  or  appresse<l Nos.  44— 4S 

ge  Pcrlgynlum  long-rostrate,— equaling  the  glume No.  41 

—longer  than  tho  glumo Nos.  43— 5i> 

•  n.l^mtn,ateandpMiU(stefl<ytceritin»eii(irate»pikeit.(^) 

t  4.  Stamlnatosulko  single. —  9  Spikes  sessile,  1  or  2  only v;-R."vi 

—  «  Spikes  sessile, S to 5 Nos.62-r)4 

—  S  Spikes  pedunculate Nos.  6^65 

1  6.  Stsiminato  spikes  1  or  more  and  tho  9  spike^*  often  stamlnoto  at  sumndt.  (k) 

k  Glumes awnloss,  mostly  obtuse  and  dark  colored.  O) 

\  Sterilo  spikes  1  or  2.— Glumes  all  obtuse  and  black Nos.  07,08 

Glumes,  at  least  the  lower,  acute,  brown Nos.  59— 01 

1  Sterile  spikes  2  to  4.    Glumes  acutish  or  acute Nos.  62,  63 

k  Glumes  of  tlK- fertile  spikes  awned.  (m) 

m  Sterile  spikes  1  or  2.    Plants  not  maritime Nos.  64,  65 

m  Sterile  spikes  2  or  3.    Plants  maritime Nos.6(),07 

I  II.  STIGMAS  3.    AciiE-NiUM  Tkiquetuous.  (♦) 

•  D.  Spiket  androgynoM  (with  both  kinds  of  howcrs).  (1) 

\  5.  St.'jmens  at  tho  summit  of  the  spike,  (n)  , 

n  spikes  single.— Leaves  2.  broad,  flat,  with  no  midveln vr " " Jl.    ?i 

—Leaves  several,  linear  or  setaceous Nos.  6»— J  i 

n  Spikes  several,  some  of  them  <m  long,  radical  peduncles,  (o) 

o  Glumes  of  the  fl-uli  not  loncer  than  the  perigynla ir"V. '  ;5 

O  Glumes  of  tho  fruit  long  and  leaf-like v    tt 

t  6.  Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  1  or  more  spikes...... «""  «to 

•  E.  Spikes  dim  ious,  1.  c  tho  fertile  and  sterile  on  different  culms.......... ....Nos.  lb,  *» 

•  P.  Tennindl  xpika  androfft/tums,  pixtilMe  at  top  ;  Vie  ot/iern  puUUute.  (p) 

D  Perisynium  hairy  (at  least,  when  young)  as  well  as  thelvs.,ftnd  brigUt-green.Nos.  80— sa 

D  Porigynium  smooth.— Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.    Glnmes  green vr ' " o*"'  m 

*^  -Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.    Glumes  dark Nos.  ^-86 

— Sidkes  drooping.— Oiumes  acute,  dark -  •  •^'"'  ?; 

— ^Glumes  (»wnedor  cuspidate ...Nos.  88— w 

'  •  O.  Stnmtnate  itpike  single,  entiret;/  ittaminate.  (5) 

1  7.  PIttlllato  spikes  sessile  or  solitary,  few,  mostly  ovoid,  (q) 

a  Pistlllato  .-(pikes  oblon-A  dark  brown,     i  Spikes  stalked «"^»S'o« 

a  Pistillate  spikes  ovold,—all  or  mostly  solitary S"*«;'« 

^  —all  sessile,  approximate J1"*"2?S? 

—all  susbllc,  remote Nos.  96,  »f 


Obmb  165.-<JTPERACEiB.  74^ 

a  Spike,  very  »hort.-WI,„Ie  plant  /jllowifj?  g?c^n  A"/. N<«  lo?    104 

T  9.  PiBtillate  spikes  with  evserted  ^dunc  «/'*tCf2„'!''''« ''''y,  T^'"** '•  .Na  HO 

Leave,  linear  or  «ot«o«ous  (1  t«7'^wiTrTet wV)'"^  ■" '''^''"^ ^"^  "«.'"7 

▼  ferigyiiia  stiux.tlj  ami  not  rostrate,  (w) ' 

W  Bract,  all  exceeding  tbo-oblone.  dense  .pikes No.  118  11» 

W  Bract,  shorter  than  the  sTiKc';',';?.:  gf  ^^ " ' •  ■N"«'  ^20,'  121 

X  Leaves  setaceous  and  alt  radical.    Glumes  white  V„  i<>q 

X  Leave.  linear.-Spikes  blackish.    White  Mts.:::" No"m 

—Spike,  tawny No's!  mm 

-Spikes  green.-GI.  (mostly)  obtuVe! '. '. Nog.  126!  12? 
T  Perigynla  smooth  (scabrou.  in  N„.  135),  rMTZT'""""''''- ' •^'^  "^  ^'^ 

I  H«^J^  i""/^'  •-'^coedlng  the  stem  and  fruit. w„,  ign-inQ 

y  Bracts  not  exceeding  the  stem  or  fruit,  (z)        **•  ^«'— 188 

Z  Sp  kes  linear,  slender,  quite  loose-flowerod Nos  isa  »ai 

Z  Spikes  cyiindriciil,  rather  close,  3  in  number.      Not  1^!  ?m 

Z  Spike.  o6l«ng.  6  to  00-fld. -Cul.n  4  to C' hish,  Ver>-deil\?'a"^.N^  18? 

T  Perlgyni.hairy,-.terile.plke  linear,"^^,"!".'.'"''.'!'.^^. fcWLI 

bb  I'erigynla  not  rostrate-Spikes  ovokCthick Nos  161_1M 

bb  Perlgynla rostr^,-f^f:!a^:i(^t^^ii^—^^^  ^ 

00  iWyniH  clothed  witi.  wool.  hair.  ..f^?S "s.  Tdd)      ^     ^ 

ddlWn  a  lon^-bcaked,  hispid-pubescent.  2-deft.Kreen  v     ,*v 

dd  Perlgynla  .hort-beaked,-mcaly  glaucous,  clSue  coij;ed: No'  \fl 

-densely  woolly,  gret-nish [[Hoi  162  m 

ee  Spikes  (?)  on  exserted  peduncles,  (ff)        '   ^     ' 

ff  O Inmf <  i*'''  !";"''""«''  P^Tlo-    Braets  shorter  than  culm  No  IM 

U  Ulunie*  greenish  or  tawny.  «r  yellowish,  (kb)  "*•  *'* 

eg  Per^ynium  taper[ng  Into  very  8ho"t*6eaks. .   .  Nos  167  IM 

11  Per  syn  urn  long-beaked,  horizontid  <,r  refleie  | Nos'  lfi9  1T» 

Sg  P'-'Wgynium  long-beaked,  a«endi„g.--Beakco„ieki:;Nos  17^^ 

-  '"hh'ip'iL^sVva*"'!  r  ^'^7  ^^"■•*  Peduncles:;^^s?fe"'!ffi^"'*-  "«'  "* 

nn  9  Spikes2or8innumber.-Beak  cylindric ...ll)^']8l  182 

an  8  Spike.  1  or  2.-peduncuIaT,!''t:kS'c^"li\;drie;.-::NoV  f^  }i 
-M.8ilo,  small.    Beak.  conicaL ' .  .N^  lit 


L  Stigmas  2.-Acheiiiimi  double  convex. 

^  5n3*  roSdS.  JS'  T^^""  ""■  "'"i^  ^^"'^"^  ^  «t  tJ^«  ««"'"it;  fr-  (peri. 
2  C.  gyndcrates  Wormcsk.     ?  Spiko  oblong,  rather  loo60-flo;rcrcd;  pcrigymum 


r«o 


Oautiu  lo5.— OYPJSRACBiB. 


snbovAl  or  oblong;,  tnporitifif  nt  hiwo,  voinod,  oonvox-toroto,  altcnuale  above  into  a 
Uirete,  nhorUah,  straight  or  st^trecurved,  bulentatu  Imtk,  iicnrly  liori/.oiitui  iu  inuturily, 
longer  tirtri  tlio  ovuto  uiul  iiouto  glunio;  culrnnlntul^,  i  to  (!'  high,  with  IoiikhIimi! 
tier  louvi'S  8l\i>iitliinK  lU  baHo.  Wiiyno  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Sartwoll),  N.  to  Greenland 
(C.  Daviilliaua,  2d  edit.) 

3  C.  6zilia  lUnv.  (Doott,  llliist,  No.  45.)  5  Spiko  tom.inal,  ovato  or  ohlonj,', 
cUkso  fli)\vorv>il,  Hlaniiiiato  bttlow,  Hona'tinicH  n  siiiglo  ,?  Hpiko  or  a  Hinji;lo  V  Hpik(<; 
pcriij.  ovato-lancooiato,  wnvux  ubovo  ami  Hliufbtly  bolow,  surrulate  tm  tha  marijin, 
mintildy  irined  n/wiv.  '1-toothed,  divorprinj.',  soino  loii^,^^  than  tiio  ovatc-lanwoluto 
kIuiiu';  culm  VI  to  '20'  high,  stiffly  erect,  aiidlva.  Ht'tuccous. — Swmnps,  K.  Uana, 
(Oakos),  Sandford  Lake,  N.  Y.  (.Sartwoll). 

fi.  ANonotiY.VA.     Ono  or  moro  short  v  spikoa  bolow  tho  tonuinal. — Manelics- 
tor,  N.  Y.  (Knoi.skorn). 

4  C.  •t^rili*  Willd.  (Hoott,  Ilhia.,  No.  i;jr..)  Spika  compound,  A  below,  ofiim 
dittn-ious;  spikolet.s  4 — G,  ovato,  subapproxiiiiato ;  pcriij.  ovato,  acuinilnato  or  huU- 
rostrati',  bilUl,  oouipro8.sod,  Iriquotroiw,  f'cabrinis  on  tho  luurgiu,  eqtuiliwj  thft  ovate, 
aaUish  (jlunu: ;  at.  21' liigli,  erect  and  stiir.  Wet  plaooa,  common.  ((!.  alellulata 
^^.  sTKiuLia  'J'orr.,  Carey.) 

5  C.  bromoldes  Schk.     Spikolota  numerous,  altornato,  ,<  below,  aomotimca  ail 
V' ;  P'riij.  lancoolato,  erect,  aeumiiiato,  seabroiw,  nerved,  billd,  twice  longer  than 

the,  ovate-lanceolnte.  y/ume'.— Common  in  amall  bogs,  in  wet  plai;oM. 

6  C  Bicc&ta  Dew.  (Hoott,  llliist..  No.  50.)  Spikelets  numerous,  A  above,  ollon 
wiiolly  i  ,  ovate,  close  orappro.viin;»to;  perig.  ovato.  lanceolate,  aeuminalo,  com- 
pressed, nerved,  biliil,  scabrous  on  tlio  margin,  ef/udlaig  the  orate,  lanceoMe  glume. 
—Sandy  plains,  Weatlleld,  Mass.  (Davis);  IpHwich,  Mass.  (Oakes) ;  widely  spread 
over  tho  country,  but  not  abundant,  W.  to  HI. 

7  C.  Sartwellii  Dow.  Spik^clets  12 — 20,  ovate,  sessile,  compact,  bracteato,  lower 
ones  especially  fructiferous ;  upper  often  S  at  npe.Y,  nometimos  wholly  .1;;  perig. 
ovate,  lanceolate,  convexo-concave,  nuhulate,  elightly  2-toothod,  margined  and 
scabrous  on  tho  edge,  a  little  longer  than  tho  ovato  and  acuto  glume;  Ivs.  flat, 
linear,  shorter  than  tho  atom. — Junius,  Sonoca  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Sartwoll). 

8-  C.  dfstycha  Ihuls.  Spikelets  many,  2-rowed  or  comprcised  into  a  flattened, 
compound,  loose  spike ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  close,  alternate,  otleu  branched  be- 
low and  tho  lowest  sometimes  remote,  upper  and  lower  often  9 ,  and  tho  intei- 
mediato  wholly  ^5 ,  or  from  tho  middle  wholly  $  upwards ;  perig.  ovate,  narrow- 
rostrate,  margin  serrulate,  narrow,  equaling  tho  ovate,  acuto  glumo;  culm  erect, 
leafy  below.— Wis.  (Lapham),  111.  (Vasey),  Mich.  (Cooley),  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  (C. 
intermedia  Good.) 

9.  C.  decompdsita  Muhl.  (Boott,  lUust.,  53.)  Spike  decompound  or  paniculate; 
spikelets  very  many,  ovate,  alternate;  perig.  ovate,  convex  on  boih  sides,  triangu- 
lar, acutish  or  short  rostrate,  short,  bro\v.a.sh,  glabrous,  larger  than  the  ovate,  acu- 
minate, whitish  glume;  at.  18 — ;!0'  high. — Found  iu  swamps,  Michigan,  and  in 
Yates  Co.,  N.  York  (Sartwell), 

10  C.  prairea  Dew.  Spiko  below  branched ;  spikelets  ovate,  sessile,  5  to  7  on  a 
branch ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  convex  both  sides,  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  slightly 
bifid,  smaller  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  at.  2 — 3f  high,  leafy  towards  tiio 
base. — Abundant  in  tho  prairies  of  Michigivn,  and  sparingly  found  in  N.  England 
and  N.  Y.  Resembles  C.  paniculata  L.,  which  haa  a  much  broader  ovato  glumo 
shorter  than  tho  perigynium  and  is  far  more  paniculate,  and  for  which  this  has 
been  taken.  From  No.  24  it  is  liir  separated  by  its  panicle,  and  tho  color  aud 
shape  of  its  fruit. 

11  C.  cephal6phora  "Willd.  Spikelet'i  ovate,  densely  aggregated  into  an  ovale 
head{l^  foHgr),  bracteate,  about  5 ;  |jerjV/.  ovate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bilkl, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  with  a  short,  ovate,  and  scabro-euspidate  glume,  which 
equals  it;  si.  8 — 16'  higii. — Bortlers  of  lielda  and  woods,  common,  but  not 
abundant. 

12  C.  IVIuhlenb^rgii  Schk.  Spikelets  alternate,  obtuse,  approximate  into  nn 
ovate-oblong  head,  J  long,  with  a  long  bract  at  tho  lower  one ;  perig.  ovate,  cou- 
vex  above,  very  smooth,  nerved,  bifid,  pcabrous  on  the  margin,  some  diverging, 
a  little  shorter  than  tho  ovato  and  mucronat:  glume;   si.  12—13'  high. —In 


OaniR  166.— OYPKRAOBiB. 


701 


N  5  to  7  on  a 


fowiJ  °°*  ^*'^  common,  rendUy  dUtioguishod  from  tho  throo  preceding  and  fol- 

^1,S"  •'•°?.P*»*"a.  Wtthl.  Spikes  3  to  6,  aggregated inloaroundiah  litad;  perw 
mate,rounduih'VtiitrxcoHa,  Hubplano-coiivox,  vuinud,  BcabrouH  or  Hormlato  ou  tlio 
margin,  bidontato,  about  equaling  the  ovale,  aauie  glume;  culm  3  to  fl'  hiKh.  Bmootk 
with  long,  unrrow  louves^lll.  to  Ncbraaka  and  Brit.  Am. 

^\Sl  °^°'«*0"^^«"  I^-  ^^ikekla  3-6,  aggregated  Into  a  lioa<l,  ovato,  flossilo- 
perig.  ovnto,  ncumnuito,  HubroHtrato,  oonvox  above,  equaling  tiio  broad,  ovato  and 
acute  glume ;  tit.  branching  townrdH  tlio  bano  and  Bonding  out  roota  at  tho  iointfl  • 
(Cots  ""{"""'y ''''''""8  °"'y  «^"'«"«— Mjirsiiofl,  N.  Y.,  common  (Sartwoll),  Mieh! 

^L?;.^?"/"?"^*^*^?,"  ^V"- ,  ^^^^*  '«  0.  »"»««,  ovate,  Hossilo,  bracteate, 
aggregated  tnto  an  oblong  head,  tho  lower  somutinioa  Hoparatod  a  little  •    perZ 

^1?,?"'''/,'^'',''°"''°''  ^^"^^'  "^'""P^V  "'^ort-beaked,  slightly  bifid,  giabrouk 
Bcabroua  on  tlio  cdgo,  scarcely  twice  longer  than  tl.o  nhort^  ovato,  akle  glumT- 
culm  rarely  If  high,  aloiuler,  leafy  towards  the  bnHo;  Ivs.  narrow,  ^t;  wZo 
plant  pale  groon.-Ky.  (Short)  to  Ala  (Wood),  Fia.  ((Jhapman)  and  La.  (Leaven 

16  C.  oephaloldaa  Dow.  Spikelets  4—6,  ovate,  aggregated  oloselv  sesflilo  and 
bracteato;  perig.  ovate,  oht^^ish;  bi.ld.  scabroua'oj  tho  mar^  pW^nv*^ 
very  divergmg  m  maturity,  about  twice  as  long  oh  tho  Rhort,  ovate  oWr«M  oftW 
—Ury  holds,  not  abundant,  but  common  over  Now  Kngland  and  Now  York  In 
bodges  It  IS  often  four  feet  long,  and  Bubrostiato,  leafy  towards  tho  base'  (C 
fipargauoidos,  fi.  Carey.)  ^ 

"r.3  ""*'*9^**  ^  Spikelets  about  6,  ovate,  aossile,  approximate,  bracteato,  lower 
ones  somotmies  romotish ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate.,  planoKionvox,  2.toothed  hori- 
zontal,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  sometimes  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume— 
Fields  near  Boston  (Green,  Curtis),  aud  common  in  Arc.  Am. 

^IH-,"^*"'*^"*®^?*'  *^."''^-  ^P'^'"^  '-^0-  "^^to.  ™ther  distant,  bracteate, 
sosmlo;  pertg.  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  diverging,  acuminate,  2-toothed,  scabrous 

«L  ^%'??-^i'°'  ""uf/  ''"'"*  ?''*  ^"^'^  "-^  '^^  ^''"^'  «'^"^.  '^  m^ronate  glume;  st. 
about2fhigh,  with  long,  striate  leaves.  ./»'«,«. 

/^.  UAMEA  Bow  has  ono  branch  or  more  at  tho  base,  with  several  spikelets  in 
the  place  of  the  lower  spikolet,  and  is  tho  C.  divuisa  of  Pursh.— About  culti- 
vated  and  moist  ficIdH,  common. 

19  C.  rdsea  Schk.  SpikeUts  3-6,  subremoto,  sessile,  alternate,  stollato,  even 
before  maturity,  lowest  long-bracteato ;  ;)mV?.  oblong-lanceolate,  5— 12,  convex 
above,  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  2-to«thed,  verj'  diverging,  or  even  rejuied,  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovate-obtuse  glume;  st.  8—16'  high. 

A  BADIATA  Dew.  ^^jAefc^a  distant,  about  3-liowercd,  witli  setaceous  bracta- 
peng  oblong,  acuto ;  st.  4-8'  higli,  flaccid  or  lax,  setaceous,  with  very  narl 
row  eaves.- Common  in  pastures  and  moist  woods ;  tiie  variety  is  about 
woods,  or  open  places  in  woods. 

20  C.  retrofl6xa  Muhl.  Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  alternate,  subapproximato, 
sessile,  bracteato  and  stellate  m  maturity;  perig.  ovato,  aeulish,  2-toothed,  subl 
scabrous  or  smootii  on  the  margin,  rejl^xed  and  spreading,  about  equal  to  the  ovaU 
and  acvie  glume;  it.  about  a  foot  higli.-Ileadily  distinguished  from  tlio  prcced- 
lug.     Woods  and  pastures,  not  abundant.     (C.  rosea,  jl  Tourn.) 

21  C.  di8p6rma  Dow  Spikelets  3  or  4,  erect,  subapproximato,  lowest  bracte- 
a  e ;  perig.  1  or  2,  rarely  3,  ovate,  obtuse,  nerved,  plano-convex,  short-beaked, 
glabrous,  twico  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute,  submucronate  glume:  st.  slender,  5 
to  12  Ingli^^  flexile  in  tufts  of  several,  with  narrow  and  linear  leaves.— Wet 
woods,  N.  tng.  to  Wis.  (C.  tcnella,  Carey,  Boott.,  not  of  Ehrh.).-The  species  is 
common  in  N.  Eur.,  but  had  never  been  recoLmizoa  in  this  4untr"  vh^r  de- 
scribed, 1 824.  '  ~  ,-,.-... 

^\r^\  vylpinoidea  Mx.  Spikelets  ovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  spike  decompound, 
lif  A  a'-  ^■°"f?'°"^'-«f«;  P'^j9-  ovate,  ar-  nate,  densely  imbricate,  bifid,  teipli. 
nerved  diverging,  a  little  shorter  than  .  ovate-cuspidate  glume;  st.  obtusely 
^langular,  round  and  leafy  towards  the  basf...-Common  in  fields.     (C.  multiflori 


762 


Obdib  166.— CTPERACBJt 


p.  inciK»PERMA  Dew.  Spikdtts  closely  aggrogatod,  whole  spike  less  com- 
pact ;  ]ptriq.  more  convex,  shorter,  less  acutuiaated  into  a  beuk,  very  abun- 
dant. — Grows  with  the  other,  in  diry  and  moist  situations.  (C.  microsponna 
Wahl.) 

23  C.  seticea  Dow.  iSJptAefeto  ovate,  alternate,  obtuse,  conglomerate,  bracteato* 
Tptfrif].  ovats-lanceolate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bitld,  some  diverging,  about  equal 
to  the  ovate-Lanceolate,  owned  glume ;  st  2f  high,  acutely  triangular,  scabrous 
above  and  striate. — Wet  places,  not  abundant 

24  C.  teretiliBCula  Good.  Spikekta  ovate,  acute,  sessile,  decompound,  brown- 
ish, lower  one  bracteato ;  porig.  ovate,  acute,  convex  and  gibbous,  scabrous  ou 
the  edge,  spreading,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume ;  fr.  bro>vn ;  st  18  to  36' 
higli,  leafy  towards  the  root. — Wet  places,  common,  in  tufts. 

25  C.  stlp&ta  Muhl.  Spike  often  decompound;  spikekta  oblong,  aggregated, 
numeroui^  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  round  at  the  base,  plano-convex, 
nerved,  bifid,  subscabrous  on  the  margin,  diverging,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate- 
taneeolate  glume ;  at.  thick,  acutely  triquetrous,  concave  on  tho  sides. — Wet  places 
and  marshes,  abundant 

26  C.  CruB-Corvi  Shuttl.  (Boott.  Illus.  No.  64.)  Spike  decompound,  subpani- 
culate,  commonly  large,  and  branching  below ;  spikelcts  ovate,  numerous,  aggro- 
gated,  sessile;  perig.  short-ovate,  very  long-rostrate,  veined,  convex-concave, 
often  horizontal,  thrice  longer  than  tho  ovate,  acute  glume;  culm  leafy;  Iva. 
rough-edged;  plant  light  green. — River  8wamps>  Wis.  to  Ohio  and  Fla.  (0. 
Haloi  Dew.    C.  sieeeformis  Boott.) 

27  C.  vulplna  L.  Spike  long,  large,  decompound,  forming  densely  aggregated 
heads,  often  with  single  but  close  and  oval  spikelets,  and  often  less  compacted ; 
perig.  ovate,  broad,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak,  often  diverging  in  ripening,  a 
little  longer  and  narrower  than  tho  ovate,  acute  glume ;  culm  large,  strong  and 
rough.— -Ohio  (Sullivant)  to  Nebraska  (Hayden). 

E8  C.  alopecoldea  Tuckerman.  (B.  t  p.  67.)  Spike  compound,  rather  loose, 
spikelets  8  to  10,  aggregated  into  an  oblong  head,  bracteate,  sessile;  perig.  ovate, 
plano-convex,  boarcely  nerved,  acuminate,  serrulate  on  the  edge,  bifid,  subros- 
trate,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  acuminate  glume  ;  st.  triquetrous,  scab- 
rous on  the  edges. — Moist  woods,  Penn.  and  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

29  C.  Btellul^ta  Good.  Spikelets  4 — 6,  ovate,  remotish,  sessile ;  perig.  broad- 
ovate,  contracted  into  a  ihort  beak,  compressed,  sUghtly  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  edge, 
diverging  and  rejkxed,  a  little  longer  than  tho  ovate,  obtusisli  glume ;  st.  erect, 
stiff,  leafy  below,  8 — 24'  high. — Gommoi>  in  wot  places  over  tho  Northern 
States. 

BO  C.  Bcirpoides  Schk.  Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  approximate,  sessile,  obtuse, 
lowest  bracteato ;  perig.  ovate,  cordate,  compressed,  lanceolate  or  rostrate,  scabrous 
on  tho  margin,  diverging  or  horizontal,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
glume;  st.  6 — 16' higli,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Wet  places  in  the  country. 
The  more  lanceolate  fruit  and  glume,  and  more  flexible  stem,  separate  it  from  tho 
preceding.  C.  scirpoides  has  tho  stamens  chiefly  below  the  upper  spikelet  (0. 
Btellulata  /?.  Torr.  &c.) 

31  C.  Bticklejri  Dew.  Spike  compounded  of  about  5  ovote,  alternate,  approxi- 
mate spikelets ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  conoavo  or  flattish  bo- 
low,  sniootl),  about  twice  longer  than  t/ie  ovate-acute  glume;  culm  about  If 
high,  slender,  with  lance-lmear  Ivs.  towards  the  base ;  stam.  chiefly  at  tlie  baso 
of  the  upper  spikelets. — Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.  (Buckley.)  (0.  Gibhardi,  BuckL 
nee.  Schk.) 

32  C.  curta  Good.  Spikelets  4 — 7,  ovate-oblong,  upper  subapproximate,  lower 
often  remote ;  perig.  round-ovate,  obtusish,  diverging,  convexo-concave,  2-toolhed, 
slightly  scabrous,  longer  than  tho  o^ate,  white,  hyalino  glume;  st.  1 — 2fhigh,  usu- 
ally light  green,  with  gilvery  or  hoary  spikelets. — Moist  places  over  tho  country. 
(0.  Rlehardi  Mx.) 

83  C.  ten^lla  Ehrh.  nee  Schk.  Spikekts  3  or  4,  ovate,  roundish,  remote,  sessile, 
few  (2  to  6)-fruited ;  perig.  lance-ovate  or  roundish,  rostrate,  longer  tiian  the  ovate, 
hyaline,  white  glume ;  culm  1  to  2f  high,  slender,  flaccid,  and  with  tho  Ivs.  grcea 


Obobb  166.— CYPBRACB^. 


169 


10  Northern 


—■N.  Eng.  and  N.  T.    Common  in  wot  places.    (C.  apbierastaofara  Dew    VM  9 
0.  canescens  /i.  vitilis,  Corey.    Q.  vilDiB  Friet.,  4c.)     ■P"""*'"°°^  ^•'^•'  «<»•  »• 

nate,  bifurcate,  plano-convex,  sliglitly  Bcabroua  on  the  margin,  a  llttlo  Wer  S 
the  ovato-lunceolato,  awned,  hyaline  glume;  st.  l-4f  loniTflubDr^mbent  w^h 

35  C.  trlap6rma  Dow.    (B.  t  78.)    Spikeleia  about  3,  remote,  eessile  alternate, 
highest  obractoato;  peHg.  ovate-obbrng,  acute  or  short-rostrate  pWcJnv«  ^t 

L Tll'l^"''""''  °'^"«'l.  ?f««?brou9oa  the  edges,  BO>newhat' diverging"  1od«J 
«  an  the  obloug,  acute,  and  hyaline  glume;  st.  10-24'  high,  proatrato  5r  rec3 
fihform,sl,.nder  longer  than  the  leavea-In  tuftg,  in  marshes  or  wet  w3 
common  in  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  '"«"ou«a  or  wei  wooda; 

36  C.  argyrdntha  Tuckm.  M  S.  Spike  compounded  of  spiktkta  6  (o  8  roundish 
llZT'fU^r'V''\'-«r.^'''^'^  ''^'"'^  '•°""^d  below,  with  squarrousbraSS' 
foni?  *"  'r°'*'  '^'"°*'  ''^'  *  '°"»'  'eafy  point;  ;>m^.  ovate,  compresS  at 
Sjr^!f '°^',^''"'  '"'*"y:^«'°«'»  l>«th  aides,  and  J^-m^ed  fry'  a  u;iSe  Si^ 
lacerated  above,  g  ubrous,  acuminate  in  a  short,  bifld  beak,  equaling  the  mcmbSS 
ous,  white  lanceolate  acute  glume.- Amherst  and  Sunderland.  Mass  (iScke? 
Sr  kavS  ^'^''  '"'''''  °^^"^-^8^°^  t^i««  logger  than  the  £ce .£ 

^U;.*®""*?^''?  y^^''-  '^^'**^'''*  2-3,  ovate,  clu.stored,  scssUe,  alternate 
lower  one  bracteate;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  plano-convex  MuallnTth^ 
oblong-ovate,  hyahno  or  white  glumo;  Afoot  ov  more  iThTslenff  suLoJ 
trate,  longer  tlian  the  flat  and  narrow  leaves.  Light  greon.  Spikelets  whS,  i^ 
Burhngton  and  Salem,  Vt,  iu  swamps  (Robbins):  Oriskany  and  Ogdenlburg  " J 
Y.  (Kneiskern),  Southampton,  Mass.  (Chapman).  fau^uauurg,  a. 

38  C.  Lidddnl  Boott.    (IIlus.  51.)     Spikelds  5—1,  oblong-ovate  closelv  ni«rrA 
gated;  peng.  ovate   lanceolate,  amininai,  ohUqno  aUi.e  orfficrgbbrS  mE 
serrulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate-lancoolate  glumo.  w hi?h  isTutTS 
hyahno  on  the  -edges;  perig.  and  glume,  rather  chestnut  brown;  «/an<  ycnow^h- 
green.— Bnt  Am.  (Boott.)  Mich.  (Cooley).  '  ^       yciiowish- 

39  C.  aiata  Torr.  Spike  composed  of  4  to  8  spikelets,  ovate,  large.  anoroximatB 
^^r,TTj  .P^'^S.  Tomdhh,Bomot\mes  obovato,  neariy  flat 'and  dosTSv 
itiZ'^^l  ^T'Z^ ""Z^*,  *"'*•  2-^«ot'>ed,  broadly  Winged,  flnaUy  scabToTon 
the  beak,  shorter  than  tho  lanco-ovato  glume;  culm  smwth,  3  to  4f  h»h  Iv^ 
rough-edged  and  pale  green.— JT.  Car.  to  Fla.  .      "  *i  mgn ,  iva. 

^^K? ■  ■*'*f*^®a  "^«'l|-  ^P'^  compound,  erect ;  spikelets  about  6,  ovate  short- 
obl.mg  alternate,  sessile,  subapproximate;  ;,mj7.  broad,  roundish-ovate  W^ 
pressed,  cliate-sorrate  on  tho  margin,  acuminate-beaked,   l-vnned  on  th^  S 

*<:  ?2  9<i'T-'^H^  ""'"^'1' "^TT'y  ''^°"'''"  ^'^"'^  "'«  ovate-lanceolate  glume; 
t  }  ^'°i'',l°°^':'^*'i''"  f'o  leaves;  spikekU  whitish  or  tawny.-Common 
in  woods  and  fielda    (C.  festucacea  Ell.  ?  nee  Schk )  >■•— common 

fl.  BBEviou  Dew.  SpikekU,  3-5,  often  closely  approximate,  and  more 
nearly  round;  peng.  shorter-ovate  and  shorter-rostrate,  scarcely  lonirer  than 
t"^®  °^ato-lanceolato  glume.— This  is  the  plant  originally  described  by  WiU. 

p.  MINOR  Dew.  SpikeUts  small,  5—6,  globous  or  obovate,  less  approximate  • 
peng.  small,  ovate,  acummate,  loss  winged,  serrulate,  about  equaling  tlia 
ovate,  acuto  glumo.  ^       ^     ^ 

41  C.  fo6nca  Muhl.  Spiko  compound,  6  to  10  ovate  spikelets,  aggregated  abovo- 
pong  ovato-acuminate,  wmged,  8cabrou.s-marginod,  large  and  close  2-toothed: 
about  equal  to  the  oblong-lanceolato  glumo;  culm  large  and  amooth,  loafyTlow- 
plaiifc  glaucous.— Peuii.  (Mulilouborg)  and  salt  marshes,  K.  I.  (Olney).  "       ' 

42  C.  mirdbUis  Dew.  Spikekts  1—U,  ovate-globous,  nllemate,  .^c-ssile  often 
closely  aggregated  mto  a tance.oi;o;y  head,  hracteate  below;  «er«i7.  ovate  subK 
ceolate,  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  concavo-convex,  rostrate,  2-toothed.  su'bdiveny. 
mg,  ecarcely  twico  longer  than  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glumo;  st.  18—30',  orect 

48 


m 


Ordkb  166.— CTPERAOBA 


fitifT,  rough  abovo,  rathur  Hk-ndur ;  plant  light  gteeo. — CommoQ  about  foncoB  and 
Lodged,  aud  haa  a  spooiully  rigid  appoarauco.     (C.  fuBtucacoa  /J.  Torr.  Carey.) 

43  C.  orlst&ta  Si-hw.  Spikdtt  C — 14,  globou.s,  sesHilo,  closely  uggrtgatod  into 
an  oblong,  thick  Iiead  of  a  crested  form,  bmctealo ;  perig.  ovale,  oblong,  coinpietwed, 
wiiigod,  rostrate-aruminate,  biflil,  concavo-convex,  Hcubrous  on  the  margin,  longer 
tlmn  the  oblong,  lancoolntu  glume;  at.  1 — 'ii,  acutely  triangular. — Plant  yellow - 
ittli-groca  Coiumon  in  fields  and  meadows  on  colder  Boiis.  (G.  lagopodioided  /<. 
Carey.) 

44  C.  lagopodioldes  Schk.  Spikelets  8 — 20,  heakleas,  green,  ovato,  rather 
near,  alternate  and  sossilo ;  perig.  round-&i«r««/a<e,  tapering  at  both  ends,  concavo- 
convex,  nerved,  bidontatc,  scabrous  on  tiio  margin,  nearly  twice  oa  long  as  the 
ovato-Iancoolftto  glumo ;  sU  nearly  2f,  lealy ;  the  whole  light  green. — Common. 
(C.  scoparia,  ji.  Ton.) 

45  C.  tdnera  Dow.  Spike  compound,  recurved;  npikekts  about  5,  ohovcLto,romotieh, 
nltoniato,  sessile,  attenuated  below,  tho  lowest  bracteato ;  fr.  tawny,  ovate,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  winged,  rostrate,  nerved,  ciliato-sorrate,  longer  than  the  ob- 
long-lanceolate  scale;  st.  16 — 30',  small  and  slender,  erect,  with  a  nodding  spike, 
longer  than  the  loovcs. — Light  green.  Common.  (0.  straminoa /i,  Torr.  C. 
festucacea  /?.  Carey.  Tho  inconsistency  of  these  synonyms  favors  our  own  view 
of  this  species.) 

46  C.  festuoilcea  Schk.  Spike  erect;  spikelets  5 — 8,  obovate  and  cluhform,  sos- 
s'lo  and  alteriiuto,  approximate,  lower  ono  bracteato ;  perig.  tawny,  roundish-ovate, 
rostrate,  winged,  striate,  2-toothod,  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  longer  than  tho  ovate, 
lanceolate  glumo ;  st.  16—30',  erect  and  stiff",  leafy  below. — Plant  pale  green. 
Spikelets  greenish  to  brown.  Common  in  fields,  but  not  abundant  Tho  club- 
form  spikelets  from  tho  decurront  scales  of  t!io  i  fiowors,  especially  mark  this 
species. 

47  C.  aduata  Boott.  Spikelets  several,  4  to  8  or  more,  often  not  approximate, 
tapering  below  in  maturity;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  or  ovate,  long-rostrate,  nar- 
row-winged aud  serrulate,  voined,  scarcely  bifid,  as  long  and  broad  as  tho  glume; 
culm  1j  to  24',  leafy  towiu-ds  tho  base.— U.  I.  (Olney)  to  L.  Sup.  and  Brit.  Am. 

48  C.  ftcop^ria  Schk.  Spikelets  5 — 10,  usually  5 — 7,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate, 
tho  lowest  with  a  long,  deciduous  bract ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  nerved,  erect, 
sliglitly  margined,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  acuminate  glume;  st. 
18 — 24',  leafy  towards  tho  root. — Moist  places,  very  common.     (C.  ovalis  Ell.) 

/?.  AOOEEO.A.TA  Dew.     Spikelets  aggregated  into  a  head,  somewhat  spiral. 

49  C.  sychnociphala  Carey.  Spikelets  ovate,  closely  aggregated  into  a  head 
(as  tho  name  purports),  sessile,  slender,  with  long,  leafy  bracts;  perig.  ovate,  very 
long,  lanceolate,  or  tapering  into  a  long  leak,  with  scabrous  edges,  a  little  longer  than 
the  lance-ovato  glume;  plant  short  aud  very  pale  green. — N.  Y.,  Jefferson  Co. 
(Boott.  Ill ,  111),  at  Littlo  Falls  (Yasey,  Kneiskern).  Remark.'>,l)lo  for  its  slender, 
beaked  fruit. 

50  C.  drida  Schw.  and  Torr.  Spikelets  oval-oblong,  5 — 10,  Fawfwhai  inhering  at 
both  ends,  large  and  approximate,  close-flowered,  dry  and  c  ."''  ;  p:':g.  lance- 
linear,  compressed,  thin,  distinctly  winged,  bideutato,  nerved,  acuminate,  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolato  glume ;  plant  light  green  in  all  its  parts. — Com- 
mon in  Ohio  and  Mich.,  18 — 36',  and  further  W.  and  S.  (C.  Muskingummensis 
Sclav  ,  scoparia,  ji.  Torr.) 

51  C.  miliaria  Mx.  (B.  t  187.)  Culm  erect,  slender,  rough  abovo;  Ivs.  flat, 
very  n-  vn.  v  $  spiko  sessile,  sometimes  2  and  distant,  ovoid,  tawny;  bract  seta' 
ceous  ;ti;'*;  5  spike  pale,  rather  long-peduncled ;  perig.  spheroidal,  smooth. — 
Marsl.ed,  i*:.  .,  » 5-:?.ecially  at  Ii.  Mistassins. 

52  C.  i  iorid^a  Schw.  5  Spike  short  and  sessile ;  ?  spikes  2  to  4,  approxi- 
mate, ovukle,  sessile,  bracteato,  the  lowest  sometimes  a  littlo  recurved;  perig.  ob- 
long, tapering  below,  rather  obovate,  plano-convex,  abruptly  rostrate,  short-bifid, 
scabrous  abovo  and  on  tho  back,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong,  red-edged,  scab- 
rous, cuspidate  glume ;  culm  2  to  6',  slender,  3-sided;  Ivs.  radical,  flat,  twice  to 
thrice  longer  than  the  culm ;  plant  pale  green ;  ach.  oval,  lens-shaped. — Fla.  to  La. 


Obdkr  156— CYPERACEifS. 


Y68 


ur  own  view 


1?;  *"^"**f  ^«^-  -^  ^P'lfo  erect,  oblong,  Bhort,  with  oblong  obtuso,  bUck 
wh.to-fdgcd  glumes;  ?  gpikea  2  to  4,  ovnto,  sossile,  approximlto,  I hT  lowest 
oblong  a.K  Hhort-pcluncmutc.  subre.noto,  louly-braoto.i  all  b Jk  TrigZ^ 
shorl-aptculale,  concavoconvox,  orifloo  entire,  oqnaling  or  sliglitiv  txceedina  thu 
cbhrujobovate,  black,  white-edrjed  glume;  culm  8  to  12^  triquofS  ^^£\m 
w.th  f  at,  Hmooth  lv«.  (C  Haxatilis  M.  lHt.)-lTobably  tlnXtirpCTi Hod  S 
«.ixaf.l.s  L.  >n  tl.0  For.  Dan,  in  Eng.  Bot.  and  ofKdi  But  u.  Dr  H  o  tprovea 
C  saxa  il.s  (L)  and  C  pullu  Uood  )  to  bo  the  sa.no,  thlH  plant  can  belong  to  no  Zr 
It  18  called  0.  ngida  ((iood.)  by  Carey  in  tlio  Manuel  of  (Jruy,  but  diflbrs  from  it 
\n  many  cliaraetors  given  by  Uoodei.ough  in  Lis  full  deseriptiJn 

54  C.  lentlculdrls  MX.    (B.  t.  tC).     Spikes  cylindric,  obtuse,  rather  slondor 
near,  8...s,sdo  except  tho  loweat;   S  spike  1,  rarely  2,  1'  long,  or  tlo  lower  sliorS 

^  m.kcH  2  to  5,  moHtly  4,  leafy-braeted.  not  dense-Hov^-red,  tL  Imves  moo 
fonioto  and  attenuated  below;  porig.  ovato-oUlptic,  slightly  convex  both  Hides 
na  e,  then  yd  owmh,  short-beaked,  longer  than  tho  narrow-oblong,  obtus.  glumo: 
wuhn  8  to  12    high  smooth,  triquetrous,  with  Hat  leave.s;  bnK,.ts  not  sheathing 

S'ear ^(RiclStT^  ''"°-"'''  ""  '''"''"''"'  ""•  ^^  <''"'••  *  ""'^"'^ 
3.  Alui-montXna.      Porig.  ovato-oblong,  acuminate  or  tapering  abovo  to  a 

pomt   longer  and  more  convex,  and  somotimes  beginning  to  curve  back- 

warda,  with  a   ess  obtuse,  or  short  acuto  glumo  variable  in  length.-Ponds. 

VV  Into  Mts.  (Oukcs,  Tuckorman.)  ^ 

y.  Blakki.     Intermodiato  between  tho  two  forms  preceding;  fruit  less  acuto 

J^Blake)  '^  ^         °""'''  "^'"^  '''"^"^^  Bhortor.-IIarrison,  Mo.  (Rov! 

55  C.  aftrea  Nutt.  ^  Spiko  short,  cylindric.  pedunculate;  9  spikes  3,  oblong 
loosc-flowored,  subpendulous,  oxsortly  pedunculate,  subapproxitnate,  bracteate- 
pmg.  globous,  ohovate  or  pear-form,  obime,  nerv«l,  ontiro  at  tiio  mouth,  longer  thi-u 
f^r  p/  V^^'  «l'ort..nueronuto  glun.o;  st.  3-10',  slender,  often  subprocum- 
bent.— Ilant  glabroua,  green.  Common  i;i  wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  and  westward 
and  northward.  (C.  pyrifbrniia  Schw.)  b  ""«  weoiwaru 

56  C.  Mitchelliana  Curtis.  $  Spiko  sometimes  with  ?  fls.  in  tho  middle-  2 
spikes  2  or  3  cylindric,  slondor,  loose-flowered,  remotish,  pedunculate,  and  ho 
lowest  short-shoathod;  peug.  ovate,  acute,  shori-rostrate,  entire  at  tho  orifice,  about 
equaling  tho  ovate  cuspidate  glumo;  culm  15  to  20'  high,  acutely  triquetrous. 
Bubscabrous  above,  leafy  towards  tlio  base.— Wet  places,  N.  Car.  (C'urtis) 

57  C.  t6rta  Boott  (111.  156).  Spikes  cylindric,  slender;  $  spikes  3  or  more,  very 
long,  rather  hose-Jhwered,  attenuated  l>ehw,  staminato  at  vertex,  upper  nearlv  sea- 
sile,  lower  pedunculato  and  diverging  recurved;  perig.  ovate,  convex,  terete  up- 
wards,  often  acuminate,  recurved,  about  equaling  tho  narrow-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse,  black  gmmo:  culm  nearly  2f  high,  erect,  rather  slender,  triquetrous  but 
scarcely  rough-odged,  leafy  towards  tho  base;  color  light  green.— Wet  places  in 
most  of  tho  States.    (C.  acuta,  (3.  sparsiflora,  Ed.  1st.)  ^ 

58  C.  caespitdsa.  6  Spiko  single,  oblong,  cylindric,  sometimes  2,  with  oblone 
black  scales;  $  spiko  2-3,  short-cylwdric  (I'  long),  erect,  obtuse  rather  thick! 
remotish,  bracteate,  lowest  ono  short-pedunculato ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous, 
entire  at  the  orifico,  scarcely  rostrate,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse,  black 
g  umo ;  St.  6—14  scabrous  on  tho  edge,  leafy  towards  tho  base ;  Ivs.  flat.— Wet 
places,  Ipswich,  Mass.  (Oakes)  N.  Y.  and  Michigan.     (Csspitosa  Good,  nee  L.) 

59  C.  aperta  Boott.  5  Spikes  1  or  2,  cylindric,  erect;  5  spikes  2  to  4,  obhng. 
cylmdne  approximate  abovo,  sessile,  stam.  at  apex,  lowest  somewhat  remote  and 
pcauiiculato ;  peng.  ovate,  roundish,  short-rostrate,  2-toothed,  short-pedicellate. 
Shorter  than  the  lanceolate  a^ute  glume ;  culm  1  to  18',  rough-edged  above— Wet 
meadows,  N.  Eng.  and  far  westward  and  northward.    (C.  acuta  /i.  erecta  Dow. 

JiU.    l.St.) 

60  C.  strictior  Dow.  f,  Spikes  1—2,  with  oblong  and  blackish,  acutish  glumes ; 
S  ^tkes  2—3,  cylindric,  $  above,  and  hence  acutish,  lowest  short-pedunculate  • 

perig.  ovate,  compressed,  acute,  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifico,  earlv  falling  off 
glabrous,  a  littk  longer  than  the  oblong  and  acute  rusty  glume  ;  st.  a  fJot  and  more 
triquetrous  and  rough  on  the  angles,  with  reticiJated  filaments  connecting  the 


T56 


Obdeb  166.~0TPERACE^ 


leaves  towards  the  base ;  Ivs.  erect,  close ;  wholr,  ^lant  glaucous  except  the  SDikts 
—Wet  places,  common.    Nearer  C.  cajspitoaa  tliuD  C.  stricta.  ^ 

61  C.  Btrlcta  Goodcn.  $  Spikes  1-2,  cylin.hlc,  lower  one  sessile,  and  tho  scaln 
msty  brown  nud  obtuse;  $  spikts  2-3,  long-cyliudric  ui)Der  ha?f  f  1™ 
longer,  short-pedunculate,  looselyJUmered  below^  ^Co^aScumiuate  or  Z 
t.e,  compressed  at  the  orifice  entire  or  slightly  ema-ginatr,  and  ilHS  ItroZj 
ferruginous,  the  hw^  ones  acute-lanceolate,  the  upper  linear' and  obtuse  commonV 
hnger  and  narrower  than  the  p^-igynia ;  st.  2f  with  reticulated  Clamo^ts  connect^ 
mg  tho  leaves  (Boott).— Wot  places,  aa  bogs,  commou.  ^^n^w 

62  C.  august^ta  Boott.  $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cylindric,  slender.  ?  spikes  1  to  4 
cylmdn.'  sessile,  olten  nodding,  tho  lowest  short-pedunculate,  tho  u^por  stam  at 
Eo^'^r  ■f"Z^X''!P^  '^bovo  or  acute;  perig.  oval  or  ovate,  acutiih^  entire  a 
orfico,  or  short-beaked  scarcely  veined,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  narrower 
oblong  sulacute^vanahht  brown  glume;  culm  2f,  acutely  triquetrous,  scabrous,  not 
robust,  louKor  than  tho  stiff,  narrow,  glaucous  leaves.-Very  common  in  k^ge 
bogs  over  tho  country.    (C.  acuta,  ed.  1st.  and  Am.  auth.  not  of  L.)  ^ 

63  C.  aquatills  Wahl.  ^  Spikes  1-4,  erect,  cylindric,  lowest  bracteate  tho 
glume  oblong,  obtus.sh;  $  spikes  often  3,  cylindric,  thick  above,  1-2'  \Z^' mh- 
erect,  Guort-pedunculale  densely-flowered;  perig.  eUipiic.  lenticular,  rather  small 
entire,  glabrous,  pro  ruded  at  t!io  orifice,  scarcely  equaling  the  green  ovate  amm 
glume;  st.20-.30'  high,  rather  obtuse-angled  and  scaroely  scabrousUlt marshes 
and  wet  places,  common.  muiouua 

®1irS:,^H^f  "^  I'^y-  ^^-  *•  ^^■>  ^  ^P''^^»  °"0  o"-  "0™-  Ja'-.  Oblong,  some- 
times  wth  a  few  9  flowers;  $  spikes  about  3,  oblong,  cylindric,  i^dicellato  nod- 
ding,  atmua^d  below,  andmore  loosely  flowered,  often  '^  at  summit;  perig  ovato 
sub-inflated,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  tho  orilico,  glabrous,  about  4  as  lon^  as  tho 
oblong,  obtusish,  scabrous-awncd  glume;  st.  12-24'  high,  rough,  triqueious- 
Common  in  wet  places.  '""b")  uiquLiroub.— 

65  C.  crlnita  Lam.  (B.  t  41.)  $  $  Spikes  mostly  1,  long,  slender;  spikes  about 
4,  long-cyhndric  densdy-flowered,  recurved,  with  a  long,  redined  peduncle;  pcZ 
ovate,  suborbiculur,  obtusish,  emarginato  at  tho  orifice,  convex  both  sides-  /umcs 
terminated  by  a  long,  serrate  point  moro  than  thrico  tho  length  of  tho  perigvnia- 

(C.  paWa  'i^^'^^itr^''''''''  P^'°  ^'^^^'^-     ^^^'-^  -  '^^^■ 

66  C.  maritima  Vahl.  (Schk.  fig.  14.)  Spikes  long,  oylindric,  subpenduhns  or 
recurved;  $  spikes  1  to  3,  pedunculate,  bra-^tcd;  perig.' suborbicular,  sCro^ 
trate  or  apicu  atu,  emarginato,  veined,  rather  close,  muih  shorter  than  the  bnn- 
awned,  ovate-oblong,  or  emarginaie-awned  glume ;  culm  IC  to  18',  creot.  with  smooth 
leaves.— Sea  coast,  Mendon,  Mass.  and  northward  (Carey).— Thl^  is  the  real  C 
paleacca  Wahl.  described  by  him  in  almost  tho  same  language  as  his  next  species" 
Kj,  maritima.  *        ' 

67  C.  salina  Wahl.  (Schk.  fig.  185.)  Spikes  cylindilc,  erect;  ?  spikes  2  or  3. 
remotish,  short-pedunculate,  dense-flowered,  leafy-bractcd ;  perig.  elliptio.  short- 
ap'.culate,  double-convex,  entire  at  tho  orifice,  sliorter  than  tlio  obhng,  acui^  short- 
owned  glume;  culm  8  to  IC,  leafy  b^'.ow,  with  long  leafy  bracts  auriculato  at  tlieir 
base. — Salt  marsaes,  Mass,  to  .'Vrc.  Am. 


II.  Stigmas  3.--Acheniuin  triquetrous. 

68  C.  Pr^seri  Sims.  Spiko  oblong,  c5  glume  oblong,  acutish;  ?  fls.  at  tho  base 
m  an  oyoid  or  globous  mass;  perig.  ovate  or  oblong,  sliort-beaked,  apex  entire, 
longer  than  the  obioug,  obtuse  glumo;  culm  8  to  10',  fla:,  loafiess;  ivs  2  radical 
lla^  wide,  veined  with  no  midvein,  palo  or  glaucous  and  longer  than  the  culm. 
— Tygor  valley,  Penn.  (Muhl.),  Lits.  of  N.  Oar.  (Curtis).  (C.  lagopus  Muhl.)-A 
peculiar  and  striking  plant.  '      \        o  t-  / 

69  C.  polytricboides  Muhl.  Spike  oblong,  terminal ;  perig.  3—8,  obbng,  alter- 
note,  erect,  subtriquetrous,  glabrous,  emarginato,  twico  longer  than  tho  ovato  and 


Ordeb  165.— CTPBRACEA 


757 


',  acute,  short- 
ulato  at  their 


obtuge,  and  rarely  mucronate  glume ;  st.  4-12',  very  slender,  with  setaceous  and 
fiubradical  leaves.— Common  ii>  wet,  cold  grounds.  (C.  microstachya  Mx.) 
70  C.  leucoglochin  Ehrh.  Spike  about  4-fiowered,  witb  1  or  2  ^  flowere  at 
tho  apex;  pmg  lanceolate,  subtriquetrous  and  tapering,  much  reJUxed,  twice 
ougor  than  the  oblong-  anceolate  glume;  culm  3-8,  with  subradical  and  linear 
leaves.— In  AshQold  and  Hawley,  Mass,  in  a  marsh  (Porter.)    C.  pauciflora  Light- 

''i^'  °^*«*?**  py-  (Scl'k.  fig  159.)  s  Glumes  oblong,  obtuse,  white ;  perig. 
about  4  ovate-ghbous  or  eUcpsoid,  tapering-rostrate,  smooth,  scarious  at  the  orifioo 
a  little  ouger  than  the  ovate,  acute,  membranous  glurao;  culm  2  to  6'.  erect  leafv 
below,  longer  than  tho  Ivs.,  with  tho  fruit  nearly  black  in  maturity,  color  pala 
greon.— N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  ^'  ^ 

72  C.  peduncuiata  Muhl.  Spikes  about  R,  3-sided,  disfcint  on  slender,  recurved 
peduncles;  peng  obovate,  triquetrous,  recurved  at  the  apex,' commonly  niabrous,  a 
little  longer  than  tho  oblong  or  obovate,  mucronate,  finaUy  brown  H-ame  •  culm  4 
—12 ,  triangular,  rather  procumbent;  sta.  sometimes  removed  a  little  from  tho 

$  spike.— Common  ui  wooda     Flowers  early  in  tlio  spring. 

73  C.  Baltziim  Chapm.  (B.  t.  41.)  Spikes  cylindric,  long,  dark-colored,  with 
Ob  ong-obovate,  obtusa  or  emargmatc,  submucronate  glumes;  $  spike  taperine 
below;  ?  spikes  1  to  4,  tho  caulino  one  peduncled,  remote  from  the  stanfinate 
with  sonjo  5  fls.  at  :t3  apex,  the  otlicrs  on  long,  slender  and  nearly  radical  podun' 
cles,  allhx-flowered;  perig.  obhng-obovate,  obtuse,  short-rostrate,  pediceled,  veined 
pubescent,  equaling  or  surpassing  tho  glume;  culm  6  to  10'  slender,  triquetrous! 
much  shorter  than  the  flat,  rather  wide  radical  Isaves.—Flik. 

^*  f-,^"f«"?^".Schk.  (B.  t.  95.)  Sts.  or  radical  'ped.  1-3;  spike  com- 
mo  liy  single,  stameniferous  above,  or  tho  stamens  removed  a  little-  oerw  5  to  0 
«a&roi«,  alternate,  loose,  oblong  and  inflated  a  little,  tapering  at 'the  base  and 
conic-rostrate  above;  ?  glumes  ovato  and  acute,  the  lower  ones  long  and  leaf- 
like,  much  surpassing  tho  stem.- On  dry  grounds,  common  throughout  the  U  S 
—One  variety  has  the  $  spike  distinct;  another  is  destitute  of  tho  long  and  leafv 
scales,  and  is  frequent  at  tlio  North  as  well  as  in  Fla. 

^i?i  Steud^lii  Kth.  (B.  t.  9G.)  Sts.  or  radical  ped.  1-8'  long;  spike  com- 
monly sxnglo.  With  about  J 2  steriU  fls.  above;  perig.  2  or  3,  scabro^  above;  sub- 
globous  or  ellipsoid  and  inflated,  alternate,  stipltate,  terete;  conic-rostrate  with 
an  oblique  oriflco;  ?  glumes  usually  long  and  loafy;  Ivs.  smooth,  soft,  narrow, 
Statel  culms.— Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  in  Ohio  and  the  Western 

76  C.  Bickil  Boott.  (t.  91.)  Ped.  radical,  l-4f  high,  stiff,  thick,  or  lai^o; 
9pike  single,  with  about  3  sterile  fl,.  above;  perig.  ovate,  globous,  smooth  throughout 
2  to  4,  ^onic-rostrate  entire  at  the  oriflce,  when  mature  pear-shaped,  t}i7  beah 
articulated  Uj  the  fruit;  ?  glumes  usually  long  and  leaf-like,  inclosing  the  fruit; 
ivs.  radical,  flat,  thick,  rough  or  scabrous  and  short.— Jefferson  Co  N  Y  and 
Arc.  Am.--.Tho  two  preceding  species  are  closely  related,  and  vet  look  verjr  dif- 
ferent.^ The  first  (No.  74)  is  tho  slenderest.  ^         -  y    ;-  uu 

77  C.  aquarrdaa  L.  Spikos  1-4,  oblong,  cylindric,  obtuse,  upper  one  attenuated 
below  at  hrst  by  the  decurrent ,?  flowers,  all  very  densely  flowered ;  perij?  ovate 
Bubglobous,  iong-rostrate,  2-toothed,  horizontal,  glabrous  and  subsquarrous  lonirer 
tiau  the  lauceoiuto  glume;  cm.  1— 2f,  slender  for  tho  largo  spike  or  spikes;  lower 
8p:kes  pedunculate.— Largo  and  fine.  It  is  C.  typhina  Mx.  when  only  one  spiko 
18  present.- JSl.  Eng.  to  III.  and  southward.  ^ 

i3.  (C.  TYPiiiNoiDES  Schw.)    Spikes  2,  tho  lower  on  a  very  long  peduncle,  and 
both  lougbr  jvnd  smaller,  ■/or  , 

^^u^^l .^^^Tf.^^.®*/ ^^/'''   1?'"'''°  "^Jonsr,  cylindric,  acutish;   $  glume  oblong,  ob- 
-sm.i.  peri'j.  cva.e  ^pva,]),  subrostratf,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  wale,  acutish, 
mi«  cfarA  ^u,pfc  glume ;ji.  4-10',  erect;  Ivs.  flat  and  long.-Whito  Mts. 
N.  H.  (Oakes),  Willoughby  Mt.,  Vt.  (Wood),  Drummond's  Isle,  ^icli.  and  north' 
ward  (Carey), 

^IS  ^°°"j.^"f  J^^"'!'-  (B.  t.  42.)  Spikes  oblong-cylindric,  attenuate  at  base, 
with  a  scale-like  bract;  a  $  ppiko  on  one  eulm  and  a  ?  spiko  (or  2)  on  another 
aparso-flowered  below;  perig.  oblong-obuvate,  hairy,  apiculatc,  entire  at  orifice 


768 


Order  155,— CYPERACEJIi;. 


pedicellate,  veined,  smaller  than  the  oblong-ohovate,  short  mucronaie,  dark  purple. 
whito-edged  glumi;  culm  6  to  12'  high,  longer  than  the  cmliue,  but  shorter  than 
the  radiciil  bright-green  leaves.— La.  (Drummond),  Ala.  (T.  M.  Peters).  Curious 
and  distinct,  allied  to  C.  BaltzelliL 

80  C.  vireac6n«  Muhl.  (B.  t.  12.)  Spike.i  2— t,  ob'Mng,  erect,  alternate,  the  lower 
subsessilo,  bractoate;  upper  .spike  very  rarely  wholly  $;  perki.  ovate,  obtute 
costate,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate,  pubescent  and  nucrona'te  glume,  or  about 
equal  to  it;  at.  1— 2f,  rather  slender;  Ivs.  towards  the  base.— Whole  plant  pubes- 
cent and  light  green. 

fS.  COSTATA  Scliw.     Perig.  strongly  costate,  outer  sheatlis  purplish-brcwn  •  Ivs. 
numerous  and  larger.     Both  are  common  in  open  woods  and  hedges.    ' 

81  C.  triceps  Mx.  (B.  t.  117  in  part).  Spikes  3,  short-ovate,  erect,  quite  near,  the 
upper  siiort-peduncled,  lowest  lealy-bractod ;  perig.  obovate,  obtuse,  loundisli- 
triquetrous,  pubescent  when  In  flower,  rotighiah,  usually  much  longer  than  the 
ovate  acute  glume;  culm  1  to  2f;  triquetrouii,  seabn)u.s  above,  with  shorter  sub- 
radioal,  scabrous  Ivs.— NT.  Car.  (Curtis)  to  Fia.  and  Ala.  Differs  considerably  from 
the  foilownig,  although  the  two  are  united  by  Boott. 

82  C.  hirsiita  Willd.  (Schk.,  fig.  172.)  Spikes  3,  slwrt-dblong,  thick,  alternate 
erect,  rather  near,  upper  subsessilo,  lowest  pedunculate,  all  dense-flowered ;  perig. 
ovate-tri(i'ictrous,  obtusish,  entire  at  the  oriiic:,  veined,  very  pijhe.sceni  when  young 
rough  and  gl'ibrons  in  maturity,  longer  lliun  tho  ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous 
glumes;  culm  12  to  18',  stout,  erect,  scabrous  above;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  strongly 
scabro-pubeseent,  grayish  green.— Jfoist  upland  meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.  and 
far  West.  ' 

p.  PEDUNCULATA  (Torr.)    Spikes  oblong-cylindric.  pedunculate;  Ivs.  slightly 
pubescent ;  young  glumes  much  longer  ihau  tho  perigynium. 

y.  CLSPiDATA.     (Dew.)    Glumes  ovato.  cuspidate,  longer  than  tho  verig.  ■  Ivs 
sheaths,  and  culm  very  hirsute.— 111.  (Vasey).  ' 

83  C.  BBstiv^lia  Curtis.  (B.  t.  133.)  Spikes  3  to  5,  cylindric,  slender,  suberect, 
loose-Howered,  bracteato ;  8  glumes  oblong,  rather  obtuse  at  the  base  of  the  upper 
spike,  lowest  spike  pedunculate;  perig.  elliptic,  3-sided,  tapering  at  both  ends, 
glabrous,  entire  at  orillce,  longer  than  tiio  ovate,  obuuse,  often  mucronate  glume- 
culms  in  tufts,  16  to  24',  slender,  with  Hat,  pubescent  Ivs.,  and  leafy  bracts.— Mts 
of  N.  Cur.  (Curtis),  also  on  Saddle  Mt.,  Mass.  (Dewey).    Jl.,  Aug. 

84  C.  Shorti^na  Dew.  Spikes  4  or  6,  long-cylindric,  erect,  dense-flowered,  tho 
highest  half-starainato  below,  tho  ot-liers  nearly  all  fertile,  e.xsert-pedunculato ; 
perig.  obovate,  obtuse,  convex-compressed,  tapering  at  base  and  subpediceliato| 
minutely  apiculate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume;  culm  12  to  30',  with 
long  Ivs. ;  plant  strong  and  line,  bright  green.— Marahos,  Penn.  to  111.  and  farther 
South.     A  distinct  and  beautiful  species. 

®^j^',°,*^^®P*"  '^°^^-  (^-  *•  ^^^-^  ^J^'^''^"  ^  '"  ^'  iong-cylindric,  erect,  exseri-pe- 
dunclcd,  bracteate,  the  lower  remotish  and  looso-Howored  at  tho  base ;  perig.  ob- 
long, subtriquetrous,  glabrous,  tapering  at  either  end,  2-lobe(l  or  notched  at  orilice, 
a  little  longer  than  tho  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate,  white  edged  glume;  culm  15',  erect, 
rather  slender,  leafy,  pale  green ;  spikes  rather  dark.— FJa.  (Cha»3man)  to  Tox! 
(Torr.) 

86  C.  Buxbaumii  Wahl.  Spikes  about  4,  short,  cylindric,  thick,  upper  ono 
sometimes  wholly  $ ,  and  sometimes  $  above  and  below ;  pistiliferous  oblong, 
fiubremote,  subsessile,  bracteate;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
8ubtriquef.o;:a,  entire  at  the  orifice,  nerved  and  glabrous,  scarcely  equal  to  the  olh 
long  and  mucronate  glume;  st.  10—18'  high,  leafy  towartls  the  base.— Common  in 
wet  grounds.  1 1  is  described  as  sometimes  having  2  stigmas  in  Europe,  but  placed 
by  Sehk.,  Wahl,  &c.,  in  tho  division  having  3. 

87  C.  atrdta  L.  Spikes  3  to  5,  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  noddinc,  tho  iipnor  mtliop 
near  and  sessile,  lower  pedunculate,  scarcely  sheathed;  perig.  roundish-oval,  com- 
pressed, glabrous,  short-benked,  slightly  bidentato  or  notched,  a  little  shoner  tliaii 
the  dark,  oblong  glume;  culm  about  If,  with  light  green  foliage  and  black  spikes. 
Whito  Mts.  and  Brit.  Am.  o      e  o  v 

88  C.  gracillima  Schw.  (B.  i.  i:54.)  Spikes  3—4,  long,  graceful,  sub-loose- 
flowered,  distant,  long-podiccllato,  recurved  iu  maturity,  bracteate,  upper  one 


Obdeb  155.— CTPERA.CE-«!. 


169 


],  Bub-1ooso- 


rarely  all  ^;^n^  oblong,  triquetrous,  obtuse,  oblique  at  the  orifice  sliirhtlv  2. 
lohod  longer  than  th^  oblong,  obtuse,  and  slm-lawned  gluvie;  at  often  If^redLh 
me'Idot  '''  ^'""^  *"'*  subprocumbeut,  pula  green.~Comm;nl„  datp 

89  C.  formdsa  Dew.  (B.  1. 130.)  Spikes  3-4,  oblong,  short  and  thick  distant 
l-.ided  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle,  recurved;  i^erij  oblong!  triSou^^s^^^^^^ 
mflated,  acutu<h  a  either  end,  nearly  entire  or  2.1obed  at  the  orifice  2'°"";,^^ 
than  the  ovate  and  acut,  glume:  st.  l-2f,  S-aided,  dark  brown  Sds  theK 
yellowish  bright  green.— Common  in  wot  meadoVvs.  ««waraa  tiie  baae^ 

90  C.  Davfsil  Torn  (B.  t.  132.)  Spikes  4,  oblong,  cylindric  subsnarselv  flow 
crLd  remote,  pedicellate,  pendulous  in  maturity;  lJglbI^^S,lnhl^^ 
subtriquetrous,  nerved,  acutish,  short-rooirate,  2-lobfd  at  thoTrific?  kE us  S 
wards  maturity,  about  equaling  Vie  oblong,  scdhrous-awmd  ^kmeTst  i-2f  triau^ 

iresbSvrvHtt'','-ff''^'^^^ 
times  but  very  little,  light  green.— First  found  on  the  alluvial  meadows  of  tha 

Housatonic  in  Mass.  (Dewey).     Sometimes  nearly  pubescent. 

91  C.  pracox  Jacq.  $  Spike  erect,  subclavato;  $  spikes  1—3  ovate  bracto- 
ate,  approximate,  lower  one  .short-pedunculate;  per^.  6-1 2.  ova  e  Ind  suT£ 
atZi  mr  ml'  "^fr^f^'fY^'r''-^-^  ^^l-^'^  '-  ovatracutVor  mtj^t 

^%?'i!^W°'^VI^^^^^  ^'^'^-  ^  SP'^«  ^'«^«t.  short-cylindric,  with  oblon?  obtuse 
frkalumes,  v^hte  on  the  edge  and  green  on  the  keel;  $  spikes  1,  2  S^S^ovate 
4  too-flowered,  the  lowest  squarrous-bractod,  near  the  ^  on  one  lonT scabrous 

100™.  "S'-ivJo  '  V'  '  r  '  ^'"^*  (?  '^  ^'^'  ^"^  ''^dtl^ed  all  on  the  eZ 
.1?  U^[/^"  r  ^'^,«^1°°>''  tapcrmg  below  or  pediceled,  slender-beaked,  rough! 
eLandlTf"'^  "'  V"""",  "''  ^-^"^'^-^'^'^^g-  ''^^'^  Shme,  which  is  wMeoSe 
-DThilH  Pen"-  t'S'and  lT'  """"''  ''^'"  ^^^^'^^  ^''"^^^  *^"  ^^^  -^-• 
93  C.  umbellata  Schk.  Dwai-/;  $  spike  short,  erect ;  $  spikes  several  eachtn, 
tts  low  radical  peduncle,  ovate,  subumbellate,  green;  perlg.  ov^fS-  gTobous  5-? 

Ltlt^ir.  -'^^^^-'V'"""*r4^^'  ^^^^^'^"''  equ^^itthe  ovate- 
idiK-eoiate  glume;  st.  ^ — i ,  with  very  long  leaves. 

l!T'^  ^'^^''-     1  or  2  ?  spikes  close  to  the  $,  sessile;  the  other  2  spikes 
on  heir  own  stems  or  radicJ  peduncles.-Iu  small  tuftL  on  dry  hills     Both 

OA  ^   «        !  ^'""^  ""^  "'^  '"'"°  '■°°*'  ''"'  S''^^'-  «»^  «"*i  figured  only  the  firet 
*  C.  Emmdnsil  Dew.      ^  Spike  sessile,  short  (3") ;  $  spikes  2—3  annrovimnt/, 
sessile  few-flowered,  very  s}u>rt,  often  one  long,  radical  pSLle-  iS  JoW 

equal  to  the  ovate  glume;  culm  fllifbrm,  decumbent,  C-10',  leafy  at  the  bSe Tale 
ash.green.-On  dry  fields  and  hills ;  common.     (C.  Novea^lAngleS,  ^C^l  P 

nn«;rf,!°"!?^''*°v'°*  ^T-  ^  '^P''''  '''''^'  Pedunculate,  long  (6  to  8"),  subtri- 
quetrous, with  an  obtuse  glume;  9  spikes  1-3,  ovate,  subsessile,  subnpproximate 
few-flowered;  peng.  ovate-globous,  tomentous,  short  rostrate,  si<.htlv-  2SS 
about^qual  to  the  ovate-acuminate,  or  oblong'-acuminate,  deep  redd  h  glume  st 
4-1 2  ,  erect,  .stiff,  with  short  culm-lvs.,  and  often  with  long,  ?tifl;  root-hMwhen 
t  IS  L.    marginata,  as  in  Schk.,  tig.  143).-Open  woods  ai  d  lu  dgcs  common- 

^m?;„^,?''*;-^°^"^  ^'''''-  ^  ^^'^  '^'"''^  *^«*n  '^^io^ff!  $  spikes  2-3. 
ovate,  alternate,  sessile,  remotlsh,  few-flowered,  bracteate  •  perig.  3-6   oval-trZ 

af  Srir?  TT'  f"g^^"y  pubescent,  a  Utile  longer  '/an  the  ovate,  mucrZ 
aui  glume    St.  4—8  ,  slender,  subdccumbent,  longer  than  the  leaves— Pale  tjreen. 
Open  woods  in  hiffh  grounds.     {Q,  yaria  i3.  minor  Boott ) 
/y.  COLLECTA  Dew     St.  10-16',  very  slcndei,  erect;    9  spikes  2-4.  lowe- 

short-pedunculate;  peng.  more  tapering  into  a  beak,  slightly  bidentate.-^ 

lligii  lands  of  Mass. ;  not  abundant. 

^  mL7n!^r  ^^"''l'  ^^P/^'^^'i'^Y^orsuhelongated;  ?  spikes  3.  ovate,  flcsaile, 
«o  ni  t  '  ^'^«f<'at?.  fcw-flowercd;  perig.  ovate  or  sub-ghhous,  subtriquetrous^ 
acuminate-rostrate,  bihd,  scabro-puboseoiit,  ahout  equal   to  the  ovate,  a^umir^ 


760 


Obdeb  155.— CYPERACEiE. 


glume;  st.  6 — 16',  erect,  Blonder,  purple  towards  the  base.    Pale  green.— Drr 
woods  and  hedges ;  common. 
'■•"/?.   PKMCELLATA  Dew.,  has  pistillate  spikes  orate-oblong,   short-pedicellate 
erect,  loose-flowered ;  perig.  more  numerous.— Grows  in  the  Si\me  sxtuatlona 

98  C.  vcBtita  Willd.     (B.  t.  120.)     $  Spike  single,  rarely  2,  cylindric-oblonR- 
S  spikes  2,  ovate-obbng,  sessile,  subapproxiraato,  bracteate,  often  with  stamens 

above;  perig.  ovate,  svhorbicular,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  short-rostrate  bifid 
pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  submucronato  glume' 
St.  18—30  ,  acutely  triangular  and  leafy  below.— Common  in  wet  places  over  the 
country. 

99  C.  pub^Bcena  MuhL  (B.t.  60.)  $  Spikes  2— 'i,ohlong,  rather  hose-flowered 
erect,  bracteate,  the  lowest  pedunculate ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  triquetrous,  rostrate' 
nearly  entire  at  mouth,  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  carinate 
mucronate  glume ;  st.  10—20'  high,  and  with  the  leaves,  pubescent.- Moist  woods 
and  meadows;  common. 

100  C.  flava  L.  ?  Spikes  2—4,  ovate-oblong,  approximate,  sometimes  andro- 
gynous;  pertg.  ovate,  closely  imbricate,  costate,  bidentate,  reflexed  with  a  long  curved 
beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  10—20'  rather  obtuseiy  angled 
or  triquetrous ;  glabrous ;  yellowish-green.— Wet  and  cold  soils ;  common  in  this 
country  as  well  as  in  Eur. 

(J.  lepidocXrpa.  Taller  and  more  slender,  with  short,  round-ovato  spikes 
aggregated,  or  except  the  lower,  with  perig.  rostrate  and  recurved  in  matu- 
rity, about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  glumes. — With  the  other  (a 
lepidocarpa,  Ed.  2.)  "    ^ 

101  C.  .ffl^deri  Ehrh,  Spikes  sometimes  androgynous;  $  about  4,  clustered, 
nearly  sessde,  short-oblong,  sometimes  I  above  or  below,  bracteate;  werjff.  rather 
obovate  submflated,  nerved,  bidentate,  diverging  with  a  subulate  beak,  a  little  longer 
than  the  ovat»  glume;  st.  2—10',  leafy.— Pale  yellow.  Mass  and  N.  Y.,  abun- 
dant  in  PitUtield,  Mass.,  and  at  Niagara  Falls. 

102  C.  folllcuiata  L.  nee.  Schk.  ?  Spikes  2—4,  ovate  or  capitate,  densely 
flowered,  distant,  the  peduncles  sometimes  projecting  far  beyond  the  sheaths,  often 

$  at  the  apex,  long  bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-conic,  much  inflated,  diverging  or 
horizontal,  oug-rostrate,  twice  longer  than  tho  oblong-ovate,  acute,  long-awned glume; 
St.  2— 5t,  leafy;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  flat.— Palo  yellow.  In  wet  or 
marshy  places;  common.     (C.  Xanthophyea  Wahl.) 

103  C.  roBtx&ta  Mx.  $  Spike  ehort  and  small ;  $  spikes  2—3,  sub-globous,  or 
capitate,  bracteate ;  perig.  aggregated  into  a  head,  smaU,  erect,  or  subdiverging. 
oblong-conic,  very  long-rostrate,  slightly  inflated  at  the  base,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate-oblong,  acutish  glume;  st.  8-lG',  few-leaved,  erect,  stiff.— Pofe  yeUow. 
At  the  base  of  tne  White  Mts.,  N.  11.,  Oakts;  also  in  Canada,  where  Mx.  found 
iL     Not  recognized  as  the  plant  of  Michaux  till  1840,  Sil.  Jour,  XXXIX,  p.  52. 

104  C.  titrg^Bcens  Torr.  gpike  oblong,  cylindric,  erect;  ?  spikes  2  or  3, 
ovate-globou3,  few  (10  to  12)-fiowered,  highest  sessile  and  near  the  5 ,  lowest 
olten  quite  remote,  exsertly  pedunculate,  perig.  ovate,  inflated,  diverging,  conic- 
rostrate,  bidentate,  stnate,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume;  culm  2  to  3C 
slendir  longer  than  the  leaves,  yellowish  or  pale  green.— Fla.  to  La.    (Chapm. 

^°f  C.  ElU6ttIi  Schw.  $  Spike  cylindric,  I'long,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes! 
?  spikes  2  or  3,  ovate,  roundi.sh,  sessae,  upper  staminate  at  apex,  lowest  some- 
times  pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-triquetrous,  glabrous,  veined,  rostrate,  2-toothed, 
about  twice  a^  lang  (3')  as  the  ovate,  vhtuse  glun.e;  culm  1  to  2f;  triquetrous,  ro- 
curved.— N.  Car.  to  Fla.  (C.  castanea  Ell.  nee  Wahl.  C.  Baldwiuia  Dew.  in  SiL 
Jour.) 

106  C.  {nt^jacecena  Rudgc,  (B.  t.  148.)  6  gpike  oblong,  pedunculate;  $ 
spikes  1-8,  few-flowered,  approximate,  bracteate,  erect,  nearly  sessile,  the  lower 
one  sotnetimcs  remote  aiid  exsertly  pedunculate  ;  perig.  ovate-conic,  large  and  much 
inflated,  acum mate-rostrate,  bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  very  glabrous,  thrice 
ftMt^sr  (j  to  6  )  than  the  ovate-cufpidatc  glume;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high,  erect,  stiff, 
leaty,  dark  green  and  very  glabrous— Wet  grounds,  in  open  woods  or  marslicsi 
common.     (C.  folliculata  Schk.) 


Obdir  166.— CTPERACBiB. 


761 


(2  to  3),  cyhndnc  (9"  thick)  near,  subsessilo,  ti.o  loJ^s    moroX  kss  rern^lo  on 

ovate,  inflated  long  and  large,  terote,  scabrous-rostrato,  2-hornod  riore  th^n  twi^A 
longer  than  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  culm  2  to  Sf%recnal  "t^ 
by  he  leafy  briu^ts  as  well  as  by  the  lanceolate,  rough,  br  gjf  grce «  lelves  - 
Borders  of  marshe.,  common.    (C.  lupulina,  0.  poiystafh^a  Ton-   ^ 

Wtaccolatc,  l„„g,r  U,an  the  s,„a-In  clu„;„  L  „Tor'Sh7p,ic^ 
^\°,5;  ^'f"?'*''',*.'^''"''..  *  Spikosbort  and  smoll,  rarely  wantlnir  ■    S  BDiko. 

topcriDg  at  ratlicr  end  rtamd  o<  «>  opet,  and  onUre  at  tho  oS«M  lonSr  Umn 
Acaths;  Im  radical,  brood,  9  to  10  ■),  en.iform,  strongly  3-nerved -BriStS^M 

the  ovate,  mucronato  glume;  st.  l-2f,  erect,  smooth,  leafy  towards  thoSJvi 
hnear-lanceolate,  6;  wide.-Pale  green.  Woods,  Auburn,  K  Y.  (Ca?ey)  aid 
Ohio  (SuUivant).     Closely  related  to  C.  plantagineiL  i-,  l^areyj  and 

113  C.  faxiflora  Lam.  ncc.  Schk.    (B.  t.  87.)     2  Svikes  l—X  »,Miifn,-m  «,«-^ 
attenuate,  sparse-flowercd,  remote  Lh  «  2  V4Su"fe,At^i£2\S 

uate,  glabrous,  Btria  e,  excurved  at  the  apex,  a  little  longer  than  1M  oblong-mucron- 
?3  to°4°r^r'*'rf '"''■  "'  V^,'-  °«»'el7  triquetrous;  Ivs.  radical,  o^f  mSm 

■         Slgef-roSe!  "'      '"""  ""''^  ^°°^  ^"^  ^^^'^^  '^™'=^«:  P«"g- 

'''  lonTlT"';*  ^r-  .  ^?''"'-.^^-  ^28-)    St.  a  foot  high ;  Ivs.  narrow,  striate, 
long;  perig.  short-rostrate  and  much  recurved. 

5  «nit?f  ^^i^^S*  ^'""T-  .  (^"i?'-  *•  ^^'-^  ^  Spike  with  oblong,  acute  glumes ; 
«LtS  t,-  T  '  *'^'''"^'  ^«"'^'^'-./''«'  (^  to  6)-flowered,  en?ct,  not  compact;  peru^. 
ovate,  triquetrous,  acute,  sh^t-beaked,  Bubrecurved,  entire  at  the  orifice;  bng? 


763 


Obdbb  16C.— CTPERACBiE. 


than  tiie  orate  acute  or  cuspidate  glume ;  culm  3  to  8',  erect,  triquetrous,  glonder 
at  length  nearly  prostnite,  with  sheathing,  leafy  bracts;  J,;.;  radical,  bro^nu> 
?  )'f-''«"f'^  Pa'«  K'^en--Sl»ade8,  N.  States.     Confounded  with  Norui  w 
113,  3,  until  described  by  Carey  in  SilL  Jour,  and  Gray's  Manual. 

^Iw  ^"  **°*^o»P6nna  Dew  (B.  t.  86.)  $  Spike  cylindric,  short,  sefisile  with 
oblong,  obtuse  glumes;  9  spikes  3  to  6,  oblong,  cylindric,  rather  Ls^^mred 
leafy-bracted,  suberect,  subremote,  the  lowest  sometimes  recurved;  pJTZl 
oblong,  oUustah,  mmutely  veined,  slightly  apioulate,  yellow  ochre  cotor  in  nmturitv 
twice  or  thnce  longer  than  (or  the  lower  equaling)  the  broadly  ovate,  acute  or 
mucronate  glume;  culm  10  to  16',  erect,  smooth,  and  with  the  llceolate  S^^^^g 
Ivs.  at  length  yellowish.-N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    (C.  flaccosperma    Ed.  l!) 

116  C.  bWnda  Dew.  S  ^ikes  2-4,  oblong,  cylindric.  subsparse-flowered,  alter- 
nate,  aproximat^,  bracieate,  highest  subsesaile,  the  lowest  on  a  lone  iedaed 
peduncle;  pertg.  obovate  and  scarcely  attenuate  below;  subtriq.  nerved  rec«rw(i 
at  the  apex,  onure  at  the  orifice,  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  scabro-mucrcnate 
glume;  st.  8—2',  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  the  base;  Ivs.  long  as  the  stem- 
Pale  green  or  gLaucous.  Meadows  and  dry,  open  woods,  common.  (C.  conoidea 
MuhL  nee  Schk.,  C.  laxiflora  /3.  Carey,  Eoott.) 

^\!o?'  fetrootirva  Dew.  $  Spikes  2-4,  on  long,  filiform,  recurved  peduncles, 
bracteate,  subdense-flowered,  short  and  thick,  oblong;  perig.  ovate,  trlq^i.  nerved 
oblusish,  equaling  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glumo;  st.  6-12'  high,  prostrate;  Ivs.' 
'r  wn"f  V^'d^ -Glaucous.  Open  woods,  rare.  Has  been  considered  C.  digit- 
alls,  Willd.,  but  13  different.  '' 

118  C.  conoidea  Schk.  nee  Muhl.  (B.  t.  81.)  $  Spikes  2-3,  oblong,  or  ovate- 
oblong,  remote,  erect  rather  dense-flowered,  bracteate;  perig.  oblong-conic,  obtusisk 
glabrous,  nerved,  subdiverging,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate- 
subukite  glume;  nt.  8—12  high;  Ivs.  towards  the  base,  shorter  than  the  stem- 
iJright  green.     Moist,  upland  meadows,  common. 

119  C.  griaea  Wahl.  (B.  t  85.)  $  Spike  oblong,  slender;  ?  spikes  2  to4oblong, 
lax-flowered,  few-flowered,  erect,  remote;  perig.  ovate,  or  oblong-ovnte,  obtusish 
glabrous,  ventricous,  nerved,  subtriquetrous,  entire  at  the  mouth  a  little  loncer 
than  the  ovate,  scabro-mucronate  glume;  st.  10—18"  high,  triquetrous  leafy  — 
Bright,  to  pale  green.  Woods,  hedges  and  meadows,  common,  N.  and  Mid.  States. 
(C.  laxiflora  Schk.  et  Muhl.  nee  Lam.) 

120  C.  jiSncea  Willd.  $  Spike  short-cylindric,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes-  5 
spikes  2,  rarely  3,  filiform,  loose  and  alternate-flowered,  pedunculate,  long-seta- 
ceous-br acted;  perig.  lanceolate,  slender,  subtriquetrous,  longer  than  the  ovate 
obtuse,  white-edged  glume ;  culm  If  or  more,  slender,  longer  than  the  radical  bristle- 
form  leaves;  aspect  ligl't  green,  rush-like.- Roan  Mts.,  N.  Car.  (C.  miser  Buckley). 

121  C.  digitMis  Willd.  (B.  t.  92.)  ?  Spikes  about  3,  loosely  4—W-flowered 
oblong,  distant,  lax  and  recurved,  leafy-bracted;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  alier' 
nate,  nerved,  glabrous,  short  and  obtuse,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  tlio 
lance-ovate  glume;  st.  4—12',  siioner  than  the  long,  linear,  decumbent  leaves.— 
Pale  green.     (C.  Caroliniana  Buckley.) 

d.  Van  Vueokii  Dew.    Smaller ;  perig.  more  remote  and  smaller.— Open,  moist 
woods,  common.     Has  been  mistaken  for  C.  oliocarpa,  Schk.  &  Mulil. 

122  C.  eburnea  Boott.  (t.  184).  $  Spikes  2—3,  erect,  3— 6-flowered,  ovate, 
with  white,  leafless  sheaths,  and  the  upper  higiier  than  tlie  i,  spika;  perig.  ovate- 
globous,  rostrate,  or  slightly  obovate,  glabrous  and  brown  in  maturity,  twice 
longer  than  the  white,  ovate,  hyaline  glume;  cm.  4—10',  erect,  with subradical 
and  bristle-form-leavcs. — Pale  green,  common,  limestone  grounds.  S.  W.  Vt  to 
Kan.  arid  southward. 

123  C.  Washingtdniana  Dew.  $  Spike  erect,  slender,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  dark 
brown  g1umc-3 ;  9  spikes  2  to  4,  rarely  6,  upper  short,  sessile,  near,  lower  much 
longer,  loose-cylmdric,  subremote,  stalked,  loose-flowered,  all  brown ;  perig.  ovoid, 
tapering  above,  compressed-triquetrous,  orifice  entire,  about  equaling  or  often 
ehorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  dark-brown,  white-edged  glume;  culm  If  or 
more,  triquetrous,  smootii,  longer  than  the  flit,  smooth  Ivs. ;  light  green.— Wliite 
Mta.  N.  H.,  the  most  common  Carex  there,  forming  a  turf  with  the  mosses  and 


OnoEB  166.— CTPERA.CE^. 


763 


(C.   rigida,  (i.  Carey;   but  dlffora  in  its  fruit, 


lichens  on  the  borders  of  ponds, 
gluino,  loose  spikes,  Ivs.  &c.) 

enure  at  ii  o  onlico,  nearly  twice  m  long  as  the  ovate-acuminate  alume  ■  st  «     ik' 

subi^uie  glume  •  rTino!  hi^i,  •  .  ''°  V'""*'''  "  '»"^  «"'««<«'•  '^"^  <''«  '^'^a^, 
thoste.n!!!S;UVo^'S'llZrr^^^^^^^^  ^^  «'-'-  ^^-" 

a<  the  orifice;  longer  tlmn  t'l  e  obtZ  oSol  uW  ^^^^  'T\c""y  •V'''  !"'*"'' 
quetroas,  striate,  with  leaves  about  i N  o vvn  iILh  r'. .  ^~^^  '"^'''  ^^'^^^<  ^"- 
8wamp,  near  Utlca.  ^T^mToZTml^^^^^  ^'^""^  Sphagnous 

(C.  Grayana,  Ed.  1.)  ^^  P'  ^-  "^•'  ""^  ""^^  northern  regions. 

127  C.  tetinica  Sclik.,  fijr.  207      2  SoikM  9     t  ^i,i^       i 
perig.  obovate,  rerwm^' a A/^at/cS  at  th^Awni?^'  ?,«°^-flo^ered,  remote; 

tusish  at  tl,e  npper  and  mucronSatTo  it™  ^^^^^ 

triquetrous,  lono-or  tinn  tlm  fl.,f  n^  ]  i-         i       *  I  soiko,  st.  0 — 10  Ingh, 

land  mendowrS    Its  recufved  i^^^^^^  leaves.-Light  green.     <J^'. 

distinguishes  it  from  C  Woodii.  °''  ''"'''P'^ '"''^^  (^vlienco  its  name) 

"l^dunc^°tffil?,rrocurve!;.'Ter/I^  "'^f'  7""'^."^'  loose-flowered,  the  lowest 
petrous,  obtuse,  S^-i  ice  ma  ;,o^Sod?^'"^''^  ^°'"^'  «"bpediceled,  tri- 
roufl,  fo«^er  <Aa;i^Ar6roarf  1^^^^  '  TT^'"'"'  «''ort-apiculate,  veined,  glab- 
to  20',  slender^stfff-  Ivs  lorSS^Tt'^lv'^'f''  ^"'^^"""^  ^^""'«'  ^"^"^  10 
green.'-Shores  of  Perch  iSe  'I.'  'S  Co''^  t'/Drs'rr  ^"'""^.^  ^^^f 
A  clear  species  (Dr.  Vasey)  '  ^     ^-  ^^'^^^°  ""'^  Wood). 

"«?,  o%"oi?„t:  ^ivSg^ii'i  i>:!f 2°  rnr  ^'  °^ '°??'  "'*  ^'"- 

flowered,  upper  often  8taminktn\,?nno^i      4,  cfctony  or  cylindric,  rather  lax- 
bracted;  perig.  oval  or  oEd^ Vrnn;?     '      '''''*  l^^rtalkod,  remote,  all  leafy- 

p^gj.p-.u^-'.;j^.!^^^^ 

"b?ac?eate"^^°nLat'';.iihnJl  -"^^  '  °^  "^  '^'^'^  '  ^  ^■^— '^^ 
fc«^«r  than  the  okor^^^^rTr^^fZ^^Z  f  ^'/r  r  *,''  ?*""^  '^^  '^''  '"""^'^ 
towards  the  base-  plant  UiZvJn      Arl,  ^    12  liigh;  h-s.  flat  and  shortier 

pering  at  both  ends    inflatoH    .S  1°^?^*  'liatant;  i>erj^.  oval-ir.quetrous,  ta- 

132  C.  atylofl^xa  Buckley.     ;?  RpikP.c  ovjindrio    shorf   «l->  v  .      •,      , 

long,  obtuse  ehimcs  •   q  ^iniJ-^„-\  ♦!. -i""  uY        !  '      ^"'  s^^'^^^tT,  erect,  with  ob- 

nate  and  subS  sT  the  '£v.  d'^lt't        '^'  *"'''  ^^'"^"f  them  T.ear'the  stami- 


1U 


Oboxr  166.— CYPERAOBifL 


leaves. — Mts.  N.  Car.  (Buckley)  and  Vo,  to  ¥l&.    (C.  laxlflora,  /J.  Btylofloxa, 
Boott  t.  87). 

133  C.  dibills  Michz.  g  Spiko  erect,  fliiform ;  $  spikes  3 — 4,  not  Tory  raroly 
pistillate  ahovo,  Jili/orm,  loone-ftowerud,  Jkxuoua,  nodding,  reniotish,  1—2' long; 
perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  subtriquotrouH,  alteniato,  roatrato,  bitld,  glahroun,  nerved, 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovato-lauceolato  glume;  st.  1 — 2f,  triqvietrous  and 
scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  tlio  base.— Bright  green.  Moist  woods  and  mead- 
ows, common.    (0.  ilexuoaa  Schk.) 

134  C.  arctAta  Boott.  S  Spikes  3 — 4,  long  and  slender,  loose-flowered,  nodding 
and  romoto ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  lanceolate  or  long-rostrate,  Bubventricoua, 
bifid,  glabrous,  little  surpassing  the  ovate,  meinbranacooua,  mucronato  glume ;  st. 
10 — 20',  scabrous  above  and  leafy  bolow. — Palo  green.  In  the  natno  eituationa 
as  the  preceding,  common.    (C.  Sylvatica  Dew.     Sill.  Jour.) 

135  C.  Sullivantii  Boctt.  (t.  122).  ?  Spikes  3,  oblong,  erect,  cylindric,  rather 
looso-fiowercd,  bractod,  ti\o  lowest  long-pedunculato  and  spurse-liowered  bolow ; 
perig.  ovate  or  oval,  apiculate,  scarcely  veined,  scabrous-hairy,  Bhort-pediceled ;  ? 
glume  on  t'.io  lowest  spike  obovate,  obtuse  or  cmarginutc,  long-cuspidate,  the 
cusp  extending  above  the  fruit;  on  tho  upper  spike  the  cusp  is  shortened  and 
the  oblong  glinno  scarce  equals  tlio  fruit;  culm  1  to  2f,  longer  than  tho  leaves 
plant  slightly  hairy,  liglit  green. — Cohnnbus,  0!no  (SuUivant). 

136  C.  Kiieiskeruii  Dew.  $  Spikes  3,  long-cylindric,  rather  distant,  sublax- 
flowered,  with  recurved  peduncles ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  glabrous, 
terete-conic,  rostrate,  sliort-2-ti)otliod,  a  little  longer  than  tlio  ovate  and  oblong 
glume  wliich  is  obtusish  and  short-mucronate. — Woods,  Oriskany  and  Rome,  N. 
Y.  Closely  related  to  C.  Sullivantii,  but  difl'ers  materially  when  mature,  in  tho 
fruit,  glume  and  long  triquetrous  aclienium.  Also,  by  tlio  same  marks,  from  C. 
arctata  Boott.  to  which  Carey  improperly  (as  mentioned  by  Boott.  t.,  122)  re- 
fers it. 

137  C.  capillSxis  L.  S  Spike  small;  $  spikes  2— 3,  ovate,  oblong,  about  6- 
flowereii,  loose-flowered,  long  and  recurved  pedunculate ;  perig.  oval,  short-ros- 
trate, oblong,  oblique  at  tlio  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  ovate,  obtuso  glume ; 
et.  2 — 7'  higli,  leafy  at  tho  base;  Ivs.  narrow,  long. — Grows  in  tufts,  very  deli- 
cate, 4  to  G',  pale  green.     Alpine  regions  of  tho  White  Mts.  (Robbins). 

138  C.  fulva  Good.  ?  Spikes  3,  oblong,  subdense-flowered,  erect ;  perig.  ovate, 
round,  siiort-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  smooth,  binerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate, 
dnrk  broiun,  subacute  glume ;  st.  a  foot  high  or  more,  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  tho 
base. — Pale  green.     Near  IBostou  (Greene).     (C.  biaervis  Ed.  1.) 

139  C.  laevigata  Smith,  i  Spike  ono  and  erect,  sometimes  2 ;  $  spikes  2 — 3, 
oblong,  bracteate,  pedunculate,  nodding;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  triquetrous, 
nervccl,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  subdonse-tlowcred,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  cuspidate 
glume  ;  st.  1 — 2f,  scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Light  green.  Near 
Boston  (Green).  Rare.  This  and  tho  la.st  probably  introduced  from  Eur.  (0. 
Greeniana  Kd.  1.) 

140  C.  fiezilis  Rudge.  (B.  t.,  79).  $  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  cylindric,  nod- 
ding; perig.  ovate,  subconic,  rostrate,  bidentate,  scarcely  shorter  tlian  tho  ovate, 
obtusish,  oblong  glume;  st.  12 — 18',  orect,  striate;  Ivs.  short,  and  shorter  below ; 
Ivs.  and  bracts  ciliate. — Bright  green.  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Gray),  and  far  west- 
ward.   (C.  castanca  Wahl.) 

141  C.  vcnijsta  Dew.  (B.  t.,  123.)  ^  Spike  long,  slender,  with  oblong,  obtuse, 
tawny  glumes;  $  spikes  2  or  3,  long-cylindric,  rather  loose-flowered,  lowest  dis- 
tant, on  a  Umg,  exsert  stalk,  oilen  sparse-flowered,  recurved,  dark;  perig.  conic 
above,  tapering  below  into  a  pedicel,  short-beaked,  2-toothed,  veined,  rough-pubes- 
cent, twice  longer  than  tlio  ov.-ite,  obtuso  (sometimes  mucronate)  glume ;  culm  1 
to  2f,  longer  than  tho  linear-lanceolate,  light  green  leaves. — S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

142  C.  tenaac  Chapm.  (Boott.  t.,  60.)  $  Spiko  short,  cylindric,  with  oblong, 
acuto  glumes ;  9  spikes  2  or  3,  ovate  or  obltxiig,  dense,  subsessile,  tho  lower  sorao- 
timea  remote;  perig.  oval,  triquetrous,  some  tapering  below,  conic-beaked  or  shorter 
and  2-toothed,  flncly  striate,  pubescent,  twice  longer  than  tho  narrow-ovate,  acute 


Obdxb  165.— OTPERACEiB. 


las 


fci  ""'"  ^^'  *""''  '"'•  "'^'^  '''**•  ^°"'  glabrous.-a«w,  Fla.  (0.  Chapmanil 

^*?.  ^'  ^*o^a»'^onll  R.  Brown.     S  Spiko  oblong,  eroct.  fltalkcd  with  nv.fi» 
obtuse,  brown,  wl.itc«.borderod  glumes;   $  fipikes  1  to  3,  flLllor  ob'lonL  lai^S 

,  below  tapering,  pubescent,  scarcely  equal  to  the  brown,  ovate  acute  1'? 
edged  glumo ;  culm  4  to  10',  scabrous,  longer  than  the  Bcabrous  eaves  -wX 
Greece,  N.  Y.  (Bradley),  lU.  (Mead.),  and  Arc.  Am.     A  lino  specS,  wi.h  a  wS 

"?  H^iktTo°r^-K.i!Kn„  ^"-  *,•;  ^^-l  f  ^P*"  °^'°"^'  «'-«^t.  ''"l>«^««'>.  smnll; 
«  spikes^  or  .J,  shoit-oblong,  alternate,  hoary,  tiio  lowest  remote  bracts  imnpl 

Vian  th,  culm;  perig.  oblong-ovate,  triquetrous,  «hort-beaked    vS.tTdense  ?? 

ous,  emargumte  at  orifice,  lor.ger  than  tl.o  ovate'acuminato  Sumo    ci  8  to  14' 

^t?«5'  J^f°^*S^n8i»  Dew.  Terminal  spike  staminate,  oblong-clavate  erect 
short  stalked;  ?  «;,a-<«  i  to  3,  rarely  4,  ohlong-JiUform,  lax,  some  or  a^l  threo 
fltatn.  at  apex,  squarrot^s-bracted,  the  upper  sessile,  lower  si  ort-stalk^d  peria  (Z 
yom^)  obhn,j.ol>ovate  lance,  acute,  biiid,  some  'villous,  shortthan 'the  oblong 
acute  rm^j  brown  <j. ;  culms  clustered,  6  to  14',  slen<ler,  triq.,  shorter  than  tto 
hnoar,  stiQ,  rough-edged  lvs.--Micii.  (Wm.  Boott,  Ksq.). 

146  C.  T6rreyi  Tuckm.  $  Spiko  oblong,  short  ped. ;  5  spikes  2—3  ahoH  ohhmn 
Bubsessde  erect ;  ;,«-/<7.  oblong,  ohovat.,  ver^y  obtJe,  glabrous  eubtriq.  S;,at^^^ 
onhco  Hubrostrato,  twice  longer  than  tho  acute  gl  ;  st.  12-18'  erecrtS  with 
Bubradical  and  pubesc  at  Ivs-Pulo  green.     N.  Y.     (Tuckerman  )      '      ^" 

147  C.  Cr^wei  Dew.  5  Spikes  3—6,  cyl.  short  and  thick,  densely  flowered  somo. 
t,mcs  aggregated,  sometimes  romote,  tho  lowest  often  subradical  Sfg-S^ 
perig  ovate,    oreto  scarcely  rostrate,  diverging,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  loneei 

-Jeff  Co  T  y  ^  T?'"'"'""'  ^'- '   !  «^f  °  ^'"^  °"°  «'•  *^"  «""»»  ones  at  itS 
Joll.  Co.,  N.  Y.    It  commemorates  tho  name  of  Dr.  Crawe,  its  discoverer  who 
was  soon  after  drowned,  on  a  botanical  excursion,  in  Griffin'3  Bay. 

^*°n^"  ,*Sn6ta  ^^Y'      S  Spike  cyl.,  slender,  erect,  hng.stalktd,  Fcale-bracted 

with  oblong,  obtusish  gls. ;   ?  spikes  2  or  3,  o6ton:7,  lax,  erect,  leafy  bracted  tho 

ovvcst  long.pod. ;  perig.  elliptic-triq.,  tapering  below,  conic-rostrkte,  sinder  entire 

at  the  orifice  or  slightly  2-toothed,  recurved  more  or  less,  a  little  bnger  than  the 

ovate,  acute,  lane,  or  cmpidate  gl. ;  culm  18  to  24',  pale  green.-I^    (Hale) 

fi.  FusiPoKMis.     A  sniallor  form;  perig.   moro  spindle-form,   and  tho  glume 

acute,  shorter  111  proportion.     Ma.     (C.  fusiforniia  Chapman.) 

149  C  scabrata  Scliw.     s  Spike  short-stalked ;  $  spikes  3—6,  cyl.,  eubrecurved 
rcmotish,  long-j,ed. ;    perig.   ovato-obloi.g,   subinflated,  subbitid,   rostrate    S 
scabrous,  longer  than  tlio  ovato-lanc,  acuminate,  short-bidentale,  cUiato  gl'-  Sm 
1—21,  acu  cly  triq    rougli.  above,  longer  than  tho  Ivs.  towards  the  base.— Briirht 
groen.    Along  brooks  and  streams,  common.     N.  States,  N.  Car.  (Curtis) 

^^?.  ^k  «"V"^^*.f  "^-r  ^.  ^^'^"^  "''■''"■*'  ^""^'  ^^"f^  ^'t*»  Jane.,  'R  hito  gl. ;  9  spikes 
3  to  6  oblong,  J  to  7-fru>ted,  distant,  sessile  above,  tho  highest  close  to  the  stlm- 
mate,  tiio  lower  oxsort-iicd.,  leafy-bracted,  sometimes  S  at  apex ;  perig  subulate 
or  lancL'-ovate,  long,  rostrate,  slender,  veined,  glabrous,  with  2  curved  teeth  dU 
yancato  or  reflexcd,  more  than  thrice  longer  than  tho  white,  lane,  gl;  culm  6  to 
14  to  24  high,  very  sh^nder,  lax,  smooth;  Ivs.  smooth,  striate,  flat,  shorter  than 
tlio  culm  ;  very  light  green.— Can.  to  N.  J.,  along  tho  coast. 

^^nt°'  P^"^'^^^"'*  f-  «  ^P'''^  2-3,  oblong,  short,  cyl,  dusiant,  yellowish 
g>ec,i,  nodding  towards  maturity;  perig.  oval,  obtuse,  round,  about  «qual  to  or  a 
lithe  shorter  than,  the  ovato,  pale  gL  ;  st.  6-16',  hardly  erect;  bucts  sometiraea 
transvonsoly  r'.ign!i,'5.=-Pl;,nt  often  subpubeseeat,  and  of  a  li^ht  green  In  dry 
meadows.  Common.— C.  undulata  Kunze,  is  admitted  by  Kunze  himself  to  be 
only  var.,  differing  chiefly  iu  its  wavy,  lowest  bract. 

152  C.  Iim6sa  L.  s  Spikes  1—3,  ovato  or  oblong,  long.ped.,  sublooso-flowercd. 
Bmoothish,  pendulous ;  perig.  elliptic,  compressed,  very  short-rostrate,  entire  at 


7eo 


Obdkr  165.— OTPERACBiE. 


the  orifloe,  about  equal  to  th«  obhng  and  ohtune.,  or  ovate,  curpidate,  rwit-cohred  gl.  ; 
culm  8— IC,  asceiidiiiK,  obtUHL-ly  trU\.,  wilh  Hubrudical  (l;»t  and  narrow  Iva.— 
CUaucouH  (^rcon.     MarsheH,  cuniniuii. 

153  C.  irrfgua  Smith.  9  f^pikcs  2— 3,  ovatc-oblonfr,  tliickish,  nodding ;  prrij. 
roundish-()vati>,  short- rostra  to,  subronipruHHud,  shorttr  than  tiiti  ovatt-lanr.i  vUile,, 
chestnut-brown  gl. ;  ft.  nour  a  foot  higii,  longer  liian  tlio  (iuf,  subcurvcd  Ivs. ; 
j^laucoUH. — ,?  iSi)ii<o  rarely  $  at  tho  Hunimit,  or  V  KpikoH  with  stamonrt  iit  thd 
bnHi'.  Marsli.  Uridgowator,  N.  Y.  (( irny)  also  in  inarHhcH  iu  Mass.  and  Mich, 
(Coolcy),  rare.     (C.  limosn,  //  irriguu  Wahl.) 

154  C.  rarifldra  ^"niith.  $  Ppibs  about  2  linear,  qvilc  hone-flowered,  long-prd., 
noddinij ;  jtervj.  ovate,  oblong,  triqn.,  dcprossod,  equalimj  the  ovate,  suhcircinote, 
brown  ifl. ;  culm  10'. — (JlaiicouH.  Whito  Mountains,  N.  H.  (Uarratt).  ((-'.  limosa 
j9.  raritlora  Wahl.) 

155  C.  Barr^ttil  Torr.  (B.  t.  IIG.)  6  Spike  1,  erect,  cyl,  long  (ran^ly  2),  with 
ovate,  obtuse,  dark  gls.  ;  S  spike/i  2  to  6,  olten  long-ry/.,  staminate  at  apix,  tho 
lower  on  sh  nder,  recurved  pedicels,  tipper  erect,  commonly  single,  Homefiines  2  or 
4  from  tho  Fame  bract,  purple  or  dark;  perig.  ovate  er  lanw-ovate,  often  wilh  a 
very  short  beak,  obtuse,  .sliglitly  diverging,  roughish,  longi'r  than  the  ovate  dark 
gl. ;  culm  1  to  2f,  longer  than  tho  long,  rough  leaves;  glaucous  green. — N.  J.  to 
N.  Car.  (Curtis).     (C.  flacca  Carey.     C.  rccurva  Iluds.) 

156  C.  milli^cea  Muhl.  f,  Spike  erect,  slender ;  $  spikes  2 — .1,  long-cyl.,  slen- 
der, looHc-dowcred  below,  nodding;  perig.  ovate,  triq.,  glabrous,  subrostrate,  en- 
tiro  at  tho  orifice,  longer  than  tho  oblong,  emarginato  or  obcordate,  awnod  gl. ; 
St.  12 — 24:',  slender,  scabrous;  Ivs.  linoar-lanc. — Yellowish  green.  "Wet  meadows, 
common. 

157  C.  hystricina  Willd.  (B.  t.  152.)  i  Spiko  rarely  pistillate  at  tho  sum- 
mit ;  ?  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cyl.,  attenuate,  subdistant,  long-bracteate,  nodding, 
rarely  sheathed  ;  ptrig.  ovale,  diverging,  inllated,  subtriq.,  nerved,  bilUi,  glabrouH, 
twice  longer  than  tho  oblong,  emarginale,  subnmcronato  gl. ;  culm  12 — '24',  scab- 
rous above,  with  long,  lincar-lanco.  Ivs. — Yellowish  green.  AVct  plucesJ,  very 
common.      (Sec  Sill.  Journ.,  1848,  C.  Georgiana.) 

p.  cooLEYi.  f,  Spikes  short  small,  $  spikes  often  short-ovjito,  the  lowest  on  a 
very  long  (5  to  8'),  recurved,  filiform  peduncle;  culm  very  t^lender,  prostrate, 
shorter  than  tho  long,  narrow  Ivs. — Mich.  (Cooley).     (C.  Cooler i,  I'M.  1.) 

158  C.  Pseudo-cypferuB  L.  (Schk.  flg.  102.)  i  Spiko  .r-yl.  and  elongated;  9 
spikes  3 — 4,  cyl.,  long-ped.,  rather  remote  rccurved-pendulous,  with  long  and  leafy 
bracti:;*;  perig.  ovate,  lane,  bidendate,  reflexed,  and  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovato- 
lar.c.  or  setaceous  gl. — Common  about  ponds  and  ditches.  It  is  smaller  in  all  its 
parts  than  C.  comosa  (Boott),  the  fruit  of  the  latter  is  deeply  and  widely  bifurcate, 
and  ita  glume  is  hi-^pid  or  ciliate.  The  two  havo  been  confounded  in  our  country, 
though  long  known. 

159  C.  comdEa  L.    (B.  t.  36.)     f,  Spiko  long  and  slender,  rarely  pistillate  .ibovc; 
?    spikes  2 — 5,  long-cyl.,  pendulous,  thick,   den.'^e-flowered,  with  very  lung  and 

leafy  bracts;  perig.  ovatc-lanc,  acuminate,  rostrate,  deeply  2-forked,  rejiczcd,  triq., 
glabrous,  generally  longer  than  the  lane.,  mucronate,  setaceous  gl. ;  culm  18 — 30', 
large,  rough,  with' long  and  wide,  rough  leaves  and  bracts.  I'lant  very  glabrous 
and  vellowi&h-grecn.  Wet  places  about  ponda  and  ditches,  common.  (C.  fur- 
cataEll.) 

160  trichocarpa  Muhl.  5  Spikes  about  3,  erect,  rarely  1,  or  S  above,  cyl., 
lower  ^horter ;  $  spikes  2 — i,  erect,  long-cyl,  smoothish,  rather  loose-llowercd ; 
perig.  ovate,  conic,  inflated,  nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  densely  pubescent,  about 
twice  loiigi  r  than  the  ovatc-lanc.  gl. ;  culm  15 — 30',  scabrous  above,  and  with 
pubescent  loaves  and  sheaths. — Light  green.  In  wet  and  marshy  places,  com- 
mon. 

/3.  tureinXta  Dew.  $  spikes  ovate  or  ehort  oblong,  thick,  remote,  dense- 
flowered  ;  perig.  subdiverging,  ovate  and  conic,  rostrate,  longer  than  the 
ovate-oblong,  mucronate  gl.  ;  st.  2 — 3f. — Glaucous  green.  In  a  pond  in 
Beckmau,  N,  Y.,  there  abundant 

161  C.  verruccsa  Muhl.      j  Spike  (rarely  2)  cyl.,  large,  obtuse,  stalked,  with 


Obmu  165— CTPERAOBiE. 


767 


Wet  meadows, 


0  )To»!ir  rcttiflo,  mucronato  gls. ;  $  3  to  6,  soon  noddinf?,  cyl.,  loafy-bractod  x 
n  K,vo,  lowoHt  oxsert-r^d. ;  pong.  oynto^ompre8«od,  triq.,  glius,  ehort^Sto 
bifid.  Bonrcely  veinod,  alK,ut  equal  to  the  ovHte-oblong/ mLmnate  mu "roTtS  or 
awnod  brown  gl. ;  tl.o  awn  extending  beyond  the  jK-rig. ;  culS  2  to  TerZtm 
tnq.,  Rtnato ;  Ivs  and  bract«  stiff,  rough,  often  over-paHs  ng  the  culn,  ciVlau: 
couHgreon,w.thdarkapike8.-Wet  grounds,  Ponn.  to  oJ,  La  and  Kr  Aor" 
May.     (C.  ^laucesccns  Ell.)  '  ^"     -^P*^- 

'S-asriro'theis'ltilff ''  t  •"  '•  '"'''^'  '  *"  *'  '""»•  "PP^"-  °"«  «'«'""'^t«  «t 
W  Vr„r.?„     ™.T      '  °  ""'^  '"  P?*"*  Htarninnto  at  apox.-Wilinington,  N 
tar.  (Curtis).     "An  autumnal  var.,"  lloworH  in  Oct.  »      . -^^ 

C)l.crcct,doriHc. (lowered,  somelimos  fhort-oblong  and  tlnok,  Bubro.strato •  noriir 
ovate,  fihort-rostrafe,  biouspituto,  subtriq.,  thiokT  pubescent  and  wodly  about 
oqualmgtbo  ovate-lane,  awned  gl. ;  culm  12-24>early  round  beW  with  S 
bnear-lan..  Ivs.  and  hrarl,.-( iUhrom  and  yellowish-gJeen.  Wot  Xos  and 
marshes,  common.     (C  pellita  Muhl.)  n^-i.  piacos   ana 

163  C.  filifdrmla  L    (H.  t.  121.)     $  Spikes  2_.l,  with  oblong  plumes-  5  spikes 
2-3,  ovate  oblong,  short-cyl.,  close-flowercd,  romoti.sh,  erect ;  perig.  ovate  vXus 
shor^-rostrate,  b.furcatn,  about  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  gl. ;  culm  2S-36'  S 
8h;nder,  sfff,  w.th  convolute  Ivs.  and  trocfe-Pale  green.     Marshes,  common        " 

it  1    •'*''*^*^,  ^^'':    ("•  *•  141-)     i  Spikes  1  to  4,  commonly  2,  oblong,  cyl    erect 
ho  lower  sessde,  shorter;   ?  spikes  2,  rarely  1,  long-cylc,  erec  ,  den" J  with  pcda 

3rfm7^'"  °'^'"  f  1'  "P^^'  ^'"f^-  «^«t«'  acuminate,  infla  ed,  roigrdowny 
or  ^r  1     • '  ^^"^/^f  t'-«to-  twice  longer  than  the  acute,  tawny  gl    culm  14-?0^' 

Tolwlfa;  K^  ''"^"""  ^'""^  '''°  «*""*^'  ^-^^^^  l-«-Penn.:N.  J.  to  Fla.    (c! 

^^nle^'u.m!'n>!?*'^''*l7"''''-    (^-  *•  ^^-^     ^  SP''^*^"  1  t«  3,  oblong,  erect,  purple  to 
p.i  0,  will    oblong  obtu-so,  mucronato,  white-edged  gls. ;   ?  spikes  2  or  3  thSish 
Ob  ong-cyl.  leafy-bracted;  perig.  ovate,  inflated,  sh?rt-rosL?r^-rty  broM^  bS 

edjedgl.,  culm  about  Jf,  erect,  stiff,  tnq.,  rough,  about  equalLig  the  Ivs.— Fla, 
(Chapman  1),  also  Lake  La  I3icho,  N.  W.  Ter.  (Houghton). 

166  C.  polymdrpha  Muhl.    Var.  2.    (B.  t.  6G.)     $  Spikes  1  to  3  oftener  2 

cvl    .So;;T*m'T'"'  ^'^''  '^''^°"^'  «^^'^^°  gl™;%  2,8retils'l   obTong- 
c^l.,  erect,  rather  loose,  upper  slaminato  at  apex,  lower  remote,  ex8er^pod     vi 

rg.  oval-ovao    shghtly  mflated,  subtriq.,  short-rostrate,  orifice  oblique  voinJd 

glaucous,  a  httlolo„gf.r  than  the  ovate,  reddi.sh,  white-edged  gl.     culm  2  to  20' 

erec  ,  stiff;  tnq    longer  than  tlie  light  green  Ivs.  which  arl  redd  sh  at  U.e  root  - 

Sandy  plains,  Unsx  to  Penn.  and  W.  N.  Y.     (C.  Ilalseyaua  Ed   1 ) 

167  C.  Cheroke6n8iB  Sehw.  (B.  t.  78.)  g  Spikes  2  or  3,  cvl.,  erect  the  hi^h- 
est  larger,  pedunculate,  rarely  pistillate  at  base ;  5  spikes  3  to  6,  cyl  dltlTt  often 
stam.nato  at  apex,  highest  sessile,  the  others 'exsert-ped.,  noddS  tose  'rarel? 
twin;  perig.  lance-ovato,  glabrous,  veined,  comprcsseditriq ,  subinff^ted  fapeS 
into  a  whitish  beak,  much  hngtr  than  the  ovate,  acuminate  gl  ;  culm  10  to  2oTJf 

Mf  '(^ThSJinTBr;.)  '"'■  ■'  ^^-*  «-^^^'  ^-^^'  ^---^-.  ^^^ .  L??nd 

168  C.  paluddaa  Good.  (Sehk.,  fig.  103.)  $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl  erect  the 
ower  shorter,  smaller,  sessile;   $  spikes  1  U,  cyl.,  erect,  rather  dLeli  i/5! 

tt  olil"t'  ^"TSfv"  ^'r'''^^^''  ^^-'•^ely  sheathed  attenuate  beiow  and 
hero  loose-flowered,  all  bracted;  perig.  ovate,  tapering  into  a  short  beak,  bden- 

^m  18'  lo  i[-  ZT'^'T'^  ^"l''  "^f-  "^"^'^  '^"^^'"^  ih.  narrow,  cuspidaLgl; 
ton  (VVm.  Boott).  "      ""'  '   ^"^""  *''"  "^^*  ^'^°  Ivs.-^ear  Bos^ 

^^?  C.  gigdntea  Rudge.     (B.  t  151.)     $  Spikes  1  to  3;  erect  cyl     slender 
..oar  the  lower  shorter,  ses.ile,  with  ovato,  ..onto,  or  lane' g!s.T\  spikes  fto  4 

tracts   InT'    '   f  bracts;  ;,m7  ovate  or  globous,  ventricous,  abruptly  con- 

Sr  th  n  17'    '"'^T'  ''^'-  ^f"^  r  °'^'  ™°"*^'  rf^-^^ricafe,  in  maturity  much 

onger  than  the  lance-ovate,  awned,  white-edged  gl. ;  culm  18  to  30  to  36'  stout 

l«>nger  than  the  broad,  strong  Iv8.-Marshes,  Ky.  to  S.  Car  and  ll  '         ' 


1^ 


OttDtR  166.— CYPBRACEiE. 


170  C.  retrdraa  Schw,  s  Spikoa  alwut  3,  rarely  1,  often  with  a  few  porig.  at 
the  base;  9  spikes  4— G,  oblong,  cyl.,  approx.,  {lonso-flowerod,  with  iong  and 
leafy  bracts,  tlio  lowest  odcn  remote  and  long  pud. ;  perig.  ovalo-intiuU'd,  subglo- 
boiia,  rostrate,  bifur&ito,  nerved,  rejkxid,  twico  longer  than  the  lane.  gl. ;  culm 
15—30',  Hoabrous  above,  large,  stiff,  and  leafy.— Bright  green.  In  clusters,  nbout 
pools  of  water,  common.  Tho  lower  epikca  sometimes  liavo  1  or  2  smaller  epikca 
attached  to  thorn. 

171  C.  Schweinitzii  Dow.  s  Spikes  2,  rarely  1,  upper  long  nnd  slender,  lower 
with  a  few  perig.  at  tho  base;  5  spikes  2 — 1,  obhng,  njl.,  subnpprox.,  subrccurved, 
rather  close-flowered,  lowest  often  long-ped. ;  perig.  ovnto-oblong,  tapering  nbovo| 
rostrate,  inflated,  nerved,  glabrous,  bifurcate,  long(;r  than  tho  mhrUate,  suhsHaceoua 
gl ;  culm  G— 12',  scabrous  above,  very  leafy.- Palo  yellowish-green.  "Wet  sandy 
grounds,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  northward. 

172  C.  mir^ta  Dow.  S  Spikes  2  or  more,  long-cyl.,  near,  loose,  with  long 
linear,  rough-awncd  gls. ;  s  spikes  2,  long-cyl,  stalked,  lax-flowerc  d,  subereet! 
braetcd,  ycllowifili,  staininato  at  apex ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  slender,  long-cotiic,  ros- 
trate, scnrccly  inflated,  scabrous,  oblique  at  tho  long-cuspidato  beak,  diverging, 
long-pediceled,  equaling  or  longer  than  tho  narrow,  rough-awned  gl;  culm  2f 
erect,  very  rough,  stiff,  shorter  than  tho  stiff,  roufih  edged  Ivs. ;  light-yellowish 
green.— Greece,  N.  Y.  (Bradley).     (C.  aristata,  Boott,  Ac,  but  very  different.) 

173  C.  longirdstrla  Torr.  (B.  t.  77.)  6  Spikes  3,  short;  $  spikes  2—3,  cyl, 
quite  loose-flotuered,  pendulous,  suhdistant,  with  filiform  p':d. ;  perig.  ovale,  g'obous 
inflated,  glabrous,  long-rostrate,  hispid,  a  little  longer  than  tho  lance  or  ovate,  cus- 
pidate gl. ;  St.  1 5 — 30',  rather  slender,  stiff,  leafy  below. — Bright  green.  On  light 
soil  of  hedges  in  N.  England  and  N.  York,  common. 

174  C.  Vaseyl  Dew.      S  Spikes  2  (o  4,  slender,  tho  highest  long-cylindric,  tho 
next  shorter ;    $  spikes  2,  often  3,  long-cyl.,  loose,   remote,  bracteate,  only  the 
lowest  long-ped. ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  inflated,  long-terete-rostrate,  .^ornowhat  triq. 
serrate  on  tho  bifurcate  beak,  glalrous,  veined,  much  longer  than  tho  lance-oblong 

glumo ;  culm  about  2f,  erect,  stiff,  shorter  than  tho  rough  Ivs. ;  bright  green. Wet 

places,  N.  Y.  to  III  (Vasey).    (0.  vesicaria  0.  Boott.,  &c.) 

175  C.  laciistria  TVilld.  $  Spikes  3 — I,  erect,  scssilo ;  s  spikes  2—3,  erect, 
oblong,  cylindric,  short-pedunculato ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  or  lanceolate, 
bifurcate,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  mucronato  gl ;  culm  2— :!f;  scab- 
rous above,  erect  and  Lirgo,  with  long  and  large  loaves  and  bracts. — Light  green. 
Marshes.    Common.     (C.  riparia  Muhl.  nee  Goodon.) 

176  C.  rip&ria  Gooden.  6  Spike  3—5,  oblong,  thick,  erect,  sessile;  $  spilces 
2 — 3,  erect,  oblong,  often  long-cylindric;  perig.  orate-elliptic,  contracted  into  a 
short,  bifurcate  beak,  glabrous,  about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate,  mucro- 
nate,  or  oblong-lanc.  gl ;  culm  2 — 3f,  scabrous  above,  leafy  below. — Bright  green. 
Mich.  (Cooloy)  and  westward.  Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  broader, 
moro  inflated  fruit,  and  its  oblong-ovato,  mucronato  glume,  which  often  surpasses 
the  perig. 

177  C.  aristata  R.  Br.    (B.  t.  68.)     2  Spikes  2—4,  cylindric,  distant,  dose- 
flowered,  erect;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,   nerved,  deeply  bilid,  very  glabrous,  long- 
rostrate,  longer  than  tho  oblong,  awned,  greenish  glumo  ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  villous 
on  tho  tmder  side;  st.  a  foot  or  moro  high. — Bright  green.     Watertown  N.  Y 
far  west  and  north.     Is  not  this  very  closely  related  to  No.  160  ?  '     •     •» 

178  C.  utriculata  Boott,  (t.  37.)  $  Spikes  3  or  4,  slender,  cyl.,  Jong,  often 
bracteato;  $  spikes  about  3,  long-cyl.,  large,  often  stam.  above,  subrcmote,  the 
lowest  tapering  below,  loose  and  stalked,  with  bracts  surpassing  tho  culm ;  ptrig. 
oval-oblong,  drawn  into  a  terete,  tapering,  bifurcate  beak,  smooth,  veined,  straw- 
colored,  larger  thin  tho  lanceolate,  purple,  rough-awned  glume;  culm  2  to  3f, 
ehorter  than  tho  broad,  stiff,  nodous,  netted,  glaucous  Ivs. — Abundant  in  marshy 
places  wide  over  tho  country.     (C.  ampullacea,  /?.  Carey.) 

/3.  SPARsiPi^BA.  Spikes  all  very  long  (4  to  6'X  slender,  the  $  spikes  very 
loose,  and  more  so  below,  tho  lowest  loiig-pedunculato ;  perig.  sniaiJer  and 
glume  longer. — Watertown,  N.  Y.  (Crawe). 

179  C.  ampullacea  Good.  S  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl,  erect ;  $  spikes  2  or  8,  long- 
cyl.,  erect,  quite  dense,  short-ped.,  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate-globous,  a  little  inflated, 


Obdkb  166.— 0YPERACEJ3. 


769 


W»  ^^rtm^'ini' ,^/£;  rLiirfrS,  J»^^„f:^'.  .'"""'■  iT''  '"»"»» 
long,  Mill;  whito-Jdiidlvl'-lR  1  (S'yr  '""*  '  "'°""  ""°  "" 

oulm  12  to  24    slondor,  firm,  shorter  than  the  narrow  /lat  tinii  1  XtSi  ft.' 
-N.  Eng.  to  Penn,  in  humid  meadows.     (0.  buUata  Boo?t' ,  ?9,  S S) 

"onSA'ffitTonl'tbioj,  frn^^r^rmr"';  'hT'  "™^r' 

49 


:70 


Obdkh  156.— GRAMINE^. 
Order  CLVI.    GRAMINELE.    Grasses. 


Herhi  rarely  woody  or  arboroscont,  with  (mostly)  hoUow,  jointed  culms-  with 
fcaves  alternate,  distychouB,  on  tubular  sheatiia  split  down  to  the  nodes,  and  a  Ugule 
(stipules)  of  membranous  toxturo  where  the  leaf  joins  the  sheath.  Flowers  in  littb 
spikeleLs  of  1  or  several,  with  glumes  distychously  arranged,  and  collected  into 
spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Glumes,  the  lower  pair  of  scales  in  the  spikelet,  alter 
nate,  enclosing  tiio  fls.  Pales  (pala?)  the  outer  pair  of  .scales  of  each  particular  flower 
unequal.  Scales  (perianth)  usually  2  or  3,  minute,  hypogynous,  distinct  or  united' 
Stamms  1—6,  commonly  3,  anthers  versatile,  of  2  distinct  cells.  Ovary  sinipk) 
with  1  asc:onding  ovule,  2  styles  and  2  feathery  stigmas.  Fruit  a  caryopsis  Em- 
bryo lateral,  at  the  base  of  tho  farinaceous  albumen. 

JtSfe  1»  only  n  rmnwUto  flingiis,  ami  tlicivforo  forms  no  oxccDtion  to  thU  ro milrk     'ri,„    .  » 


FIG.  721.  Agrostis  albs;  a  1-flowered  spikelet;  a,  the  two  glnmM.  3.  A  flower,  with  tlio 
two  paleiB,  three  stamens  nml  two  pliiinons  stigmns.  8.  Leersia  oryzoldes ;  n  flower  reriiovcil 
from  its  glumes,  eliowing  Its  2  hypouynous  scnles,  tliree  stamens  and  ovary  witli  tlie  two  stu'tifos. 
4.  Phleum  pratense  ;  a  1-flowcred  spllielet;  <i,  pjinnes;  6,  truncate  pal-a; ;  etc.    5.  I'olyi.oL'oii ; 

Bpikelet ;  «,  pluim's  ;  0,  the  two  flowers  (upper  stnminate).    7.  I'oa  nratensis ;  a  4-flowere<l  .spike- 
Jet;  <»,  the  two  glumes  ;  ft,  a  slncle  flower,  with  two  palete,  eta    8.  Festuca  durliiscula;  a  6-flo»- 

ered  spikelet;  (f,  two  glumes;  ?»,  a  single  flower,    tf.  The  carj       

embryo  at  th«  bue  of  toe  eopiousAlbumcu. 


•■  caryopsis  of  Ilordeum,  showing  tht 


Obobr  156,— ORAMINE^. 


^71 


TUBES  AND  OENEajL 

S  Splkelct  1 -flowered  with  no  apparent  rudiiuunt  of  a  second  II.  (2) 

S  Splkeli-t  2-fl(iw«r»)(I,  ono  of  the  flu,  Hterilo  or  rudimentary,  (7) 

a  Bplkelct  8-H(»w«re(l,  the  2  lower  (laturul)  fls.  sterile  or  rudimenUry   (1)  Trlb«  IS 

§  Splkelct  2— 00 -flowered,  a  or  more  of  the  fls.  perfect,  (9)  '  * 

2  Infl(irc8c.!iice  paniciiliite,  (3) 

2  Iiifloioscenco  strictly  splcutc,  spikes  cqullaterol.  (6) 
a  Infloresconco  strictly  sploate,  spikes  unilateral.  (6) 

3  Oliiines  none  (or  minute  ond  the  stamens  6).  (a) Tribe  t 

3  Glumes  present,  at  least  I  conspicuous.  (4) 

4  Pales  of  the  flower  thin  and  soft,  often  awnod.  (b) Tribe  2 

4  Poles  of  the  flower  coriaceous,— tipped  with  awns,  (f) .,.,.,,  !!Trlbe  4 

— avvnless.  (g)i Tribe  6 

5  Spikes  cyllndrlc,  the  (.pikelets  condensed  oil  oround.  (e) ,.,,..."    Tribe  !! 

6  Spikes  i)risiiiatlc,  splkelets  sessile  In  rows,  (v) ...Triho  9 

6  Splkelets  rounded  on  tlio  back,  appressed  to  the  raclils.  (g) .Trlhe 6 

6  SplkeleU  acutely  keeled  on  the  back.  Imbricated  on  each  other  (x)  | 

7  Upper  lis,  of  the  splkelot  abortive.— Fls,  In  unilateral  spikes,  (x) )  ''"'"**  ^^ 

„r  ^  — Fls,  ponlculatc.  (k) Tribe  7 

7  Lower  flower  of  the  splkelot  abortive,  (8) 

8  Pales  coriaceous,  firmer  In  texuro  than  the  gls.    Paniculate,  (g) Tribe  B 

8  Pales  membranous,  thinner  than  the  glumes.    Splcate.  (bb) !!!,!!!       ,Trlbe  11 

9  Flowers  In  2  or  4.rowed,— equilateral  spikes,  (v) .Tribe  9 

—unilateral  spikes,  (x) Tribe  10 

9  Fls.  In  panicles  more  or  less  dllfuse.  (10) 

10  Palo  owned  at  the  tip  or  ownless.  (n) Tribe  H 

10  Pole  awned  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip,  (k) '.",!!.... .Tribe  7 

ORTZEJi    (Splkelets  l-«owered,  pnnlcled.    Gls  obsolete.    Stam.  I— C.) 

a  Flowers  perfect,  flattened  laterally,  awnless.— Gl.  0,    Stnm.  2  or  8  Lrkrsia.  1 

„,  ,  — OKuilnute,    Stam.  0 Okyza!  2 

a  t  lowers  monoBclous,  convex  on  the  back,  owned.    Stamens  6 Zizania   3 

AQBOSTIDE^.    (SplkeleU  1-flrd.,  panlcled.    01.  ond  pules  thlu.' '  Grain  free  ) 

b  Fl8.  surrounded  at  base  with  a  tuft  of  long,  silky  hairs Calaii aoeostie  9 

b  I'la.  naked  or  thinly  bearded  at  base,  (o) 

O  Glumes  both  long-awned  and  longer  than  the  owned  pales Polvpooox 

O  Glumes  both  awn-polnted  (or  minute  ond  the  pole  owned) Muhlkniikeoia, 

O  Glumes  awnless,  conspicuous,  (d) 

d  Pule  stalked  In  the  glumes,  owned  on  the  back,  monondrous Cinna 

d  Palo  sess.  In  the  gls.  8-androus,— acute,  nwnless.     Gls.  shorter Spobouolur 

—obtuse,  often  owned  on  the  back Aokostis. 

PIILEOIDE.^— O  01s.  united  at  bose,  ownless.    Pale  1,  owned Alopbcurus. 

— e  01s.  distinct,  mucronnte.     Pales  2,  awnless Piilkum. 

8TIPACE J3.— f  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  straight,  deciduous ,  Iokyzopsis!  14 

— f  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  twisted,  very  long Stipa.  liJ 

—f  Awn  of  the  flower  triple  or  8-parted Abistida    1" 

Tk,  fi.     PANICIE^    (Spkl.  2-fl.,  lower  fl.  abortive.    Gls.  very  unequal,     e  Pale'corioceous.)  " 
g  Spkl.  apparently  1-flowerod,  the  lower  glume  wonting  and  the  single  obortive  pale 

supplying  Its  place.—Fls.  splcate,  unilateral Pabpalum. 

—Fls.  diffusely  panlcled,  all  alike Miluitm. 

—Fls.  ponlculatc,  2  sorts,  one  under  ground Ampuicakpum. 

g  Spkl.  evidently  2-flowered,  both  gl.  present,  abort,  fl,  neutral  or  i.  (h) 

h  Fls.  paniculate,— without  owns  or  spines.     Gl.  very  unequal Panicum. 

—with  the  glumes  and  pale  coarsely  owned Oplismenus. 

ll  Fls.  splko-ponlcled,— each  with  on  Invol.  of  owned  pedicels Sbtabia.  _ 

—each  with  a  hardened,  burr-like  invol Crnciieus.  21 

i  Sterile  fls.  2  minute  rudiments.    Ponlcle  splcate Phalakis.  22 


Th.  1 


Tr.  2. 


Tr.  a 


Te.  4 


T 

r, 
ft 

4 

10 
11 


1.^ 
10 
IT 

IS  ' 

1» 

20 


Tn.  6.    PHALARIDKJE.- 


Ta.  7. 

k 


— i  Sterile  fls.  2  owned  pales.     Panicle  splcate Anthox anthum. 

— i  Sterile  fls.  both  a-volvcd,  i  .    Panicle  open IIiERociitoA. 

AVENE,*.    (Spkl,  2— 00 -flrd.,  panlcled.    Gls.  large,    Pole  owned  below  the  tin.) 

Splkelet  with  1  pert  flower  and  1  awned  fltain.  flower-above Hoixire. 

.    „  „    ,  —below $  Areiibnatiikrum. 

k  Splkelct  with  definitely  2  perfect  fls.    Pale  snbentire  awn  dorsal Aira. 

k  Splkelet  with  2  or  more  perfect  fls.    Pale  a-toothed  at  apex,  (m) 


28 
24 

25 
2« 
20 


'"'^  Order  156.— GR  AMINES. 

m  Awn  between  the  2  teeth,  twisted ;  glumes  very  lar^e nANTno>»,A    or 

m  Awn  (loml  below  the  .nid.llo  (except  In  the  cultl vuL.l  0,it) a"  KN^  Z 

m  Awn  dorsal  above  the  mlddle.-Kl«.  2-5.    Teeth  cuspidate. '.' ' ' '  TmKTUM    S 

T.8.    rKSTUCACE^     (SpKl.  2- 00- J';^.:;;.Xr;i:^o;e;  pa^:  U^^^ 
a  straight  bristle  or  awn.     Glumes  2.)  'I'peuwun 

n  Qhinu's  detinltcly  2,  all  the  lower  tls.  of  the  spkl.  perfect,  (o) 
n  Glumes  several,  indefliilte,  the  lower  fls.  abort,  and  glumc-Ilke.  (p) 
O  Lower  pale  8-«uspldato  at  apex,  fringo-bearded  below,  (q) 
O  Lower  pale  mucronato  or  awn-|.olnted  (except  in  1  Festuca)    (r) 
O  Lower  p.ilo  obtuse  or  acute,  not  at  all  awned.  (s) 
q  Hpper  pale  naked,  lower  with  3  cusps  and  2  teeth.  .  -r 

Q  Both  pales  friuaed,  lower  with  1  awn  and  2  cu.spidate  icotii V«^^rZ"'  oi> 

r  Glumes  and  pales  keeled,_herbaceous,  6-velned.    Fls.  glonVeVate'.'.V.'.y.DAOTVus'  i 

,      ,  -membranous,  3-velnod.     Pan.  spicalo KacLniiA'  <?i 

P  Gls.  and  pales  rounded  on  the  back-both  coriaceous.    Grain  free.  ...Diaru™.'  85 

o  , ,  „    „  .   ,      ,  ,  —pale  papery,  gr.  adherent Festuca    af5 

8  Spk  1.  S-'J.flrd.  with  some  abortive  terminal  fls.     Pale  papery,  not  keele.i    (i 

t  Uppcrglumebroad-obovate,  shorter  than  the  flower  Fat^v,*    qt 

t  Upper  glume  oblong,  T-a-velned.  longer  than  the  li.. . .  .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.\ M«uoa  '  ^l 

8  Splkelets  2-50-flowerod,  all  perfect.     Pales  usually  thin    (u)  ^iclica.  88 

U  Lower  pale  keeled,  8-velned,  membranous  liko  the  glumes  Era«»a.t,u   m 

U  Lower  pale  keeled.  5-veined,  usunlly  cobwebbed  at  W       Eraorost.b.  89 

U  Lower  pale  conve.v-keeled.  obscurely  9-veined.    Pan.  spiked. ■.■.■.■.■.■.Buvzop'yrum   41 

U  Low*r  pa  0  convex.  7  (-5)-vclned,  never  webbed  at  base Glvce,»!'  tl 

XX  Lower  pal-  convex-ventrlcous,  cordate,  obscurely  veined  .  r!  ,^  aI 

p  llerbaceous.-Fls.  glabrous,  awnless,  falcate-pointed     i"niola'  Tl 

—Fls.  sllky-villous  at  b.isc.    Tall,  stout " " "  'pml.'r  „,      '  A 

j  "  '"'^'^^^  ,  *^-    ^^Plvl-  1-10-fld.,  sessile,  alternate  in  a  spike.    Pachis  jointed  ^ 

V  bpikes  several.     Spikl.  solitary  at  each  Joint,  l-«ovvered. ...  i  „'!:,„,  „    ,r 

V  Spike  single.-Spikelets  1 -flowered.  8  .it  each  joint '.'.". IIoIde       4S 

•  ••      -SplkelcU  2-  OO-flowered.-soveral  at  each  joint'.".'.".'.". '.*.'.".'.'.'.  .Elymto."  49 

_  —1  at  each  Joint,  (w) 

"W  Glume  1,  In  front  of  the  spikelct  which  is  edgewise  to  rachls.  To.  „•»,  \n 

W  Glumes  2,  opposito.-Splkelct  3-  00  -flowered Tn,^.,!         r 

-Spikclet  2-flowered a  111        V, 

Tr.  10    CIILORIDE^l    (Spkl.  in  1-slded  Jolntless  spikes,  1-"  oo"-"fl"rd." "  "up.'li."  '„"bo'r'tl ve  t 
X  Spikes  very  slender,  many,  in  an  equilateral  raceme,  (y) 

y  Spikes  raceme-like.    Spkl.  with  several  perfect  fls. LrPTormo.    m 

y  Spikes  with  sessile,  2-flowered  spkl..  1  fl.  a  rudiment .■;;■■■()  y^,^ovoao^'  M 

X  Spikea  slender,  several,  digitately  arranged  above,  or,  in  No.  M  axillary  (z^ 

8  Splkelets  with  1  porfeetflower.-awnless.  globular,  no  rudiment... .  ..".NfiNisuHus   6,5 

—awnless,  oblong,  with  a  rudiment Cynodox!  5fl 

—awned,  glume  8-lobed Eustaoiiv*    ^T 

r.  Splkelets  with  several  perfect  flowors.-Fls.  awnless KvkZIz.  59 

— Fls.  awned Dactvi  ootpmi-m    ►><• 

X  Spikes  thick  and  dense,  1-  00.     Spikl.  with  1  perfect  flower,  (aa)       ^''^'''°"^*"^"-  ''^ 
aa  Spikes  several  or  many  .—Flower  with  no  rudiment...   ..  Spartina    ft 

aa  Spikes  1,  few, or  many.     Flower  with  a  terminal  rudiment..".". Ijoutkloua"  fil 

aa  Spike  solitary,  recurved.    Awns  terminal  and  dorsal "      Ctenium"  63 

Tm.  1L    BAOCnAUIE.E.    (Spkl.  in  pans  or  8s.  2-flowered,  the  lower  flowcr'obortive 
Fertile  pales  thinner  than  the  glumes,  excc[it  in  No.  Cfi.) 
bb  Fls  (the  fertile)  Imbedded  in  the  cavities  of  glabrous,  Jointed  spikes    (-c) 

CO  Spikes  monoecious,  i  abortive,  9  bi'Iow,  both  naked "    "TRipsAonM   6<l 

00  Spikes  monoecious  i  above  panlcled,  9  below  envelopwi  in  Att*A-.v 7k  i '  61 

OO  Spikes  unlform.-terete.    The  pedunculate  spkl.  abortive " " "  no-^BfflLViA*  65 

KK  1..        »,,.,,      -7'"P''*'"*'"'-    Both  splkelets  fertile Stk.nota....bu.«;  66 

Ob  Fls.  not  imbedded,  splcate  or  panicled,  mctstly  long-bearded,  (dd) 

dd  Both  i<pikelets  of  each  pair  fertile.— Lower  fl.  "awned .' Ebianthcs.  67 

—Flowers  ftwnless Saccharum   fia 

dd  Only  one  spikl.  of  each  p-alr  fertlle.-Fls.  and  Mchis  hairy Anoropooo.s!  69 

— Fls.  and  raehis  smoothlsh SoRonuM   70 

dd  The  lower  splktict  on  each  spike  fertile,  In  a  bony  ■hell uolt   71 


OODEU  156.— GRAMINE^.  fj^^ 

sl'  ^n^^'V^'  ^''^'''l'^'     ^'^"^  ^•^^^s-     F-^LSK   Rice.     (Tn  honor  of 

■  John  Darnel  Leers,  a  German  botani8t.)-Spikelets  l-flowl  cd    «    flat- 

g  lunos  none  ;  palea,  boat-shaped,  compressed,  awuless.  Wis  iili^te  o,! 

3  -y  A  vfr7?o2  L«  ;  "•"  '^  ^'*'''  "''"'*'  compressed  and  closid ;  sta. 

Aug  ^     ^    ^'^^^  '''''""'°"  ''^  «^^"P^.  l^y  «trea.«s,  etc,  U.  S.  uud  Can! 

sheaths  rougLs^Lkwardrstia^^^^^^^  lance-linear,  roughish; 

lower  branches  dSofls  nldtplir  •  T^^'  "*  ^^"^"'  ""^'^  ^^^^^-'^'d.  tho 
lower  palea  SrX»n;rr<).af  ''  f  '  ''^  '''°''*'  J^P'^'^''^'^^  Aexuous  racemes; 
DampfvoodsXs.'and7an     Aig.     ''  ^'•''*"-'"'^^'  mucronato,  sta.  1-2.^4 

2.  0RY7A,  L      Rice.    (Gr.  6pv^a,  from  tho  Arabic,  £ruz.)~Spikc. 
lets    LHowered,   J.1 ;  glumes   2,  very  small,   cuspidate'    pales  2    K 
shaped    flattened,   the  lower  one  broader  and^rstlV  tinned  with  ^ 
Jtraightawn;  stam.  6  ;  stigmas  with  branching  ha  s-  Sn  ob  on. 
free,  smootli,  enveloped   in  tho  pales.-Mostly  Jj/    FiV  ifa  LnoS 
pamclo  of  racemes.     Spikes  hispid,  jointed  to  tho  pedLlI  ^ 

3.  ZIZA^NIA,  Gron.     Indian  Rice.     (Zi^dviov,  the  Greek  name  ot 
some  smiilar  plant.)- 5  Glumes  0;    spikelets   1-ilowered      pTa  2 

sutht''"'-  ,  ^  ^'''"  ,"]1"^1"^''  ^^^"'«-5  stamens  6  ?  SLdefs 
fiubulut.;  palea3  unequal,  linear,  lower  one  with  a  straight  awn  ^^  stvL 
2  caryopsis  enveloped  in  the  plicate  palea^.-Stout,  aquatic  iS 
with  a  largo  panicle  of  both  kinds  of  flowers.  gr«u».ses. 

^li^J?^*f?K,^    Culm  J' in  diameter,  fistular,  smooth,  Gfhigh-  Ivs   lanco-" 
3  2.?  BMtaM  Miohx.    Culm  tog,  a.^,,  bmncKing.  flS.U»s  h  lUo  water, 


774 


OBDBU  156.— GRAMINK^ 


Jvs.  lance-linear,  flat,  clustered,  1 — 2'  long,  2 — 3"  wide;  "apilce  solitary,  axil- 
lary, setaceous,  about  4-flowered ;  palese  awnless;  stig.  2,  very  long;  fr.  roiii- 
form." — y  Water,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La  (Hale,  whose  specimens  are  without 
tis.  or  fruit.)    (Hydrochloa,    Palis.    Hydropyrum,  Kunth.) 

4.  AGROS'TIS,  L.  Bent  Gbass.  {Gv.  dypog,  a  field;  growing  in 
fields  and  pastures.) — Spikes  1-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  subcqual,  awnless, 
Tisnally  longer  tlian  the  flower  ;  pales  2,  thin,  pointless,  naked,  the  lower 
J' — 5-vcine(J,  somethnes  awned  on  the  back,  the  npper  often  minute  or 
wanting;  grain  free. — 71  mostly,  and  cajspitous,  with  Blender  culms 
and  an  open  panicle. 

S  AoRosTis  i»roi)cr.     ITppor  piitca  {  to  !i  ns  lonp  as  tho  lower.    FIs.  rather  dense N'os.  \,  2 

S  t  BioiioiuuM.    Upptir  imloi*  minute  or  wnniiiiff.     I'ftiilcle  tliii>.  (♦) 

*  Lower  imlirt  witl»  a  long  exserted  awn  on  the  b»ck .  .Nos. .S.  4 

♦  Lower  i>uleu>  uwuIbss,  or  bearing  a  very  short  awu..No!i.  5,  r> 

1  A.  vulgaris  With.  Red  Top.  Dew  GRAsa  Herd's  Grabs  of  the  S.  State.-. 
Oulin  erect,  1 — ^2f  high;  panicle  purple,  oblong,  with  short,  spreading  or  divari- 
cate, roughisii  branches;  Ivs.  linear,  with  very  short  ligules  (somfctimes  the  upper 
one  elongated) ;  lower  pale  twice  m  large  as  tho  upper,  and  nearly  as  long  as  tiic* 
lanceolate,  acute  glumes,  mostly  awnless. — U.  S,  and  Can..  A  very  valuable 
grass  spread  over  hills,  vales  and  meadows,  forming  a  soft,  dense  turf.  Variable. 
(A.  polymorplia  Ijluds.  A.  pumila  L.  A,  bispida  Willd.) 
Z  A.  dlba  L.  TThite  Bent.  Enoush  Bent.  Boknet  Grass.  Florin  Grass. 
Culm  decumbent,  geniculate,  rooting  at  tlie  lower  joints  and  sending  out  stcloiia ; 
Ivs.  linear,  smootli,  tliose  of  the  stolons  erect  and  somewlvat  subulate ;  ligules  long, 
memlyranous  ;  panicle  dense,  narrow  and  contracted  after  flowering,  greenish  white 
or  slightly  purplish ;  lower  pale  6-veined,  rarely  awned. — A  common  and  valuablo 
grass  in  old  fields  and  drained  swfjmpa.  It  is  quite  variable  in  aspect.  §  Eur. 
(A.  stolonifera  L.  A  decumbons  Muhl.) 
^.  STRiCTA.    Lower  pale  with  an  awn  from  its  base  twice  longer  than  itself. 

(A.  stricta  Willd.) 
7'.  DISPAB.    Southern  Bent.    Larger  (2— 3f  high)  m  all  its  parts ;  outer  palo 
obtusely  3-tootlied.    Much  valued  in  some  parts  of  the  S.  States.    (A.  dis- 
par  Mx.?  Kunth.) 

3  A.  canina  L.  Brown  Bent.  Dog's  Bent.  Culm  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes, 
ulender,  somewhat  branched,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs.  setaceous  involute,  the  upper 
linear ;  panicle  diffuse,  ovoid,  at  length  brownish,  branches  rough,  diverging,  dividing 
beyond  their  middle ;  glumes  subequal,  shorter  than  tho  lower  pale  which  bears 
a  long  awn  a  littie  below  the  middle  of  the  back ;  upper  pale  minute. — Wet  mead- 
ows, E.  States,  rare.    §Eur. 

fi.  ALPiNA.  Culms  low,  in  small  tufts,  with  contracted  panicles,  nearly  smooth, 
purplish ;  awn  twisted.— Mts.,  N.  States.     (A.  Pickeringii  Tuckm.) 

4  A.  arachnoides  Ell.  Culm  erect,  slender,  5 — 8'  high;  paniculate  more  than 
half  its  length ;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  1 — 3'  long ;  panicle  narrow,  branches  capil- 
lary, floriferous  half  their  length;  glumes  green,  ovate,  acute,  J''  long,  equal; 
pale  a  little  shorter,  bearing  on  its  back  above  the  middle  a  contorted  awn  5  or  & 
Umea  longer  than  itself,  and  as  fine  as  a  gossamer. — Car.  to  Ga.  (Feay).  The  awns, 
from  their  fineness,  can  hardly  be  seen  without  a  lens.    Apr, 

5  A.  mckhxst  Willd.  Rough  Haib  Grass.  Thin  Grass.  Culms  tufted,  erect 
from  a  decumbent  vase,  very  slender,  1— 2f  high;  Ivs.  linear,  3—6'  long,  rough, 
the  radical  involute-setaceous ;  ligule  oblong,  obtuse ;  panicle  large,  with  long, 
capillary,  erect,  or  divergent,  scabrous-hispid  whorled  branches,  Irichotomously 
divided  near  the  end ;  spikelets  in  terminal  clusters,  at  length  purplish ;  glumes 
lance-linear,  aeumiijato,  Bcabrous-hispid  on  the  keel. — Fields  and  pastures,  U.  B. 
and  Brit.  Am.  Remarkable  for  its  thin  and  airy  panicles  which  are  at  length 
driven  before  ibe  wind.    Jn.,  Jl.     (T.  laxiflorom  Mx.    T.  montanum  Torr.) 

/?.  0Re6phila.  Culm  6 — 12'  high,  simple,  panicle  less  diffuse;  pale  with  a 
short,  twisted  awn  at  its  back. — Mts,  and  reeky  woods.     (A,  montana  Tuckm.) 

y.  PEK^A'NANS.  Panicle  pale  green,  branches  shorter,  floriferous  more  than 
bftlf  their  Lngth.— In  damp  shadis,    (T.  scabrum  Muhl.    A.  scabra,  ed.  2d.) 


aro  without 


than  itself. 


Order  156— GRAMINE^.  ».s^ 

fllAf  T??^^"l  •??""•    P^o-'^^-^  Ghass.     (Gr.  onopd,  seed 

fmlt^  V?^"r^^''V''''o^^^^r^'  «^"'"««  2,  unequal,  the  low  . 
sinallei  ,  fl.  sessile;  paleao  2,  beardless,  awnless,  usually  exceeding  fh^ 
glumes,  the  upper  2-keeled;  stam.  2  o'r  3  ;  stig  plun  ous  S  Snr,  e 
liairs;  caryopsis  free,  often  with  a  loose  pericarp,  deeiduous-Cr 

rrlfToTrard/"^^"^  '''''  ^"'  '^'  '^^  -''  ^^«  ^^^^^^^ 

a  Panicle  slieiithed  lit  the  base  more  or  less i"/'*-  ?' ^ 

•  01.in,es  somewhat  equal,  both  shorter  than  the  i.ak-tt^ ' '  ( bV ''•  "''  ^ 

2-3'  long,  ,vith  smooth  roatta°;iSTrr£tat'Z'«Cr'°^  "^','''  '•™'' 
the  onoteed  paaiolc,;  panlolo,  »piko.fom°iS°  i  latSlo  uS  ^■"" 

fonn,  laloml  and  terminal,  mostly  coSed   a'T^ tluS,    5  «™'™"«1.  "P"-'" 

spreading,  pyramida,  fow-fiowered  •  oZuwy*  nirni;=h   ,,  ^      ,  ,  "''  P""";!o 

/orm,  .>m;r  ona  o.a4  cuspiZl^^^£Z^.o£1^ t^Zr^^K^^^  outer  one  subul. 
long,  obtuse,  thin,  a  little  fihorSr  than  tlT^Sor  d^^^^^^^  P'^'^'  °'^- 

culute,  the  upper  2-veined,  fihorter-  Vf^  1    !n?h    i-      '   ^  T"""  ■^•''*''"'^'^v» 

4  S.  jiinceua  Midi,     Glaucous:  culm  erecL  1 Tl.itrii  +or..fi    i     i 

2-0"  by   1",  concave,  convol'uto  when  dVy   maS '  SSn '"'^f  \^- ^''''"'*' 

rare  northward.     Aug.    (Afr.  4  Vila  ^rjrptandS  T^n)      ^  ^^-  °°''  **■  *""'"»■ 

iwini;  braiiuhea  witii  short  leaves,  barren  also  ondinir  in  \'T:^  '"^  "  ¥"-n'j<:Td 
Bheaths  ciliate  at  edgoaud  bearinj  denso  tufts  of  S^wlii^  S'a^tTf  "*  ^^w ' 
lemtW  a«d  laUral,  nearly  enclosed  m  the  lone  aSa  in^iT^"^  t.  ?•'  .-P""**^^^ 
lower  glume  very  short.  Jpper  a  liUU  hngXa^'^'„Z  t  *'''*«'^'«''-f' ?" ' 
vato  J"  in  lengti-2,  Ohi?  (Sullivant)?m^\groft1i^  Viff^^  ^^ 

7  S.  longifdlius.     Culms  slender,  tufted.  2— 3f  hio-h.  fi-nm  !,.»»  au 
te  a..,  ■»»o(,.,„n,,„.,(,-<tnpcri^,  to  Ylon^ tt^iffi  "^^  ZiL 


770  OiiDEB  16G.— GRAMINliJB. 

Hlondur,  .1-0'  loiij?,  whoUy  inrloseit  in  tliti  tt-nuinal  swelling  Miontli;  prhinics  utio- 
quill,  vory  wliito,  iiiucit  Hliortur  thiiu  tito  whiio,  8ul>e(|uiil,  ohtuHU  puloH;  ^raitt  uval, 
i  iw  Iuujj:  (ij  ')  as  th(i  jmloH. — VV.  N.  Y.  (Mr.  II.  S.  liruwii)  imii  Houtlmcstwurd. 
Allor  llio  hUouIU  lulls  iiwiiy  tlw  iniilury  lis,  turn  browuisli.  (Agrcxsl,  loijgiL 
•I'oiT.  ?) 
8  S.  ludioua  Brown.  Culm  ercct,  toroto,  glsibroua,  2  —.'If  liigh;  Ivs.  iuvolutis 
tuporing  lo  lllilbrtn;  hIiohIU  bonrdlcHHiU  throiit;  joiiiis  bliMjk.sh;  panidohnij  {H), 
slcndT,  ojMJii,  romjMWfd  of  Mlnni,  cmd,  ulf^mtati:  .spikit-liko  ra-emea;  glumoH  2,  un- 
equal, nuioU  8li(>rtor  tiian  tlm  .suboqual  pales  j  grain  dark  oain-coloroci,  (ililonvr, 
?a,s  long  as  p;ilo.s. — Pasturos  and  wuslu  groimla,  S.  StutoH.  (.\.  Indica  L.)  §  W. 
lulios. 

0  S.  oompr^BSUS  Ton-.  fJlabrous;  eiUft  ..-;  '  iich  coinpi 'saett,  simple,  leafy, 
branchml  at  biwo,  1 — 21' liigU;  Ivs.  iiarrc*  •  ijar,  scaroulji  shorlor  tlian  tiio 
sloui;  ki'ol  prolougod  into  tlio  opon  shuath;  i*..,>.  vory  short ,  jtmicln  purplo,  Hub- 
Munplo.  nmtracted,  lite  Immclws  J'tw  and  er«d;  glumes  ey««/.,  a  juto,  sbortiT  tlian 
tlio  paloic,  tho  uinHT  onwr^i;inat^>,  ruroly  'MViorouato;  palofu  ovati,  obtuae,  Huiootb, 
Koinotiuio.s  Uooply  olofl;  slig.  purplo. — Haudy  svvmuiWf  N.  J.     S(ipt. 

10  S.  serdtinuB  'I'orr.  Culn»  12 — 18'  liigh,  fllilbntv,  oomprossod,  growing  in 
patclu's,  .snuxitlv  otlun  vivijuvrouH  at  Uky  nodo»;  Ivs.  2 — W  by  J",  kooknl,  flmooth, 
«lieatlis  opoiv;  stip.  ovnto,  short;  panicle  3 — 10'  long,  capiliary,  diffuse,  branohurt 
lU»xuous,  altoriiato ;  spikolots  olliplicul,  aenronly  J"  long;  glume  ovalo,  1-voinod, 
uneijtMU,  half  tho  K'ngtiiof  tho  jMileiu;  palouj  anitxHh,  tho  lower  «»no  shorter;  Hta.  ;{. 
— liung  Lsland(Ivueiskorn)  toMo,  and  Midi.  July.  (Vilfa,  Torr.  I'oa  niodoalu 
Tuokni.) 

6.  CIN'^NA^  L.  8wKKT  Rkki>  Grahs.  Spikclets  l-flowerod,  coiii- 
prosscil ;  glumes  2^  sul>e(j[uat,  without  awiis^  upper  one  3-veiuc(l;  paleu? 
2,  naked  at  base^  on  short  stipes,  h>wer  one  larger,  cimk>siiig  tho  upper, 
witlx  a  short  awii  a  little  below  tho  tip;  staiiiou  1  ;  grain  oblong,  tree. 
—  2i  Erect„  simple,  tall,  with  a  largo  panicle. 

1  C.  p^ndula  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  3 — 5fhigh;  Iva.  lincar-lancoolatOf  12 — 18'  ny 
;{ — 5  ',  palti  grecn^  rough-odgcd,  with  smooth,  striate  shoatbs ;  slip,  long,  lacerated ; 
panide;  whito-green,  near  a  toot  in  length,  rather  attuntuitod  abovo  and  noddimj, 
Willi  the  brandies  capiUanj,  drooping,  and  arranged  somewhat  ia  4s ;  glumes  2 ' 
kng,  linear-lanceolate ;  lower  paleie  wil/i  a  shorl  utraig^U  mwn  a  littlo  below  tho 
tip. — If  A  bcautiilil  grass,  sought  by  eattle,  ia  rich,  shady  soils,  N.  States 
and  Can. 

2  C.  arundin&cea  Willd.  Cuhn  and  loave»  as  in  No.  I.  Plant  bright  green; 
panicle  purple  and  green,  oreet  and  with  ascending  or  erect  branohes  which  are 
ll()ri(L'rt)Uii  more  than  half  their  length  ;  glumes  li"  long,  lanceolate,  lower  palem 
awnless  or  the  awn  scarcely  equaling  the  obtuse  point. — U.  S.,  in  shady  woods, 
chielly  southward.     A  finer  looking  grass  than  tho  preceding.    Jl.,  Aug. 

7.  NUHLENBER'GIA,  Schreber.  Drop-seed  Grass.  (In  honor  of 
Itenry  Mithlenherff^  Z>.Z).,  an  eminent  American  botanist.) — Spikclets 
1-flowered,  il.  sessile  in  the  glumes  and  mostly  bearded  at  the  base  ; 
glumes  2,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  pales,  acute  or  awned,  sometin)es 
minntc,^  the  lower  rarely  obsolete  ;  pales  2,  tho  lower  awned  or  mucroii- 
atc  at  apex,  upper  2-keeled  ;  stam.  3 — 2  ;  stig.  2,  plumous;  caryopsis 
free. — Culms  often  branched.     Panicles  simple,  mostly  contracted. 

S  MiiiiLRNBEROiA.    Glumes  innnifost.    Panicles  slender,  terminal  and  lateral.  (♦) 

•  UliuiK'S  awned  and  twice  longer  than  the  awnless  imlea" No.  1 

*  UluitK-s  pointed,  not  loDicer  than — tho  niiicronate  palt-ie Nim.  2,  H 

— th«  iong-awned  puioai Nos.  4,  ."> 

5Bi(ACiiTiti.rrRUM.    Oluincs  minnte,  the  lower  obsolete.    Panicle  slender. .Nos.  0,  T 
TiticuociiLOA.     Qluines  sinall,  both  present.     Panicle  diffuse,  capillary No.  i 

1  M.  glomer&ta  Trin.  Glaucous;  culm  compressed,  erect,  smooth,  with  ap- 
preased  branches  or  subsimple,  If— 4f  high ;  Iva.  somewhat  2-rowed,  erect,  flat, 
rough,  3 — 5'  long,  with  closed  sbeatba ;  panicle  spicate,  deuse,  conglomerated,  in- 


ORDKn  160.— GRAMINK^. 


"77 


&;a^-;;^ir!?-'li-^^^^  longt.,of  their  awnn, 

Hc»brou.s,  will,  liulf-cl«Hi/i„«  Hhc-tttliH-   .  i,if.|..M    T'    *~     '"»^'' !  '^'H.  Jancoolnlij, 

HmootC^^Sf:;;^;;;:^  ;  ;,^;^-  ~;i:;iJ  2-:;non,,  ,„.,  branched.  dim.«, 
smooth,  open  Hhoath';  punliJ^nZ^''^^;:;^'::^^  ^-0' lon^,  wiul 

animlf,,  a  little  sfu>7(er(han  the  JL"    .^J.^       i   '  '^'"?*'  """'''3'  ^''1""'.  ac»- 

spreadinK,  with  niihcscont  Mli..<.Mm.  "j; /~''  .  ianeeoiato,  veined,  HcabroUB. 
Avith  re,!,;,,e,  Hiifo^r  ^bra  ^iu'  SLHnf  "-'"''''-'^^  ^"^ry  sl.n.i.;  and  long, 
palm;  awn  U-l  ti.r.es  t  m  l''4b  ^  .  '-V'''^^^  acimiinate,  half  as  Ion,,  as  U^ 
U^H.    July,  Augusr^'iTr  Sl'i.:^  Wilffr''-''--^  ''"'^''^  -""«-  ^•--  -"^ 

brandfcf  :::,S;;;;;;':  ,,f  t-tbf  ?''  ?^""i  '""T^"'"^-  «'-"--  --Pro.s.od; 
Btriate,  opor.  «hoathH  naniclji  term), '.,.?'[■'•;";"""""-'  •■""«'''  «">'  «mooth 
rough  branches;  .s^^/z/efer^  ^^n/Si^:  ^t^  o,h^  "i'"'   '"""'"•   ""f"-'^'»«^'^ 

aathopaloffi;  glu.neH  extretncK.hmt e  k'i?  i  ''"'/'^'''  T"  "^'"'^'  "«  '""»? 
N.  Eng.  to  Cur  and  Ky.     Au^^  """"tc...-^  borders  of  woods  and  shady  lield^ 

M!Jhrtf,^.cX   «^rurdltforZ"'^^  «'  ike  nodes,  2-,t 

wide,  with  so,nowhat  opt .  Sat  '^^^^^^  "'•'":«'"'  *-«'  long,  .r'  or  n.oro 

tracted;  .,;,//fcefc^(;"/l6^tVc/S,  fcj  ^  f  fcr7«jr«z/,  «imple,  rac-ernous,  con- 
lower  obsolete;  1  mlr  pa  .ttSf  at^lo^^  ^"^'  '^^■'^*^*"«to ;  glun.e.s  minute,  tho 
awn  (aborUve  pedicel)  ita^'LS  in  tLTrt*  T"'  "^•'"■'''  P"'^-*^  "''''  "  «''°^t 

2r-lS^^H  Jeet  b'«,n.^l'P;l?-^^  ^"""«  ^^^^  very  slender  and  smooth,  18- 
dimasc^^ith  tirbmtTc™  lL4'?r^  T""''"'''  '''' r^'      ^-'^^0,.,.;    panicle 

Lea^l.r'™S  flolrf^r^°^.^'"^^  ^^^^  ^^^^'^' '"--'  -^-^ 
curirmto,  bo  h  simi  arlv  ^vn^  1       ''^  Pf"'''"^' '  ^'«-  ^^  «"bequal,  thin 
thin,  tl,;  lower  ZdlvLT'  "".\'^'    ""^'^  ^^'""  ^''«  flower ;  pale^ 

ova.;  ^^oo^z^!yz:''^z^:;^:!r  ^-^-^^;  ^-i» '-. 

la^Sf  f.°rf".S,  Culrn  simple,  decun^bent  below.  If  or  moro  hi.,..  J., 
panicle  rn.Wl.  b^lndtt  :picL^bed%to% '?heT""^^^^  "''""*^^>'  ^'^-"^i 

1  uuncrctj ,  giutri(<3  2,  .suboqiial,  acute  or  acuini- 


IIS 


Obdkr  15G.— GRAMINE.E. 


w 


natc  ;  paloro  2,  mostlv  shorter  tliati  the  glumes,  surrouiuled  with  white, 
bristly  hairs  at  base,  lower  oiio  inuoronate,  mostly  awiied  below  the  tip, 
the  upper  one  often  with  a  stipitate  pappus  (abortive  rudiment  of  a 
second  flower)  at  base. —  71  Khizonies  creeping.  Culms  simple,  tall, 
with  a  contracted  or  open  panicle. 

ir^ilolo  expanding;.     Glumes  soino  Hhortor  than  tho  pnlcv.    Riiillmont  none Noa.  1,3 
Pantclo  contractctl.    Ul.  soino  Iung»r  tluin  |mlunt.    Uiuliiiiunt  |iluiiiuii8.  (*) 

•  Qluinos  2—3"  long.     I'ftloa  Nhort-uwiiud— above  tlio  iiiitUllo No.  -1 

— below  the  iiiitldio No».  4,  0 

•  QluinoaS — T"long.     Palea  scarcely  awned  iieitr  thu  tip No.  T 

1  C.  brevipills  Torr.  Culm  toroto,  slender,  3 — 4f  high;  Ivi?.  broad-Hnear,  tho 
sheaths  glabrous ;  ligulo  liuiry ;  panicle  pyramidal,  loose,  with  tho  difl'uso,  capil- 
lary branches  solitary  or  in  pairs ;  glumes  unequal,  bearded  at  base,  ovale,  acute, 
1-veinod,  shmter  than  the  equal,  obtuse,  awiiless  pales;  pappus  or  hairs  very  short, 
not  ha\fthe  length  of  thepcUece. — If  In  sandy  awanips,  N.  J.  (Torrey).  (A.  Epi- 
geios  Muhl.) 

2  C.  longifdlia  Hook.  Culm  2 — if  high,  stout;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute-filiform, 
tapering  to  a  long  point ;  panicle  pyraniida) ;  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  the  upper 
as  long  as  the  equal  pales;  pappus-like  hairs  copious,  more  than  half  t,ie  length  of 
the  pales. — Sandy  shores  of  tho  great  Lakes,  N.  Mich,  and  C.  W. 

3  C.  coarct^ta  Torr.  Glaucous ;  culm  erect,  2 — if  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolato, 
scabrous,  with  tho  veins  and  keel  white ;  sheaths  striate;  stip.  oblong,  obtuse; 
panicle  condensed  and  spike-form,  tho  branches  rigidly  erect,  short  and  aggre- 
gated; glumes  acuminate,  lanceolate,  lower  1-veined,  upper  3-voined,  lower  palo 
5-veined,  bifid  at  tho  apex,  with  a  short,  straight  awn  fust  above  the  middle  of  the 
back. — U  Bogs,  Mass.  to  Minn,  and  S.  States?  July,  August.  (Agroslis 
glauca  Muhl.      Arundo  stricta  Spr.) 

4  C.  purpur^scens  Brown.  Panicle  spicato,  purplish,  3 — 6'  long,  half  tho 
length  of  tho  culm ;  glumes  scabrous ;  paleai  2,  the  lower  scabrous,  toothed  at 
tho  apex,  awned  upon  the  back  below  the  middle ;  abortive  rudiment  plumous, 
twice  longer  than  the  hairs  at  its  base,  and  twice  shm'ffr  than  the  pales. — Whili 
Mts.,  N.  H.  (Tuckermau),  Rocky  Mts.  (Richardson). — 1  ■  and  unimportant,  (d. 
Pickeringii  Gr.     C.  sylvatica  Trin.) 

5  C.  confinis  Nutt.  Culm  2 — 5f  high,  erect  simple;  lv.s.  'wide,  smooth; 
panicle  4 — 8'  long,  slender,  contracted,  branches  short,  appres.-  '  or  5  together; 
glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  2^"  long,  rough  on  tho  keel  and  su  barely  acute ; 
paleoi  nearly  equal,  acute,  oblong,  as  long  as  the  glumes,  lower  ono  i  •,  S-voined, 
notched  at  tip^  with  a  short  awn  inserted. below  tho  middle,  nearly  »ig  as  Ihi) 
flower ;  hairs  §  the  length  of  the  pales. — Penn.  and  Penn  If  an,  N.  \  irtwell). 
Aug.    (C.  inexpansa  Gr.) 

6  C.  CanaddnsiaBeauv.  Reed  Grass.  Blue  Joint.  Culm  smooth,  erei  igid, 
3 — 5f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  striate,  with  smooth,  veined  sheaths ;  panicb 
erect,  rather  loose,  oblong,  tho  branches  capillary,  aggregated  in  49  and  5.s ;  glumes 
very  acute,  smoothish,  m,U£h  longer  than  the  palece ;  lower  pahce  bifid  at  ilie  apex, 
tvitlt  a  hair -like  awn  arising  from  bolow  tho  middlo  of  tlie  back;  hairs  as  long  as 
the  paks. —  if  Wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Can.  Makes  good  hay, 
common.     Aug.     (C.  Mexicana  Nutt.     C.  agrostoides  Ph.     Arundo  Mx.) 

7  C.  aren^ria  Roth.  Mat  Grass.  Sand  Reed.  Rt  creeping  extensively; 
culm  erect,  rigid,  2 — 4f  high;  Ivs.  involute.  If  by  ^',  smooth  and  glaucous,  puu- 
gently  acute;  sheaths  smooth;  stip.  oblong;  panicle  dense,  with  erect,  appressed 
branches,  6 — 10'  long,  and  an  inch  thick;  spikelets  compressed,  greenish- white ; 
lower  palete  longer  than  the  upper. — If  On  sandy  lake  shores  and  sea  coasts, 
Can.  to  N.J.  Of  great  value  in  confining  loose,  sandy  beaches.  Aug.  (Ammo- 
phila,  Host.     Psamma,  Palis.     Arundo,  L.) 

10.  ALOPECU'RUS,  L.  Fox-Tail  Grass.  (Gr.  aAwrr??^,  fox,  ovQa, 
tail.)  Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  glumes  subequal,  connate,  distinct,  flat- 
earinatc  ;  lower  pale  flat-carinatc,  generally  equaling  the  glumes,  awnod 
on  the  back  below  the  middle  ;  upper  palo  wanting;  styles  often  ecu- 


OwjKR  166.— GRAMlNEiE.  >jf^ 

xxhi  ,  sti^t;ma.s  plumous,  elongated.— I'aniclc  contracted  into  a  cylindric, 
dense  spike. 

1  A.  pratinsia  L.  Culm  erect,  smooth,  leafy,  nbotit  2f  high,  bearintr  an  orect. 
(enso,  numy-flowered,  cylindric,  obtuse,  compound  Hpike,  about  2'  loniy-  ivs! 
llat,  smootii,  the  upper  shorter  tlian  its  swelling  siieath  ;  stipules  ovate  •  giumes 
"Uiato,  connato  below  the  middle,  as  long  aa  the  pale ;  awn  twisted,  acajous 
nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the  JIower.—  U  Fields  and  pastures,  Northern  States! 
An  excellent  grass.     Jn.,  Jl.  §.  r  ->  »«-->• 

2  A.  geniculitu.  L  Bent  Fox-tail.  Culm  ascending,  geniculate  below,  spar- 
tngly  hranduid,  l-2f  high ;  spike  cylindrical,  about  2' long;  Ivs.  linear,  3-(V 
long  the  upper  equaling  or  exceeding  tho  smooth,  flat,  acute,  slightly  inflated 
sheath;  stipules  oblong,  entire;  glumes  slightly  connato  at  base,  hairy  outside • 
taUuB  /rwncate,  smooth,  half  as  long  as  the  geniculate  awn.—u  Wet  meadows  N 
Eng.,  Mid.  States  and  Brit  Am.    Ju.  §  '     * 

^„fh^f"^.^^.f  ^■''•-  Wild  Watkr  Fox-tail.  Glaucous;  culm  decumbent 
at  base,  boat  at  the  lomts,  ascending  1  to  2l-;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  gradually  acuto- 
glumes  subequal,  pubescent,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  palef  which  bears  on 
v.„n«         v^'xT  1^   ^"'"K,"  *^'"'*  """*  •'''''''^y  ^'^eding  its  apex,  anth.  oblong, 

Juilri^TAf  S) '"   ' '"  ^'"'^  ^^^^'■"'^  "'^'^  ^"-  -^"-^"g-  (*'^-  ^'^• 

11.  PHLEUM,  L.  Cat-tail  Grass.  (Gr.  0Aeof ;  used  by  the  an- 
cients probably  for  a  dift'crei.t  plant.)  Glumes  2,  equal,  carinate,  mucli 
longer  than  tho  pales,  rostrate  or  mucronatc;  pales  2,  included  in  the 
glHmes,  trnncate,  awnless.— Compound  spikes  cylindric,  very  dense. 

^sTno£r*2*^°!fh^.     T'"''r"''  ""^  "^'V''^   ^«^^-      <^"''"  ''''^^  ^''"PH   terete, 
smooth,  2-41  high;  ivs.  huear-lanceolate,  flat,  glaucous,  roughish ;  sheaths  stri- 

i^i!?i>f™r  !'  ^^'P- "''^"«P'  lacerated;  gk.  cw<pidale,  in  a  dense,  long,  cylindric,  grer.i 
spike;  ant  .purple;  stig.   whito.-This  is  probably  the  most   valuable  of  all 

llX'soiih"  IT^.%  ''^Hr^'  "^  ^-  *="^-'  ^'^-  ^""^  ''^-  ^^^^'  ^-^  '^  ^"- 
2  P.  alpJjiuin  L.     Mountain  Herd's  Grass.    Culm  about  If  high,  simple,  erect- 
Z  f!      I  '^T  *''«.«'!«*ths,  broad  and  clasping  at  base,  acute  ft'apexVsmS 
sheaths  inflated;  spjcatepan.,  oblong-ovate,  vejy  short  (4  to  5"  long) ;  pis.  truncate 

Th™w^.^1^''*S"^'"'^  ^'^^-^  aw'n.o.  W«*  <Ae  U«,«.-^  Alpine  regiSS 
of  tho  White  Mta,  N.  11.     Also  native  of  Arc.  Am.  ^ 

12.  ARISTI^DA,  L.    Beard  Grass.    Poverty  Grass.    (Latin  arista 
an  avyn  ;  characteristic  of  the  genus.)     Panicle  contracted  or  racemous 
rpikelets  1-flowered,  flower  stipitatc ;  glumes  2,  unequal;  pales  pedi- 
cellate, lower  one  with  3  awns  at  the  tip,  upper  one  very  small,  awn- 
less; ovary  stipitate;  scales  2,  entire;  stamens  3  ;  stigma  plumous. 

S  Awns  twistcd-confliient  J.olow,  and  jointed  to  tho  palo,  very  Ion-  x«.  n 

^  Awns  distinct  hfilow  and  not  Jointed  to  the  pale    (•)  * 

Awns  about  cq.ial  an<l  dlvarlcate.-thrice  as  long  as  the  flower Nos  7  8 

—twice  as  long;  as  the  flower Nos  6'  7 

,   ., ,  ,,    „.  —as  long  as  the  flower "   "nor  ^'fs 

•  Awns  unequal,  tho  2  lateral  twice  shorter  (6")  and  suberect n.T'  ft 

♦  Awns  very  unequal,  tho  2  lateral  4  times  shorter  (2'')  and  erect.'. ■.".■. ■.■.•.;■.■. ! '.  [  i,-Js  i',  I 

^  ^^  dicWtoma  Mx.     Caespitous;  culm  dichotomously  branching  above ;  pani- 

t.ZlJ^  '^"^'""T'  t-  ^  ^  ^"  ^"^'  l^t^'-^l  «^°«  very  short,  erectX 
intermediate  one  nearly  as  long  as  the  pales  (3"),  spreading,  contorted.  At  A  £! 

foint^Tv^v'^"'^^  '""''  ^:  ?•'  *^""°"-  ^^"'•"^  «-12'  high,  branch^  at  eadi 
&%„J:'i,"!'?  "^'™,«^'  r"^  very  short,  open  sheaths,  and  a  very  short  stipule. 
«?p!.c^!,-ra  cienuui,  uii  ciavato  peduncles.     Aug. 

^  ct*  J*"°?^»**™a  Engelm.     Culnis  diffuse,  tufted;  rac.  loose-flowered.  simyle 

S77  t'S"^  Srnf  r'  '^r'  ?.^!:.f -^^'"^^ '  '^^'^  ?«*'«  about  asTngL^ffi 


780 


Oboeb  156.— QRAMINE^. 


3  A.  grdoilis  Ell.  Cultn  very  Hlender,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  Iva.  setaceous,  scarce 
1"  wido,  ori'ct,  with  short  sheaths,  pilous  at  the  tliroat;  paiiiole  very  slender; 
spikelets  aoiiiowhat  remote,  appreasod;  lateral  awns  sJwrl  (6  to  7"),  erect,  interme- 
diate one  bnger  (10  to  12"),  spreading. — 11  Sandy  plaoea,  Masa.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  IlL 
A  grass  of  little  value,  as  well  as  the  other  apeciea  of  this  genua. 

f  A.  lanilta  Poir.  Culm  erect,  2  to  4f,  hairy  and  branched  below;  Iva.  linear, 
flat,  If  long,  2  to  3"  wide,  hairy,  especially  on  tho  upper  surface;  sheaths  longer 
than  the  joints,  clotlied  with  a  woolly  tomentum  ;  branches  of  tho  erect,  contracted 
panicle,  tomentous  at  base ;  glumes  unequal,  longer  than  the  pales ;  awns  about 
equal,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  pale  (4  to  6"),  tho  middle  rather  longest.— 2^  lii 
poor,  sandy  soils,  S.  States.     Sept,  Oct.     (A.  lanosa  Ell.) 

5  A.  spicifdrmiB  Ell.  Culm  1  to  3f  high,  simple ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  glabrous,  tho 
latter  shorter  than  the  joints ;  panicle  denae-flowered,  spike-like  and  cylindrical ; 
glumes  much  shorter  than  the  flower,  both  awned;  middle  awn  of  the  Hower  long- 
est, villous  at  tho  base,  all  throe  about  as  long  as  the  pale.— y  "Wet  piuo  barrens, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sept.,  Oct. 

6  A.  purpurdacens  Poir.  Culm  erect,  simple,  filiform,  2— 3f;  Ivs.  very  narrow, 
flat,  erect,  a  foot  in  length,  with  short,  open  sheaths;  panicle  long,  loosely  spicatc; 
spikelets  on  short,  clavate,  appresaed  pedicels;  gls.  4  to  5"  long,  purplish;  awns  1' 
long,  nearly  equal,  divaricate,  twice  the  length  of  tho  glabrous  pale.— y  Sandy 
woods.  Northern  States.     Sept.     (A.  afflnis  Kunth.     A.  racemosa  Muhl.) 

•!  A.  stricta  Mx,  Upright  Auistida.  Culm  strictly  erect,  ca-spitous,  branched, 
1 — 3f;  Ivs.  straight,  erect,  pubescent,  linear,  convolute  above;  panicle  long, 
loosely  racemoua;  spikelets  appressed;  gls.  (3  U)  5"  long)  unequal,  very  acute,  lower 
pales  hairy  at  base;  awna  twice  as  long  as  the  pales,  spreading,  tho  middle  one 
tho  longest. — If  Ponn.  to  Fla.  (Chapman),  W.  to  Mich. 

8  A.  oligdntha  Mx.  Culms  erect,  sparingly  branched,  12  to  20'  high;^  pan.  ra- 
ceme-like, remotely  few-flowered;  gls.  short  awned,  equaling  the  pale  (!'),  which 
bears  3  divaricate  awns  thrice  its  own  length,  tho  middle  ouo  some  longer ;  Ivs. 
involute  setaceous. — U  Prairies,  111.  to  Ark.  and  Va. 

9  A.  tuberculdsa  Nutt.  Culm  erect  (declinate  at  base),  8—20',  rigid,  with 
small  tubercles  in  tho  axils  of  the  numerous  branches ;  nodes  tumid ;  Ivs.  long  and 
narrow-linear;  pan.  largo,  loose,  simple ;  spikelets  pedicellate ;  gls.  nearly  1' long, 
linear,  awned ;  upper  palea)  involute,  the  awns  2'  long,  hispid  upwards,  twisted 
together  to  near  the  middle,  thence  finally  horizontally  divaricate.— If  A  very  sin- 
gular species,  in  dry  prairies,  lU,,  Wis.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.,  also  found  in  N.  J, 

13.  STIPA,  L.  Weather  Grass.  (Lat.  stipa,  a  foot-stalk ;  allud 
ing  to  the  stipitato  fruit.)  Spikelets  1-flowcred,  the  flower  deciduous, 
with  its  thick,  bearded,  pointed  stipe ;  glumes  membranous ;  pales  cori- 
aceous, shorter  than  the  glumes,  the  lower  with  a  long,  twisted  or  bent 
awn,  jointed  at  the  apex  ;  caryopsis  striate ;  stamens  3  ;  stigma  plum- 
ous. —  %  Fls.  paniculate.  Lvs.  very  narrow.  The  long  awns  are  deli- 
cately hygrometric  twisting  or  untwisting  according  to  the  state  of  the 
atmosphere. 

1  S.  aven^cea  L.  Black  Oat  Grass.  Culm  naked  above,  2— 3f ;  lvs.  smooth, 
striate,  setaceous,  chiefly  radical ;  panicle  spreading,  somewhat  1 -sided,  4 — 6'  long, 
at  length  diffuse,  branches  capillary,  soUtary  and  in  pairs;  glumes  neariy  equal, 
mucronate,  as  long  as  the  dark  brown,  cylindric  fruit;  scales  2,  lanceolate;  awn 
twisted  below,  bent  above,  2—3'  in  length.— U.  S.  and  Can.     (S.  Virginica  Pers.) 

2  S.  jtincea  Pursh.  Culm  2— 3f;  lvs.  convolute  filiform,  smooth  inside,  long; 
pan.  loose ;  gla.  loose,  filiformly  acuminated  to  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  fruit ; 
fr.  attenuated  at  base  into  a  stipe,  which  is  a  third  of  its  length,  stipe  acute,  pu- 
bescent ;  palese  obtuse,  distinctly  articulated  to  the  awn,  which  is  smooth  andslen- 
dor,  at  length  eontorttd  and  4— S'  in  length.— 71  Prairies,  III.,  Mn.  When  m  trn.t 
the  pungent  stipe  adheres  to  everything  thai  comes  in  its  way.     Aug. 

14.  ORYZOP'SIS,  Mx.     Mountain  Rice.     (Gr.  opvCa,  rice,  o-ipig,  aiv 
pearance.)    Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  glumes  membranous-bordered,  veined, 


Obder  156.— GRAMINE^  ygj 

subequal,  and  about  equaling  the  oblong,  terete,  deciduous,  sbort-stiped' 
flower;  lower  pale  coriaceous,  involute,  inclosing  tbe  caryopsis  and  tipped 
witba  simple,  jointed  awn;  scales  linear-oblong.— 2^  Fls.  in  a  slender 
or  spike-like  panicle. 

8  Shenth!.  all  U-nf-bcnrlng.    Stipo  of  tho  flower  n-inrly  Klobrou*  verv  short  w     , 

$  SUeath..  ul  lea«t  tl.o  upper,  l„aflo««.     Stipe  conspfci;.?:^,;;';:^/.       ..•.•:.•;.:: .'n  A  J 

1  p.  melanoc^rpa  Muhl.     Culm  eroot,  simple,  leafy,  18—24';  panicle  simnl'.. 

floxuouH,  fevv-doweroJ;  spikelets  racemous,  ovoid-lanceolate ;  KUiueTacumiS' 

rnucronute6-G"  m  length,  smooth;  pales  hairy,  nearly  b I'aS  when  S  t£ 

lower  one  tipped  with  au  awn  an  inch  in  length;  fruit  btk.-liockv  hillTu  8 

and  Can.,  frequent.     Aug.     (Piptathorum  nigrum  Torr.)  ^        '         * 

^  i?i  "P®^(^?ja  Mx.     Culm  nearly  naked,  purple  at  base,  10—20'-  Ivs.  subrad- 

2  veTv'  2ort'.Cilt.f -""P""*'  nearlyLTongasthe'stem,  caulino^ones  fet 
?  9  ,mL  «  1'  fP'kelets  in  a  raccmous,  simple,  flexuous  panicle.  2  io  4' long 
1-2  upon  each  branch;  glumes  abruptly  acuminate;  paks  white  Ihe  UmJ^t 
mth  a  long,  lent  a«;n  -Woods,  N.   States  N.  to  Subarctic  Am      Loaves  grel 

(Ur2ne  Trin.'r"''     ^''""P"'  "'"°'  '^'""*  "^  ^''^^  ^  "^«'  f-iuaceor  Ey 

3  O.  Canadensis   Torr.     Culms  slender,   9  to  18'  high,   naked  above-    lower 

shea  hs  bearing ngd,  involute-liliform  Ivs.;  pun.  I  to  2'  La  narrL  thrbVanch^"- 

mostly  m  pairs;  gls.  often  purplish,  1  to  2''  long;  pales  Vhlberdti^^wirwhS! 

o  ""'ft  71S  "m  ^'tr  -.-««'-^'-Koeky  woods.  N.  En^  to  f^ 

15.  PAS'PALUM  L      (Gr.  naanaXog,  millet;  from  the  resemblance 
?L!      TM    ^P'^"'"''  plano-convex,  in  unilateral  spikes;   glumes 
(apparent  y)  2,  membranous,  equal,  ovate  or  orbicular,  closelV  pressed 
to  the  fortilo  flower;  stigmas  plumou.s,  colored;  caryo^sis  coated  wiS 
the  smooth  coriaceous  pales.     (But  theoretically,  the  lower  glume  i 
obso  etc  and  its  place  supplied  by  the  empty  pale  of  an  abortive  flower 

iud.ment.)-Sp,kes  linear,  the  tis.  in  2  or  4  rows;  rachis  noi  jointed; 
pedicels  articulated.  •'  ' 

*  ^•'8X8^nanl\tto^\\*'»^lf't^  Spikes  altornate.    (») 

*  al-i       fX/J  V.' '^'^' '*^"^'' *''8  «l'"<clet8  mostly  4-rowe(l  v«.    i    ., 

^plkes  Icn  (J  to  6)-uit  1  tlio  sp  kek-ts  in  2  rows,  near  2"  widi- iiol"!  -. 

-with  tho  spikelets  in  8  rows,  near  S"  b.oa.l.    (a) ^"'>-  «,  •• 

a  Leaves  very  hairy.    Culms  deciiinbent......  v„c 

a  Leaves  only  ciliato  on  the  iiiaiglns. ...  No's  f  k 

«  DioiT*»iA      Rnil.„l»f.  „     <*       ,  *'**  \'"7  »!'»'"•<'"«.  "laigl.is  scabrous.  ■.■.■.■■■.■.■.Noa.  fl    10 

*  «♦",>'",*••   ,»P''>«'«*»<»v*te«'"'an«6"I'ite,  acute.    Spikes  mostly  dijtUate  ^'i  ' 
♦*  Uuc  i  3  leaf-hke  broader  than  the  2  rows  of  spikelets  beneath  ft           ^     ^Nos.  11    V> 

IvaclMs  narrow  triquetrous  or  flat,  with  the  s.ikelets  cC-apre;;o;r'Vb)  ' 

1  P.  virg^tum  L.     Culms  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous,  18  to  30'-  Ivs   broad- 

Imwod TnTr^l  ,  ^'u?'''''*r"^^'''  («o</ea;«o«4  flat,  narrower  than  the 
the  low  ciT;^^'^^^^^  ^^'T  «P'l^«J^t«--y  Moi«t  Boils,  S.  States,  common  in 
the  low  country.     Jl.—Oct.— A  very  smooth  variety  is  the  P.  confertum  Le  Conte 

rasSns  Elfr''^'  ^'^'''^'  ^'''*  """^  '^'""''  ^"'^^  purple     (Ppurpu: 

2  P.  undulatum  Poir.  "riant  very  glabrous;  Ivs.  long  and  linear,  Borru-what 
carznae;  vnarem  scabrous,  ba.e  cilial«,  sheaths  glabrous ;  spikes  man'T^aX 
fla,  glabrous,  margins  scabrous,  narrower  than  the  2  to  4'.rowed spikeui;  lowe! 

Kunth,     Ga.  andPla.     A  variety  of  No.  6  ?     (P.  plicatum  Mx.) 


782 


OSDIB  166.— ORAMINE^ 


3  P.  BetSceum  Mx.  Culm  oaconding  from  a  docmnbent  base,  very  slender,  1  to 
af,  with  very  remoto  joints;  Ivb.  lanco-linear,  3 — T  by  2 — 3",  ciliato  and  soft 
hairy;  plioalhs  pubescont,  uppor  ono  very  lori^;  ipike  generally  mlitary,  olten  2, 
on  a  long,  very  slouJor  peduncle,  sometimos  witli  another  scarcely  oxscrted  from 
the  shoiitlia;  apikeUts  pluno-couvcx,  with  the  tint  side  out,  i"  diam.,  1  or  2  on 
each  verysiiort  .pedicel,  appearing  2 — 3-rowod  in  the  1-siilod  spike. — Dry  llelds, 
Mass.,  to  III.  nud  S.  States.     Aug.     (P.  debilo  and  ciliatifolium  Mx.) 

ii.  LONiiiPEDUNCULATUM.     Larger,  less  hairy,  and  spikeleta  evidently  3-rowed. 
— S.  States.     (P.  lougip.  LeC.) 

4  P.  IsBve  Mx.  Culm  erect,  rather  firm,  18' — 3f,  glabrous;  Irs.  gcnenilly  smooth, 
pilous  only  at  the  base,  broadly  linear;  lower  ahoatha  sometiniea  hairy,  spikes 
2 — 6,  altornute,  spreading,  with  a  few  long,  white  hairs  at  tiio  base ;  spikelels  in  2 
rows ;  rachia  ilexuous,  flat  on  the  back  ;  pedicels  undivided,  with  one  spikelot  ; 
spikolets  twice  as  large  (IV'  diam.)  as  in  the  preceding ;  glume  orbicular-ovate, 
3-veined. — Grassy  banks  of  rivers,  Cona  to  Ind.  and  S.  States.  Aug.  Quito  vari- 
able, including  several  reputed  species. 

/?.  usDCLosuM.    Lvs.  rather  long  and  broad,  with  wavy-margins.    (P.  Lecou- 

tianum  Schult.) 
y.  Floiudanum.     Spikelets  enlarged  (near  2'  long),  glumo  5-veinod.     (P.  ma- 
cros' nnum  Flgg.) 
«f.  ALTissiMUM.    Strict  and  tall ;  sheaths  much  compressed.   (P.  altisaimum  LeC.) 
$  P.  angustifdlium  Lo  Conto.     Culm  erect,  wiry,  glabrous,  2f  high ;  lvs.  glab- 
rous, narrowly  linear,  almost  setaceous,  compressed  curinate,  9  to  18'  lon[j ;  sheaths 
long,  smooth;  spikes  2  or  3,  alternate,  divaricate,  1  to  2'  hng,  witli  a  few  hairs  at 
base  ;  pikelets  orbicular,  1"  diam.  iu  2  rows,  with  a  very  narrow  Tachis. — 1(  Wet 
places,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.     A  distinct  species.     Seeds  blackish. 
6  P.  daayphyllum  Ell.    Culm  decumbent  at  base,  12  to  30'  high,  glabrous; 
Iva  broadly  linear,  clothed  with  copious  soft  hairs  as  well  as  the  long  sheaths ; 
spikes  2  to  4,  large,  spreading,  the  ped.  slightly  cxserted  from  the  upper  sheath ; 
spikelets  oval,  obtuse,  large,  in  3  rows ;  teeth  of  the  rachis  2-flowered. — Dry  fields, 
S.  States,  common.     ^?    Jl. — Oct. 

I  P.  latifdlium  Le  Conte.  Glabrous ;  culm  erect,  ntout,  tall  (2  to  3f),  from  a 
slightly  decumbent  base ;  lvs.  flat,  large,  lance-linear,  6  to  12'  fcy  5  to  10",  margins 
ciliate ;  sheaths  hairy  at  throat,  shorter  than  the  long  intemodes ;  spikes  2  to  4, 

2  to  4'  long,  alternate,  suberect,  pilous  at  base ;  spikelets  largo  (1^"  diam.),  in 

3  rows  on  the  narrow,  flexuous  rachis. —  U  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

8  P.  tenue  Kunth.  Glabrous ;  culm  erect,  very  slender ;  bis,  narrow,  very  hng^ 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  sheath  ciliate;  spikes  4  or  5,  very  slender,  alternate, 
spreading,  hairy  at  base ;  spikelets  orbicular,  in  3  rows ;  rachis  flexnons,  narrow, 
the  teeth  2-flowered. — y  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Le  Conte).  Differs  from  No.  5,  in  its  ciliato 
lvs.  and  3-nerved  spikelets. 

.0  F.  arundiniceum  Poir.  "Glabrous;  his.  sonaewhat  txoord-shaped  {oor^- 
presaed-carinaie),  the  margin  scabrous ;  spikes  alternate,  elongated ;  spikelets  in 
3  rows  ;  gls.  (gl.  and  pale)  equal,  obtuse. — Carolina."     Poiret. 

10  P.  prs^coz  Walt.     Glabrous  throughout;  culm  erect;  lvs.  Jance-linear,  very 

long ;  spikes  3  to  5,  alternate,  dense-flowered,  with  a  tuft  of  long  hair  at  base ; 

;  rachis  linear,  straight  {not  flexuous),  narrower  than  the  3  rows  of  very  smooth, 

orbicular,  compressed  spikelets;  gls.  3- veined. — U  Wet  places,  Car. to  Fla.    May. 

— Aug.    (P.  lentiferum  Lam.) 

II  P.  flClitans  Kunth.  Culm  decumbent  and  ascending  10  to  20',  generally 
floating;  lvs.  scabrous,  lance-linear,  2  to  5'  by  4  to  6";  sheaths  inflated,  open, 
ciliate  at  base;  spikes  20  to  50,  1  to  2 J'  long,  the  lower  somewhat  verticillato ; 
rachis  foliaceous,  nearly  1"  broad,  covering  the  2  rows  of  ovate,  acute  spikelets 
and  prelecting  in  a  point  leyond  them. —  (Ij  River  swamps,  S.  Ill  to  Ya.  and  S. 
States.     Oct     ^P.  mueronatum  Muhl.     Cerpsia   Ell  ^ 

\  — »  — ^-r 

12  P.  'Walteridnum  Schult.  Culm  decumbent,  branching,  ascending;  lvs. 
glabrous,  lance-linear,  2  to  4'  by  3  to  6"  ;  sheaths  open,  all  glabrous;  spikes  2  or 
3  on  each  branch,  1  to  2'  long;  rachis  very  broad  (near  2"),  covering  the  2  rows 
of  oval,  acute  spikes  but  not  projecting  beyond  ihtm. —  (J)  Wet  soils,  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La.    Jl. — Sept    (P.  vagihatum  EU.) 


Ordbb  166.-^RAMINE^. 


783 


13  P.  Digit^rla  Poir.  Mostly  glntrous ;  culm  orect  from  an  Inclined  bag©,  1  to 
2if  high;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  6  to  16'  by  6  to  8  ",  on  long  sheaths;  spikes  » 
pair,  conjugate,  slender,  2  to  4'  long,  at  top  of  the  long  naked  pod.  or  upper  inter- 
node  of  cuJm;  Bpikeleta  lanceolate,  in  :'  opposite  rows  on  the  vertically  compressed 
lloxuoua  rachia.— (X  ?  Damj)  pine  wo.xla,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Millium  paspa- 
loidoa  EIL     P.  Micliauxiaua  Kth.) 

14  P.  trlBtdohytun  Le  Conte.  Glabroia,  decumbent  below,  12  to  20'  high; 
culm  IJliform  above;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  3  to  8'  by  2  to  3",  margins  sparingly  ciliato; 
sheaths  compressed;  spikes  usually  3,  approxi  -'ate  (the  2  highest  paired),  very 
Blender;  rachis  tioxuous,  triquetrous;  spikeleta  lanceolate,  2-rowed,  wiiitish, 
1"  long,  close-pressed,  gL  and  pale  scarcely  longer  than  the  flowers.— (j)  Wet 
places,  Ga.  Fla.  to  La. 

15  P.  oonjug^tum  Berg.  Nearly  glabrous  and  erect,  1  to  2f,  slender;  Ivs- 
broadly  linear,  2  to  4'  by  2  to  4",  on  compressed  sheaths ;  upper  sheath  very  long 
and  nearly  leattoss ;  spikes  2,  o  conjugate  pair,  on  the  filiform  upper  internode, 
very  slender,  2  to  3'  long;  rachis  nearly  aa  wide  as  the  2  town a( minute  (j"  lon^ 
round-ovate,  acute,  white,  ciliate  spiAefci?.— (J)  Waste  places  about  N.  Orleans 
(IlaleX 

16  P.  dfstichum  L.  Nearly  glabrous ;  culms  some  inclining  nt  base,  12  to  18' 
high;  ha.  lanco-hnear,  bearded  at  the  throat,  2  to  S'  by  2  to  3"  ;  spikes  2,  a  pair 
nearly  or  quiteconjugate,  denso-llowered,  1  to  2^'  long;  rachis  narrower  than  the 

2  rowsof  oi;dfe,  acuminate  (1  J"  long),  ylaWoud  .ipikdeti>:—U  Wet  grounds,  S.  States.' 
(i.  TOi'sTACiiUM.    Spikes  in  3a,  closely  approximate. 

17  P.  ambfenum  DC.  Glabrous;  culms  clustered,  (Ui-umbent,  8  to  15'  high;  Iva. 
lance-liuoar,  shorter  than  the  sheaths  (2  to  4'  by  2  to  4");  spikes  2  to  4,  about 
2'  long,  slender;  spikelets  crowded,  2-rowcd,  ovate,  §'  long,  gL  and  pale  abouik 
equal,  not  longer  than  the  purplish  Jtower,  both  AaiVj/.— Sandy  fields,  especially 
South.    Often  purplisL     Aug.,  Sept.     §  Eur.     (Panicum  glabrum  Gaud.) 

18  P.  aerdtinum  Fluegge.  Decumbent,  creeping  and  rooting,  with  upright 
branches ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  villous  with  white  soft  hairs,  the  former  lance-linear,  short, 
about  I'  by  2"  ;  spikes  digitate,  about  in  5s,  slender,  2  to  3'  long;  rachis  flat, 
about  as  wide  as  the  2  rows  of  elliptical  spikelets  (f);  spikelets  all  pedicellatei, 
in  2s;  gl.  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  striate  pale,  and  ^wer.— (X,  Sandy  fields,  Car.  to 
Fla.  and  La.    Forms  a  dense  carpet    Jl. — Oct    (Digitaria  viUosum  EIL) 

19  P.  sanguin^le  Lam.  Puuplb  Finger  Grass.  Ceab  Grass.  (Mms  de- 
cumbent at  base,  radiating  and  branching  at  the  lower  joints,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  on  long,  loose  sheaths,  softly  pilous,  the  sheaths strigously  hairy;  spikes 
3—6'  long,  fascinate  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  6  to  9  together;  spikelets  iu  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  closely  appressed  to  the  fiexuous  rachis,  in  2  rows,  g'um^  \  as 
long  as  the  Jtower. —  J)  Common  in  cultivated  grounds,  N.  Eng.,  W.  Ind.  Aug. — 
Oct     (Panicum,  L.  Digitaria^  Scop.) 

20  P.  filiforme  Swartz.  CuZm  erect,  y?Zj>rni,  simple,  12—18';  Ivs.  short,  nearly 
smooth,  narrow-lanceolate;  lower  sheaths  very  hairy,  upper  glabrous;  spikes 
2—4,  filiform,  erect;  rachis  flexuous;  spikelets  in  3s,  all  pedicellate;  glume  soli- 
tary, as  long  as  the  pale  (abortive  flower). —  ®Dry,  gravelly  soils,  N.  Y,  to  Ky. 
Aug.     (Panicum,  L.  Digitaria,  MuhL) 

21  P.  interruptum.  Culm  etrktiy  erect,  wiry,  tall  (2  toSf);  Ivs.  long,  linear,  8 
to  15'  by  3  to  4",  clothed  with  copious  soft  hairs,  as  well  as  the  sheaths;  spikeu 

3  or  4,  racemc-llke,  2  to  6'  long,  the  spikeleta  ovate,  acutish,  in  remote  pairs  dis- 
tinctly pedicellate,  rachis  fllilbnn.— Dry  soils.  La.  and  Tex.  (Hale).  (P.  racemosiim 
Nutt  uec  Jacq.)    The  inflorescence  ia  almost  paniculate. 

16.  MIL'LIUM,  L.  Millet  Grass.  (Probably  from  the  Latin  millc, 
a  thousand,  on  account  of  its  fertility.)  Spikelets  1 -flowered,  not  articu- 
lated with  their  pedicels;  glumes  2,  without  involucre  or  awns;  pales 
2,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  awnless,  oblong,  concave,  persistent  and  car- 
tilaginous, coating  the  caryopsis.  (Comparing  Millium  with  Panicum, 
it  appears  that  the  2  glumes  of  the  former  are,  in  fact,  a  glume,  and  a 


^84 


Obdbb  166.— GRAMINE^. 


:::ti^. 


pale  of  a  second  (abortive)  flower,  the  upper  palo  and  tbe  lower  glumo 
being  obsolete.) — Inflor.  an  open  panicle. 

M.  eflfiisum  L.     Culm  upright,  simple,  smooth,  3  to  6  or  8f  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  8  to 
12  by  6  '  to  r,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths;  branches  of  the  pauicle  clustered 
spreading,  remote;  spiicelets  ovate,  few  and  scattered,  acute,  about  1"  long— In 
woods,  Penn.  to  Can.  and  Wis.    Piaut  palo  green.     Summer. 

17.  AMPHICAR'PUM,  Kunth.  (Gr.  diKfti,  both  or  twain,  KapnoQ, 
fruit.)  Spikelcts  (apparently)  1-flowercd  and  perfect  as  in  Millium,  but 
of  2  kinds,  terminal,  deciduous  and  sterile,  the  radical  fertile ;  gluires 
2,  lanceolate,  acute,  awnless,  as  long  as  the  2  coriaceous  pales ;  stam(ns 
3;  stigmas  2,  plumous,  purple.— 2|:  Csespitous,  erect,  strict,  with  erect, 
lance-linear  Ivs.,  the  terminal  fls.  in  a  strict,  contracted,  slender  panicle, 
the  radical  fls.  are  each  solitary,  on  a  slender  ped.,  and  subterranean. 

A.  Pdrshii  Kunth.  Pino  barrens,  N.  Jcr.  (Long-a-comlng,  Jackson).  Culm  2f 
liigli,  glabrous.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3",  hairy,  as  well  as  the  sheatlis,  the  upper 
sheath  long  and  witliout  a  leaf.  Pan.  on  a  long,  oxsertod  ped.  Spikelets  U' 
long,  tho  radical  ones  2J'',  veiny,  the  glumo  clasping  the  longer,  neutral,  singio 


pale. 


Aug. 


(Millium  Amphicarpon  Ph.) 


18.  PAN'ICUM,  L.  Panic  Grass.  (Lat.  panicula,  the  mode  of 
flowering,  ov  panis,  bread,  which  some  species  afford.)  Glumes  2,  un- 
equal, awnless,  the  lower  much  smaller  ;  flowers  2,  dissimilar,  the  lower 
abortive  or  sterile,  with  1  or  2  pales,  tho  upper  pale  membranous ;  the 
upper  ^  ,  with  the  pales  cartilaginous,  polished,  equal,  concave,  awnless, 
coating  tho  caryopsis ;  stamens  3 ;  stigmas  plumous,  purple. — Diff'era 
from  Paspalum  in  the  presence  of  the  lower  (true)  glume.  Panicles 
simple  or  compound. 

S  Spikelets  acute  or  pointed,  very  mimerotis,  r«oen)e(T  fn  Inrisre  panicles.  (*) 

*  Aboitivo  llijwor  neutral,  cunslstiutfofa  sin4.'le  pnlefi.  (a) 

a  Pnniule  cupillitry,  with  tliosplkeluts  solitary Nos  1  9 

a  I'nniclo  not  cnpillnry,  (lunsp-flowerud !!!.!.!',!!!"    ..No's 

*  Abortive  ilower  neutrul,  consisting  of  2  palctv  (pales),  (b) 

b  I'liniclu  contractwl,  cylimlric.     Upper  glumo  gibbous No  4 

b  Panlcloopen. — Qluiiie  .^-veined.     l"lie"2  pules  equal ..No  5 

— Gluuio  6  to  T-velned,— longer  tliiin  abortive  Hower......! !  ...Nos.  6,  T 

—shorter  than  abortive  flower No* 

*  Abortive  flower  stamlnate,  with  2  pales.    Tall,  vtry  sniooili Nos.  9  10 

I  Bpilceletsohtuijo  or  barely  acute,  solitary,  pedicellate,  nut  numerous.  C*"^)  

♦♦  Abort!  v«  flower  (neutral)  consisting  of  a  single  pale Nos.  11—13 

♦•  Abortive  flower  of  2  i>ales,  the  upjver  small  and  scarious.  (c) 
O  Leaves  narrow,  obscurttly  veined,  1  to  5"  wide,  (d) 

d  Spikelets  densely  fringed  with  silky  hairs;  fertile  flower  colored No.  14 

d  Spikeleta  glabrous  or  8i>arsely  jiilous;  fertile  flower  white,  (dd) 

dd  St)ikeleta  less  than  \"  long,  roundish  or  oval ;  gluuie  6-velned..  .Nos.  15,  IS 

dd  Spikelets  1  to  IJ"  long,  oval ;  glumo  9-veinort !.!Nus.  n!l8 

e  Leaves  broad,  conspicuously  veined,  5  to  20"  wide,  (e) 

e  Ab<utive  flower  usually  staminate  with  8  stamens Nos.  18, 19 

e  Abortive  .lower  neutral,  never  with  stamens,  (f ) 

f  Plant  very  di>wny,  with  soft,  dense,  velvety  hairs No.  2ft 

f  Plant  snioothish  or  piloiis-clllate,  brnnched  or  simple .Nos  2l!  '23 

t  Spikelets  barely  acute,  in  short  (1'),  dense,  secund,  alternate  spikes.    Southern..... Nos!  23^  24 

1  P.  oapill^re.  Culm  nearly  simpio,  assurgent  and  thick  at  base,  1 — 2f;  lvs. 
hairy,  broad-liuear,  acuminate,  4 — 6'  long;  sheaths  covered  with  bristly  hairs;  pun. 
large,  pyramidal,  capillary,  loose,  expanding;  spikelets  small  (J"  long),  olltu  pur- 
ple, oblong-ovate,  purple,  lai.oeolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  on  long,  hispid  pedunflcs; 

-  liborlive  U.  of  1  palea. — (1)  Fields  and  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Aug. — Fani- 

-  cles  otlen  If  or  more  long,  with  a  very  light,  airy  appear»\nce.  In  jjoor  or  fchudy 
fioils  it  is  much  reduced. 

2  P.  autumn^le  Bosc.  Culm  very  slender,  assurgent,  10  to  20'  high;  ivs.  gla- 
brous, lance-linear,  at  length  convolute,  2  to  3'  long;  sheaths  glabrom;  pan.  dif- 
fuse, bearded  in  the  axils,  with  long,  strict,  roughish,  capillary,  1-flowered  branches; 


Obder  156.— GRAMINEiE. 


785 


■anous ;  the 


tpikekta  oblong-lanceolate,  acuto,  glabrous ;  glumes  veiny,  very  unequal,  the  lower 
/ainute. — Sand  hiil-<,  Mason  Co.,  111.  (Mead,  in  Gray's  Manual). 

I  P.  proliferum  Lam.  Culm  assurgent,  geniculate  at  base,  very  smooth,  thick 
and  succulent;  Ivs.  linoar-lanceolato,  4  to  6' wide,  10  to  16' long,  on  tumid 
ahnaths,  lijSfules  ciliate ;  pan.  largo,  pyramidal,  terminal  and  axillary,  smooth ; 
spikelets  oblong,  acute,  veiny,  1  "  long,  densely  racemed;  lower  glume  i  as  long 
as  the  upper ;  abortive  fl.,  witli  1  pale. — 'X)  Marshes,  especially  brackish  and 
sandy.  Mass,  to  La.,  also  along  the  Western  rivers.  Aug.,  Sept.  (P.  geniculatura 
Muhl.)    In  uplands  more  slender,  not  succulent. 

I  P.  gibbum  Ell.  Culm  terete,  assurgent,  2  to  3f,  v/ith  black  joints ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  glabrous,  4  to  8'  by  4  to  8  ',  on  smooth,  strongly  striate  sheaths;  pan. 
densely  contracted,  often  purple,  fusiform,  about  6'  long,  strict;  spikelets  near  2" 
long,  obtusish,  l»\vcr  glumo  very  small,  upper  very  large,  11-veined,  remarkably 
gibbous  at  base,  upper  pale  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower.— <i)  Wot  soils,  S.  States. 
Jl.— Sept.     (P.  Eliiottianum  Schl.) 

P.  hians  Ell.  Culm  very  slender,  almost  filiform,  decumbent  and  rooting  at 
the  lower  joints,  about  2f  high;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  8  to  IC  lon<r,  glabrous; 
sheaths  hairy  only  at  the  throat;  panicle  pyramidal,  spikelets  racemed,  \"  long; 
lower  glume  half  as  long  as  tho  upper,  neutral  pales  equal,  conspicuous  {gaping), 
a  littlo  longer  than  tlio  fertile. — Damp  pine  barrens,  S.  States,  common.  Aug. — 
Oct.     (P.  debilo  Poir.     P.  divaricatum  Mx.) 

P.  agrostoides  Muhl.  Culm  compressed,  glabrous,  1^ — 3f  high,  often  genicu- 
late at  base ;  Ivs.  long  and  numerous,  cauliuo  linear-lanceolate,  carinato,  rough- 
edged,  on  short,  striato  sheaths;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  pyramidal,  com- 
posed of  racemed,  spreading  or  dcfiexcd  branches;  spikelets  1"  long,  purple,  lance- 


ovate,  acute,  crowded ;  upper  glume  'i-veined,  ^  longer  than  the  lower 
'    '  July. 


upper  neu- 
(P.  fusco- 


very  long, 
pan.  erect, 


tral,  pale,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lowtr. — 2f  Meadows,  frequent, 
rubcns  Nutt.) 

7  P.  duceps  Mx.  Culm  compressed,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  linear,  carinato, 
rough-edged;  sheaths  ancipital,  pilous  on  tho  throat  and  margin; 
pyramidal,  with  subremoto,  subsimplo,  interruptedly  racetnous  brauclio'd ;  spikelets 
li"  long,  lanceolate,  very  acuminate,  and  wlien  mature,  foiked;  lower  glume  and 
upper  pale  half  as  long  as  the  lower  pak,  scarcely  shorter  Hum  the  fertile  Jlouuer ;  up- 
per glume  l-veined. — Wet  soils,  N.  J.  and  S.  States.     Aug. — Nov. 

8  P.  vilfif6rme.  Glabrous  throughout;  culm  decumbent,  ascending  2  to  3f, 
branched  ;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  scarcely  rough-edged ;  sheaths  witli  a  tu!'t  of  hairs  at 
throat;  pan.  simple,  with  racemed,  spreading  branches;  spikelets  2"  long,  lan- 
ceolate, acuto ;  lower  glume  ^  to  ^  as  long  as  the  upper,  1-veined  glume  which  is 
shorter  than  the  lower  pale  (while  in  Nos.  G  and  7  it  is  longer  ihau  tho  lower 
pale  I). — Wet  meadows,  E.  Tenu.  I     JL,  Aug. 

9  P.  amarum  Ell.  Glabrous,  leafy;  culm  2  to  .^f  high,  stout;  lus.  glaucous,  cor- 
iaceous, rigid,  linear,  10  to  18'  long,  margins  involute,  not  scabrous;  sliealh  somo 
shorter  than  tho  j(jiiits ;  pan.  large,  contracted,  its  very  smooth  branches  appressed ; 
spikelets  thick,  2"  long,  ovate,  acuminate,  lower  glume  nearly  m  long  as  the 
sterile  pales,  which  contain  3  orange-colored  stamens. —  2|  Sandy  si lores,  Conn, 
to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).     Lvs.  excessively  bitter  (Elliott).     Aug. — Oct. 

10  P.  virgatum  L.  Glabrous  and  often  purple;  culm  3 — Gflii^'h;  lvs.  flat,  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  hairy  at  base;  sheatiis  stiiato;  slip,  with  long,  whito  ciliaj; 
pan.  pyramidal,  loose,  spreading,  diffuse,  very  large ;  lis.  acuminaio,  tho  glumes 
2^-''  long,  very  jjointed,  divaricate,  tho  lower  f  as  long  as  tho  upper;  puk-s  cf  tho 
abortive  llowcr  nearly  equal,  enfolding  tho  jmrple  stamens. — 1(  tjalt-iiek  prairies. 
Holds,  &.C.,  N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  S.  to  tho  Gulf.     Aug. 

3-1  P.  "/errticdsuni  Muhl.  Culra  flciider,  decuiiibcut  and  gunieulaic,  branching 
from  tho  base,  1 — 2f  high ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  flat,  4  to  G'  by  2  to  4",  spreading, 
smooth ;  pan.  much  expanded,  fcw-llowcred ;  spikelets  ^  to  ^"  long,  covered  with 
warty  points  {verrucous)  obovate,  bluish;  abortive  llowcr  of  one  palea,  and  neuter. — 
(i)?  Swamps  and  thickets,  Mid.  and  S.  States.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  loos© 
and  capillary.     Aug.     (P.  debilis  Ell.  ncc  Poir,     P.  ramulosura  Mx.) 

12  P.  frAgilo  Kuuth.     Culm  geniculate  at  base,  assurgent.  branched,  very  brittle, 

50 


786 


Obdkb  156.— GRAMINEiB. 


1 


.ban  th,  toile  flo^^.-Dr/ra;  ISg'fa™,  Tc"?  toGS""""'  '"""°  'o"*" 

gae  a..'  L,e  «fw..iL;^^' Jfi-^-Ut  |S,Sl,f;$.  ^-J» 
14  P.  ciliatifl6rum.    Fringed  Grass.    Culm  erect  sMot   i  *«  9P  ~i  u 

'■■d«™M'"""'-     '""'^'  '"-■"X""'i  -Pik*!"  darkpuT,lo,  upperpalo 

:f s!r.„K.'-/pp^aKS^«p£r'--  — ■' 

/J.OTOLUTUM.    I.V..  involute,  ondiog  in  along,  ri^dp„L.     (p.  i„„,„,„^ 

largo  (i/'TonS'S'i  P^^^^^^^  few-flowered,  pubescent;  spikeTets 

i^^^ll  n  "_^i'''"'y'  °^?''  obtuse,  green;  outer  glume,  larlceolate,  *  L  long  ns 

ueias,  etc.,  Is.  y.  to  Ohio  and  S.  States.    Jn.    (P.  dlchotoraura  ^.  Gray.) 

arS^oS-ciZw  -MnV?  r^.^f^t-  1  *«  2f  high;  /.,.  lanceolate,  ba.e dilated 
tCat  nan  o^aorttl  1.  ^  \'  V  '"  ^•'■'"■"*'''  «'»oothish;  sheaths  hirsute  at 
Lirodt,  pan.  cvsarted.  compound,  looao,  about  3' long;  spikelets  oval,  obtuse. 


Obdbr  166.— GRAMINE^. 


1B1 


U"  long,  green;  lower  glume  ovate,  not  half  as  long  as  the  npper;  abortive 
pale3  subequal,  usually  with  3  stamens.— In  moist,  shady  places,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Jn.,  Jl.    (P.  scoparium  and  nervosum  Lam.    P.  ciliatum  Ell,  etc.) 

20  P.  xanthoph^sum  Gray.  Culm  generally  simple,  glabrous,  9  to  15'  high ; 
Iva.  lanceolate,  3  to  6'  by  5  to  7",  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate,  clasping  haae,  smooth, 
9  to  11-veined;  pan.  hng-exseried,  simple,  raceme-like,  few-flowered;  spkl.  round- 
iah-obovate  H"  long ;  lower  glume  ovate,  3-veined,  acutish,  J  aa  long  as  the  up- 
per many-veined  one;  abortive  pales  oftener  with  3  stamens.- Dry  soils,  N.  Eng. 
to  Wis.  (Lapham).    Rare.    Jn. 

21  P.  viscldum  Ell.  Hoary,  with  a  dense,  short,  soft,  viscid  pubescence ;  culm 
decumbent,  assurgent  2  to  4f,  stout;  joints  a  smooth  brown  ring;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  3  to  6'  by  6  to  16'' ;  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  interuodes;  pan.  rather 
large  (4  to  6'  long);  loose;  spkL  light  green,  1"  long,  oval,  acutish,  lower  glume 
very  small,  upper  pale  very  small,  truncate. — U  Damp  places,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Feay). 

22  P.  clandestinum  L.  Culm  with  short,  axillary,  appressed  branches,  2  to  3f 
high,  rigid,  leafy;  Ivs.  3  to  6'  by  1',  lanceolate,  subcordate  at  base;  sheaths  his- 
pid with  papilliB  in  the  grooves  bearing  bristly  hairs,  and  enclosing  the  short 
lateral  panicles ;  spkl.  elliptical,  acutish,  1^"  long,  striate,  often  purple ;  upper 
pale  of  the  neutral  11.  obtuse.— If  Moist  woods,  Mass.  and  Mid.  States.    Jl.,  Aug. 

23  P.  microcdrpon  Muhl,  Darl.  Culm  18  to  30'  high,  erect,  simple,  glabrous; 
joints  glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  veined,  ciliate  at  base,  undulate  and  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  6  to  10"  wide;  sheaths  deepljr 
striate,  smooth;  slip.  0;  pan.  much  Iranched,  nearly  smooth;  spkl.  small,  {i' 
long),  roundish-obovate,  purple,  numerous,  scarcely  pubescent ;  upper  sterile  pale 
minute;  fr.  shining,  bluish  white. — y. 

24  P.  "Wdlterl  Ell.  Culm  slender,  glabrous,  erect,  2f ;  Ivs.  linear  3  to  6'  by  2  ta 
3",  glabrous  as  well  as  the  open  sheaths  ;  spikes  thick,  dense,  1-sided,  alternate 
(iho  2  lower  sometimes  opposite),  6  to  12"  long;  spkl.  imbricated  in  3  rows, 
broad-ovato;  glumes  minutely  hispid,  the  lower  half  as  large,  upper  3-veined ; 
ah)rtive  pales  unequal,  staminr.to ;  fertile  ft.  roundish.— B&vap  grounds,  Can.  to 
Fla.  and  La.    Jn.— Aug.    (Ne'>rly  allied  to  Oplismenus.) 

25  p.  Aurelianum  Hale  (MS.).  Culm  decumbent,  geniculate,  slender,  branched, 
glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  1  to  2'  by  3  to  4",  sheaths  ciliate;  spikes 
slender,  6  to  12"  long,  alternate,  l-aided;  spkl.  ovate,  acute;  lower  glume  i  as 
long  as  the  upper,  smooth  and  5-veined  one ;  abortive  pales  equal,  stammate ; 
fertile  fl.  ot;a<e.— Damp  soils,  about  N.  Orleans  (Hale). 

26  P.  milikceum  L.  Millet.  Lvs.  lance-linear  and  sheaths  hairy ;  culm 
2  to  3f  high;  pan.  large,  open,  nodding;  spkl.  solitary,  ovate ;  gls.  acuminate- 
mucronate,  subequal ;  pales  obtuse. — Cultivated,     f  Turkey. 

27  P.  Jumentdrum  Pers.  Another  cultivated  species,  from  N.  Africa. 
Much  valued  South.  It  is  tall,  stout,  smooth.  The  spikelets  are  singularly 
arranged  in  23  or  3a,  one  or  two  sterile  to  each  fertile.     Seeds  black. 

19.  OPLIS'MENUS  Beauv.  Cock-spur  Grass.  (Gr.  orrAtCT^a,  ar- 
mament, fievog,  courage ;  alluding  to  the  stout  awns.)  Spikelets,  <fec. 
as  in  Panicum,  except  that  the  lower  abortive  pale  (and  often  the 
glumes)  is  prolonged  more  or  loss  into  an  awn. — Coarse  grasses  with 
the  fls.  in  dense  paniculate  racemes. 

1  O.  Crus-gSlli  Kanth.  Barn- yard  Grass.  Terete,  smooth,  3 — 4f  high ;  lvs. 
linear-lanceolate,  flat,  serrulate,  with  smooih,  sLriate  sheaths  aud  no  stipule ;  pan. 
simple  or  apparently  so,  branches  spike-form,  compound,  alternate  aud, in  pairs; 
rachis  hairy  and  rough;  glumes  scarcely  awned,  hispid-bristly;  lower  abortive 
palea  ending  in  a  rough  awn,  6"  to  18  '  long;  fertile  fl.  ovate.— (D  A coaree,  weedy 
grass,  introduced  into  cultivated  grounds,  bam-yards,  ac,  eommon.  Aug.,  Sept. 
I  Variable.    (Panicum,  L.)  .       ,     ^ 

/3.  MUTicus.     Awns  very  short,  or  the  pale  merely  subulate-pomteu.    Common, 
y.  HiSPmus.     Sheaths  very  bristly ;  awns  very  long. 

2  O  hirt^llus  R.  &  S.  Culm  glabrous,  decumbent,  branched;  lvs.  lanceolate, 
flat,  1  to  2'  by  2  to  4 ",  with  ecattered,  appressed  hairs  on  the  upper  surface; 


'^®  Ow>«R  166.— GRAMINE^ 

much  longer  tlmn  those  of  irirsUJr^^^^^^^^  a  stout  awu  which  is 

Dry  shades,  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La"^  "Aug'.-^^t   ^pS^  if      ^^  ^«^-^^- 

20.  SETA'RIA,   Beauv.     Bristly  Fox-tatt   nn.„o      /r  x 
lucre.-Fls.  in  denso^c.IindncU-  ^  IpiSfke^rrlilres  '^'^'^  '"^^■ 

-i<  ortiie  pales  smoothish,  not  stiiutt-:. . . .  ..■;.■;;;  ■;;  ■  •  ■  'if-^^i- 1 

1  S.  vertioillata  Beauv.     Culm  smooth   about  2r  InVi, .  i™  i ,. "*    '  ** 

edged;  sheaths  smooth,  hairy  on  the  mar^i  ,„?  '  ^^«- ^^"ce.hnear,  rough- 
divided  branches  in  interrupted  verticik  2^f  lo'nJ^  hr  .^"•/r^''"^'^  "-^  '^'i' 
rough  backwards,  as  well  as  the  upp  r\a^i  he  cilm^^^^^^^^  '"  P^'"-^' 

punotate.-a)Sandy  fields,  N.  E.fg'  to'S^  mL'tq'ue'ntsTu    '"  lufrf  "'" 

2  a  glauca  Beauv.  Bottle  Grass   Culm2-l?f.  1,=  il     r  .     ^'  § 
hairy  at  base;  sheaths  .Wafe, Tmo^th;  hgu^^fskous    S1T7' ?^^ 

green,  2—4'  long,  weajiw  simvle  ■  invo  nf  fi  in  r  -'.T  ^3'^'°<^"c,  yellowish- 
longer  than  tholpikelets  Se  m  e  t?ant7l  i  '''''^'^'  ''^^'■°"'''  ^"^t'*'^  """d' 
Bides,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio     JI    Aug  ^     '  ^'^^'^^^'^^^'^  rugous.-®  Fields  and  road- 

/?.  PURPURASCENS.     Shcaths  and  spikelets  pilous,  awns  nurpV 

3  S.  cornig^ta  Schul.     Culm  terete  2  tn  ^f.  i,.a  i  o       "     , 

very  scabrous,  as  well  as  tC  shea Ss •  li°£  setous"'«;,«  !'  ?  ^^  '  *«  *' 
l.ke  3  to  6'  long,  compounded  of  many  a^JsedTL^ZhT^  dense,  spikc- 
bnstles  as  many  a.  spkk  (one  at  the  basV  orel.hHnd  Tnr f  T"^  '^"'f''^'' 

4  rSi.  b''  P^les  strongly  corrugated  (Elli^ut^rvannTh  (B^dwin;  ^°'^^' 
*  -^au^:3^siiuttT;^heTthfstSn^^^^^^^  '-f.  i^  lanceo/ate,  flat 

spike  1  to  3'  long  cy]i„rc  Soun^^  ZJ^ZT^"'' """  •  "^".^  ^  ""^'""^  ^tiP"''^  I 
ciculato  bristles,  much  longe;  tCTe  ^ikelX  1^'";.!,"^"^^"  "''  ^^^  f"'^' 
tudinally  striat:,  punctate.'and  Tn^  ?o   ^gV^^L^^^^^^^  longi- 

cultivated  grounds,  Northern  States.     July  Aug  ®  Common  in 

'  ct,a'^e'?l'2f^lon1^an?nS  :r-t.lr?r?.  ^^"*  '  '^  ''  ^■^'^  '^  '^  ^- 
6  a  Gennanica  Beauv.    Millet.    Bengal  Grass.     Pnlm  9_^r  i  •  u    ■     , 

21'  ube!^s:^^ss?  Seisi-s  r£r 'r^'-^  s? 

ra^his  densely  hi^sute^  involucmte^brLCT^  ohlong-cylindrlc 

spikeIe^  yellowish;  glumerunequal  ovate    TI;      v'^/''  «'-J«"g^''"  than  the 
g«  ...  minute  coV.f«,«.o  JlTlnTSs,  ^oftrn'^uitivS.tTlS^ 

of  ^the"i!!fie"n"^FL  ^'''''  ^''''''     ^^'-  '^^^'Wor,  the  ancient  name 


Order  15G.— GRAMINEiE. 


780 


hispid  spines  as  long  as  itself  and  containing  2 — 3  spikelets ;  glumes  acuminate* 
mucronate,  about  3  '  long,  producing  but  1  caryopsis. —  0  Sandy  alluvion,  N.  J. 
to  Can.  and  Wis.     The  adhesive  burrs  are  annoying. 

22.  PHAL'ARIS  L.  Canary  Grass.  (Gr.  <f)aXapi^,  white  crested,  as 
are  the  flowers.)  Spikelets  1  (theoretically  3)-flowercd  ;  glumes  2,  sub- 
equal,  carinatc ;  paleaj  2,  coriaceous,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
coating  the  caryopsis,  each  with  an  external,  accessory  palca  or  abor- 
tive rudiment  at  base.  Grasses  with  flat  Ivs.  contracted,  often  spike- 
like panicles. 

1  P.  arundin&cea  L.  Culm  erect,  sparingly  branciied  or  simple,  2 — 5f  high ; 
\vn.  spreading,  lanco-linear,  veined,  rough-edged,  on  sraootli,  striate  siieaths;  pan. 
very  dense,  elliptic-oblong,  somewhat  secund,  3 — 6'  long,  glumes  3-veined,  whitish, 
scabrous;  rudiments  pilous. — U  Common  in  ditches  and  swamps,  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky.  A  large,  showy  grass,  but  not  valuable.  July,  Aug.  (P.  Americana 
Torr,  neo  EU.) 

(i.  PICTA  is  the  well-known  striped  or  ribbon  grass,  with  beautifully  variegated 
leaves  longitudinally  striped  iu  endless  diversity,  f 

2  P.  CanariSnsiB  L.  Canahy  Grass.  Culm  erect,  or  geniculate  at  the  lower 
joints,  round,  striate,  leafy;  If  or  more  high;  h's.  lance-linear;  panicles  spicate, 
ovoid,  erect;  1  to  2' long;  glumes  wliitish,  with  green  veins;  winged  on  the  keel ; 
rudiments  smooth. — (i)  Fields  and  pastures,  not  common.  The  glumes  are  cu- 
riously marixed  with  white  and  green.  The  fruit  is  the  chief  food  of  Canary  birds. 
Jl.     g  Isle  Fortunatus. 

23.  ANTHOX ANTRUM,  L.  Sweet-scented  Vernal  Grass.  (Gr. 
dvOog,  a  flower,  ^avOog,  yellow  ;  from  the  color  of  its  spikes.)  Spike- 
lets 3-flowored,  the  central  one  ^ ,  the  2  lateral  ones  neuter,  each  con- 
sisting of  one  bearded  palea  ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  the  upper  one  larger, 
inclosing  the  flowers;  palea)  of  the  ^  2,  short,  awnless;  stamens  2. 

A.  odor^tum  L.  Slender,  erect,  10 — 18';  Ivs.  short,  striate,  pale  green;  pan. 
spicate,  oblong-ovoid;  spikelets  pubescent,  on  short  peduncles;  pales  of  the 
lateral  fls.  linear-oblong,  ciliato  on  the  margin,  one  of  them  with  a  bent  awn  from 
near  the  base,  the  other  with  a  straight  awn  from  the  back  near  the  summit. — 
An  early-flowering,  deliciously  fragrant  grass,  in  most  of  the  States  and  Can. 
May,  Jn.     §  Eur. 

24.  HIEROCH'LOA,  Gmel.  Seneca  Grass.  (Gr.  inpog,  sacred, 
XXoq,.,  glass ;  from  its  fragrance.)  Spikelets  S-flowcred  ;  glumes  2, 
scarious  ;  lateral  flowers  staminate,  triandrous  ;  central  flower  ^  ,  dian- 
drous  (rarely  triandrous). — Sweet-scented.     Inflor.  paniculate. 

1  H.  bore^lia  R.  &  Sch.  Smooth,  glossy;  culm  simple,  erect,  15 — 20';  radical 
Ivs.  as  long  as  the  stem,  caulino  2 — 4'  long,  lanceolate,  mucronate ;  panicle  rather 
1-sided  and  spreading,  pyramidal,  few-flowered,  2 — 3'  long;  hranchlets  flexuous,- 
fpikelets  broad,  subcordate,  colored,  unarmed;  glumes  acuminate;  bwer  pale  cili- 
ate. — 2(Wet  meadows,  Virg.  to  Arc.  Am.     Very  fragrant.     May. 

2  H.  alpina  R.  &  S.  Smooth;  culm  erect,  stout,  6 — 8';  Ivs.  linear-lanceolatq 
acute;  sheaths  tumid,  longer  than  the  internodes;  joonicfe ovoid,  1^ — 2'  long,  with 
tlie  branches  in  pairs ;  fpikelets  purple,  compressed,  large,  longer  than  the  branchea; 
glumes  lanceolate ;  lower  fl.  with  an  awn  about  as  long  as  the  pales. — 11  Summits 
of  the  White  Mts.  (Bigelow).     Jn. 

25.  HOLXUS,  L.  Soft  Grass.  (Gr.  d^Kog,  something  which  draws ; 
application  obscure.)  Spikelets  2-flowernd  ;  frlumos  liorbaccousj  boat- 
shaped,  mucronate  ;  flowers  pedicellate,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awn- 
less, upper  one  $  or  neuter,  awned  on  the  back. — Fls.  in  an  opea 
panicle. 

H.  lan^tus  L.     Iloary  pubescent ;  culm  IJ — 2fhigh;  Ji'i.  lance-linear,  2 — 6' long; 


190 


Obdbb  166.--GRAMINE^. 


shMths  Btrmt^'  pan.  oblong  dense,  wlutisli,  with  a  purple  tlngo;  Jls.  shorter  tlmn 
^le  glumes ;  sterile  one  with  a  recurved,  included  awn.-y'ComaK,n  in  wrt 
whUilSown.    jI:   '"  '''  "Pl-nd«of  Ga.    A  beautiful  gras^  ver;.  soft^TS 

26.  AVRk,  L.  (Gr.  aipa,  a  deadly  weapon  ]  originally  applied  to  a 
poisonous  grass)  Spikelets  2.flowered,  without  abortive  ludimente  • 
glumes  2,  membranaceous  and  shining,  subequal ;  one  of  the  flowers 
pedicellate ;  palea?  subequal,  pilous  at  base,  the  lower  one  lacerate  at 
apex  and  awned  on  the  back.— Fls.  in  panicles  of  a  silvery  purplish 

I  Glumes  much  longer  tlmn  the  pale^    Awns  lone  -m     , 

S  Glumes  about  i»s  long  as  the  pales.    Awmi  long  or  slV()Vt!^\\\\\\\\";;;;.';;;;;;; ." ".'.■.Nos  ']'  ' 

^  itl  **"»P?fP^'ea  Wahl.  Cicspitous,  a  foot  high;  culms  verjr  slender;  Iv'a 
Hat;  pan.  thin,  with  spreading  branches  ;  glumes  much  longer  tliaa  tho  flowers- 
pales  hairy  at  apex.— High  Mts.  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     Aug.  ' 

^«t;n?u'^>f^^^  Culm  smooth,  l-2f  high,  nearly  naked;  Ivs.  setaceous, 
smooth,  with  striate  sheaths  and  truncate  stipules ;  pan.  loose,  spreading,  triciiotS 
mous,  with  long,  flexuous  branches ;  awns  ienicuM.,  twice  kmger  thanTpZ. 

^^^iJgta  tS'  IS  ""•  '•  "'^^  ^"'  ^"•'  ^°™'"^'^  ^-^  ^^^^^  ^^^^-^  ^^-^ 
3  A  caespit^jsa  L.  Csespitous,  glabrous ;  st.  18— 30' high;  Ivs,  narrow-linear 
scabrous  above  smooth  beneath,  fiat;  panicle  pyramidal,  capillary,  oblong,  finally 
4ffuso;  awns  straight,  about  as  ionga^  the  pales,  which  are  longer  than  th^  bluish 
glumes— 2i  Swamps,  N.  States  and  Can.     May.     (A.  aristulata  Torn) 

•  V'  2f  P,'*0'WIA,  DC  (In  honor  of  M  Banthoine,  a  French  botan- 
ist.) bpikelets  2— 7.flowcrcd;  glumes  2,  subequal,  longer  than  the 
spikelet  of  flowers,  cuspidate ;  paleae  hairy  at  the  base,  lower  one  bi- 
dentate  at  the  apex,  with  a  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth,  the  upper 
one  obtuse,  entire. 

^•^^^fiM.**  «??*•  ^^^"''^'''^  nearly  erect,  12-18' high,  tower  ius.  numerous. 
4—6  long  flat,  hairy  above,  cau/tn*  Ivs.  much  shorter,  subulate,  erect,  on  very 
short  sheaths;  panicle  simple,  spicate,  short,  erect;  spikelets  3— 8  or  10,  about  7- 
flowered;  glumes  b.  little  longer  tliantho  flowers;  lower  palea  hairy,  about  half  as 
long  as  Its  spirally  twisted  awn.— Pastures  and  open  woods,  common.  June 
— Aug.     (.A.vena,L.) 

28.  AVE^NA,  L.  Oat.  Spikelet  2  to6-flowered;  glumes  2,  loose 
and  membranous,  awnless,  often  as  long  as  the  pales ;  pales  2,  herba- 
ceous, at  length  subcoriaceous,  the  lower  one  bifid  and  usually  with  a 
twisted  or  bent  awn  at  the  back.~Fls.  paniculate. 

I  AnSJpsia '^Gls^sYb!.nn?.''^i  TT^S  ^-fl-'wered,  with  a  rmliment;  lower  fl.  stamlnate.No.  1 
I  A  vvM?  subtquul  2-llowfrt«l,  with  no  rudiment,  fls.  both  perfect    Dwarf        No  '2 

$  AVKNA  proper.    Qla.  equal,  longer  than  the  2  fls.,  and  strongly  striitl    Oultiv.tid.'i.'.No;  ti 

1  A.  eldtior  L.  Culm  2— 4f,  geniculate,  smooth;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough  on  the 
margin  and  upper  surface;  panicle  loose,  equal,  nodding,  branches  in  pairs  or  ter- 
nate;  spikelets  2-flowered;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  palea;  upper  flower  g, 
mostly  awnless.— y  A  tall  grass,  introduced  and  naturalized  in  cultivated 
grounds.     May,  June.     ^Arrhenatherum  avenaceum  Beauv.) 

2  A.  pr*coac  Beauv.  Cffispltous;  culm  erect,  a  few  inches  high;  ks.  A— 1' 
long,  rough;  sheaths  deeply  striate;  panicle  dense,  racemous;  spikekts  ovate.  2- 
flowered,  glumt'  as  long  as  the  flowere;  lower  palea  with  a  bent  awn  from  the 
lower  part  ol  the  back  twice  its  Jength.-4i)  N.  Y.  to  Vii^.    Jn.     (Aira,!.) 

,.o,?.f  ■  ■**!''"  ku  ,^°""0N  P^''-  C»'™  smooth,  2-4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
veined,  rough,  with  loose  striate  sheaths;  fi<t>.  lacerate rp^zcte  loose;  spihelell 
pedunculate  pendulous,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  lower  one  mostly 
awned  J  palece  somewhat  cartilaginous,  closely  embracing  the  caryopsis.— 4  A 


Ordeb  156.— ORAMINE^ 


t91 


highly  important  grain,  one  of  the  staple  productions  of  tho  soil ;  said  to  have 
been  flrHt  discovered  in  the  Island  of  Juan  Fernandez. 

j3.  MiORA.     Black  Oats.    Palece  dark  brown,  almost  black,  awnlcss. 

7.  seounda-     lioRSE-MANB  OATa    Pantcfe  1-sided  /  aw;«»  short. 

29.  TRISETUM,  L.  (Lai.  trla,  three,  setum,  a  bristle ;  a  character- 
istic term.)  Spikelet  2 — 5-flowered ;  glumes  2,  shorter  than  tho 
flowers ;  lower  paloa  with  2  bristles  at  the  apex  and  a  soft,  flexuous 
awn  from  above  tho  middle  of  the  back ;  scales  ovate  ;  fruit  coated, 
furrowed. — Very  closely  related  to  Avena. 

1  T.  paMstre  Torr.  Culm  erect,  contracted  at  the  nodes,  slender,  sn>ooth,  about 
2f  higli ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  about  3'  long,  roughish,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths ; 
j)anicle  oblong,  contracted,  nodding,  yellowish-green ;  spikeleta  about  3"  long,  2 — 3- 
ftowertd,  middle  flower  abortive,  upper  one  pedicellate,  its  lower  palea  ending  la 
2  setoua  teeth,  and  awned  bolovv  tho  tip,  lower  one  mostly  awnless. — If  Wet 
meadows,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  I'la.  May— July.  (Avena,  Mx.  Aira  pallens, 
Muhl.) 

2  T.  in611e  Kunth.  Minuielij  and  softly  puhendent  throughout;  culm  If  high;  Iva. 
narrow,  2  to  4'  long;  pan.  contracted  and  spike-like,  2'  long;  awn  at  length  de- 
flexed,  longer  than  the  beardless  flowers. — Mtf^.  and  rocks,  N.  II.  to  Mich,  and 
Can.  (Avena,  Mx.)  Scarcely  difters  I'rom  the  foregoing,  which  is  also  sometimes 
downy, 

3  T.  purpnrdscens  Torr.  Culm  leafy,  2f  high;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  keeled, 
4 — 6'  long,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  very  simple,  almost  a  raceme, 
few-flowered,  4 — 6'  long ;  glumes  3  to  b-flowered,  very  unequal,  entire ;  spikelets  6 
to  8"  lung,  lanceolate,  terete,  often  purple,  smooth ;  lower  palea  7-veined,  cleft 
into  2  bristly  points  at  the  apex;  awn  geniculate. — U  Mountain  bogs,  N.  Eng. 
to  Wis.  and  Can.    June. 

30.  BRO^MUS,  L.  Bromb  Grass.  (Gr.  PpvJua,.  food;  the  name 
was  anciently  applied  to  Oats.)  Spikelets  5  to  oo -flowered ;  glumes  un- 
equal, membranous,  veined ;  lower  pale  5  to  9-veined,  convex  or  cari- 
nate  on  the  back,  awned  from  below  the  mostly  bifid  tip ;  upp  •  palo 
ciliate  on  the  2  keels,  often  bifid ;  caryopsis  linear,  adherent  to  tho 
upper  pale. — Coarse  grasses  with  flat  Ivs.  and  large,  paniculate,  nodding 
spikelets. 

$  Glumps  nnrrow,  the  lower  l-vcined,  upper  8- veined.    Pale  fcoele<l Nos.  6,  5 

$  QltNiicH  veiny,  the  lower  8  to  5,  upper  5  to  7-veitio(l  (a). 

a  Lower  [mle  coinpressed-ciiriiiate,  the  awn  scarcely  any No.  4 

a  Lower  palo  ruundcil  on  tho  buck,  the  awn  conspicuous Nos.  8—1 

1  B.  secaliuuB  L.  Smooth  Cheat  or  Chess.  Culm  smooth,  2  to  4f  high ;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  G  to  12'  long,  rough  and  some  hairy  above,  on  smoothish  sheaths; 
pan.  spreading  in  fruit,  branches  subsimple,  with  few  nodding  spikelets ;  spkl. 
ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  7  to  10-flowered ;  Jis.  soon  diverging  and  rather  distinct, 
oblong,  longer  than  the  short,  flexuous  awn. — (X'  A  handsome  but  worthless  gras.s, 
in  fields  of  wheat  and  other  grains,  and  in  waste  grounds.    Jn.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

a  B.  m611iB  L.  Downy  Chess.  Culm  slender,  some  downy,  12  to  18'  to  21"; 
Ivs.  flat,  hairy  both  sides,  lance-linear,  on  sheaths  clothed  with  deflexed  hairs ; 
pan.  erect,  contracted  in  fruit ;  spikelets  ovate,  comp-essed,  about  6-flowered,  downy 
aU  over ;  fls.  oblong,  closely  imbricated,  not  longer  than  their  straight  awn. — I'D  (gj 
Wheat  flelds  and  waste  grounds,  rare.  Lower  palo  i  longer  than  tlie  upper. 
Jn.     §  Eur.     Varies  in  pubescence.     (B.  racemosus  L.  /?.  arvensis,  Ed.  2.) 

3  B.  K^lmii  Gray.  Culm  slender,  18'  to  Kf;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  more  or  lesshaity, 
sometimes  excessively  so ;  pan.  simple,  small,  3  to  4'  long;  spkl.  drooping,  closely 
7  to  12-flowered,  densely  silky  all  over;  lower  glume  3-veined,  upper  5;  lower 
pale  much  longer  than  the  upper,  5  to  7-veinpd,  the  awn  ^  of  its  length. — U  Dry 
hilly  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Jn.,  Jl.  (B.  purgans  Torr.  nee  L.  fide  ProC 
Gray.) 
4  B.  unioloidea  Tbunb.  &  Kth.    Bescuk  Grass.    Culm  18  to  3f,  glabrous; 


m 


Ordku  156.~GUAMINP]^ 


W  i 


m  f 


lance-fus  ibrm.  7  ^  l  i.^^,„!l\v  +      «         "         '  '^'^  compound;  npikekts-xi  fiX, 
veined;  Pa^..^ompVesfed:ala  o' abor "sK 5?  ^'"">"  'o^ert  upper? 

<iDg;  pcdieols  capillary  maefc/»Ii.™t;j,(™T  •   \  f  i""6"'  '■»!*<! and  iiod- 
to  9-floivercd,  uppor  flower  abortL?„r     T     ""  '°''"''  <"'  '"raH  •' 

2,  t.,0  ^o...^l,  ^.::yl^T:^47^vl:A''2ti^^T':  ^'^^ 

aiicl  endin<»-   »  3  shorf  micno  ^„  ,  ®  "7,*'^^*  ana  tne  2  lateral  veins 

vein)  and  2  int^n'SlTX:,  /— L  -^  "-'' 

P«r..  mostly  with  raccmou8  branches  -  ^^«rned.-Erect,  simple. 

very  short.- y  A  splendid  gS  ?n  S^  fidd.  tJ  "f '  '^^.f  ''^"  ^o^ver  palo 
Aug,  Sept.     (PoaMx.     Windjjrl  poS  f^^^^^^^  S.   States. 

A  variety  las  smaller  3  to  ^  fln«^nrli      .  ,     "'     Uralepis  cuprea  Kunth  )— 

Another^ar.  Las lIL'spikeSsTvhite '  ^   "  ^""^'^  '^'^^^^^^^  "'^^  «™«  branchW 

%Tab^s^f^.^ell^rlli„'et"cot^^^^^^^^^^^  ^  ''  W   ^'-'^^  -^  fi™, 

scarce  l.alf  the  length  of  the  inteJnodoi    tf!        .  ^'T'/''"'^  *''°  "^^'^^'^^  ^^'^'ch  aro 

(Windsoria  Nutt.)  ^'  '  ''''''"*  ^  ^""""S,  C"  wide.     A  singular  grass. 

32.  URAL'EPIS,  Nutt.    Sand  Grass.    (Gr  ^W  fail   ^.^' 
a  characteristic  name  )     Soikelets  2  fn %  fi      ^''Pf'  ta>',/e7rfr,  a  scale  ; 
2,  shorter  than  the  flLersru  equa/' '^1^^^^^  ,^^«^«»t;  glumo« 

both  conspicuously  ^^n,.^:sr:^o^:v  j:^ii:z  cr^'' 

Ctcit,  «itu  ine  niidvein  produced  info  a~clir...f  o+^„-  i  ^       '  :"^  •■^^'-■r  - 

2  segment,;  upper  2.kee'ied.-?uCdjlt„tSeS    C"  "I'l" 
the  branches  racemed.  ^  oianciied.   1  an.  small, 

1  IT.  puxpiirea  ICutt.     C.spitous;  culms  procumbent  at  base,  bearded  at  tl. 


OUDBR  1S6.— GRAMINEiB. 


793 


-Mid.   and   S. 


nodes,  10—18';  Iva  subulate,  tho  upper  oiios  aliorter  tlvin  tljo  sbeathf,  hairy  be- 
neath ;  pan.  simple,  racotiioiw,  teriiuiial  and  lateral,  concealed  in  tho  sheaths  of 
the  leaves,  tho  upper  ono  partly  exserL ;  apikelet  3-ttowered ;  awn  of  thepale  oiow* 
as  hmj  aa  the  lateral,  obtune  SKtjmmtn. — 8ea  coast,  among  the  drilling  sands,  Mass. 
to  Gu.  Taste  of  tlio  plant  biltor.  Aug;  (U.  aristulata  Nutt.) 
2  XT.  corniUta  Ell.  Culm  2f  high,  and  with  the  narrow  (I")  leaves  and  sheatlw 
Imiry;  pan.  slender,  composed  of  a  few  small,  few-Howered  brandies;  glumes  2, 
aubequal,  very  sxjoto,  purple  as  well  as  the  2  paU;s ;  upper  pale  longer  than  tho 
glunme,  the midvein  prolonged  in  an  dongated,  at  length  recurved  awn  btyond  \,\\ki 
segmoQts. — Sv  Statesi     ( friplasis  Americana  lieauv.) 

33.  DAC'TYLIS,  L.  Orchard  Grass.  (Gr.  rfafcrv/lof^  a  finger ; 
from  tho  form  of  the  spikes.)  Spikelets  aggregated,  compressed,  3 — o- 
flovvercd  ;  glume*  une<pial,  herbaceous,  the  larger  one  carinate,  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  palcic  subec^ual,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tlie  lower  one 
omarginate,.  carinate,  mucronatc,  upper  bifid  at  apex  ;  scales  dentate. — 
Lvs.  carinatc.     Pan.  composed  of  dense  clusters. 

D.  glomerilta  L.  Culm  roundish,  2 — 4f ;  Iva  linear-lanceolate,  carinato.  a  little- 
scabrous,  glaucous;  sheaths  striata;  stip.  lacerate;  pan.  remotely  branched, 
rather  secund ;  spikelets  about  4-<lowerod,  in  dense,  glomerate,  unilateral,  termi- 
nal dusters;  glumes  very  unequal  j  anth.  large,  yellow. — If  A  fine,  well-known 
grass,  of  rapid  growth,  introduced  ia  shady  fields,  as  t)rchards,  Ac.     June.  §  Plur. 

34..  KQ^LE^RIAy  Pers.  (In  honor  of  M.  Koeler^  a  German  botanist.) 
Spikelets  compressed,  2  to  Y-flowered ;  glumes  2,  subequal,,  acute  or 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  upper  flower  pedicellate  ;  pales  2, 
the  lower  often  acuminate-nmcronate. —  2^ — Grasses  caespitous,  erect, 
simple,  with  dense  panicles. 

K.  crist^ta  Smith.  Culm  20 — 30'  high,  smooth,  leafy  to  one-half  its  height, 
rigidly  erect;  lvs.  flat,  erect,  pubescent,  2 — 3"  by  1 — 2",  shorter  than  their  pu- 
bescent sheaths  ;  stip.  shoit,  lacerate  ;  panicle  spicate,  narrow,  3 — 5'  long,  6 — .8" 
diam.,  branches  very  short ;  spikelets  2"  long,  silvery  and  shining,  compressed,, 
about  2-fiowered,  with  an  abortive  pedicel ;  glume  linear-oblong,  acute,  serrulate 
on  the  keel,  upper  ono  longer. — Mid.,  W.  States  and  Can. — A  variety  (K.  nitida. 
Nutt.),  is  smaller  and  more  delicate. 

35.  DIARRHE^NA,  Raf.  (Gr.  diq^  two,  dpp7iv?ig^  rough  ;  from  the- 
two  scabrous  keels  of  the  upper  paleae.)  Panicle  racemous  or  simple  ; 
glumes  2^  very  unequal,.  2 — 5-flowered,  rigid,  acuminate,  mucronate  ; 
palea3  cartilaginous,  lower  cuspidate,  upper  much  smaller,  emarginate  ;. 
caryopsis  coated,  as  long  as  the  upper  pale  ;  scales  ovate,  ciliate. 

D.  didndra.  Culm  erect,  nearly  leafless,  slender,  rigid,  15—30'' ;  lvs.  few,  sub- 
radical,  broadly  linear,  flat,  rough-edged,  10 — 1&'  by  5 — 7",  nearly  glabrous; 
sheaths  clofio;  stip.  obsolete ;  panicle  very  simple  and  slender,  branches  erect,  few, 
spikelets  2-flowered ;  glumes  broad-ovate,  upper  twice  larger,  5-veined ;  pales 
much  longer  than  the  glumes,  the  upper  with  2  roughish,  green  keels,  and  con- 
spicuously mucronate ;  sta.  2  ? — River  banks,  Ohio-  to  111.  (D,  Americana  Bcauy. 
Festuca  Mx.) 

36.  FESTUXA,  L.  Fescue  Grass.  (The  ancfent  Latin  name.) 
Spikelets  3  to  oo-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  iriostly  carinate ;  pales 
firm,  aakedj  tho  lower  rounded  (not  carinate)  on  the  backj  obscurely 
veined,  acute,  or  mucronate,  or  awned  ;  stamens  3,  rarely  1  or  2  ;  stig- 
mas plumous ;  caryopsis  linear-oblong,  mostly  adherent  to  the  upper 
pale. — Spikelets  in  racemes  or  panicles,  the  fls.  remote,  not  webbed  at 
base. 


704 


ObDkb  156.— GRAMINE^. 


subpubMoont,  with  la»rau.d  ,«p„C  tT**  "2.  ^  ?''  ^T^  '""'K'  "I'"'"'" 
bm.clics  alone  or  in  pairs-  toS 'oTnT'  '  ,""  ?'''°''' "■"'"  ^"""L 
BlUMic  at  length  broJniiS-  tlSbJl,,  IJ.f^"'''^  7"'  "'""''""■.  »"l»l"» 

erect;   pan.  fewjhwcre<L  aimvk.  mnTmr^,?       '^7.    '""J-'' ^«»'i"«   few,  sl.oif, 

acuto,  (I  itt  e  aoabrous-  stin.ilo<i  m,.,«L  .  smooth  12—18  ;  Ivs.  linear,  very 

inclining  to  one  S  '  £^8 Tn S'",^ -^'r^^  ''^""^^  ^Pre<ulml 

lower  R^unu^snmllormporono^  ""'r^f  ^"-'^^  ^-l-Jiowcred] 

-n  Fields  and  past,  cs     ^  flno  ^'Z' '  i     ""  "'l^'^""''  '^^''•"  ^""''  «''"'•'  avvn,/. 
/i.  RUBRY      SDikolcta  7  to  n  n!.*^     ^  common,  Car.  to  Can.     Juno,  Jylr. 
field  "eastward  ^  l-flo^^^red ;  I>orbago  often  tinged  wit!,' rcd.-Drj 

""  iTnin'Sh"  Xted^^rilTor  on'st  Tr '  "V''  ^"^'^ '  '^  ^-- 
erect,  branched  short,  i.^pa'in  ascondhflr  ,.T ;  /  '7 '"^'°  ''^^"'''«'-  I«»it-lo  sub- 
crerf,  G-»"  long,  racc:„u>ul  ^t  rbrS.^s  "^Ko;  S^ntr^f '  T^  '  ^  '■■^''"'■ 

-- -  long;  pa/e;  S^^S^:  SaSl^T^^ltf^S  LS  S^^J 
^  lSo,1Solut?;ben  do"'l^atTbsTlr'^'"^,  '  *^  •''  L  '''■  "-"  «''-'--  «"^'"- 

fuse,  at  length  no&.a^^ZZZTnl^'}7^^  '  P'-^'"^'"  '^'^'^^'^  ^if- 

of  theStatea    JunT  ^FSrtirLnth  Vh '"^^  "^P""  woodlands,  i,\  most 

lots  about  G-flowered.)  '  ^^"'^  ^^°  ^r^  '«  ^to"*"''  a«d  tho  spike- 

Spikelots  mostiv  2  flmv.r!!;  I^otai.y  »  winch  bears  his  jmme.) 
vcrvdiimhr  f.  I  ';.""'"^''^"''  P«»''^"late,  silvery;  glumes  2 
usYo  Ti  '"^^"i'  '-yfT'^  "Pl-^  broadl/obLtrob: 
obtusish  Jvvnl^^  '  ^■'''^'"«^^.  ^^'th  broad,  scarious  mamins  ;  ,  ales 
:^t.  d  .!' T  "''''*'  ^J^^'-taceous,  glabrous ;  carvopsis  oblon.  _  2/  S.»S 
an^  duucate  grasses  -»v,(h  simple,  caespitous  culms.  "'       '  """" 

ceT^^racJfshfTo'ntr^^^^^^^  to  Sf;  noaes  pube. 

the  sheaths;  stin   laeeVa  '  •  «-"         /  by  2  .scabrous,  acuminate,  shorter  than 


Obdkr  15G.--GRAMINEJE:. 


?95 


gliimo  about  a»  lon^  but  very  much  narrower  than  tho  obovato,  obtuse,  puboru- 
leut  upper  ono ;  pales  scarioua  at  autnrnit,  a  littlu  exHerted. — Petiii.  (Jackson) 
to  Wis.  (I^pbatii)r  and  B.  States.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Aira,  Mx.  A.  truiicata  Mulil.  Kce- 
Icria  Torn,  and  Kd.  1.  11.  p.ipiculata  Nutt.  Robouloa,  KmilU.  K.  purpuroH- 
ccns  Uuf.) 

2  E.  Pennsylv^nica  Gray.  Erect,  tufted,  minutely  puberulont,  umialiy  about 
2f  high ;  Iva.  fiat,  Bliort,  1  to  .1'  by  2  j" ;  pan.  slender,  open,  usually  with  diverg- 
ing brand>08,  and  &  to  10'  long^  spikelots  rather  loose,  IJ"  long;  upper  glumo 
abruptly  short- ptjin ted ;  pales  acuU.Mh,  oxserted  half  their  length. — Roeky  woods 
and  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  freqnont  but  not  abundant.  The  larger  varictim 
are  very  elegant.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Airu  inollia  Muhl.  Kwleria  DC.  liobouloa,  Kunth., 
Gray.) 

38.  NELICA,  L.  Melic  Grass.  (Lat.  mel^  Lonoy.)  GIunic»  2, 
nncqual,  membranous,  obtuse,  2  to  o-flowcrecl ;  flowers  a  little  longer 
than  tho  glumes,  tho  iipper  incomplete  and  more  or  Hess  contorted ; 
[tales  truncate,  veiny,  as  well  as  tho  glumes ;  caryopsis  free,  not  fur- 
rowed.— Lvs.  flat.     Spikelets  pedicellate,  in  a  subsimple  panicle. 

M.  miitica  Walt.  Culm  3 — 4f  high,  glabrous ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  pubescent  beneath ; 
stip.  lacerate;  panicle  glabrous,  loose,  few-flowcrod,  erect  or  a  little  nodding, 
branches  simple,  solitary;  spiki-lets  G — 3"  long;  lower  glumo  shorter,  very 
smooth;  paleuo  veined;  upper  (1.  neuter,  pedicellate,  ccmsisting  of  very  short., 
roundish  poles  often  twisted  together. — U  Kiclr  upland  soil,  Penn..  to  Wis.  and  P. 
States.  Varies,  with  a  panicle  reduced  to  a  mero  raiemo.  Jn.  (M.  glabra  Mx. 
M.  speciosa  MuhL) 

39.  ERAGROSTIS,  Beauv.  Spikelets  5  to  oo(rarely  fower).flowcred. 
eoraprcssed  ;  glumes  and  fls.  membranous ;  lower  pale  carinate,  3-veined, 
not  webbed,  upper  pale  persistent  on  tho  flexuous  rachis  after  tho  freo 
cavyopsis  has  fallen  with  the  lower. — ] fairy  or  roughish  grasses  with 
involute  lvs.,  sheaths  at  throat  and  axil  of  branches  often  bristly  and  fls. 
in  panicles,  tho  branches  mostly  scattered.     (Poa,  L.) 

$  spikelets  few-fl"wored  (fls.  2  t(>4,  rnrdy  more). Nos.  10,  9,  * 

§  Si)ikclet8.iiiany-fl<)wered  (t!s.  5  to  St.).  (b) 

b  I'aniclo-  diffuse,  capillary,  longer  than  tlm  rest  of  the  culm Nos.  T,  6,  .'>■ 

b  Punlclo contracted,  vathcr  dciuc. — Culms  decumbent  below Nos.  4,  3,  2 

— Culms  pruGuinbunt,  creeping No.  1 

1  B.  reptansNees.  Culm  branched,  creeping,  rooting  at  tho  joints,  6 — 12';  lvs. 
subulate,  flat,  2 — 3.'  long ;  sheaths  open,  pilous  on  tho  margin  and  throat ;  pan. 
I — 2^  long,  branches  short,  simple,  in  lascicles,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  12 — 20  acuminata  flowers. — (X)  On  sandy  banks  of  rivers,  N.  Y. 
to  Ky.  and  La.    Jl,  Aug. — ^Tho  plant  is  somewhat  dioecious. 

2  IS.  poseoldes-  Beauv.  Culm  oblique  or  decumbent,  geniculate,  1 — 2f  long; 
lvs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  end,  scabrous  on  tho  margin  and  above ;  sheaths 
pilous  at  the  throat ;  stip.  short,  bearded  ;  panicle-  expanding,  branclies  subdivided, 
Uoxuoua,  subpilous  in  tho  axils ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  12 — 20-flowered;  glumes 
nearly  equal. — (I)  A  fine-looking  grass,  fields  and  waste  grounds,  common.  Jl., 
Aug.  §  Eur.  It  has  a  strong,  peculiar  odor.  Varies  much ;  the-  later  growths 
are  ia  more-densotuft^  with  smaller  spikelets.  (E.  megastachya  Lk.  P.  Era- 
grostis  L.) 

3  E.  pilbsa  L.  Culms  in  tufts,  geniculate,  ascending,  6  to  12';  lvs.  narrow-linear, 
or  subulate,  short;  sheaths  slightly  bearded  at  the  throat ;  pan.  oblong,  some  of 
the  middle  branches  opposite;  spikelets  linear ^  bluish,  about  as  long  (.?  to  4")  as 
the  pedicels,  6  to  12-fl'owered,  the  rac/ii&at  length  becoming  pedinatA  or  serrulate 
with  the  persistent  upper  pales. — 'il  In  sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  Conn, 
to  Ga.  and  W.  Slates.  Jl.,  Aug.  §  Eur.  (E.  pectinacea  Mx.,  a  more  appropriate 
name,  as  tho  plant  is  scarcely  pilous.} 

4  E.  couf^rta  Trin.  Culm  rather  stowt^  geniculate  below,  branched,  2  to  3/;  Iva 
broad-lanceolate,  rough,  flat,  and  sheaths  naked;  pan.  long  (5  to  12),  narrow, 
branches  and  branchlets  very  numerous^  avierect,  each  racemous  tvith  the  small, 


'^*  Order  166.— GRAMINE^. 

niimerottJipiXefc/,  wliich  nro  7  to  ll./!owercdaud  or.lv  ll'lrtn,.    ^11,. 

iiovor  (?)  becomes  jweWnai!    MW  il!.^       ii    >   *„    .    '    ■"■.  -^W    Thoracis 
longer  U,a,.  u,i  .p.-<,,e(,  whtTarrC^lw-* 5 'L'  '"'„  •"""•,  t«''-,»'PilKv, 

iolfS^-^rri^^nvaSrrwT  ''rT*'?'  '"  '""«.  ™di„g  3  to    o' , 

and^„,uv„.;,- srr2b,,'iJ:cCi  ?f  :7Lt„x''^i:sr£S  si: 

r  \nn  u      p"*^''  T':''y  l'"bfmM.toT,  th^  lack,  (a) 

''-'_•."""> .  panicle  Jii&uso N08.  5  0 

0»p,koW.il„4-a...erod.-.*l„„.,  ,K„ta.|,^'];^^ 

IP.tonuaL.    A>,.s„,.  s,^  G.,^    Cuta,  decd.bon.  ai-d '^oCu: L 


Ordeu  IjG.— GR-VMINEiE. 


TOY 


b(we,  comprensed,  3  to  8' ;  Iva.  lance-lincar,  eliort,  smooth,  cnrinatc,  on  loose, 
glabrous  sheuthst ;  slip,  oblong,  detitato ;  panielo  Hpreadin;.',  tho  branches  gener- 
ully  8<jlitury,  at  Itngtli  horizontal ;  Hpikelota  ovatc-oblong,  rathor  niimcrous,  con- 
taining about  f),  I0080  HowtTH. — (,13  A  wnail,  abundant,  annual  grasp,  Can.  and 
U.  S.,  forming  a  dense,  soft  and  beautiful  turf!     May — Sept. 

2  P.  flexu6Ba  Muhl.  Culm  erect  from  a  tufted  base,  12  to  20' ;  Ivs.  2  to  B'  by  1 J 
to  2i'',  gradually  acute ;  upper  half  of  tho  culm  naked,  bearing  a  thin,  open  pan.; 
hrancfiM  mostly  in  pairs,  llliform,  often  flexuous,  long  (2  to  3'),  with  tho  few 
podicellato  spikelets  at  the  ond ;  tin.  3  or  4,  lanceolate,  scarious-pointcd,  pubes- 
cent but  not  webbed  at  b.ise,  tho  glH.  about  as  long  (2^ ").— y  Woods,  Va., 
Ky.  to  Ga.     vSpikolets  not  purplish.     Apr.— Jl.    (V.  autumualis  Muhl.) 

3.  SOAUioSA.     Fls.  of  tho  Bpikelet  4  to  G,  narrowly  lanceolate,  remote,  nearly 
glabrous,  with  conspicuously  scarious  (blunt)  points. — E.  Tenn. 

3  P.  hezdntha.  Culm  weak  and  slender,  18  to  24',  erect  from  the  decumbent 
lower  joint ;  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long,  very  gradually  attenuated,  tho  upper  reaching  tho 
panicle  which  is  very  open,  tho  branches  in  pairs,  long  (2  to  4'),  bearing  tho  long 
podiceled  spikelets  near  tho  end;  npikelets  oblong  (4"),  mostly  6  (5  to  lyftowered, 
fla.  remote,  ohlong,  villous  (not  webbed)  at  ba.=e,  very  obtuse  and  compressed  at 
the  scarious  apex. —  U  Found  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  meadows,  perhaps  a  foreigner. 
Spikelets  few  but  largo.     Jn. 

4  P.  dindntha.  Culms  in  dense  tufts,  very  slender,  18'  to  2f,  from  fibrous  roots ; 
Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  about  3'  by  1",  soon  roHexed,  sheaths  rather  shorter;  ligulo 
short,  truncate;  pan.  very  slender  and  fow-flowered,  branches  erect,  very  few, 
solitary  or  2  together ;  spikelets  2  or  3  (mostly  2)-flowered ;  fls.  acute,  obscurely 
veined,  smooth,  except  tho  copious  web  at  base,  tho  acuto  glumes  much  shorter. 
— Fields,  Montgomery,  Ala.     May,  Jn. 

5  P.  brevifdlia  Muhl.  Culm  compressed,  1  to  2f ;  Ivs.  of  the  culm  about  2,  flat, 
oblong,  cuspidate  and  pungent,  lower  about  1'  long,  upper  6",  root  Ivs.  long  and 
narrow,  all  erect,  keeled  and  pungent  at  the  point;  Ugule  truncate,  lacerate; 
sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  tho  nodes ;  pan.  loose,  branches  filiform,  in  pairs ;  spike- 
lets ovate,  3  to  4-flovvered ;  Hs.  rather  obtuse,  2^"  long,  slightly  webbed.  U  Penn. 
(Jackson)  to  Va.  and  111.  Spikelets  often  tinged  with  purple.  Apr.,  May.  (P. 
pungens  Nutt.     P.  cuspidata  Bart.) 

6  P.  d^bilis  Torr.  Culm  erect  18'  to  2f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  gradually  acute; 
Ugule  oblong,  acute ;  pan.  loose,  fow-flowered,  some  spreading,  branches  mostly  in 
pairs,  flexuous;  spikelets  ovate,  obtuso;  3  (rarely  2)-flowcred;  fls.  very  obtuse, 
IJ"  long,  faintly  3-veined,  webbed  at  base;  palea  green;  glumes  ovate,  acute.— 
Rocky  woods,  Conn,  to  111. 

7  P.  Idza  Hoenko.  Culm  csespitous,  6 — 8' ;  Ivs.  linear,  acute,  erect ;  stip.  lanceo- 
late; pan.  1 — 2'  long,  contracted,  nodding,  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  smooth, 
flexuous;  spikelets  2|''  long,  ovate,  3-llowered;  fls.  often  purple,  acute,  hairy, 
somewhat  webbed  at  base;  glume  lance-ovate,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  keel: 
lower  palea  hairy  below,  upper  rough-edged ;  anth.  violet. — U  Mountains  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  Y.  to  Arc.  Am. 

8  P.  alpina  L.  Culms  erect,  6',  from  fibrous  roots;  Ivs.  short,  broadly  linear, 
obtuse,  lower  with  short,  truncate  ligules,  upper  with  oblong,  acuto  ones;  pan. 
equal  sided,  erect,  ovate  or  oblong,  loose,  tho  branches  m  pairs,  spreading,  with 
rather  large,  ovate,  shorl-pediceled,  5  (4  to  9)-ilowered  spikelets;  fls.  ovate. — 
Can.  West  and  high  northward.     Jn. 

9  P.  compr^ssa.  Blue  Grass.  Culm  decumbent  and  rooting  at  base,  much  com- 
pressed, 12 — 18';  Iva.  linear,  short,  bluish  green;  sheaths  rather  loose,  with  a 
short,  obtuse  stipule;  pan.  contracted,  3'  by  1  or  less,  somewhat  secund,  branches 
very  short,  in  2s  and  3s;  spikelets  C'lte-oblong,  flati  3  to  7 -flowered,  subsessUe, 
fls.  rather  obtuse,  webbed.  A  valuable  gras-o,  with  sweet  and  nutritious  herbage, 
propagating  itself  everywhere  (Va,  Tenn.,  northward)  in  woods,  pastures  and 
meado*rs.     May,  Jn.  (a  month  later  than  P.  pratensis). 

10  P.  sylv^Btris  Gray.  Culm  erect,  compressed,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  flat,  soft,  3  to  6' 
long,  1  to  2"  wide,  gradually  attenuated;  ligules  blunt;  pan.  oblong-pyramidal, 
thin,  branches  in  5s  or  more,  flexuotis,  1  to  2'  long,  spikelets  (2")  pedicellate, 
broad-ovate,  2  or  3-flowered ;  fla.  oblong,  obtuse,  copiously  webbed. — Rocky  wood^ 


708 


Obdbb  166.— GRAMINE^. 


Wis.  to  Oliio,  S.  to  Miss,  nnd  Ala.     Upper  half  of  culm  naked.    Pan.  4  to  6'  by  2 
to  3'.     Apr.     (South)  to  Jn. 


rs 


I 


all  pedicellate  (IJ  to  2  '),  2,  3,  rarely  4-flowered;  fla.  webbed,  acute,  tawny  red 
nt  apex,  or  at  length  colored  throughout. — Wet  meadows  and  woods,  common  in 
the  N.  States  and  Can.  Jn. — Aug.  Varies  with  tlio  spikelets  all  2-flowered  and 
colored,  on  the  diffuse,  capillary  branches  (in  woods  and  swamps),  or  ail  3  or  more- 
flowered,  branches  suberect. — Makes  excellent  hay. 

t2  P.  nemordlis  L.  Wood  Spear  Guass.  Culm  slender,  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  narrow- 
linear,  pale  green,  smooth  as  well  as  the  sheaths ;  ligules  scarcely  any ;  pan.  6 10' 

long,  slender,  nodding  when  in  fruit,  branches  capillary,  fiexuous,  in  58  (2s  to  5s); 
fs.  very  acute;  spikelets  ovate,  about  3-flo'yered,  spreading  and  at  length  remote, 
slightly  webbed  at  base. — U  A  tall  thin  grass,  in  wet,  open  woods,  N.  Eng.  to 
Wis.  and  Can.     Jn.,  Jl. 

13  P.  trivi^lis  L.  Rough  Mkadow  Grass.  Culm  sometimes  stoloniferous  at 
base,  roughith  backwards,  2 — 3f;  Ids.  lance-linear,  acute,  rough-edged,  lower  ones 
very  long,  '•aline  as  long  as  the  roughish  sheaths^  with  long,  acuminate  ligules; 
panicle  dif  \  expanding,  «cabrous,  branches  4 — 5  together  in  half-whorls ;  spike- 
lets  oblong     /ate,  2 — 3-{iowered. —  If  N.  States.     June,  July. 

14  P.  prat^nsis  L.  Spear  Grass.  June  Grass.  Culm  terete,  smooth,  1 — 2f ; 
Ivs-  carinate,  linear,  abruptly  acute,  radical  ones  very  long  and  numerous,  caulino 
sliorter  tiian  the  veined,  smooth  sheaths ;  lig.  short,  truncate ;  pan.  diffuse,  branches 
3 — 5  together  in  half-whorls ;  spikelets  ovate,  acute,  with  about  4,  acute  flowers  ; 
glumes  lanceolate,  rather  acuminate. —  2|  An  excellent  grass  both  for  hay  and 
pasturage,  very  abundant.     Apr.     (South)  May  (West)  Jn.     (North.) 

41.  BRIZOPY'RUM,  Link.  {Briza,  nvpog,  wheat.)  Spikelets  oo- 
llowerod,  compressed,  crowded  in  a  spikelike  panicle ;  glumes  herba- 
ceous, unequal ;  pales  awnless,  subcoriaceous,  lower  compressed,  but 
not  carinate,  faintly  many-veined,  aciitc. — Lvs.  mostly  involute,  smooth 
and  rigid.  * 

1  B.  spicdtum  Hook.  Culm  branched  at  base,  erect  1  to  2f  ,•  cauline  lvs.  r.u- 
merous,  3  to  6'  long ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  joints,  close,  upper  ones  hairy  at 
throat;  spike-like  pan.  oval,  yellowish,  consisting  of^  short,  fasciculate  branches 
with  sessile  spikelets ;  spkl,  oblong,  5  to  9-flowered ;  fls.  triandrous. — Salt  marshes, 
N.  Y.  to  Car.     Jl.     (Uniola  ed.  2.     Poa  Michauxii  Kunth.) 

42.  GLYCE'RIA,  Brown.  Manna  Grass.  (Gr.  yXvKvg,  sweet,  on 
account  of  the  sweet  taste  of  the  grains.)  Spikelets  many-flowered, 
teretish  or  turgid,  rachis  jointed;  glumes  subequal,  pointless;  pales 
awnless,  webless,  herbaceous,  the  lower  usually  7-veined,  rounded  on 
the  back  (not  carinate) ;  stigmas  doubly  plumous  ;  ovary  sinooth,  grain 
free. —  21  Smooth  grasses  from  creeping  rhizomes  in  wet  places,  with 
simple  panicles.     Sheaths  mostly  fistular  (not  split). 

I  Salt  marsh  Grassrs.    Lower  pale  6-veined.    Stigmns  sessile,  simply  pliimod Nos.  9,  10 

<{  Iq  fresh  swamps,  &c.    Lower  pale  T-veiiied.    Stigmas  doubly  plumous.    (a) 

a  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  in  a  very  simple  panicle Nos.  1,  2 

a  8i)lkclets  linear-oblong,  in  compound,  spreading  panicles Nos.  k,  4 

a  Spikelets  ovate,  8hort,'turgld,— in  slender,  appressed  panicles Nos.  .^,  6 

— in  an  open,  recurved  panicle Nos.  7,  8 

1  O.  fhiitans  Brown.  Culm  compressed  or  ancipitous,  ascending  at  base,  3 — 5f ; 
Iv.s,  lance-linear,  smooth  beneath,  about  a  foot  long:  sheat.hs  yeined,  smootli, 
with  a  very  large  stipule ;  panicle  secund,  long,  slender,  slightly  branched ;  spike- 
kts  8  to  10"  long,  linear,  appressed,  7  to  \2-flowered;  fis.  obtuse ;  lower  pale  1- 
veined,  denticulate. —  U  Swales,  &c.  Can.,  N.  States  to  La.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Festuca 
fluitans,  L.) 

2  O.  acutifl6ra  Torr.    Culm  somewhat  compreaaed,  1— 2f;  Ivj.  narrow,  attcn- 


Ordkr  15G.— GRAMINE^. 


799 


uated  above,  half  aa  long  m  the  stem ;  pauiclo  simple,  long,  racemo-like,  appressed ; 
apikekta  linear,  9  to  12"  long,  4 — 6-Howered;  distant  fla.  very  slender,  acute,  in- 
distinctly veinod. — "4  Inundated  meadows,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  June.  (Festuca  bre- 
vifolia  Mulil.) 

3  O.  aqu^tica  Smith.  Culm  stout,  kafy,  4  to  5f;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat,  thin; 
pan.  erect,  diffuse,  branches  at  lengtii  spreading,  (loxuous,  3  to  5  together,  in 
half  whorls ;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  purple,  2  to  3  '  with  G  to  8  ovate-obtuse  flow- 
ers.— U  Wot  meadows,  N.  States  and  Can.  A  largo  and  handsomo  grass,  culti- 
vated for  hay  in  Eur.     (Poa,  L.) 

4  G.  pallida  Trin.  Culm  weak  decumbent,  ascending  1  to  2Jf ;  Ivs.  flat,  linear, 
10  to  16'  long,  glaucous  beneath;  stip.  elongated;  pan.  loose,  few-flowered, 
branches  capillary,  spreading;  spikelcts  3  ",  oblong-linear,  5  to  9-flowered ;  lower 
glume  3-veined;  lower  palea  5-veined,  5-toothod  at  tho  apex  when  old. —  21 
Swampa,  Can.  to  Va.  and  West?    June,  July.     (Poa  dentata  Torr.) 

5  O.  nenrdta  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  3  to  4f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  striate,  rough  above, 
about  a  foot  long,  on  striate,  roughish  sheaths ;  lig.  lacerate ;  pan.  large,  loose,  dif- 
fuse, equal,  branches  weak,  pendulous  in  fruit,  long  and  capillary,  in  2s  or  38; 
spikelots  ovato-oblong,  containing  about  5,  obtuse,  conspicuously  7'-\eined  flowers. 
— U  A  valuable  grass  in  wet  meadows,  N    ••]i\g.  to  111.     Jn.     (Poa,  Willd.) 

6  G.  elongdta  Trin.  Culm  round,  erect,  smooth,  3f ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  smooth, 
8  to  16'  long;  sheaths  striate,  smooth ;  lig.  very  short;  pan.  (8  to  10')  elongated, 
raceme-like,  nodding,  branches  solitary  or  in  23,  appressed ;  spikeleis  ovate-obtuse, 
tumid,  containing  about  3  obtuse,  6-veined  flowers. — U  Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng. 
to  Penn.  and  111.     Jl.     (Poa,  Torr.) 

7  G.  obtndsa  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  firm,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  dark  green,  linear,  often 
surpassing  tho  culm,  and  with  tlie  sheaths  smooth ;  pan.  dense,  ovate,  many -flow- 
ered, 3  to  4',  erect;  spikelets  ovale,  acute,  tumid,  thick,  containing  h  to  1,  smooth, 
ovate,  obtuse /owers ;  lower  pale  obscurely  7 -veinod. — U  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to 
Penn.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Poa,  Muhl.) 

8  Q.  canadensis  Torr.  Culm  round,  smooth,  erect,  3  to  4f ;  Ivs.  broad-linear, 
rough,  glaucous,  on  smooth  sheaths ;  lig.  lacerate,  ovate-obtuse ;  pan.  large,  6  to 
8'  long,  branches  Jlexuous,  in  half  whorls,  much  spreading  or  pendulous  in  fruit; 
spikelets  short,  ovate,  tumid,  G  to  8-flowered ;  glumes  much  shorter  than  the 
lower  flower ;  upper  pale  very  obtuse,  lower  about  7-veined ;  stam.  2. — U  A  large 
grass,  in  shady  grounds,  N.  States,  Can.    Jl.,  Aug.     (Poa,  Torr.) 

9  G.  marftima  Wahl.  Culm  somewhat  geniculate,  round,  about  a  foot  high; 
Ivs.  somewhat  glaucous,  rough-edged,  involute ;  pan.  erect,  dens3.  branches  in  pairs, 
scabrous ;  spikelets  terete,  linear,  purplish,  about  5-flowered ;  fls.  obtuse,  indis- 
tinctly 5-veined. — U  Salt  marshes,  Mass.     Jn.     (Poa,  Huds.) 

10  G.  dfstana  Wahl.  Very  smooth ;  culm  Arm  and  leafy,  oblique,  round, 
branched  at  base,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  flat,  lance-linear;  pan.  spreading,  branches  fascicu- 
late, in  3s  to  5s,  crowded,  straight;  spikelets  oblong,  somewhat  racemed,  sessile, 
crowded,  about  3-flowered;  glumes  minute,  unequal. — y  Salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 
(Poa  fasciculata  Torr.) 

43.  BRI'ZA,  L.  Quaking  Grass.  (Gr.  /3ptvu>,  to  nod,  as  in  sleep ; 
alluding  to  the  pendulous  spikelets.)  Spikelets  cordate,  G — 9-flowered  ; 
glumes  2,  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers;  paleaa  ventrioous,  lower  one 
cordate  at  base,  embracing  the  upper  which  is  suborbicular  and  much 
shorter ;  caryopsis  beaked. — Paniculate  spikelets  large,  drooping  on 
slender  pedicels. 

1  B.  msSia  T,.     Culm  naked  above,  1 2f'  Ivs.  fl.it  Ptnontlj  lftr.f c^lirsofir  ■  "tir 

short,  obtuse;  pan.  erect,  few-flowered,  branches  wide-spreading,  capillary,  pur- 
plish, bearing  the  ovate  cordate,  tumid,  pendant  and  tremulous  spikelets  at  tho 
ends,  these  are  about  7-^oweret/,  greenish-purple ;  palese  veinless. —  If.  Meadows 
and  pastures,  coastward,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.     May.     §  Eur. 

2  B.  mdzima  L.     Pan.  nodding  at  the  summit;  spikelets  oblong,  cordatf>, 
13  to  17-flowcrcd. —  Q)  Gardens,  occasionally  cultivated  as  ornamental,     f  Eur. 


®00  Order  15G.— GRAMINEJE. 

,«..t!;  ?^''°^^'  ^'  "^NioN  Grass.  (Diminutive  from Lat.wn«*,  one- 
Jo  Zw  '''?''/"  ''"^  '^'^•^''*-)  SP'^'^'^ts  compressed,  2.cdged;  3  to 
20-«owered ;  lower  flower  or  fls.  neutral,  of  one  pale  ;  glumes  2  cari^ 

ke  Lil  S  ^"''.  ^'''r^^  "^'^  wing-keeled,  the^pp^r^double  wi'ng. 

-8mall  (2  to  3"  iong).     Pules  very  unequal. . . .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'  ...if';,  4 

^  lYn-,^^"'^"^,  ¥^-  ^"^"^  2  to  4f,  smooth,  subsimplo ;  Iva.  8  to  18'  br  6  to  12" 
SsT  8  T2'^  Ion™"''  7"*?''-^^g«d;  sheaths  longof  than  tho  iaternodTs  f  paniclo 
ovfto  t  «.  ^°"?'  "»'^^'"ff.-  sP'kelets  all  on  long  peduncles,  about  lb''  lon^f 
ovate,  flat,  about  10-flowered  ;  glumes  unequal,  near  twice  shorter  than  the  fla  _ 
Dry  woods,  nuJdlo  and  Western  States.  Singularly  elegant  and  showj.  iSg 
,Y;  P*"^°"f^ta  I'-     Sea-side  Oats.    Culm  4  to  8f;  Iva.  narrow   convoluto 

h7rt  3ii"l"  £'Ti'^  ''V"""^ '  r^^-  ^^? ^^"'^  Wadingj'^jrfeJ^"!: 
S^thfllri.   oi  ^^-^^11^  several  of  the  lower  lis.  neutral;  pales  abou 

ir^"raiu:.Tkgrarv  Aug!  '''^"'  '■~''^"'  ""^  ''"'^  "^''^^'"*'  ^^-  ^" 

^  nY^^f^to^l'^""'-^  ^"''"  "'"7  "J""'^'''''  ^''■>''  ^™^°^e^J  b°J«^'  2  to  5f;  Ivs. 
™In  K  ,  '''''^'''  P'*"-  '^''"^''•'  '^"^  spike-like  or  with  several  spike-liko 
spreadmg  branches;  spikekls  subsessile,  broader  than  long,  about  l-flmv^edxhol 
ro  in  nr?M  '•'"  ^  l'igl^«st  abortive;  i^ate.  about  equa?' to^^i^KS upp^^^ 
rcMneurved  at  ba^e  ;  stum.  1.     Ga.  to  La.     Whole  plant  ;ery  smooth  .'nd  shSJSg!: 

*  7:^  S*;^°"^?  *f^-     Culm  slender,  leafy,  3  to  4f;  Ivs.  broadlr-linear  taperinir  to 

ISZ^'  f  "\""*'  '?.'°  ^^'  ^«°^;  «'^^^th^  «'>«'-''-^r  than  the  jointe     pan  fong 

cemous,  branches  solitary,  short,  remote,  erect;  spikelets  with  about  3  fcrtSo 

SaUrr/t  Grrntfa*  ^iT  "'^'  ^'^  "^^'^^ '  ^^"'"^^  "^^''  ^^"*^•-^'^■ 

lowif  PHRAG'MITES  Trin.     Reed,     Spikelets    3    to  6-flowered,  the 
oAvest  flower  stei-ile  and  monandrous;    rachis  beset  with  lonjr.  silky 

itkvlilf     "'^  f'  •'?*''  ^''^.^*^^'  ''''•>^  ""^^"^^5   lower  pale  subulate, 
Mlk>-villous  at  base  (except  m  the  lowest  flower);  stam.  3  ;  style  2  • 

panicir'         ~^  ^  ""  *^"'  '^'^^  ^'■''^'''  ^^^  ^'■'-  ^"^  '"^  '*''^«'  ^'ff"«^ 

P.  commiims  Trin.     Culm  smooth,  stout,  erect,  G— 12f  hicrh,  often  an  inch  in 

'^Z  HIT '  ^^'''-  '/r''f\  '-'^  ^y  1-2'  rough-edged  sZth  and  g  au" 
cous;  panicle  arge  and  loosely  branched,  branches  in  half  whorls  rather  erect 
slender;  spkelet-s  3-5.flowered,  very  slender,  erect;  glumlsshoVter  than  the 
ttZ-P    IrT  "'"  ^'VT  ^^^'^  *"<^^  «''  ^^"■t^'  ^"ky  hairs,  aboS  as  long  is 

46.  ARUNDINA^RIA  Rich.  Cane.  Spikelets  compressed,  5  to  12- 
flowered;  flowers  imbricated,  distant;  glumes  2,  .small,  awnless ;  lower 
pale  ovate,  acuminate-mucronate,  not  carinato;  stamens  3  ;  stiffmas  3  : 
plumous;  scales  3,  entire ;  caryopsis free,  deciduous.-!^  Grasses  shrubby 
or  arborescent,  often  branched,  the  branches  verticillate-fascicled.  Fls. 
both  perfect  and  stammate. 

A.    maoroBp6rma    Mx.     Culm  woody,   from  strong,   running  rhizomes-    lv9 
Iinoar-lanceolato,  smooth,  glaucous,  all  dimensions  fmm  ^' Uy^J'T^^^Jo': 

ft?l2' orT?hth^w?h' J!"T^""^,*'''f '^''^'  ™"^^'^  arising  "from  the' ro;tsLks; 
t)  10  i^  or  18  high,  with  sheaths  only,  bearing  1  to  several  laree  a  to  2+')  sniko 

ertie'Dtn..''atr ",?•  '".  1°"^-^."  -ampyLls,  throughout^Sii  S  StaU.  ^it 
fertUe  plants  are  small  and  inconspicuous,  while  tho  barren  arise  16  to  26f  in  Uie 


No.  1 

...Nos.  '2,  !} 
No.  4 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


KrtiffriMtU. 


rhrctgmiiea. 


Uordettm. 


y»H\-v.t.T   <it. 


Poa. 


Sriza. 


lirlzopij- 


UnioUl 


Elyinwt. 


LoUum. 


V. 


V 


DESCRIPTION   OF  PLATES 


ILLUSTRATING   THE   GENERA   OF  GRAMINE^. 


I. 


*m.  ? 


Lbkrsia.  ff,  L.  orisDide»,  «  raeeme.  h,  epikelet,  an  open  flower,  r,  a  npikelet 
(flower)  of  L.  lentieularis.    d,  Flower  open,     e.  Ovary  and  stigmas. 

ZiZANiA. — a  Z.  aquutica,  staminate  flowere,  natural  size  (n.  m.).  6  A  staniinaio 
flower,  enlarged  (m).  d  A  pistillate  flower,  in.  with  one  stigma  visible  and  one 
long-awued  pale. 

AoBOSTis. — a  A.  Tulgariss  epikelet,  m.  with  glumes  and  pales,  b  The  flowfr 
with  its  2  palesy  8  stamens  and  2  styles,  c  A.  scabra,  2  glumes,  m.  d  Flower 
with  1  pale,  3  stamens,  and  2  styles. 

Bporobolus.  a  S.  usper,  a  spikelet  m.  b  The  grain,  e  8.  longifoUus,  spikelet 
m.    d  Grain. 

OiNNA.    a  C.  pendula  a  pikelet  m.  open,    b  C.  anrndinacea,  a  spikelet  m.  open. 

If  UHLSNBERoiA.  a  M.  Mexicana,  spikelet  m.  b  M.  sobolifera,  spikelet  m,  *  M. 
•ylvatica,  sirikelet  m.  iv  M.  Wildenowii,  spikelet  nu  J  M.  diffusa,  spikelet  m. 
g  The  2  small  glumes 

PoLiPOOON.  a  P.  AJonspelienus,  panicle,  diminished  (dim.),  b  A  spikelet, 
with  glumes,  Ac,    e  FloArer  with  pales,  stamens  and  styles. 

Oalamagrostis.  a  0.  confinis,  spikelet  m.  b  A  flower — the  2  pales,  orary  and 
2  styles,     e  C.  Canadensis,  spikelet  m.    d  Grain. 

ALOFBCTJRD8.  o  A.  sristulatus,  spikelet  m.  b  Lower  pale,  c  Ovary  and  2 
styles,     d  A.  pratensis,  spikelet  m.     e  Lower  pale.    /  A.  geuieulatus,  spikelet  ni. 

Phleum.    a  P.  pratense,  spikelet  m.     b  The  2  pales  and  ovary. 

Asistida.  a  A.  dichotoma,  spikelets  n.  m.  ft  A  single  spikelet  m.  c  A.  pur- 
purascens,  spikelet  m.  <l  A.  tubereulona,  pale  n.  m.  with  its  3  large  twisted  and 
btnt  awns. 

Stipa.  a  3.  arenacea,  spikelet.  h  pale  with  the  long  twiitted  and  bent  awn, 
n.  m.    e  Flower,  m.  M'itb  3  stameiM,  ovary,  2  styles. 


II. 

Ortzofsis.  a  O.  asperifolia,  d.  m.  b  Spikelet,  m.  m  O.  melanocarpa,  spike- 
let m.  showing  the  \AtiA  fruit 

Paspalum.  p  V.  laeve,  u.  ni.  a  Spikelet,  m.  b  Spikelet,  with  its  true  glumfl 
open,  d  Paspalum  sanguinale,  n.  m.  a  spike.  «  A  spikelet,  showing  the  glume 
to  front     d  A  pale. 


u. 


DESCRIPTION  or  PLATEa 


MiLLTOM,  a  M,  cffusum,  n.  ra.  b  Spikelet  dogeA  <  Splkelet  open,  d  Ovary 
and  pistils. 

Amphicaepcm.  /  A.  Purshii,  n.  m.  I  Leafc  £  Stamioate  flower,  of  the  pa» 
iele.      ?  Pistillate  flower,  of  tlie  root. 

Panioum.  a  P.  Bgrostoides,  n.  m.  6  Spikelet  c  P.  pauciflorum  n.  e  Spiko« 
let.     d  Fertile  pales,     x  Neutral  pales. 

OPL13MENU8.     o  O.  Crus-galH,  dim.     a  Spikelet  m.     b  Spikelet  of  (3  muticiis. 

Setaeia.  a  S.  viridis.  6  Spikelet  m,  with  its  bristly  involucre,  c  Spikelet 
of  the  same  ia  flower,  showing  two  of  the  bristles. 

Ckncheus.  a  C.  tribuloides,  the  burr-like  involucre,  b  Spikelet.  e  Pales  iu 
fruit     d  Pales  in  flower. 

PiiALABis.  a  P.  arundinacea  m.  b  Flower,  and  the  2  hairy  rudiments  at  base. 
e  P.  Oanarieosis,  spikelet 

Anthoxanthum,  a  A.  odoratuiti,  spikelet  m.  b  The  2  awned  rudiments,  e 
The  perfeot  flower,  2  pales,  2  stamens,  2  styles. 

HiEHcoHLOA.  a  H.  borealie,  n.  m,  6  Spikelet,  c  Same,  with  the  glumes  re- 
moved, showing  the  3  flowers. 

HoLcus.  a  H.  knatus,  n.  m.  A  Spikelet  m,  «  The  two  flowers  separated 
from  the  glumes. 

Ill, 

AiBA.  c  A.  caespitosa  n.  m.  a  Spikelet  6  Flo  wt?,  d  A.  flexuosa,  spikelet 
D.  m.    «  Fart  of  the  same  magnified. 

Danthonia.     a  D.  spicata  n.  m.     6  Spikelet  m.     c  lower  pale,     d  Upper  pale. 

AvKNA,  a  A.  elatior,  apikelet  n.  m,  y  Glumes.  /  Flowers,  p  A.  praecox, 
spikelet  n.  m.     6  Glumes,    e  Flowere. 

Tbisktom.     a  T.  palustre,  spikelet  n.  m.     b  Sanre  m.    c   Pales  of  the  lowest 

flower,    p  T.  purpuraseens,  spikelet,  u.  nu  ^r  Glumes,     d  A  flower,  closed. 

Beomos.  «  B.  secalinua,  spikelet  n.  ra.  a  A  flower,  b  B.  ciliatus,  spikelet 
before  flowering,  am.    c  A  flower  open. 

Teicuspis.  s  T.  seslerioides,  n.  m.  a  Spikelet  m  Lower  pale  of  flower. 
i»  Upper  pale,    at  T.  stiicta,  spikelet  enlarged  2  diameters. 

Uealepis.  a  U.  purpurea,  n.  m,  4  Spikelet  m.  e  Lower  pale,  d  Graio. 
e  Upper  pale. 

Daotylis.     a  D,  glomerata,  n.  ra.     6  Spikelet  in  flower. 

KoELEEiA.     e  K.  cristata,  n.  m.    a  Spikelet    6  Flower. 

Diarehena.     a  D.  diandra,  n.  m.     6  Spikelet    c  Flower. 

Festuca.  a  F.  tenella,  spikelet  ■•  m-  *  Same  m.  c  F.  nutans,  spikelet,  a. 
m.    d  Flower. 

Eatonia,  a  E.  obtusata.  spikelet  n.  m,  b  Same  m,  «  Lower  flower,  d  Upper 
flower,  with  an  empty  pedicel. 

MsLioA.    «  M.  ntutiea,  spikelet  n.  m.    /  Pales  of  a  flower. 

e 

IV. 

Eraguostts.  o  E.  poaeoides,  spikelet  n,  m.  b  Same  m.  c  Pales  of  a  flower. 
d  Graia    t  E.  hirsuta,  spikelet  n.  m.   /  Same  m. 


UKscRipnoN  or  pi.ATKa  Ik 

PoA.  a  P.  diiMintba,  n.  m.  b  Spikolet  in.  c  Flower,  d  P.  debilii,  n.  m. 
9  Upikolet  111.    /  Flower. 

Bbizopyrum.  a  B.  Bpicatuno,  $ ,  n.  m.  b  Spikelct  ? ,  n,  m.  «  Spikolet  3,11. 
in.     d  FMower  ?  op<.' ,,     ,;   A  etiimen  of  S  . 

Qlyoeria.  .;  (*.  ii(jnHfi''u,  u.  m.  6  Spikelet  in.  c  Flower,  d  G  CanadntiHiR 
D.  III.     «  Sj/iv.  lot  n»,    y  A  palo. 

Uriza.     a  B.  media,  dim.     b  Spikelet  n.  in.     c  Flower. 

Uniola.  a  U.  latifolia,  spikelet  n.  in.  b  Flower,  c  OlumeB.  d  U.  grucilu, 
a  ni.     e  Spikelet  m. 

PiiiiAQMiTES.     a  P.  communi»,  spikelet  r  m.     b  A  flower  open. 

Arundinauia.    a  A.  niacrouijorpia,  spikeiet  n.  in.     b  Flower,    c  Same  with 

frnit. 

Lkpturits.    a  L.  paniculatus,  dim.      S  Rneeme  n.  m.    e  Spikelet  in  flower,  m. 
HoRUEUM.     a  ir.jubatum,  hiilf  size,     fc  Spikelet  d.  in. 

Klymus.  a  E.  Virginiciis  /j  arcuatus,  spikelet  n.  m.  b  E.  Canadewis,  spikelet 
u.  in.     c  Flowers,     d  E.  Ilystrix,  spikelet  n.  m. 

LoLiuM.  a  Jm  perenoe.  n.  m.  6  L.  temulentum,  spikelet  n.  m.  e  Flower 
open,  m.  ^ 

V. 

Triticitm.  «  T.  repensy.  d.  m.  b  A.  flower,  r  T.  mlgare,  spikelet  n.  ni. 
d  Ovary,  scales,  and  styles. 

LEPTocnLOA.  a  L.  fuacicularis,  braoch, n.  m.  (Spikelet.  r  T^  filiformis,  n. m. 
d  Spikelet. 

GTMNOPoeoN.  a  G.  rfteemowim,  branch,  n.  m.  b  Olunes.  e  Pales,  d  G.  fil- 
iformia,  branch,  d.  ni.    *  Spikelet  m.     d  Spikelet  closed. 

Cynodow.  a  C.  Dactylon,  dim.  e  Spikelet  in  flower,  b  Portion  of  spike. 
d  Glumes. 

Eleusink.     a  E.  Indtca,  n.  m.     b  Spikelet  m,     c  Spikelet  in  fruit. 
Spartina.     a  S.  polystacLia,  branch,  am.     b  Spikelet.     e  Flower  without  the 
pales. 

B0UTBI.0VA.  e  B.  curtipendala,  n.  m.  a  Spikelet.  b  B.  hirsuta,  spikelet.  d  The 
abortive  flower. 

Tripsacvm.     a  T.  dnetyloidee,  n.  m.,  ?  pistillate  flowers.    $  stsminate  flowers. 

RoTTBCELiA.  b.  R.  rugosn,  n.  m.  e  A  joint  of  the  spike  with  one  sessile,  fer 
tile  spikelet,  and  one  pedieelled,  aboi  tire  spikelet. 

Btenotaphrum.     e  S.  dimidiatum,  under  side  of  the  spike. 

Ctbmivm.     o  C.  nroniaticum,  d.  m.     b  Spikelet  in  fruit. 

BRiANTHva.  a  E.  alopecuroides,  a  joint  of  the  raehis  and  spikelet,  n.  ni. 
(  Spikelet  m.,  in  fruit,    e  E.  brevibarbia,  spikelet  and  joint  of  raehis,  n.  m. 

^NDROPOOON.  a  A.  scoparius.  several  spikelet^,  n.  m.  b  One  spikelet,  in.. 
with  a  joint  of  raehis.  c  A.  Halei,  2  spikelets,  n.  m.  d  Spikelet,  m.,  with  a  j(  iiit 
of  raehis. 

^£A.  n  Spikelet.  staniin^te.  from  the  tassel,  h  Si^ikelet  ^^is^illHtf^  s'^d  fprtilh 
from  the  ear,  with  its  long  style. 


Ordkb  15C.— ORAMINK^.  qqj 

Srrtad^S^uS.'"""-     '''"  """^  J*^'"^^'  '-"-.  «»'-«^t  and  taM 

47.  LEPTU^RUS,  Br.     Spikclct  1  on  each  joint  of  tho  filiform  nu.|.i- 
jmmcrsoc    m  a  cavity,  1  or  2-flowered;  giumcH  cor  uceois^^aru ^1^^^ 

hMiiiiLs ,  gvAui  ircc. — Lv8.  and  spikes  very  narrow 

Jf  "^sy^!^  J\J!::^K  ^^:c:^  t'iJ;::;a ; ,.,  ...S: 

.bort,v„;   gu„«  2,  ,„bul„tc,  „„«rly  eq,ml,  nwncd  ;pai;;  Slower 
1  R.  vulgdre  L.    Four-rowed  Barley.    Culm  nrnt^th  o    qp    i      i        i- 

49.  EL'YHUS  L.     Lvmb  Grabs.     Wild  Rve.     (Or.  rtrw   to  en- 

tlie    ,„  ..is,  2  to  O-limvered  ;  gluincs  2,  subequal,  subulate,  both  placed 
on  the  outer  side  of  thejr  spifcelct  forming  an  involuerc  to  tl,e  Erou? 

siffi£Cfr„-i.ir,vrav«r.rs.=i.,i ■•• n«.<.« 

a  Spikefets  5  to  S-flowered.  «oft.pubescent;  wit  wut  u^nf ' ^"»'  '''  * 

§  GVM«<«TACHU«.  In  vol.  obsolete  o*;  thi  gK!.\t '  A^ns  diC^Hca't^.: !  i !  l ! ;  I '.  \  [  ."R  ^ 
1  B.  Virglnicus  L.  Culm  smootli.  .1  .ir  4f  cro..# .  i„„  )„„„„  i.--—  «  .  .  * 
deep  green,  4'  broad;  sheaths  striate  ;']iff"  ^erV  short -^"sS'pmo; 'thi^^Q^^^^ 
long;  spikelets  in  pairs,  2  or  ,.JU>u,ered,  L  S£2'^^i  Tf  ^S' Lk  ned 
and  subconnate  at  base,  striate,  and  with  the  pales,  prSiuced  into  Ser  .^"fS 
to  10  ),  scahrou.H  awns.-U  Banks  of  streams,  U.  S.  A  Southern  varietThia 
the  glumes  vcr,^  thick  and  arcuate  at  base  (like  K.  Caput-Medus*  L.)     AiJ 

51 


gQ2  Obokr  156.— ORAMlNEiCL 

2  B.  Buropeeu*  U  Culm  erect,  3  to  5f,  lv8.  Iftnco-linoar,  PonbrouB.  with  some, 
what  hairy  Hheutha;  spiko  subcnicl,  5  to  8',  very  scabrous  ^^^  nearly jjlabrouH; 
spikelet3  tLtite,  i-llUorod,  with  long  (15  to  25"),  »tout,  Btm.gh  diverging  awit 
«ll  of  shnihir  lonKth.-Along  rivern,  8.  Statoa.  Tho  long  parallel  uwna  give  It 
quite  a  difl'urent  uppearuuco  from  No,  3. 

3  B  C«nad6n«i«  L.  Culm  erect,  3  to  6f  •,  Ivs.  lanco-linonr,  flat  smooth,  dark 
groon,  or  orten  glauooua;  spiko  rather  loose  and  spreading,  4  to  8  lonft  gi'uerally 
nodding,  rachis  hairy,  spikelets  more  or  km  hairy,  m  2s  and  38,  3  to  b-tlowered, 
awnsoftheJis.umaUy  curved,  longer  (7  to  IT)  than  those  ot  the  glumes -A 
tall  grass,  looking  like  Ilye,  with  long,  recurved,  waving  spikes.  Uivcr  banks.  Aug. 

4  B  strt&tus  Willd.  St.  slender,  erect ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  smooth,  tho  former 
lauce-lincar,  acuminate,  Bcabrous  on  tho  upper  Burlaco ;  spike  erect,  2  to  3  long; 
iuvol.  4-lo«vod,  strongly  veined ;  spikckts  in  pairs,  somewhat  spronchiig,  hmpid, 
1  to  -i-Jlowered ;  amis  3  <w  4  times  a.t  long  as  the  pale.— U  Mas^  to  1  enn.,  W.  to 
Ohio,  rare.  A  small  and  slender  species.  July.  (K.  viUoaus  Muhl.  is  some  l.irgor, 
with  very  hairy  glumes.)  .-it 

5  B  m611ia  Trin.  Culm  volvoly  pubescent  above,  stout,  2  to  4f ;  Ivs.  involuto- 
coinuressod,  dabrous  as  well  as  tho  striate  sheaths ;  spiko  thick,  erect,  6  to  8  ; 
ppikolots  in  pairs,  about  7-Howered,  awnlosa,  all  clothed  with  a  soft  pubescence; 
glumes  simrter  than  tho  tls.— I-ake  shores,  Min.  and  Can.  W. 

6  B  Beatrix  L  Culm  round,  smooth,  2— 4f ;  Ivs.  lanco-lmoar,  carmato,  scabrou!., 
penorally  glaucous  and  with  tho  sheaths  striate;  spiko  4—6'  long,  erect;  racliw 
nearly  smooth,  flexuous ;  spikelets  remote,  diverging,  almost  honzoutal,  i— .5- 
flowerwl;  glumes  0,  rarely  1  or  2  ;  fls.  smoothish;  lower  paleio  terminating  ma 
very  long  awn.— y  An  odd-looking  grass,  in  moist  woods,  N.  States,  common.  Ji- 
50.  LO'LIUM,  L.    Darnel  Grass.    Spikelets  many-flowered,  sessile, 

remote,  with  the  edge  to  the  rachis ;  glume  to  the  lower  spikelet  single, 
to  tho 'terminal  one  2;  palero  herbaceous,  subeqnal,  lower  one  short- 
awned  or  mucronate,  upper  bifid-toothed. 

IL  perfinnoL.  R.w  Darnel.  Smooth  ;  culm  terete,  l—2f;  Ivs.  lanco-linear, 
phiniiiK-green,  on  striate  sheaths  with  truncato  stipules;  rachis  flexuous,  grooved, 
b—&' \on« ;spikekts  atunless,  about  16,  longer  than  the  glume,  7— 9-flovvoro(, 
alternate,  in  two  opposite  rows;  lower  palcse  5-veined,  upper  with  2,  prominent, 
rough  keels.— y  Meadows,  cultivated  grounds,  etc.  May,  June.  §  l.ur. 
2  L  temul6ntum  L.  Poisonous  Darnel.  Culm  terete,  smooth,  2f;  Ivs.  lanco- 
linear  rough-edged,  and  with  the  sheaths,  smooth  on  thosurfac<?;  stip.  truncate; 
rachisfloxuous,  4-6' long;  spikelets  mnoh  compressed,  b-l-tioyrerod,  not  longer 
aian  the  glume;  loiver  pale  5-vcined,  produced  into  an  avm  twice  %ts  length.— {\' 
Remarkably  distinguished  from  all  other  grasses  by  its  poisonous  seeds.  N.  hng. 
to  Penn.     July.    §  Eur. 

51  TRIT'ICUM,  L.  Wheat.  (Lat.  tritum,  rubbed  or  ground  ;  al- 
hidinf'  to  tho  manner  of  its  preparation  for  food.)  Spikelets  imbricated 
in  2  rows,  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  about  5-flowered,  with  the 
upper  flowers  abortive  ;  glumes  2,  equal,  opposite,  ovate,  concave,  mu- 
cronate ;  palca>  2,  lower  awnedor  mucronate;  scales  2,  collateral.— 1< Is. 
arranged  in  spikes. 

C  TniricuH  pronor.    (\)  Olumes  oblonjr,  obtusp.  vontricous-concave.    Spike  4-sl(1ed. .     .No.  1 
5  AGROi-YuoN,  kth.     n  Glumes  lanceolate,  pointful.    i^I.ikeloU  mostly  2-rttnke(l Nos.  2,  i 

1  T  vulg^re  Yillars.  Common  WnEAT.  Culm  terete,  smooth,  tho  inter- 
nodes  somewhat  inflated,  3  to  5f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  veined,  rouphish  above;  stip. 
truncato;  spike  parallel,  somewhat  4-sided;  spikelets  orowded,  broad-ovato, 
about  4-tlowered;  glumes  ventricous ;  awns  of  the  upper  pale©  generally  longer 
than  tho  flowers.  (T  and  ®  This  is  without  doubt  the  most  vahmblo  plant  of  Uio 
Order  Cultivated  from  the  earliest  historic  times.  Many  varieties  are  know  n  to 
farmers,  classed  as  Summer  Wheat,  and  Winter  Wheat;  Awned  or  Awnlkss. 
3  compositvm.  Egyptian  Wheat.  Spike  compound.  Spikelets  awned. 
2  T   rfepens  L.     Coucu-GRAes.    Qukii  Crass.     Culm  traiUng  at  the  lower 


OBDtB  166.— QIIAMINE^  g^. 

a  T.  caniuum  II.  &  S.     Doo's  Couch  Oram     r*  9     qr ". 

52.  SECA  LE,  L.    Rye.     (Ct-ltic  scwL  from  m/a  a  sicklo  )     «.,iL,. 
K^  -o  .tary  on  the  teeth  of  tL  raehis/a-a-flovveS  th^'   olo.  £ 

Z^^^ST^''  "'^'T  "'^  abortivo;',Iurne;  ri.!;ro, 
•mS!    ft     Tfl  1  ^''°  flowera;  lower  paka  with  a  very  lonir  awn 

upper  often  hihd  at  apex  ;  scales  abortive,  liairy  ^     ^        ' 

cnmmt, ,  aw„l«  or  a»r„o,l ;  st„mcn»  3  ;  .tigm,,  ,i,„p|y  plur„„,  a  _ 
Nutt.)     ""  ""'"'"'""'  "'  '"""^  "''"''"  "I"^'''-    (""y'loni" 

afoot  or  m„«  tat^  tho' nlo^u:  S«  !r;2„de;  r,r4°"«r''"°\?™^ 

a«t;  pan.  near  2f  long  tho'numerus  .7kes  v^ry  s  Le^  straLHnJr,"'  ''," 
6  to  8' long;  .pikeUts  purpU,  sessile,  n!.inuto,  subS-Sow^S  f  litfl«  .f  T'^ 
t..n.erel,  acute  glu.es;  «s.  obtusel-^l;.  FielSj  I'S^' ("oiXrit! 

with  very  many  seS  secund  snikS  2  to  ?  A  P'"*  "^-tT '  ^^^''"S^'  ^  ^'^  i«'. 
lanco-oblong  (./to  4')  n^t  Sut  9  flfJpr^H  i  ^'  T''^^'^  sliort-pediceled, 
rnueronat.^^^^^^    ^t^t^h^?  tl^p:^!^^^^^^^^^^  ^X 

IlL    (iestuca,  Lam.  l\  multiflora  Walt.     F.  polystachia  Mx  )  '  ^ '  **" 

Snfkt??^°^°^^°'^V^'T"     (^^'  ^^'-^^'  naked,  .roiy...  beard) 
Sp.kes  se  aceous  eorymbously  paniculate;  spikelets  remote?  l-flowered 
w  th  a  rndnnent;  glumes  2-keeled,  subequal,  lance-linear;  lower  S 
with  a  straight  awn  from  a  little  below  the  tip  ;  rudiment  IrS  J!Z 

Luw,  rced-liKo.     (Anthopogon,  Nutt.)  " 

1  G.  racemdsiun  Bcauv.    Culm  acopndinw  la  ♦«  o^-      -.u    i 


804 


Ordkr  15G.— QRAMINEifi. 


i»l 


glumoe  linear,  pungent;  awn  of  tlie  fl.  3  to  I  times  Its  length,  tlmt  of  the  radU 
mout  halt  as  long.— y  Sandy  flelds,  N.  J.  to  (hi.  and  I-a. 
2  O.  brevlf611um  Trin.    Culm  slondor,  decumbent  bolow,  ascending  8  to  16' ; 


diitienl  watiting. —  4  Md.  to  La.  (Hale). 

55.  MANISU^RUS,  L.  Lizard-tail  Gkahs.  ((Jr.  pmf,  lizard,  owpa, 
tail.)  Spkl.  in  pairs,  1-flowcred,  the  lower  ^  ,  upper  abortive  ;  ^  gl.  2, 
tho  lower  roundish,  saccate-concave,  coriaceous,  larger  than  the  flattish, 
incnihranous  upj)er  gl. ;  pales  2,  much  snmllor  than  tho  glumes,  thinly 
membranous ;  stam.  3  ;  stylos  2 ;  abortive  spkl.  of  merely  2  empty, 
subocpjal,  subcoriaceous  glumes. — (X) 

M.  grinul&ris  Swtz.  Cuhn  2f  or  moro,  oroot,  braridung,  with  hairy  sheatlia ; 
loavoa  flat,  1  to  4'  in  length;  spikes  solitary,  on  short,  lateral  branches,  partly 
involved  in  a  spath-forni  leaf,  jointed,  unilateral,  ^  to  1'  long,  colored ;  5  fla. 
globular,  tho  gl.  warty-tessolated.— About  Gliarloston,  S.  C.  (Bachmau  I).  S  E. 
Ind. 

56.  CYN'ODON,  Rich.  Bermuda  Gkahs.  (Gr.  Kvcov,  a  dog,  66og,  a 
tooth  ;  nlluding  to  the  singular  one-sided  spikelots.)  Spikes  digitate  or 
fjisciculato ;  spikes  unilateral,  in  a  single  row,  1-tlowered,  witha  rudi^ 
ment,  glumes  membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  persistent;  0 
upper  piilea  bifid-toothed  ;  rudiment  minute,  pedicellate,  in  a  groove  of 
the  upper  palea ;  ecales  truncate. 

C.  Ddctylon  Pera.  Culm  creeping  extensively;  stolonilbroua  at  base,  6'  to 
2f  long;  Ivs.  hairy  on  tho  margin  and  towards  tho  base,  narrow-linear;  sheaths 
hairy;  spil^es  4—5,  digitate,  spreading,  2—3'  long,  1''  wide,  serrated  with  tho 
uneven  spikelets;  glumes  scabrous  on  the  kod,  lanceolate,  acute ;  palojB  subequal, 
the  lower  broader,  enfolding  tl»o  upper. — U  A  vigorous  creeper,  in  sauds  and  hard 
soils,  Poun.  to  tho  Gulf 

57.  EU'STACHYS,  Dcsv.  Ska-side  Finoek-gkass.  (Or.  ev,  well, 
OTaxvg,  a  row.)  Spikes  digitate;  spkl.  sessile  on  one  side  of  the  rachis, 
2-flowered  ;  upper  H.  sterile ;  upper  gl.  larger,  short-awncd  at  the  2- 
lobed  apex  ;  lower  pale  thin,  keeled,  mucroiuite  below  the  tip. —  21  Culm 
creeping,  compressed.     Lvs.  fiat. 

E.  petraea  Desv.  Diffusely  branched ;  rooting  at  tho  joints ;  lvs.  linear,  ob- 
tuse, rough-edged,  2—4' ;  sheaths  compressed,  keeled,  serrulate  on  tho  keel ; 
bngcr  than  tho  joints  ;  spikes  strict,  erect,  fiksoiclod,  4  to  6 ;  lower  g  pale  coria- 
ceous, brown,  silky-ciliato  on  tlie  keel  bolow  and  margins  above,  the  midveiii 
extended  into  a  short  subtormiual  awn.— Ijrackish  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Baclmian) 
Jn.— Aug.     (Chloria,  EU.) 

58.  EiuEUSrNE.  (From  Elensis,  where  Ceres,  tho  goddess  of  hr.r- 
vosts,  was  worshipped.)  Spikes  digitate,  unilateral:  spikelets  5—7- 
(lowered ;  glumes  obtuse,  unequal,  lower  one  smaller ;  palea^  unequal, 
upper  one  bifiti  toothed  ;  scale  truncate,  fimbriate ;  caryopsis  triangu- 
lar, ov.-'.to,  enclosed  in  a  separate  membrane  or  perigyniuin. 

E.  Indica  L.  Culm  oblique,  compressed,  procumbent  end  branching  at  base,  12— 
iO'  iujig ;  iva  linear,  Eoiuewhat  hairy,  ou  siuoolh,  loose  Hlieatiia  hairy  at  the  throat ; 
spikes  2 — 4,  rarely  more  or  less,  linear,  straight  divaricate,  2 — 4'  long;  2"  wide ; 
spikeieis  closely  imbricate,  smooth ;  upper  glumo  5-veined ;  fv.  dark  browa.—  (t 
Common  about  houses,  foot-patiis,  A.C,     Mid.  and  W.  States.     Aug. 

59.  DACTYLOCTE  NIUM,  Willd.  Egyptian  Guass.  (Gr.  daVrvAo^ , 
finger,  KTEvlov,  a  small  comb  ;  sc.  spikes  digitate,  pectinate.)    Spikelets 


Ohder  166.— or  amines.  3Q5 

2  to  oo-floworcd,  nrrangod  in  ficv(;nil  tmilatcral,  digitate  fipikoH;  gluiacii 
carinut(..(;oinpr(i8H(!(l,  tluj  upper  awiied ;  y)alc»  ineinhranouH,  tho  loirci^ 
oaririate-boatrHlmped,  acute-imicronato ;  Htatneiis  ;} ;  caryopsis  free, 
glubrouR. 

D.  Eg^ptioum  Willtl.  €uhn  gonioulato  and  rooting  l)olow,  ascending  If  to 
18';  HlioatiiH  liulf  an  long  uh  ti»o  intornodos,  HmwthiHli;  Ivh.  ciliato  at  base,  6'  by 
3",  nioro  or  loss;  HpikuB  usually  4  (curiuato),  racliis  inucronuto  at  tho  naked  tip; 
Bpikolots  3-(l(»worod,  tho  ui)por  Htorilo.—  (J)  Fields,  common,  Va.  to  Fla.    Jl.— Oct! 

60.  SPARTrNA,  Hchrob.  Mahhii  (/kass.  (Or.  anapTiov,  a  ropo ; 
from  tlie  rcHcniblanco  of  tho  crcopiiifr  r\moimn  ?)  Spikes  imbricated 
in  a  double  row  on  one  side  of  tlio  rachis,  strictly  1-Howerod,  no  rudi- 
dimcnt ;  gl.  latt^rally  compressed,  carinate,  coriaceous,  pointed  or  awnod, 
unequal ;  pales  .sube<pial,  awjiless  ;  style  or  styles  very  long. —  4  Rigid, 
chicHy  maritime.     Spikes  in  a  raceme. 

IJ  8|>lki>lct.H  with  till'  upper  Kliiiiifl  dwrldwlly  nwnod  nnd  lilnpld No    I 

S  HjilkoUa  iiniiwiicd,  or  iiiorcly  imicrotmte.— Styles  united No*."  2 

— Stylos  distinct Nim.  Si,  4 

1  L.  oynoBUToidea  Willd.  Culm  slondor,  smooth,  3  to  -If;  Ivm.  2  to  4f  long, 
flublinoar,  tioiivoluto  and  llliform  at  tho  end;  sheaths  striate,  glabrous ;  pan.  loos*-, 
filondor,  composod  of  5  to  12  altornato,  ono-aidnd,  pedunculate  spikes  2  to  3'  long; 
spkl.  sublooHo-imbrif^atcd;  gl.  acuminatf,  ono  of  thorn  with  an  awn  about  its  own 
luiigth,  tho  other  about  ((lUiUing  tho  wiiito  pales. — Marihes,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  woat- 
ward,  about  salt  licks!     A  coarso,  sedgy  gra-s-s,  not  valuable. 

2  S.  polyst^chya  Willd.  Culm  stout,  thick,  4  to  8f,  erect,  smooth;  Iva  Hmr.ot1i, 
long,  broadly  linear;  spikes  numerous  (20  to  60),  stiO;  suberoct,  subsessilo;  spiko- 
lots  coriaceous;  upper  gl.  l>arely  mucnmato,  littlo  longer  than  tho  unequal  paloa, 
twice  longer  than  tho  subulato  lower  glume. — Marshes,  chiefly  southward.  Tho 
hollow  culm  is  often  8  or  9"  thick. 

3  S.  jiincea  Willd.  Rt.  creeping  extensively;  culm  slender,  smooth,  1  to  2f, 
erect,  rigid;  Ivs.  convolute,  setaceous  above,  rigid;  sheaths  very  long;  spikes 
few  (3  to  6)  r  or  inoro  long,  dense,  subsessilo ;  fla.  awnlesa ;  gls.  very  uncipial. 
tho  upijer  littlo  exceeding  tho  pales,  thrice  longer  than  the  lower  glume;  the  long 
stylos  scarcely  united. — Marshes  along  the  coast. 

4  S.  alternifdlia  Loiscl.  Soft  Maiwh  Ghass.  Culm  succulent,  terete,  3  to  Gf, 
erect  from  long  creeping  roots;  Ivs.  channeled,  v(>ry  Km(X)th,  continuous  with  the 
open  sheaths,  often  exceeding  tho  cuha;  spikes  «  to  12  or  more,  appreascd,  ses- 
sile, tho  rachis  of  each  produced  beyond  the  fls.  to  a  subulato  point;  gls.  very 
unequal,  upper  near  twice  longer,  acute;  sty.  nearly  distinct. — Salt  marshes.  It 
ia  greedily  eaten  by  cattle,  has  a  strong,  rancid  smell  and  afl'ecta  tho  milk  niada 
of  it.  (Elliott).     (S.  glabra  MuliL) 

6i.  BOUTELOU'A,  Lagasca.  Spikelets  scs.sile,  in  unilateral  short 
spikes;  glumes  carinate,  the  upper  one  larger,  shorter  than  the  several 
flowers  ;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  ones  abortive  ;  lower  pale  .3.cleft, 
segments  subulate,  mucronate,  in  the  $J  fl.,  c/>nspicuously  awned  in  the 
short-stalked  sterile  ones;  stamens  3.  (Atheropogon,  Muhl.  Eutriana, 
Trin.) 

%  Splkfs^O  to40,  very  slioit,  Inofielonp,  unilutcrnl  raccm*!, No.  I 

$  Spikes  1  to fi,  longer,  uiany-fl«wcred,8ubteriiil mil..   Noii.  a,  ;j 

1  B.  curtip^ndula  Gray.  Culm  1  to  2f  high,  geniculate  at  base,  ascending, 
terete;  Ivs.  iineai-ianceoiate,  smoothish  beneath,  pilous  above;  lig.  stjort,  trun- 
cate; spikes  4  to  6"  long,  20  to  40,  on  short,  flat  ])ed.,  tliinly  arranged  in  2  lat- 
eral rows,  eacii  with  4  to  8  spikelets ;  spkl.  2-fiowened  arranged  in  2  rows  on  the 
under  side  of  tho  flat,  partial  rachis;  gls.  unequal,  the  lower  awn-like  and  sliglitly 
adhering  to  the  rachis;  anth.  3,  bright  red;  fr.  oblong;  abortive  fl.  with  its  mid- 
dle awn  conspicuous. — U  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Guilford  Contu  (^bbins).  (A. 
apludioidca  MubL     Chloris  curtipendula  Mx.) 


S06 


Obdkr  156.— GRAMINELE. 


2  B.  oligoatdohya  Torr.  Culm  filifonnly  slender,  6  to  12',  erect,  nearly  naked; 
Ivs.  glabrous,  setaceous;  fls.  condensed  in  2  or  3  (rarely  '  'n  5)  short  spikes  which 
are  nearly  terminal;  spikelets  numerous,  pubescent;  «v.  die  aum  of  tfie  viUous 
pale  longest,  equaling  the  glume. — Min.,  Iowa,  S.  to  Miss.     (Bachman  !) 

3  B.  hirsiita  Lag.  Culms  csespitous,  leafy  at  the  base ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  hispid 
on  the  margin  and  midvein ;  fls.  condensed  in  2  or  3  (rarely  1  to  4)  short  spikes 
whicli  are  nearly  terminal;  pale  pubescent,  its  3  aums  subequ€U,  exceeding  the 
glandular  bristly  lower  glume. — Sandy  soil,  111.  and  Wis. 

62.  CTE^NIUM,  Panzer.  Toothache  Grass.  {Gr.  ktevCov,  n  amaW 
comb ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  spike.)  Spifcelets  4  or  5-flowered, 
closely  imbricated  on  one  side  of  a  flat  racbis ;  middle  flower  <5 ,  the  2 
lower  and  1  or  2  upper  sterile ;  upper  glume  exterior,  with  an  awned 
tubercle  on  tlie  back ;  lower  ^  pale  awned  near  the  apex,  silky-fringed 
below. — Spike  solitary,  recurved.     (Monocera,  Ell.) 

C.  arom^ticum.  Culm  3  to  5f  high,  rigidly  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  much  shorter, 
involute-setaceous  above;  spiko  4  to  B'  in  lougth,  curved  backwards,  very 
dense,  beset  with  3  rows  of  short,  stout  awns,  the  lateral  awns  obliquely  divari- 
cate.— U  Swamps,  in  piuo  barrens,  S.  States.     The  appearance  of  the  spikes  is 

,  very  curious  and  striking.  Tasto  of  tlie  fresh  herbage  pungent  (^gilops,  Walt,. 
C.  Americanum  Spr.) 

63.  TRIP'SACUM  L.  Sesame  Grass.  (Gr.  Tpi(3oj^  to  grind ;  ap- 
plication not  obvious.)  Spikes  staminate  above,  fertile  below  ;  glumes 
2,  coriaceous ;  pales  2,  membranous ;  $  spikelels  2-flowcrcd,  outer 
flower  staminate,  inner  neuter;  ?  spikelets  2-flawered,  the  lower  flower 
abortive  ;  outer  glume  enclosing  the  flowers  in  a  cavity  of  the  thick, 
jointed  rachis,  with  an  aperture  each  side  at  base,  the  joints  readily 
separating. 

T.  dactyloldea  L.  St.  slightly  compressed,  smooth,  solid  with  pith,  brown  at 
the  nodes,  4  to  6f ;  Ivs.  near  an  inch  broad,  long,  lanou-linear,  smooth  beneath, 
roughish  above ;  spikes  5  to  8'  long,  usually  2  to  3  together,  digitate,  terminal, 
evidently  unilateral — If  River  banks  and  seashores.  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.  A 
large,  coarse  and  very  singular  grass,  of  little  value  as  food  for  cattle. 
ji.  MONOSTACHTOK.     Spjko  single. 

64.  ZE'A,  L.  Indiak  Corn.  (Gr.  ^aw,  to  live  ;  as  a  life  supporter 
of  animals  and  man.)  Flowers  5,  awnless;  S  in  a  terminal  panicle 
of  racemes,  the  spikelets  2-flowered ;  glumes  herbaceous,  subequal ; 
pales  membranous,  upper  bifid  ;  anthers  3,  linear ;  ?  partly  imbedded 
in  a  thick,  continuous  axillary  .spike  (spadix)  which  is  enclosed  in  many 
spathaceous  bracts ;  lower  flower  of  each  spikelet  abortive ;  glume 
broad,  thick,  membranous,  obtuse ;  style  filiform,  very  long,  cxserted 
and  pendulous;  abortive  flower  of  2  pales. — J)  Culm  solid. 

Z.  Ma3ra  L.     Rt.  fibre  is;  culm  erect,  stout,  5  to  15t;  grooved  on  one  side,  very 

smooth  and  leafy ;  Ivs.  mmple,  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  3f  by  2  to  3',  channeled. 

The  varieties  of  this  noble  plant,  produced  by  climate  and  culture,  are  numerous. 
It  is  native  in  S.  Am.,  but  how  widely  cultivated  and  how  important  to  man  wtt 
need  not  write.  Every  part  is  known  by  familiar  names.  The  panicle  of  $  fls. 
at  the  summit  is  the  tassel.  The  spike  of  the  S  As.  is  the  ectr,  its  rachis  the  cob, 
its  pistils  thosilk,  and  the  bracts  ofits  spathe  the  husks.  The  kemefe  are  in  8,  10, 
12,  etc.,  rows,  always  aomo  even,  number,  yellow,  white,  red  or  speudidly  purple. 

65.  ROTTB(EL'LIA,  Brown.  (A  personal  name.)  Rat-tail  Gras«'. 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  terete,  jointed  spike,  one  sessile  in 
a  cavity  of  the  rachis,  2-flowered,  the  other  pediceled,  abortive  ;  sessile 
spikl.  with  the  lower  flower  abortive ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  outer  con- 


Ordkb  156.— ORAMINEuE. 


807 


cave,  coriaceous,  inner  thin  or  hyaline,  like  the  (smaller)  pales ;  sta- 
mens 3. — Grass  erect,  tall. 

1  R.  canip6striB  Nutt.?  Glabrous;  culm  simple,  slender  (2  to  4f),  vith  black- 
ish, somowliat  Keniculato  joints ;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  involute-setaceous ;  gpike  soli- 
tary, terminal,  little  thicker  than  the  culm,  2  or  3'  long ;  ped.  spikekl  obsokie  •  g 
gl.  ovato,  acute,  fointly  impressed-dotted.—La.    (Hala)  ' 

2  R.  rugdaa.  Glabrous;  culms  rather  stout,  3  to  5f,  erect,  branched;  Ivs.  flat, 
linear;  spikes  solitary,  several,  terminal  and  axillary,  2  to  3',  less  thick  than  the 
base  of  the  culm;  ped.  Jl.  of  2  empty  glumes;  5  outer  gl.  ovate,  icute  strongly 
retwulately  ru^ua.— Prairies,  La.    (Hale.)    (Apogonia,  NutL) 

66.  STENOTAPHRUM,  Trin.  Spike  compressed ;  spikclets  2-flow- 
cred,  m  pairs  at  each  joint,  imbedded,  1  sessile  and  1  pedicellate  (or  in 
4s  to  6s) ;  glumes  membranous,  the  outer  minute,  inner  large  ;  flowers 
each  of  2  coriaceous  pales,  similar,  but  the  lower  S  ;  styles  2,  slender; 
stamens  3  ;  grain  free.— 2]!  Culms  decumbent,  branched  joints  of  spikes 
not  separable. 

S.  dimididtum.     Glabrous,  very  leafy;  culm  2  to  4f;  Iva  flat,  broadly  linear, on 
broad,  open  sheaths;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  solitary,  much  compressed  3' 
by  2  to  3  ,  the  rachis  flat  on  the  back,  spikelets  in  2  lateral  rows  in  front,  the  ses- 
sile embraced  by  tiie  pedicel  of  the  other.— Low  grounds,  coastward,  S.  States 
Jn.— Sept     (Rottboellia,  Thumb.     S.  Ainericanum  Schraak.) 

^  67.  ERIANTHUS,  Rich.  Plumk  Grass.  Beard  Grass.  (Gr 
tpiov,  wool,  avOog.)  Spikelets  2-tiowered,  all  fertile,  in  pairs  at  each 
jomt  of  the  slender  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicellate ;  glumes 
membranous,  subequal,  longer  than  the  flowers;  pales  hyaline,  ihc 
lower  flower  of  1  neutral,  the  upper  of  2,  perfect,  with  the  lower  pale 

awned;  spikelets  involucrate  at  base,  with  a  tuft  of  bristly  hairs. i; 

Stout,  erect  grasses,  remarkable  for  their  large  woolly  or  silky,  tawny 
panicles.  j*         j 

*  llajrs  of  the  Involucre  tnncii  longer  than  the  gpikclct. ...  Nn.   1  a 

•  Hairs  oT  the  iuvolucre  shorter  than  thospikelot,  or  nearly  iio'iie;!!!!!.'." .'."I." .'.'". Nos!  8  4 

1  E.  alopecuroides  Ell.  Culm  5  to  8  or  1  Of;  erect,  stout,  silky  bearded,  esw- 
cially  at  thejointa;  Iva.  broadly  linear;  flat,  silky  pubescent,  2  U)  3f  by  1  to  2- 
pan.  dense,  cylindric-oblong,  very  large  (12'  to  20'  long);  hairs  of  (he  iraicl.  twic^ 
longer  than  the  short  (2  to  2^')  spikelets,  a  third  as  long  as  the  straightish  <mn 
which  IS  terminal  on  its  i^afe.— Swampy  pools  in  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La 
The  piume-like  panicles  are  magnificent  I 

2  E.  contdrtUB  EIL  Culm  4  to  C^  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  broadly  linear,  flat 
smooth,  except  a  tuft  oi  silky  hairs  at  base;  pan.  contracted,  oblong  6  to  10'- 
Aatr*  of  tbo  mvol.  long,  ailky,  t\rice  longer  than  the  spikelet  (which  is  3")  »  the 
length  of  the  spirally  contorted  awn  which  issues  from  near  the  base  of  i\s  deeplv 
bijid  pale.— Wet  grounds,  about  Charleston,  S.  C.  to  N.  Orleans.  Pan  of  a  lighter 
line  than  the  last  * 

3  E.  brevibdrbia  Mx.  Culm  stout,  3  to  If,  erect,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  broad-linear 
smootl),  except  at  the  base;  pan.  large  (I  to  2f),  contracted  lance-oblong  the 
rac.  more  distinct  from  the  fewer  liairs;  hairs  of  the  invol.  Jiardly  as  long  as  the 
larger  (4 ')  spikelet,  \  the  length  of  the  awn  which  is  some  twisted  and  iia  ualo 
bifid.— Low  grounds,  S.  States.     Sept,  Oct 

4  E.  strfctus  Baldw.     Culm  4  to  7q  strictly  erect  and  glabrous ;  Ive  very  lonir 
narrower  (3  to  5'')  than  in  the  other  species,  rough-edeed:  nan.  verv  atrl/'f    i  t« 
2f  long,  branches  erect,  appresaed;  inv(d.  of  hairs  minute;  awn  straight  tet-minal 
on  ita  deciduous  pale.— Ga.  to  La.     The  whole  panicle  is  reddish  brown.     Auc 
Sept  ^' 

68.  SACCHARUWI,  L.     Sugar  Cane.     (Gr.  adnxap,  Arabic,  soukar, 
Eng.  sugar.)     Spikelets  all  fertile,  in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedi- 


*®8  Orl£r  156.— GRAMINE^. 

nff  If^^'^'f"^'  1°"""'^  "'"f^"  ^^"'^  *  '''"g^^  P^'*''  "PPe^  fl-  perfect, 
ot  2   paes     gi.  subequal,  awnless;  pales  thin  and  hyaline,  awnless- 

Slam   1  to  3.-.  2r  Gigantic,  tropical  Grasses  with  branching  panicles, 
hpikelets  cinctured  at  base  with  long  silky  hair's. 

a  offlcininim  L.  Culm  solid  with  pith,  closely  jointed,  8— 20f  erect  with 
mauy  broad,  flat,  linear-lanceolate  leaves;  ^nicle  1  to  2f  in  length  c^mSosed  of 
roTwSti^^il  ''^'™i  loosely  e,.eet-spr'eadJ„g  racemes,  rich"?SbSTth  the 
hia^st^f  Lni  fv,  mvolucrate  haira-Native  in  S.  .isia.  Among  sugar  plant 
luxuS  of  tSl  wnHH  P'"««"'°^°'^-  I'«  delicious  product,  now  the  inZpensablo 
luxury  ottho  world,  was  unknown  to  the  ancients.  It  is  propaeated  fmm  cut. 
tu.g3  of  the  rinzome,  and  seldom  permitted  to  waste  its  sweaSn  flowering 

yI^A  ^^^°\°?°^^.°^'  ^-  ^=^«^  G«^^«-  (G'--  «^'^P«?,  a  man's,  TraJycv, 
^li  ^^  ff"  '"/^r  ^^  ""^'^  J*^^"'  «^^  slender  rachis,  one  on  a 
plumous-beaided  pedicel,  incomplete,  the  other  sessile,  ^flowered  • 
lower  flower  of  1  empty  pale  ;  upper  ^  ;  pales  thin,  hyali'ne,  the  To^.l 
11%  t'PPeci  Avith  an  awn  ;  glumes  subcoriaceous ;  stamens  1  to  3  ; 
gram  free— If  Coarse  Grasses.     Inflor.  various. 

g&St^LtKSiis:*!""'- ^.No.4 

•  t„n  °  Spikus  single,  terminal,  <.do  on  each  branch w  ""■  V  t 

S  Inflorescence  spicato,  enclosed  In  the  sheaths.  x?"*"^^'  * 

■^,  »"tans  L.    Indian  Grass.    Wood  Grass.    Culm  simple  3  to  Gf  nrppf 
W,hT."?  sl^^^ths  and  glaucous  Ivs.;  pan.  rather  d?nsTobLg  slender  at 
ength  nodding;  spikeleta  in  pairs  or  3s,  apparently  pedicellate,  but  the  fertile  il 

Sis  fu'contaS  wiS   h!  f'T"^^  -^1^  ''^^''^'  '^''''^'^  '^^^^^^  to  mere  pedt 
witho^°       PI     I,*''®  l'  clothed  with  short  bristles;   5  spikelet  bristlv^iLto 

^  Wn?*°"^™*  ^^;     ^''^'  2  to3f  erect,  much  branched  and  bushy  •  Ivs  bn^ 

.near,  upper  spath.form,  lance-linear ;  racemes  small,  very  n«raem7fascicled  S 

i^-^r/ •••?!"  r/"™'"^  "  ^""^e  leafy  and  silky  panick;  sXl   25e  wUh  I 

Da.rei»alt  as  long  (3-4  )  as  the  awn;  stam.  1. -Damp  soils,  S.  States.    Sept, 

^  ^awIJef  £,"t  woll^^^'^l  *1"  ^^  *°/^>  compressed,  more  or  less  dov^-ny  with 
scacterea  Jiairs  as  well  as  the  long  and  narrow  curinato  W«  •  llr>T^or  i.„if  !J"U    V 

whitVM°"h  i  T"  '»',Pill'"-y  P«'i««l.  fonfc'tr  than  IhoVfl.  wll^    b'n  «  kV 
SeSdto.  r/  uJf'         "■'?  J-.^  °^'""*^'  ""^"^'»*«  g'"™o  0"  «  "lick  ped. 

6  A.  tetrfistychuB  EU.     Culm  glabrous,  2  to  3f  erect,  with  long,  keeled,  ven» 


Obdkr  186.— GRAMINE^ 


809 


hairy  Ivs.  and  sheaths;  bran  shea  solitary,  alternate,  forming  a  contracted  panicle- 
spikes  usually  in  48,  conjugate,  terminal;  gla  8«rruiate,  longer  than  the  haira  of 
the  pedicel ;  perf  spkl.  monandrous,  and  with  a  straight  awn.— Damn  nine  bar- 
rens  about  Charleston  (Elhott).  f  i-         »^ 

7  A.  scopirius  Michx.  Broom  Grass.  St.  slender,  paniculate,  3f  high,  branched 
one  side  furrowed,  branches  solitary  or  2  or  3-fa.«cicled,  erect;  Ivs.  lance-linear' 
somewhat  hairy  and  glaucous ;  spikes  si  iple,  lateral  and  terminal,  on  long  pe- 
duncles,  2—3  from  each  sheath,  purple;  spikeleta  remote,  abortive  one  TKuier, 
mostly  subulate-awn  ed,  the  hairs  of  its  ped.  as  long  as  the  5  spikelet.— In  drv  fields, 
forming  tufts,  U.  S.  and  Can.  j       *°t 

8  A.  Hdlel.  Culm  rigid,  3  to  5f  high,  strict,  with  long,  slender  branches  above 
each  with  a  smgle  terminal  short  (12  to  15",)  spike;  Ivs.  long,  rigid,  iough-edged  • 
sterile  spkl  i  both  gls.  short-nwned,  ped.  broad  above,  with  stiflF  hairs  shorter  than 
the  fla. ;  awn  of  the  perfect  fl.  twisted.— S.  W.  Statea.    A  coarser  plant  than  No.  7. 

9  A.  clandeatina,  with  the  soft,  silky,  white  spikeleta  always  concealed  in  a 
fascicle  of  sheaths,  and 

^^  ^\  ^^^H  ^"°*^'  ^'**^  ^^'■y  slender  glabrous  spikeleta  almost  concealed,  are 
found  in  W.  La,,  and  possibly  E.  of  tiie  Miss. 

70.  SOR'GHUM,  L.  Broom  Corn,  &c.  Spikelets  diffusely  panicu- 
late, in  2s  or  3s  on  the  slender,  spreading  branches  ;  the  middle  spikelet 
complete,  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower  abortive,  lateral  spikelets  sterile, 
awnless,  the  pedicels  smooth  or  merely  pubescent;  glumes  coriaceous' 
pales  membranous ;  stamens  3.— Stout  Grasses,  with  solid  culms.  ' 

.J-  ?•  aaccharatum  L.  Broom  Corn.  Culm  thick,  solid  with  pith,  6  to 
lot;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent  at  base;  pan.  large  diffuse,  with  long 
verticillate  at  length  nodding  branches;  gls.  of  tJie  perfect  spikelet  hairy,  persist' 
ent.— iDlhe  uses  of  this  fine,  cultivated  plant  aie  well  known.  |  E.  Ind. 
,«?  P'  "^^^*'®  ^-  Jndun  Millet.  Cuhn  erect,  round,  solid  with  pith,  6  to 
1(  t;  Ivs  carinato,  lanceolate;  pan.  compact,  oval,  erect  until  mature:  gls.  and 
^lescaducom;  fr.  naked.— (^  Rarely  cultivated  as  a  curiosity,  or  lor  the  seed  as 
food  for  poultry.     \  E.  Ii,d. 

The  Chinese  Sugar  Cane,  recently  in  cultivation  here,  is  probably  a  variety  of 
this  species;  also  the  African  Millet,  Imphee.  Neither  variety  wiU  yield  a  crys- 
talhzable  syrup,  and  cannot,  therefore,  rival  the  supremacy  of  ihe  Southern  Cane. 
_  71.  CO'IX,  L.  Job's  Tears.  Spikelets  2  flowered,  sessile,  several 
m  a  spike  which  is  involute  at  the  base,  the  involucre  closed  around 
the  lower  (fertile)  spikelet,  becoming  bony  and  polished  ;  upper  (sterile) 
spikelets  several,  remote  from  the  fertile,  all  awnless ;  grain  roundish, 
free.— Culm  branched;  Ivs.  broad,  flat. 

C.  Ldcrjrma  L.  Culm  half  terete  ;  sterile  fls.  naked  ;  fr.  (ossified  involucre) 
ovoid.— (T)  Gardens.  Plant  1  to  'li  higli,  bushv,  witli  lanceolate  Ivs.  Spikea 
ped*inculate,  aggregated  at  the  end  of  the  sheathed  branch.  The  curious  fruit 
18  finally  very  hard,  perforated,  used  by  the  children  for  beads. 


810 


Obdm  157.— MABSILEACBiE. 


mt 


SuBKiNGDOM,  CRYPTOGAMIA, 

Or  Flowerless  Plants.    Vegetables  destitute  of  true  stamens 
and  pistils  gradually  descending  to  a  mere  cellular  structure 
with  reproductive  organs  of  1  or  2  kinds,  producing,  instead  of 
seeds,  minute  dust-like  bodies  (spores)  having  neither  intceu- 
ments  nor  embryo.  ^  i        /  &  uuvgu 

Province,  ACROGENS.     Flowerless  plants,  having  a  regular 
stem  or  axis  wmch  ^rows  by  the  extension  of  the  apex  onlv 
without  mcrea^mg  in  diameter,  generally  with  leaves,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform  ducts.     CFerns 
Mosses,  Club-mosses,  Horsetails,  etc.)  ' 

Oriee  CLVII.     MARSILEACE^.    Pepperworts. 

fferbs  creeping  or  floating,  with  tho  leaves  petiolate  or  sessile,  circinate  in  verna- 
ion.     Fruit  (sporocarps)  situated  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  or  leafstalks,  containing 
the  capsular  sporanges  of  one  kind  with  2  kinds  of  spores,  or  of  2  kinds  with  the 
d;fferent  spores  separate^. 

ch[;^;^„^:!;.rs^^^tudef '""^  *^"'='^*^  ■''"'  *"-<'»'-'  p^-- "» --.yan  countries,  but 

tJnH  o  ^^P^f'^^i'  b  '^P«'"«f  a^'Ps  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalks,  of  one 
kind,  2-celled,  cells  transversely  many-celled  ;  spores  inserted  on  each 
horizontal  placenta.— 2^  Stems  creeping,  rooting ;  Ivs.  petiolate. 

1  M.  quadrifolia  L?  Glabrous;  prostrate  stems  slender,  wirv,  8  to  16'  lont?- 
Ivs.  pahnately  4.fohate,  on  filitorm  petioles  1  to  3'  high,  Ifts.  broadly  obovato  or 
fan-simped,  obtuse;  fr.  (sporocarps)  round-oval,   borne  oi  short,  Srrv  stalks 

TstroSriiLPtr™"--^"  ^^^  ^^-  'y  ^^-  ^^^-  ^-hap^ss^j 

2  M   vestita,  a  very  delicate  species,  with  stems  and  petioles  as  fine  as  threads 
with  the  quaternate  leaflets  and  the  very  small  sessil?  sporocams  clothed  wUh 
minute,  silky,  brown  hairs,  is  sent  from  Iowa,  near  the  Mississippi  KbvD 
Couzens.     It  probably  grows  in  111.     Height  of  Ivs.  1  to  2'.  ^ ^'  ^'  ""^  ^'^• 

2.  IS0E7ES,  L.     QuiLL-woRT.     (Gr.  loog,  equal,  eroc   vear-  iHtn 
all  the  year  round  ?)     Sporocarps  ov^l,  rnombram>us;i-cell  d^  immer  ed 
m  the  dilated  base  of  the  frond;  spores  subglobous,  slightj;  a^ar, 
attached  to  numerous  filiform  receptacles,  those  in  the  outer  fruits  larger 
angular,  triple  or  m  43,  apparently  of  a  different  nature.  ' 

^  hf«n'^**f"  ^"  ^'''-  ^^«P.'^o"8,  subulate,  semitorete,  dilated  and  imbricated  at 
base.-A  cunous^aquatic,  in  water  at  or  near  the  margin  of  ponds  and  rivers  N 
J^.ng  and  Mid.  States,  often  wholly  submersed.  Lvs  radicarnumerous  tufted 
simple,  2  to  10'  lone,  somewhat,  snrpadinc'  -^^toir..-"-  ...,„'' -LT'^°"^;  }.^^.°< 
longu-lmal  and  transverse  partiti;«m:"Fr.  wiSymthS'S^^ir^^e^^ 
p?o!/;^"k^  leaves  wh,ch  dilated  portion  is  ordin;rily  as  long  as  S'  n  var 
BlPARiA,  broader  than  long;  in  var.  Enoelmanni,  longer  than  broar     ' 

3.  AZOL'LA,    Lam.      (Gr.  a\^a,,   to  d-y,  dkkvfit,   to  kill ;    quickly 


-fl 


Obder  158.— LTCOPODIACEiE. 


811 


killed  by  drought.)  Fruit  sessile  on  the  under  side  of  the  branches,  of 
2  kinds ;  the  sterile  smaller,  opening  all  around,  containing  a  thick 
body  bearing  3  angular  lobes  (antheridia)  above  ;  the  fertile  a  thin 
pericarp  bursting  irregularly,  containing  many  globular,  stalked  sporangia 
each  with  a  few  spores. — Minute,  floating,  resembling  a  Jungermannia, 
with  filiform  stems  and  lobed  fronds. 

A.  Carolinidna  Willd.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  imbricated,  fleshy,  floatiug', 
reddish  beneath,  scarcely  more  than  i','  ia  length ;  sterile  fruits  in  pairs  or  soli- 
tary, at  the  base  of  the  fertile,  many  times  smaller  than  it. — Lakes  and  marsheH 
N.  Y.  to  III.  and  S.  States. 

4.  SALVIN'IA  natans  L,  inserted   in  previous  editions  on  the  aU' 
thority  of  Pursh,  has  not  been  observed  since. 


ionntrles,  but 


Order  CLVIII.     LYCOPODIACE^     Club  Mosses. 

Plants  creeping  or  erect,  branching,  rarely  ^J\^ 

simple,  abouming  in  ducts,   with   the   kaves  MIB^\    i 

small,  numerous,  crowded,  entire,  lanceolate  tj^;;)^  r-1 

or  subulate,  1 -nerved.     Fruits  sessile,  axillary  ^l^'tW^ 

or  crowded  into  a  spike,  2-valved,  containing  ^— -r-*. 

few  rather  large  spores,  or  numerous  minute  ^'cn 

ones  appearing  like  powder.  3 

Genera  5,  «/)ectV«200?  Like  the  Eqiiisetftccce,  these 
plants  appuar  to  buve  been  very  nbuiiiiant  in  the  first  IJjyf       *,^ 

uges  of  tlie  world,  and  to  have  attained  a  giitantio  '""''     ■'•^''■ 

fize,  althoiiirh  at  present  but  a  few  feet  in  length. 
Properties  unimportant.  Some  are  emetic.  The 
powder  contained  in  the  sporangia  is  higlily  inflam- 
mable, and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fireworks. 

LYCOPO  DIUM,  L.  Club  Moss.   (Gr. 
XvKog,  a  wolf,  irovg,  a  foot.)    Spore  cases 

all  of  one  kind,  1-celled,  reniform,  open-  'v  ^      730 

ing   transversely,  2-valved ;  .<ipores  nu-  .r^^iSJ^^eah*.. 

merous,  minute,  sulphur-yellow. — Lvs.     ron  r  ,...„.,  1:  .^  .    ,^-,         »„..  . 

'  ^  tr  J  TSi,  Lvooponiiim  dcndroidenm.    781,  A 

m  4,  8  or  16  ranks.  slnu'le  spike.     782,  a. scale  with  its  asiUary 

sporange  burstiiij,'.    738,  Spores. 

$  Fruit  in  pedunculated  spikes  (the  fertile  branches  nearly  leafless),    (a) 

a  Spikes  several  (2  to  6)  on  each  peduncle Nos.  1    • 

a  Spike  Solitary  on  each  peduncle ..Nos.'  3*  4 

$  Fruit  in  sessile  s|)ikes  (the  branches  leafy  throughout),    (b) 

b  Leaves  of  the  spike  l)ract-like,  discolored Nos.  ."5,  6 

b  Leaves  of  tlie  spikes  and  steins  all  alike !..'..!!  !!Nos!  7*  8 

§  Fruit  scattered,  axillary,  forming  no  distinct  spike !nos.  9,  'lO 

1  L.  clavatum  L.  Common  Club  Moss.  St.  creeping;  braiichcs  ascending; 
lvs,  scattered,  incurved,  capiUaceoixs- acuminate ;  spikes  in  pairs,  rarely  in  .3s,  cylin- 
drical, pedunculate:  bracts  of  the  spike  ovate,  acuminare,  erosely  denticulate. — A 
well  known  evergreen,  trailing  upon  t.  e  ground  in  shady  pastures  and  woods, 
common.  Stem  and  branches  clothed  with  nuiuo'-ous  linear-laiieeolato  leaves 
whicli  are  entire  or  serrulate,  and  end  in  a  pellucid,  curved  bristle.  Spikes  per- 
fectly straight,  parallel,  erect,  and  upon  an  erect  peduncle.     July. 

2  Is.  cossplan.^-t.v.?n  L,  Fepwon  Ground  Piv?..  St.  trailing;  branches  diehot- 
omous;  lvs.  '^•ranked,  unequal^  the  marginal  ones  connate,  diverging  at  apex,  the 
Bupertic'U  ones  solitary,  uppressed;  ped.  elongated,  supporting  4r — 6  cylindric 
spikes. — A  trailing  evergreen,  common  In  woods  and  shady  grounds.  Stem  round, 
creeping  among  the  moss  and  leaves,  often  lOf  in  length.  Branches  numerously 
subdivided,  compressed,  somewhat  resembling  the  brauchlets  of  the  cedar.  Lva. 
minute,  very  acute.    July. 


812 


Ordeb  168.— LTCOPODIACEiE. 


Wfi 


3  L.  sabinaefdlium  Willd.  Ground  Fir.  St.  elongated,  creeping;  hrancJus 
erect,  short,  dichotomous,  with  fastigiate  divisioria;  Ivs.  indicated  and  branches 
erect,  terate-subulate,  spikes  peduncled  by  the  attenuated  and  sligiitlv  leafy  sum- 
mits of  the  branches,  cylindrie,  solitary,  with  cordate,  acuminate  bracts.— White 
Mts.  and  Bnt.  Am.,  creeping  among  rocks,  with  erect,  numerously  divided  branches. 
a  lew  of  the  divisions  terminating  in  spikes  an  inch  in  length.  July.  (L  cham-p 
cypariasua  Uraun )  ./      v  •       uiw- 

4  L.  Caroliniinum  L.  Southern  Ground-Pinb.  St.  and  h-auches  creemnn  ■ 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  appearing  2.ranked,  the  lateral  rows  spreading  mvm[ 
the  2  intermediate  rows  appressed ;  peduncle  erect,  solitary,  elongated  bearing  a 
single  spike;  bracts  sublanceolate,  entire.— In  muddy  grounds,  N.  J  to  Ga  Both 
the  stem  and  its  branches  are  prostrate,  with  erect,  slender  peduncles  3—6'  high. 

5  L.  dendroideum  Michx.  Tree  Club  Moss.  Ground  Pine.  St  erect  • 
branches  alternate,  crowded,  dichotxjmous,  erect;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  in  6  eaual 
rows,  spreading;  spikes  several  or  many,  1  on  each  branchlet.— An  elegant  little 
plant,  common  m  woods,  readily  distinguished  by  its  upright,  tree-like  form  Plant 
about  8  lugli,  with  branches  more  or  less  diverging.  These  are  subdivided  into 
numerous,  forked  branchlets,  radiant,  so  as  together  to  represent  a  spiral  arrange- 
ment.    Spikes  2— G,  an  inch  long.    July.  r  *-  go 

fi.  OBSCUHUM.     (L.  obscurum  Z,.)    Branches  spreading ;  spike  one. 

6  L.  annotinum  L.  Interrupted  Club  Moss.  SL  creeping;  branches  twice 
dichotomous,  aficending;  Ivs.  in  5  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  spreading 
nnd  serrulate  near  tlie  tip;  spike  oblong,  solitary.— In  mountain  wood.s,  N.  Eng 
tan.  Branches  subdivided  near  their  base,  branchlets  simple,  4  or  more  6— s' 
high  Leaves  at  length  reflexed  nt  end.  Spike  rather  cylindrie,  an  inch  in 
length,  distinct  from  the  branch.     July.  ' 

''  ^:  alopecuroides  L.  Fox-tail  Club  Moss.  St.  creeping,  subramous; 
branches  simple  long,  ascending,  bearing  a  single  sessile  spike  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear- 
subulate,  ctliate-dentate  at  lose,  spreading ;  spike  leafy.— Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fia.  and 
La.  Stem  extensively  creeping.  Branches  6—16'  high,  rarely  subdivided,  densely 
clothed  with  a  tine,  soa  foliage.     Spike  1—2' long,  very  leafy.     Aug. 

8  L.  inund^tum  L.  Marsh  Club  Mosa  St.  creeping,  often  submersed; 
branches  simple,  solitary,  erect,  with  a  single  leafy  spike  at  top;  Ivs.  linear,  scat- 
terea,  acute,  entire,  curved  upwards.— In  swamps,  Can.  to  Car.  Spikes  i—V  long 
at  the  summit  of  branches  which  are  5—7'  long,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem! 
Bracts  of  the  spikes  leaf-like,  dilated  at  base,  spreading  at  the  end,  larger  than 
the  stem  leaves  which  are  1—2"  long.     July. 

®  i*'- f"i^^f  "^""  ^^-  Sh^^'^no  Club  Moss.  St.  ascending,  dichotomously 
aiviaed;  ivs.  m  8  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  denticulate,  shining,  spreading,  or  a  lUtU 
rejtexed;  sporanges  in  the  axils  of  leaves  not  ciianged  nor  crowded  into  a  spike.— 
In  wet  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The  foliage  of  tliis  species  is  dark  green  and 
shining,  more  ample  than  is  common  to  the  genus.  Stems  8—16'  long,  nearly 
erect.  Leaves  3—5  long,  distinctly  serrate.  Thecaj  hemispherical  or  reuiform. 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  near  the  top  of  the  stem.     Jl. 

^\  ^'  ?!^^?°  ^-  ^'"  ^'^'^^  *^<^^^-  ^^-  ^^'^^'  dichotomously  and  fastigiately 
branched;  Ivs.  scattered,  imbricate,  lance-linear,  entire,  rigid  and  pungent  but 
awnless.— A  smaller  species  than  the  last,  found  on  the  summits  of  the  White 
Mts.  btems  2  to  6  ,  branches  compact,  densely  clothed  with  stiff,  shining,  spread- 
laf       Ml  '^'"''^"^'"^  somewhat  in  8  rows  and  2—3"  in  length.     Sporangea  axU- 

2.  SELAGINEL'LA,  Spr.  Dwarf  Club  Moss.  Fruits  of  two  kinds, 
VIZ.,  .itithendia,  which  are  1 -celled,  opening  at  apex;  and  oophoridia 
containing  1  to  4  (rarely  6)  jrlobous  ancrular  trains.— Ilahit  vnrious. 
tspikes  quadrangular.     Bracts  in  4  rows.     (Lycopodium  L.) 

§  Leavi'D  All  allki.  many  rnnkud,  surrounding  the  stem Nos   1   2 

^  Leav«.i  4-ranked,  those  of  the  lateral  rows  much  larger .'.'.'.'.'..'.'.' .'.'.'Nos!  s!  4 

I  8,  nip6»tre  Spr.     Stems  in  dense,  branched  tufts,  ascending,   subdivided;  Ivs. 
scattered,  imbricate,  Imear-laoceolate,  capiUaceous-acuminate,  ciliate;  spike  soli- 


OaoEB  159.— EQUISBTACEiE. 


813 


tary,  quadrangular. — A  very  small  species,  creeping  on  rocks,  moss-like.  Stem  a 
few  inches  in  length,  with  numerous  branches,  which  are  ^ — 1'  long,  clothed  with 
grayish-green  leaves.  Spike  J'  long,  4-rowed,  seeming  a  mere  continuation  of  the 
branch.    Jl.  .  (S.  rupestre  L.) 

2  S.  selaginoides  Gray.  St.  filiform,  creeping;  branches  nearly  erect,  the  flow- 
ering one.s  simple ;  Ivs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  a  little  spreading,  ciUate-dcnticulate ; 
spike  solitary,  leafy.— In  moist  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.  Spikes  yellowish- 
green,  about  i"  long,  the  bracts  foliaceous  and  twice  lai^er  than  the  true  leave?, 
which  are  about  a  line  in  length.  Branches  3 — 6'  high,  the  sterile  ones  much 
divided.     Jl.     (L.  selag.  L.     S.  spinosa  Beauv.) 

3  S.  ^pu8  Spring.  St.  branching,  prostrate  and  rooting  near  the  base ;  Ivs.  or- 
bicular-ovate, acute,  membranaceous,  allemate,  amplexicaul,  in  2  rows,  with 
minute,  acuminate,  superficial  ones  in  a  third  row  on  the  upper  side ;  spikes  sub- 
solitary. — A  small,  creeping,  mos-s-like  species,  in  wet,  rocky  shades.  Can.  to  Ga., 
not  common.  Stem  2 — 5'  inches  long,  filiform.  Leaves  less  tlian  a  line  in  length. 
Spikes  leafy,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  branches.  July,  Aug.  (L.  apo- 
dum  L.) 

4  S.  ornithopodioides  Spr.  Bird-claw  Moss.  Lvs.  semicordate,  ovate, 
obtusish,  entire,  in  4  rows,  the  lateral  spreading,  distant  below,  crowded  above, 
the  superficial  much  smaller,  appressed  ;  spikes  lateral,  axillary,  sessile ;  stems  and 
branches  prostrate. — Greenhouse  and  gardens.  A  pretty  moss-like  creeper,  with 
light  green  foliage,     f  Eur. 

3.  PSILOTUM,  R.  Br.  (Gr.  xjuXog,  naked.)  Sporangia  sessile,  3- 
celled,  imperfectly  3-valved  by  terminal  chinks,  filled  with  farinaceous 
spores. — Stem  fork-branched,  with  alternate,  minute  leaves,  as  if  leafless. 
(Bernhardia,  Willd.) 

P.  triquetnim  Swtz.  Stem  erect,  many  times  forked,  and  branches  three-angled, 
8  to  10'  high ;  lvs.  remote,  subulate,  less  than  1''  long,  and  the  3-lobed  fruit  ses- 
sile along  the  branches. — Rocky  cliffs,  on  the  sea-coast  of  E.  Fla.  (Michx.  in 
herb.  Bachman.) 

Order  CLIX.     EQUISETACE^.     Horsetails. 

Plants  leafless,  simple  stems,  or  with  whorled  branches.  Stems  striate-sulcato, 
jointed,  fistular  between,  and  separable  at,  tlie  joints.  Sheaths  dentate,  crowning 
each  internode.  Fructifloatioa  a  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  terminal  and  cone-liko 
spike,  composed  of  6-sided,  peltate-scales  arranged  spirally,  bearing  beneath  4  to  T 
spore-cases  which  open  laterally.  Spores  globular,  each  with  4  elaters  attached, 
involving  tliem  spirally,  or  open  when  discharged.     (See  Figures.) 

An  Older  consisting  at  present  of  a  single  genu»,  {trowing  in  wet  grounds,  on  river  banks,  and 
borders  oi"  woods,  tliroiifiliout  most  countries.  Tlio  Kqiiisetaueu!  abound  in  the  fossil  remains  of 
coal  measures  with  other  Cryptogauiia,  as  Lytopodiaceu)  and  Filices,  indicating  that  thcao 
plants  were  onoo  of  gigantic  dimensions, 

and  formed  a  large  part  of  the  original  flora  ^k  5  ^  fp'^-2^:in  /fe:»— ^      "^ 

of  our  globe,    .^necie^  about  10.  EDlk  ffl  ^Sr^lil^J 

Properti6fi.—  \:\\ey  abound  in  silex,  and  BQ||  ^g 'S'  > ■  U&^'t 

henco  are  used  by  cabljiet-inakers,  comb- 
makers,  a&c,  in  polishing  their  work. 


EQUISE  TUM,  L.  Scouring 
Rush.  (Lat.  equus,  a  horse,  .se/a, 
hair.)  Character  the  saiiic  as  that 
of  the  order. — The  sheaths  may 
be  regarded  as  a  whorl  of  united 
leaves.     The  ridges  of  the  stem 

am    nir  tnV»o<s     anr!     tlif>     rrrnovps      T84,Eqnisetmnftrven.«e.    785.  F„  sylratlcnin.  7.3(1, 

are    air-iuoes,  ana    uit    gro  neb  ^.^^^j^^^^^.  ^,^^^^^^.^^,^^,^^,_^^^^^,^3j^^  ^^^j^,^^^  ^^^^ 

alone    are    pierced    with    the    Sto-  with  7  spoi-anges  beneath  (or  one  compoun<(  spo- 
^  range),  magnitted.    73S,  A  spore  with  its  e'.atura, 

India.  highly  uiagniflod. 


814 


OnDER  159.— EQUISETACE^ 


8 


S  S|>ccles  ft'uli.lnp  In  fprln?  i.nd  Wecii)  ijir  befuro  the  following  winter.    <a) 

•  Kortllo  Biuiiiii  ruivur  brunohlHjS,  the  slwrlJo  with  aliiipiti,  whorled  bronchf«..,.No8    1,  3 
a  tertllo  bUiiiw  at  lontrth,  liku  llio  utorllu,  with  coiniioiind,  whorleU  brkoches No.  S 

S  Sprolen  fruliiiii;  In  NUiiuiivr  niid  lusting  thr<iu);li  tli«  following  winter. 

b  8toiiis  with  whorls  of  Hi  iiiplu  branches  I'r iljo  inlddlo  joints No   4 

b  8totii»  mostly  aimidtt,  liwKo,  20  to  40-rinTowfd Nog.  h   0  7 

b  SU'uis  always  Blnn.le,  very  bk-ndur,  a  to  9-lurrowod Nos!  H,  » 

1  B.  arv6nae  L.  Fikld  HoiuiETAH..  Fortilo  Kt.s.  oroct,  simplo;  stenfo,  12  to  14- 
fiirrowed,  witli  simple,  uwioiidiiiK,  quadrangular  brunches,  and  decumbent  at  bnsa 
—Low  grouuda,  Can.  to  Va.  and  Ky.  Fortilo  stoma  llrst  appearing,  6—8'  high, 
witli  3—5  joints  surmounted  liy  largo,  inllatod  shoallis  cut  into  long,  dark  brown 
toeth.  Spiko  oblong,  ^—2'  long.  Sterile  stems  rather  tiillor  than  the  fertile, 
remaining  througli  the  season,  after  those  have  decayed.  At  each  joint  is  a  whorl 
of  simple,  rough  brauchea,  issuing  from  the  base  of  tho  sheaths,  their  joints  also 
sheathed.     April. 

2  E.  ebiirneum  Sclirob.  Ivobt  Horsetaiu  Fertile,  st  simple,  its  sheaths 
numorou.s,  of  3  Ivs.  with  subulate  teeth;  sterile  st.  very  smooth,  ivory-white,  aboul 
:\0-furrotve4 ;  branches  simple,  sheaths  4  or  5-leavcd,  with  erect,  subulate  teeth. — 
Shores  of  tho  Ureal  Lakes.     Barren  stoma  2  to  6f  high.     May. 

3  E.  sylvdticum  L.  Woou  IIoksetail.  Sterile  and  fertile  sts.  12  or  13-fur- 
rowed,  with  compound,  rough,  dellexed,  angular  branches. — Grows  in  woods  and 
low  grounds,  N.  States  and  Urit.  Am.  Stems  9 — 16'  high;  the  fertile  with  4 — 5 
whorls  of  branches  from  tho  base  of  tho  sheaths  which  are  2 — 3'  apart,  and  cleft 
into  several  large,  tawny  rod  toeth  or  segments;  tho  sterile  taller  and  more  slen- 
der, with  more  numerous  whorls  of  branches.  Tho  branches  are  all  subdivided 
and  curved  downwards.     Spike  oval-cylindric,  pedioollato.     May. 

\  B.  limdsum  L.  Pipes.  Sts.  somewhat  branched,  erect,  striatc-sulcato ; 
branches  from  tho  middle  joints,  simple,  short,  5-sided,  smooth ;  spike  oblong- 
ovoid  ;  sheaths  approssod. — Borders  of  ponds  and  swamps,  frequent.  Stems  2 — 
3f  high,  sKmder,  rarely  simple,  generally  with  2— G  whorls  of  branches  about  tho 
middle.  Branches  very  irregular  in  length  and  position.  Sheaths  3—4"  long, 
white  at  tho  summit,  lipped  with  as  many  bKick,  subulate  teeth  as  there  are  fur- 
rows (15 — 20).     This  species  is  greedily  devoured  by  cattle.     July. 

»  E.  laevig^tum  Braun.  Tall,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat  branched;  sheaDis 
elongated,  appre^sed,  greeii,  with  a  black  border,  of  about  22  Ivs.,  slieaths  of  tho 
branches  about  8-leaved,  with  subulate,  persistent  points.— Dry  soils,  Wis.  and 
Soutli,  along  tho  Miss,  lliver.     Stems  18'  to  2  or3C     Apparently  distinct. 

1  B.  robustum  Braun.  Very  tall  and  stout,  simple  or  somewhat  branched 
above;  sheatfis  short,  oppressed,  with  a  black  girdle  above  tho  base,  rarely  with  a 
black  border,  consisting  o/40  (in  the  bramhes  11)  kaves,  the  ovate-subulate  points 
deciduous,  leaving  an  exact  truncate  margin. — I'anks  of  the  Western  rivers,  Terro 
Haute,  to  St.  Louis  and  South,  Forms  with  fewer  Ivs.  in  tho  eheatha  seem  to 
connect  this  with  tho  next. 

B.  hySmale  L.  Scouriko  Rush.  Sts.  all  simple,  erect,  very  rough,  each 
bearing  a  terminal,  ovoid  spike;  sheathcinereovs white,  black  at  the  base  and  sum- 
mit, short,  with  about  20  subulate,  awned  and  deciduous  teeth. — Very  noticeable 
iu  wot,  sliady  grounds,  and  by  brooksidea  Stems  about  2f  high,  often  2  or  more 
united  at  base  from  the  same  root.  Sheaths  2— 3  '  long,  1 — 2J'  apart,  tho  white 
rkig  much  broader  than  tho  black,  at  length  entire  from  tho  falling  off  of  tho  teetlu 
The  roughness  of  the  cuticle  is  owing  to  the  silex  in  its  composition.  Juno. 
B.  varieg^tum  Schleicher.  St.  brandling  only  at  base,  G  to  12',  simpk, 
straight  and  very  slender,  roughish,  6  to  9-fvrrowtd;  sheaths  very  short,  brown, 
teeth  5  to  9  ovate  with  broad,  f carious  marpins  and  tipped  with  deciduous  seta- 
ceous points. — Banks  of  streams,  N.  Ent;.  to  Wise,  and  Can.,  not  common.  Inter- 
nodes  about  1'.     JuJy. 

B.  acorpaldes  Mx.  Stems  crowinjr  in  tufta,  Ihrend-like,  4  to  S'.  flextious  an.4 
recurved,  3  or  i-furrowed ;  sheaths  black,  3  rr  4-tootbcd,  teeth  short-ovate,  sea- 
rioufl,  bristle-pointed. — hillj  woodsy  Penn.  to  N,  £ng..  Wise,  and  Can.    July. 


Orobr  160.— FILICES. 


815 


ObdkrCLX.   FILICES.    Ferns. 

Stem  a,  peronniul,  crooping,  borizontul 
rliizomo,  or  somotiriios  erect  and  urboros- 
cont.  Frimda  (fruit-bunriiig  Icfives)  va- 
riously divided,  rarely  ontirt.',  with  forked 
veins,  and  nioatly  circinuto  viTniition. 
J<Vwtification  occupying  tlie  back  or  mar- 
gin of  the  frondH,  arising  from  tlio  veins. 
Spo'nngia  (sporo-cuses)  of  one  kind,  scnt- 
toreci  or  clustered  in  sort,  1 -celled,  con- 
taining numerous,  niinuto  spores.  An- 
theridia  and  pistiUidia  lurniod  after  gor- 
inination,  on  tlio  young  plant.  (See  figa 
491—601.) 

(rf.ntra  200,  itpfciei  2000.— A  Ififfro  and  In- 
torcstlii);  ordor  of  fluwcrlcHH  ))liiiit»,  diiitin- 
euislioit  Tor  tlu-ir  cli'H^uut,  iituinti-like  f(ilin;;o. 
Thuy  aro  usually  a  low  Indies  to  a  tew  foct 
IiIrIi,  but  soiiio  of  iho  tropical  species,  as  tlio 
Cyiitlioie  of  both  Inilios,  iiro  tft— 26  feet  high, 
Vieing  with  the  [)nliiiai  in  sizu  and  benuty. 

Propertien.  —  Cn'twrnWy  mucilaginous  and 
mildly  ivstringent,  lienco  con^ilU•^cd  pectoral. 
AsfiUlluiii  and  I'teris  iiro  anthehnintle.  ()a- 
munda  regnlis  has  been  successfully  udininis- 
tercd  for  the  rickets. 

OhKeiTation. — Tlio  fructification  oftlie  fcrnfi, 
with  Its  variiHs  appendages.  Is  too  minute  to 
be  well  observed  by  the  naked  eye  ;  but  an 
examination  of  it  with  the  aid  of  a  pood  lens 
cannot  fail  to  bo  ialorustlng  and  satisfactory. 


739  Polypodium  vnlgarc.  TW  Frond.  741 
Lobo  of  the  frond  enlarged,  showing  the  8«rl. 
748  One  of  the  sori  enlarged,  showing  the  spor- 
angia. 748  Ono  sporange  further  mugniiled, 
binsting  and  discharging  the  spores.  T44  8oru8 
of  Aspidlum  niarglnale  covered  with  vlio  Indu- 
sluui.  74S  Same,  side  view. 


SUnORDERS   AND   QEXERA. 

%  Frond  caullne,  solitary,  straight  In  vernation.    Stem  erect,    (x) 

%  Fronds  caullne,  several,  palmate  (or  radical  and  filiform),    (b) 

%  Fronds  all  radical,  clustered  (never  filiform),  circinato  in  vernation.    (2) 

2  Sporangia  spiked  or  panicled,  naked  («'><  Involved  in  revoluto  frond.^.).     (':) 

2  Sporangia  on  the  back  of  the  fronds,— but  invidved  in  the  revolute  segm Nos.  8,  10 

— not  Involved  ;  brgments  flat,     (c) 
StBOBDER  I.    OPUIOGLOSSE^.    (Sporangia  naked,  smooth,  cartilaginous,  2-valved;  no  ring.) 

a  Fructincation  spicato.     Frond  entire,  reticulate-veined Ophioglobsum.  1 

a  Fruotiflcatlon  paniculate.     Frond  divided,  fork-veined Botkyciiium.  2 

SuttORDKR  II.    OSMUNDEiE.    (Sporangia  reticulato-roughcned,  papery,  2-valved, 

with  no  ring,  spicato  or  paniculate.)— b  Fronds  palmate.    Climbing Lvoodium.  3 

— b  Fronds  filiform.    Erect Scniz*.  4 

— b  Fronds  1— 2-pinnatc Obmi:ni>a.  5 

BirnoRBER  III.    POLYPODINEjE.    (Sporangia  minute,  on  the  l)ack  of  the  frond, 
valvcless,  torn  open  by  the  ela.stic  ring  which  encircles  it  vertically.) 

O  Sporangia  scattered  singly  all  over  the  surface  (not  in  sori),  naked Acrosticum.  v 

O  Sporangia  collected  in  dots  (sori)  springing  from  the  veins,    (d) 
d  Fruit-dots  naked,  having  no  indusium  (special  covering),    (e) 

e  Fronds  all  alike,  liat.     Fruit-dots  orbicular Polv:h)wium.  T 

e  Fronds  sterile  and  fertile  very  different;  the  fertile  spike-like Stbutiiiopteris.  S 

d  Fruit-dots  invested  with  tineeinl  eove.ring.s  (indiisia).     (g) 

g  Fruit-dots  marginal ;  Indusium  a  narrow,  reflected  edge  of  frond,    (h) 

h  Indusium  continuous  .-ill  around  the  segment Ptkrib.  9 

h  Indusium  from  the  apex  of  the  segm.— Midveln  central Cukilanthks.  10 

— Mldvcln  lateral  or  0 AiiiANTrM.  11 

h  Indusium  a  reflected  tooth  at  the  sinus  between  the  segments. . .  .Dicksoma.  VI 


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WEBSTER,  N.y.  1 4580 

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810  Oedbb  160.— PILICBSL 

g  l  ruKdote  dorsal,  oblong  or  liu'ear,  transverse  to  the  luldveic.    (k)  ^""'^-  ^'^ 

k  Indusia  single,  regularly  arranged  in  2  rows A8plen,.t«    ^A 

k  Indusia  single,  scattered  Irregularly,  placed  angularly ." ! Ant™m *     » 

.  FruL^tdtr;;^^^^^^^^^  ^^""^•«"-'- «-----  !« 

O  Induslam  peltate  or  renif  .u,-all  involved  In  the  borrylikc  segmoloc^l'.  It 

— uU  buperflcial  on  the  flat  segui Aspidium   20 

«.  OPHIOGLOS'SUH,  L.  Adder's  Tokgde.  (Gr.  Ucr  «  .eroeDt 
yA<.»„a  tongac)  Sporangia  roundish,  depressed,  opening  tansverS* 
arrange!  m  two  rows  along  the  margins  of  the  fertile  ftond  wS  "s 
contracted  mto  a  Imear  spike ;  indnsium  none,  veins  reticulated 

2  from  tl.o  same  bulb,  s^ike  shorroblon^^^^  S  8'^      Lvls  or",  ^   ^^'^'^r'  f '" 
cauline.    Bulbs,  3  to  d"  diam.  ^  (*  to  8  ).     Lvs.  2  or  3,  one  of  them 

2.  BOTRYCHIUM.Swartz.  Moonwort,  Grape  Fern.  (Gr.  Borpvc  a 
clusterof  grapes;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  fructificatioi)  Sporngi. 
subglobous,  l-cellcd,  2-valved,  distinct,  coriaceous,  smooth,  .dnate  to 
the  compound  rachis  of  a  racemous  panicle  ;  valves  Opening  transverseh . 

I  FroiKl  ternatcly  divide.I,  situate.l  near  the  base  of  the  stine  or  «tpm  w       ,  ' , 

§  h  rond  p.nnately  divided,  situated  ut  or  above  the  mlddTof  the  stTm  i  i ! ^::i-  J'  J 

^  S«,i^nrJl°}-^  ^"^^'^"^     ^^^^  ''^^""^  ^^^  fro°d  near  the  base;  frond  in  -i 
bipvnnahfiddtvtswns;  segments  obliquely  lanceolate,  crenulate ;  spikesbSnL 

fccape  thick  8— 12    high   bearing  a  tawny,  compound  panicle  2— 4'  ih  lencrth 

lateral;  capsules  sessile,  yellow.-Dry  hiUy  pastures.  Vt  and  Cr^ 9ti J nC 
scape  3  to  6'  high.  Closely  resembles  B.^li^aria  o^f  Eur.  Frond  varfe^'^from 
wmply  ternate  to  temate-pianatifld.     Ja  °^ 

a  a  negl^ctum.    Meriden  Moonwobt.     Frond  simply  pinnate   w'th  oHonau 

SlnT'^''   "T^  '"?^^*^  *"^  ^'•"«  "^^r  ^he  summfof  tZ  Jape     caS 
-.pedicellate,  subsolitary,  in  an  oblong  panicle—Rocky  woods,  N  ILrMerfden  H 

if£  wiJr  tV^,°'^1  ^'^'^  *°i^°-  1;,   S*-  5  to  8'  high.     JVr^nd  9  tilo-'long 
S,'o":^y%ho:t'thi:Ltti;r    J-o^^^^-^^rthanthefron..     Caps.brow£ 

*  rS;  .'^1)SS'^°^°*  ^;    Rattlesnake  Fern.    Stipe  with  a  single  frond  in  the  mid. 

tlL  ^?^  T^  ""^  thnce  pinnate,  the  lowest  pair  of  pinn»  springing  from  the 

.     base;  ultimate  Pegraents  obtuse,  somewhat  3-tootl,ed;  spikes  dJcompoSndnlant 

^S  7'-;7t  Tf^""^  ^"'■l''  *!^"  ^«'-«'««*  °f  't'^  '^^""«'  i°  low^3     Stipe  o 
S^riTi      ^^'''  ^""':!°f-  "'?  '^'""^  «^°"*  half-way  up.     This  is  apparently  ter- 
nate, the  low.,  pair  of  divisions  arising  from  the  base.    It  is  almost  trip  nna^ 


Ordeh  160.— FILICEa 


817 


the  uUimat&  segments  being  decurrent  and  more  or  less  confluent  at  base,  with 
3 — 5  cut  sorratures.     Panicle  terminal,  3 — 6'  long,  reddieh-tawny.    June,  July. 

3.  LYGO^DIUM  Swartz.  Climbino  Ferk.  (Gr.  kvyvjdijg,  flexible, 
slender ;  from  the  habit.)  Sporangia  sessile,  arranged  in  2-ranked 
spikelets  issuing  from  the  margin  of  the  contracted  frond,  opening  on 
the  inner  side  from  the  base  *o  the  summit ;  indusium  a  scale-like  veil 
r-overing  each  sporangc.     (Fig.  109.) 

It.  palm^tum  Sw.  Stem  flexuous,  climbing ;  fronds  conjugate,  palmate,  5-)obed, 
lobes-  entire,  obtuse;  spikelets  oblong-linear,  from  the  upper  fronds,  which  are 
divided  and  contracted  into  a  compound  spike. — This  is  one  of  the  few  ferns  with 
climlMng  stems,  and  the  only  one  found  in  the  U.  S.,  Masa  to  Ky.  and  S.  State?, 
rare.  Plant  of  a  slender  and  delicate  structure,  smooth.  Stem  3 — it'  long.  Stipe* 
aUeroate  on  the  stem,  forked,  supporting  a  pair  of  fronds  which  are  palmately 
divided  into  5 — 9  segments.  Fertjle  fronds  terminal,  numerously  subdivided  inta 
linear-oblong  segments  or  spikelets,  with  the  fruit  in  2  rows  on  the  back.    July. 

4.  SCHIZiG^A  Smith.  (Gr.  o^t*?",  to  ciit,  cleave ;  alluding^  to  the 
many-cleft  spikes.)  Sporangia  oval,  radiate  at  top,  sessile,  bursting  later- 
ally ;  indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  leaf- 
Tets  which  are  contracted,  spikc-Iike,  crowded  at  thesummitof  the  fertile- 
frond. 

3.  puaflla  Pursh.  Frond  simple,  linear,  tortuous;  spikes  few,  crowded  at  t\\& 
top  of  a  long,  slender  stipe  or  scape. — A  Tery  delicate  fern,  found  in  the  pini> 
barrens,  Quaker  Bridge,  N.  J.  (This  is  the  only  locality  clearly  known.)  Fronds 
ttumerous,  csespitous,  2 — 3'  long,  ^ — I"  wide.  Fertile  stipes  several,  3 — ft'  higli, 
filiform,  with  a  few  short  unilateral  spikelets  at  top  arranged  in  2  rows.  Capsulofl 
8cm«what  turbinate,  in  2  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  each  spikelet.     August. 

5.  OSMUN'DA,  L.  Flowering  Fern.  Sporangia  globular,,  half  2- 
valved,  roughened  on  the  surface  somewhat  in  lines,  pedicellate  and 
clustered  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond  or  a  portion  of  it,  which  is 
more  or  less  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle  ;  spores  green. — Tall, 
handsome  Ferns.     Veins  forked,  straight. 

I  Frond  bipinnate  with  distinct  pinnee;  the  upper  part  eontractednnd'  fertile No..  1 

§  Fi'und  pinnate  with  pinnutiflil  pinn«e,  partially  or  separately  fertile. Nus.  2,  'A 

X  O.  reg^lis  Mx.  Fronds  bipinnate,  fructiferous  at  the  summit;  segments  of  th© 
leaflets  lance-oblong,  distinct,  serrulate,  subsessile ;  raceme  large,  terminal,  decom- 
pound.— A  large  and  beautiful  fern,  in  swamps  and  meadows.  The  fronds  aro 
3— 4f  high,  smooth  in  all  their  parts.  Leaflets  or  pinnee  opposite,  remote,  each 
with  6 — 9  pairs  of  leaves  with  an  odd  one.  These  are  an  inch  or  more  tong,  J  as 
wide,  obtuse,  the  petioles  0 — i"  long.  Aboye,  the  frond  is  crowned  with  an  ample 
bipinnate  panicle  of  a  deep  fulvous  hue,  with  innumerable,  smal!,  globular,  2- 
valved  spore-cases  covering  the  segments.    Jn.    (0.  spectabilis  Willd.) 

2  O.  cinnamdmea  L.  Cinnamon  Fern.  Sterile  frond  pinnate,  leaflets  elongated, 
pinnatifld,  segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  very  entire;  fertile  frond  bipinnate, 
leaflets  aU  contracted,  paniculate,  subopposite,  Uxnuginous  as  well  as  the  stipe. — This 
is  among  the  largest  of  our  ferns,  growing  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  Fronds 
numerous,  growing  in  clumps,  3 — 5f  high,  most  of  them  barren,  the  stipe  and 
racliis  invested  with  a  loose,  cinnamon-colored  wool.  The  fertile  fronds  resemble 
spikes,  1 — 2f  long,  an  inch  wide.  Leaflets  all  fertile,  erect,  with  the  segments 
covered  with  fruit  in  the  form  of  small,  roundish  capsules,  appearing,  under  a 
microscope,  half-2-cleft.     June. 

3  O.  Claytonl  toa  L.  Interrupted  Flowerino  Fern.  Frond  smooth  through- 
out, pinnate  with  lance-linear  pinnatifld  Ifts. ;  lobes  obtuse,  entire,  tlie  veinlets  all 
once  forked,  some  (2  to  1)  of  the  intermediate  leaflets  fertile. — Common  in  low 
grounds.  Fronds  ample,  2  to  3f  high,  light  green,  interrupted  near  the  middle 
by  2  to  4  pairs  of  fertile  leaflets,  whi  jh  are  so  much  metamorphosed  as  to  resemble 
dense^  compound   racemes,  densely  covered  with  small  reddish-brown  sporangijt. 

;>2 


818  Order  160.— FILICES. 

Jn.    (0.  interrupta  Mx.)    As  the  sterile  Ifts.  unfold  latest,  early  soecimena  shni* 
the  upper  Ifts.  fertile.     Rarely  the  bwe^t  Ifts.  are  all  fertile.        ^  'P«°""«««  ^^^"^ 

6.  ACROS'TICHUM,  L.     Golden  Fern.     (Gr.  dnodg,  a  point,  trrlyoc 
a  hne  or  row ;  from  the  fruit  dots  and  lines.)     Sporanges  .scattered  fnot 
m  son)  occupying  the  under  surface  of  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  frond 
—Fronds  of  various  habit. 

■^In^^'f""  \  ^.T'^  P'"""*^  P'°°^  alternate,  oblon-lancoolato,  entire,  equj.. 
lateral  cunoate  at  base,  the  upper  bearing  the  fructihSation.-In  deep  swaTps 
f«  M  ^^  "^^^  Pl^  (Pursh).  Cultivated  occasionally  in  the  greenhouse  It 
IS  a  noble  Fern  3  to  5f  high.     Common  in  the  W.  Indies.  K  ««""ouse.     it 

7.  P0LYP0;DIUM,  L.  Polvpod.  (Gr.  rroXvg,  many,  nvSa,  foef 
Jrom  the  multitude  of  creeping  rootstocks.)  Sori  roundish,  scattered  on* 
various  parts  of  the  under  surface  of  the  frond,  with  no  indusium  Ccover 
or  involucre).— Ferng  of  various  habit.  ^ 

i  PoLM-oDiuM,    l-rond  with  tho  veins  forked,  distincf,-sii„i,ly  pinmao: .  .:::::":No   3 

— biplnnatifld iiuH.  8,  4 

— teinale,.  bii.innalifld No.  5 

^  P^nif;?!!""^  ^^-  u^''""^^  ^u^^^^  pinnatifid;  segments  alternate,  linear,  very 
f,?I  TL  ?  '?'  '"^'^  ^^'""'^^'  ^^'^  "PP*^""  ^°^«  gradually  smaller;  stipe  scaly,  bear- 
f^l^  fertilo  segments  near  the  apex ;  sori  solitary  and  distinct-A  parasitis 
J.nwi  p..,  ?  '  ^'■^"'•"g  o'l  **^«  inclined,  moss-clad  trunks  of  living  trees,  parti- 
W  ^^i .  h"^  Sycamore,  and  the  Magnolias,  in  tho  damp  forests  aiongVfver, 
W  States!  and  also  Southern.  The  scales  resemble  tho  indusia  of  other  Fem. 
but  have  no  fruit  under  them.    The  veins  are  invisible.  ' 

^1^'  "^^8^'®  ^    Common  Poltpod.     Frond  deeply  pinnatifid.  smooth-  setrm 

ihS^T'M^^*"'"'  "'■'""^*?'  *'^^  "PP«^  °"^«  g'-^dually  smdle"  sori  afgo" 
distinct-Rathcr  common  on  shady  rocks  and  in  woods,  forming  tangled  patches 
with  their  roots  which  are  clothed  with  membranous  scales.  Fronds  6  to  1 2' 
divided  into  alternate  segments  nearly  to  the  midvein.  Stipe  naked  and  smooth' 
Segments  parallel,  a  litUe  curved,  about  J'  wide.  Fruit  in  largo,  goideu  doTs  hi  a 
double  row,  at  length  brownish.  July.  (P.  Virginianum  Willd.) 
^  w^^®^?^*®"?  ^     ^*^^^"  POLYPOD.     Frond  bipinnatifid,  triangular  in  out- 

i.r„Tl.  "•''  S°  ^"^""l  P'"'''^  ^'^'''''^  ^"'  ^"'•^'"^  '^'•^'^'•d  toward  tho  apex . 
y merits  hnear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  ciliate,  the  lower  adnate  and  decurrent^ 
shpe  re  rorsely  pubescent,  rachis  chaffy.-Shady  woods,  Can.  to  Wis.  and  N  States' 

mSTt  jX!"         ^' '° ''  '^  '^ '°  '■^'  ^'"  '^"'^"'  '"'^°"'  *  ^^  ^^^^  '5- 

*  ^'v?*^*?®"*^?*®"*™  ^^-    Triangular  PoLYPOD.     Frond  bipinnatifid  ninwrn 

"^lt^:i}'V'''T^fl'^'^-^  *^^"^''"'*  ^^"'^"'^t^.  obtuse,  cTire,crYaroV 
dentate,  glandvlarly  puberuUnt  beneath,  tho  lowest  decurrent  and  forminjr  a  con- 
spicuous  wing  to  the  rachis;  stipe  smooth.-Moist  open  woods,  U.  S.  common 
South     Frond  wide  as  long  (5  to  8)  triangular.    Sori  many  on  each  segment 
JI.     (P.  Phcgoptena  p.  ed.  2.)  ,  j  ^      f,       ». 

^  Z' i?'^^^^^^^''  h  TeRNAte  Polypod.  Frond  ternate,  bipinnate;  branches 
ri  «./""**  spreading,  deflexed,  segments  obtuse,  subcT^nate;  sori 'marginal  • 
root  fihform,  crcopmg^-This  beautiful  fern  grows  in  shady  places  and  mountain^ 
ous  woods,  common  Nortli.     Root  black  and  very  slender.     Stipe  slender  and 

rorA^Tf  r  "'''-^",^^'  '''«'^'  ^'^''*'"«  '"'°  3  ^'^'l'*  fe-reen,  drooping,  com- 
poundleafletsofa  very  delicate  texture.     Jl.  °      o        i         f    b. 

A  CALCAUEUM.    Branches  of  the  frond  erect,  rather  rigid.     (P.  calcaroum  Sm ) 

8    STRUTHIOPTERIS,  Wiild.     Ostrich  Fern.     {Qv.  arpovd6g,m- 

ostrich,  -nrtpk,  a  fern.)     Fertile  fronds  contracted,  tho  margins  rollcil 

backwards  and  covering  the  round,  confluent  sori,  which  are  otherwise 

^ithout  an  mdusmm.— Fronds  bipinnatifid,  the  fertile  pinncc  moniliform 


Obdkb  160.— .FILIOEa 


81 9 


S.  Germdnica  "Willd.  A  Fern  of  noble  port,  in  low  woods  aiKl  swampe,  N. 
States  and  Can.,  common.  The  sterile  fVonda  are  often  6  or  6f  high,  commoulr 
about  3f;  numerous,  in  n  circular  clump.  Stipes  smooth,  channeled.  Pinnie  nu- 
merous, crowded,  long,  linear,  eacii  with  numerous  oblong  segments  of  which  the 
lowest  is  longer  and  acute,  all  more  or  leaa  connected  at  base.  Fertile  fronds  few 
in  the  midst  of  the  sterile,  much  smaller,  the  pinnjB  subterete,  1  to  2'  long,  crowded. 
Sori  about  5  in  each  segment,  on  the  raiaed  ends  of  as  many  veinlets.     Aug. 

9.  PTE'RIS,  L.  Brake.  Rock  B.t.\KE.  (Gr.  Trrepov,  a  win^.) 
Sori  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins  forming  a  marginal  line,  covereJ 
with  the  membranous,  reflected  edge  of  the  frond. — Fronds  once  to 
thrice  pinnate  or  decompound. 

I  Frond  podato,  or  ternate  and  bipfnnattfld.    Sort  fn  i»  contlnnotw  Hm Nes.  1,  t 

§  Frond  partly  blpinnato.    tJorl  at  first  distinct  but  soou  contlauouB Nog.  8,  4 

1  P.  aquilina  L.  Common  Brake.  Frond  S-parted :  branches  bipinnate ;  Mte. 
oblong-lanceolate,  lower  ones  piunatifld,  upper  ones  entire'^  segments  oblong, 
obtuse.— Abundant  in  woods,  pastures  and  waste  grounds.  Fern  2— 5f  in  height, 
upon  a  smooth,  dark  purple,  erect  stipe.  Frond  broad-triangular  in  outline,  con- 
sisting of  3  primary  divisions,  which  are  again  subdivided  into  obtusely  pointed, 
sosaile  leaflets.  These  are  entiro  u,bove,  becoming  gradually  indented  towards 
the  base  of  each  subdivision.  Sori  covered  by  the  folding  back  of  the  very  mar- 
gins of  tho  segments. 

0.  caudXta.     Segm.  of  the  pinnro  linear  oblong,  the  terminal  one  much  elon- 
gated.— ^The  conunon  Southern  form. 

2  P.  ped^ta  "Willd.  Frond  temately  parted,  the  lateral  divisions  2-parted,  all 
jMnnatifld;  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  tho  lowest  segment  of  the  terminal 
uivision  pinnatiHd;  termuj  \1  division  long-cuneiforra  at  base,  recesses  acute. — On 
rocks,  Va.  (Pursh).     Fern  about  6'  high. 

3  P.  atropnrpiirea  L.  Rock  Brake.  Frond  pinnate;  rachis  hairy;  lower 
Ifts.  teraat©  or  pinnate,  segments  lance-oblong,  obtuse,'  obliquely  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  petiolate  base.— Fern  6—10'  high,  growing  on  rocks,  Can.,  Wis., 
Yt.  to  Tenn.  I  and  Ala.  I  Frond  twice  as  long  as  wide,  of  a  grayish  hue,  the  two 
lowci  divisions  consisting  of  1 — 3  pairs  of  leaflets  with  a  long,  terminal  segment. 
All  the  segments  distinct,  with  margins  conspicuously  revolute.  Some  of  tho 
larger  have  1  or  2  auricles  at  base.  Stipe  and  lachia  dark  purple,  with  dense, 
paleaceous  hairs  at  base.  June— Aug.  (Allosorus,  Gr.  P.  Alabamensis  Buckley, 
when  the  upper  segments  are  generally  auricled.) 

4  P.  gracilia  Michx.  Frond  slender,  lanceolate,  sterile  ones  pinnate,  leaflets 
pinnatifld,  segments  broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  fertile  bipinnate,  leaflets  linear-oblong, 
crenate. — A  delicate  species,  growing  on  rock?.  Fern  4 — 6'  high,  smooth  and 
shining  throughout.  Both  this  and  No.  3  are  homogeneous  in  habit  with  tho 
others.    Their  separation  to  a  new  genus  is  an  over-refinement.    (  A.iioeoru8,  Presl.) 

10.  CHEILANTHES,  Swartz.  Lip  Ferit.  (Gr.  x^t^og,  a  lip,  dvBog ; 
from  the  form  of  the  indusia.)  Sori  roundish,  distinct,  situated  at  the 
margin  or  apex  of  the  segments ;  indusia  distinct,  formed  from  the 
reflected  margin  and  opening  inwards. — Segments  of  the  frond  with  the 
inidvein  central. 

1  C.  yestita  Swartz.  Stipe  and  rachis  hairy ;  frond  bipinnate,  oblong-ovate  in 
outline,  hairy  on  both  sides ;  leaflets  alternate ;  segments  oblong,  alternate,  ses- 
sile, distinct,  crenately  pinnatifld,  the  ultimate  segment  very  entire ;  sori  distinct, 
their  indusia  unchanged. — Rocky  banks,  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  South.  Stipe  slender, 
rigid,  2 — 3'  long,  dark  brown.  Fronds  3 — 6'  by  I — 2'.  Leaflets  lance-ovate  in 
outline,  6 — 12"  long.    A  small  and  delicate,  hairy  Fern.    Jl. 

2  C.  tomentdsa  Link.  Stipe  stout,  and  with  the  rachis  and  frond  clothed  with 
a  dense  ferruginous  wool ;  frond  tripinnate,  ultimate  segments  rounded  or  oblong, 
obtuse  (upper  ones  confluent),  fruit-bearing  around  the  whole  margin. — N.  Car. 
(Curtis)  and  Tenn.  Fern  If  to  18'  high,  much  larger  and  more  hairy  than  the 
preceding.     Both  species  are  less  hairy  on  tho  upper  than  the  under  surface. 


Ill 


820 


Obdeb  ICO.—PILICEa 


M 


m 


Hi 


J- 


«.  ADIAW'TUM   L.    Maiden-hair.     (Gr.  a,  privative    dialvi^    ♦/, 
moisten;  as  the  rain  slides  off  .vithout Vetting  it)     S^^^^^  Jj 

roundish,  marginal ;  indusia  membranaceous,  fomed  from  the  Sxed 

Stipe  8—14'  high   slendpr  nf  L^o^r    i    ^  ^hounding  m  damp,  rocky  woods. 
whdofwnd  the  form  oftheSIJsSSt     jSf  ""  '""''  "''°'  K"'"*  «'' 

oneachlobe;  stipe  and  branches  ca;,//;ary.  Lirae-tt>cks,  S.:  rara  Eur.  Cultimed! 

Fr.il^'^l^'^^.^''"^.  K^Z'    .(^"^  ^''"°'  ^^  '^''^'"^^  ^'^l^'^^"'  a  distinguished 
a^  n     f;{P*Pg*'";«*-)     Son  marginal,  roundish,  distinct,  terminating 

fhl'^il  '"/"'T  .^"""^t'  *^^.  P'^P"'"  «"«  cup-shaped,  opening  outward? 
the  other  formed  of  a  reflected  lobule  of  the  margin  and  opening  inwards! 

D.  pUoaliiscula  Willd.  Fine-haired  Mountain  Fern.  Frond  bininnate  •  Wf 
lete  lanceolate,  sessile;  segments  pinnatifld,  decurrent.  obbrg-Se  uUimato 
segments  toothed;  stipe  a  little  hairy.-A  ikrge  and  delicate  Im  in  pas  Zl 
roadsides,  among  ,m-ks  and  stones.  Fronds  2-!3f  high,  in  tuft^s  and  remarkable 
for  their  numerous  divisions  and  subdivisions.     Stipe  f  nd  rachis  sm^th  with  tl  « 

Z,?'r  f  ^•'^7'/?'"*'  '"^'''"^^  ^^''-  I^fl^t^  alternate  ™17j!'Vei! 
meats  deeply  divided  mto  4-toothed,  ultimate  segments.  Son  n^nutc  Sitan  ou 
the  upper  margin  of  the  segments.     July.     (D.  lunctUobdiHook  )  '  ^'  °^ 

boL^;i«M°°S^-^'!?'^'  ^™-  J'^^  ^^'"^^  ^'  ^'oodward,  an  English 
botamst )     Son  oblong,  straight,  parallel  with,  and  close  to  the  mid  vein 
on  transverse,  anastomosing  veinlets;    indusia  arising  from  the  same* 
vem^   on  the  outer  side,  free  and  opening  on  the  inner  side  toward 
the  midvein.— Fronds  pinnate  or  pinnatifld. 

^  ^u^T"^^"^^?^'  ^"i^  ."^"^  "^  ^^  **■«*;  t^o  sterile  simply  pinnatifid 
prnn^,  lanceolate   repand,  slightly  serrulate;   fertile  fronds  pinnafe   thrpinn^ 

fn  S».    '^'''  ^""  Vl°  "^''"P^  "«*  ^"'°°'^-     F«™  about  a  foot  hll ,  L^^^^^ 

*  n^vT*i''^^°*f  ^  "^'"  M  ^""^  ""  ^'■'"'^"'•'  pinnate,  very  rniooih,  the  leaflets  pin- 
natfldlanceo  ate,  sessile;  sori  in  interrupted  lines  n^ar  the  midvein  of  tlSleaS!^ 
and  oblonj  obtusish  segments.-In  low  w^ods  and  swamps.  XnTabout  2f  hS 

pL\ST  wSlurro''^'  "  ^?""^'l"'  P^^«  ^--  ^-fl^raU:^  deeply 
nirTniLn  !    1       """'«'^0"8,  Spreading,  obtUEe  and  slightly  crenate  lobes.     Fruit 

i^X:  Au^^ "  (doV.?r:  Br.f  ^'^ ""''''"'''  '^'' « '^^^  «^^-°^  -^'^^- 

^  Sa^SMnn.^?!".  ^''-  ^"If'^^r^y^irnilar,  pinnate,  <;iepm«« sessile,  t;t%-w5 
?8h  T'^LT^;  7?^/  / 'f'P'""?*'^'' '  tte.v^me«te  in  the  sterile  Ironds  oblong  obtus- 
18U,  tn  the  fertile  sbort-tnavgitlar,  acute,  all  entire:  atim  pubescent  antnilir     <3nnH^ 

Sr'j\""pul'ht''"'  ""•  "^^  '"  ""  P-e^eZrbutTnotlairS 

.nlll'n  .^^''^^'IJ^^*''  I^-  Spleenwort.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  (TTrAjJv,  tho 
spleen ;  from  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.)  Sori  linear,  or  inear- 
oblong,  separate,  oblique  to  the  midvein,  arising  with  its  indisium,  from 


Ohdeb  IGO  -FILICEa      '  g21 

the  upper  or  forward  side  of  the  lateral  veins  and  opening  towards  the 
midvein.— Ferns  of  various  habit.     Veins  forked  or  pinnate. 

a  Frond  simply  i,innato,-thin,  large,  with  green  stalks.    No'  « 

— subcoriaceous,  with  dark  purple  stullta". ".'.".'.'.". V.V.V.Ncw.  1  I 

^^T'*°^'^?°*"®v^-  J>warpSpleenwort.    Frond  pinnate;  Ifta.  roundish  su'b- 
S  v;i'T ''  '?"°<^.'«h-obovate,  obtusely  cuneate  and  entire  at  base,  crenate  above 

kXt  ^"  l'^  •  '*"^''-  '»^«'-  '°  o^t^e.  ^ith  8-12  pairs  of  roundishf  sessile 
eaSl  'nL';:^  nhi  ^-  f  ""T.,*  '"  ?r^r«l  linear-oblong,  finally  roundish  sori  on  each 
leaflet,  placed  oblique  to  the  midvein.    July.     (A.  melanwaulon  Muhl ) 

^  ^^^Z'^"®"!"  ^'"^  .^''^'J:^  Spleenwort.  Frond  pinnate;  IfU.  lanceolate,  sub- 
A  beautiful  fern,  in  dry  woods,  hills.     Fronds  8—14'  high,  on  a  slcnd^  stine  of 

hhS  a^\  ^^^"^\^  "^'^'^  »°  ifjch  in  length,  rather  acuminate  and  curved  at  apex, 
dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  and  sometimes  on  the  lower.  Fruit  arranged 
in  short  hnes  on  each  side  the  midrib.     July.  ^ 

^  n'SL^^f!'**^^?^""  w'"'^^-  ^'■°"'*  P™°^*«;  ^^-  alternate,  upper  ones  sub- 
?Si  '  ^'"f«'-l^°°«olate,  serrate  towards  the  apex,  somewhat  repand,  the  base 
^uncate  on  the  upper  side  and  rounded  on  the  lower.-In  low  woods,' frequent 
lrf£  ^.r.  r"'^'  ?'"'  ^-'^'l'-  l-2f  l"gh.  iti  tufts,  the  outer  ones  barren,  inner 
Snfluent     July       '^'^"'^"^^  from  the  midrib,  parallel  with  the  veins,  at  length 

4  A.  Ruta-muraria  L.  Frond  bipinnate  at  base,  simply  pinnate  above-  Ifis 
small,  peuolate,  cuneate  at  base,  erose-dentate  at  the  blunt  apex.- An  extremely 
small  and  delicate  fern,  in  dry,  rocky  places.  Frond  2-3'  high,  i  as  widrsraS 
growing  m  tufts,  somewhat  coriaceous.  Segments  usually  I  ot  each  lelfleTS 
than  i  long.  Sti^  flat  and  smooth.  Sori  linear-oblong,  shghtly  oblique  of  a 
rusty-brown  color,  flnally  confluent.     July.  ^  ""iique,  oi  a 

5  A.  montdnum  WiUd.  (A.  Adiantum-nigrum.  Michx.)  Frond  glabrous, 
iter  fi  '  ,f  •  '^^-Z^^^PJ^'*^  i^^  «/««'  (5%r  6)  2  or  ^.tLiUd  se^mS;  sori 
linear,  finally  confluent-Mountain  rocks,  Penn.  to  Car.  (Curtis),  W.  t^  Kv 
Fronds  growing  m  tufts,  4-8'  high,  rhombic  or  oblong-lauceolate  in  outlbe' 
mostly  bipinnate,  but  more  or  less  divided  according  to  the  size.  Segments  more 
obtuse  than  m  the  foreign  A.  Adiantum-nigrum.    July.  «uw  more 

®  4- '^^.^^yPj^f  ^oideo  Michx.    Silvery  SPLEEimoRT.    Frond  bipinnatifld  •  Ifta. 

Froni,U  SA-  ?^T'  ''"'':"~^  ^^^'  '"''^^  ^^"^^  «»  ^^"^^^  ^Us  of  Streams^ 
*rond3  Ij— 3f  high,  of  an  ovate-acuminate  outline,  on  a  slightly  chaffy  nale  stine 
Leaflets  distinct  and  rather  remote,  narrew,  4-6'  long.    Se^Ltfro Jnded  at Te 

fl?«  'miH  *  '°"^-  ^"  f":^°«^'*  •"  2  rows  on  each  segment,  one  on  each  S 
the  midvein,  convergent  below,  with  shining,  silvery  indusia  when  voung.     Jul/ 

ohin^wif?*'?*  y^™*?-  .F''«nd  bipinnate;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate;  seg! 
nrfer  'f'''P^^?*-P'""*"^**;  ultimate  seg.  2-3.toothed;  sorireniform 

Tn  i^^S  '  ^'■'■^"°'*^i»«^'  *''«  veins;  stipe  smooth.-A  delicate,  finey-dlvided  fern 
divWed  i^r?.-  ^r"d'  l-2f  high,  with  subopposite  divisions.  These  are  sub" 
««rr.tnri  ^  ,'"°3  ^'^u"^®  Segments,  which  are  themselves  cut  into  oblong,  deep 
^rratures,  and  lastly,  the  serratures  are  mostly  with  2-3  teeth  at  the  summit 
bonlarge,  at  first  m  linear  curves,  finally  confluent,  giving  the  whole  frond  a  dark 
brown  hue.     July.    (Aspidium,  Swtz.) 

15.  ANTIGRAM'MA,  Prcsl.  Walking  Ferx.  (Gr.  avxL  like, 
ypd^lLu,  writing;  said  of  the  fruit  dots.)  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  scat- 
tered without  order  on  the  transverse  veins,  obliq  at  various  angles, 
often  m  pairs  and  facing  each  other;  indusium  simple,  linear.— Frond 
Bimple,  veins  reticulated  in  the  inidst,  forked  and  free  only  in  the  margin. 


m 


lit; 


899 


•  Order  160.— PILKTES. 


1  A.  rhiaoph;^lla  J.  Smith.  Frond  mostly  undivided,  Innceolatn,  fltlpitato,  Bub- 
orenate,  eorduto-auriouluto  at  base,  the  apux  attenuated  into  a  long,  Hlender  acu- 
mination,  rtH»tin>(  at  tlio  point.— Tl»ia  Hingular  fern  grows  in  rooliy  woods,  not  very 
common.  The  frond  is  4 — 8'  long ;  tlie  long,  slender,  linear  point  bending  over 
baoitwardK,  reaches  the  earth,  and  there  Htrikes  nwt,  giving  rise  to  a  new  plant, 
Thus  the  plant  may  waik  by  yearly  steps.  July.  ( Asplonium,  ed.  2.  Camptoaoriu. 
Link.) 

S  A.  pinnatiflda.  fhmd  pmnai\fid,  lanceolate,  abrupt  at  base,  the  apex  atten- 
uated into  ft  long  aeumination  and  sometimes  striking  root;  /tegmenta  or  lobes 
roundish-ovale ;  mn  irregularly  scattered,  nt  length  largo  and  continent,  covering 
the  lobes,  and  even  the  slender  summit.  Crevices  of  rocks,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Schuylkill  (Nuttall),  Ky.  and  Tenn.  (Curtis)  rare.  Fronds  tufted  and  spreading, 
4  to  8'  long.     (Asplonium,  Nutt.) 

16.  SCOLOPEN'DRIUM,  Smith.  IIartVtonoue.  {Gr.  OKoXonhdpa, 
tho  centipede ;  sufrgcsted  by  the  nppearanjc  of  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf.)     Sori  linear,  transverse,  scattered ;  indnsiuin  double  (arising  from 

2  contiguous  parallel  veins),  occupying  both  sides  of  tho  sorus,  along 
tho  middle,  finally  opening  lengthwise. 

8.  ofBcinarum  V/'illd.  Frond  simple,  ligulato,  acute,  entire,  cordate  at  base^— 
Shady  rocks,  Chittonango,  N.  Y.,  (3nrtwoll.)  Stipe  ratlier  short  (3 — P  :^ng),  chafly, 
bearing  the  ft-ond  suberoct,  8 — 15'  high,  2—3'  wide,  bright  green,  paler  beneath. 

Sori  oblique  to  the  raidvein,  6 — 9  '  in  length.     Rhizoma  large,  creeping.     July. 

This  curious  fern  appears  to  be  confined  to  tho  vicinity  above  mentioned,  where 
it  was  first  detected  by  Pursh.  It  is  there  abundant.  (Asplenium  Scolopen- 
drium  L.) 

17.  WOOD'SIA,   Brown.     Rock    Tolypod.     (Tn   honor  of  Joseph 

Woods,  an  excellent  English  botanist.)     Sori  roundish,  scattered ;  indu- 

sium  beneath  the  sorus,  early  opening  above  it,  with  a  inultifid  or  fringed 

margin,  including  tho  pedicellate  spore  cases,  like  a  calyx. — Small,  c»8- 

pitous,  ferns  with  pinnated  fronds. 

I  IlYPopitiTRS,  Torr.    Indusium  closed  over  the  sorns  nt  first,  toothed  when  open No.  1 

%  W00D8IA  i)ruper.    Imlusluiu  concealed  under  the  8urus,  fringed  with  long  huira..  Noit.  %  S 

1  "W.  ilv6nsiB  Br.  Rustt  Polypod.  Frond  pinnate,  leaflets  pinnatifld,  lan- 
ceolate ;  segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  sori  near  the  margin,  at  length  confluent ; 
stipe,  rachis  and  midveins  chafty. — Growing  in  tufts,  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods 
North  and  South.  Fronds  6  or  6'  high,  on  brown  stipes  which  aro  more  or  less 
chaffy.  Foliage  3  or  4'  long,  |  as  wide,  obloug-lanceolato  in  outline,  with  rust- 
colored  chaiT  beneath,  with  opposite  and  alternate  leaflets  hardly  an  inch  in 
lengtli.  Tho  lower  lea^ets  aro  pinnatifld,  upper  ones  wavy  on  the  margin  or  en- 
tire.    (W.  rufidula  Beck.) 

2  'W.  obtiisa  Torr.  Frond  subbipinnate,  or  nearly  tripinnato,  minutely  glandu- 
lar-pilous ;  Ifts.  distant ;  segments  of  the  leaflets  pinnatifld ;  ultimate  segments 
roundish-oblong,  obtuse,  bidentate;  sori  round,  one  at  each  cleft  between  the 
lobelets,  at  length  crowded;  stipe  somewhat  chaffy. — About  a  foot  high,  among 
and  on  rocks,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Tenn.  Fronds  lance-oblong  in  outline,  3  times  as 
long  as  wide.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  crenate-serrate,  the  lower  ones  distinct, 
upper  confluent.  Sori  orbicular,  becoming  nearly  confluent,  each  at  first  inclosed 
in  the  silvery  indusium  which  when  open  is  notched  into  little  teeth  on  the  mar- 
gin.    July.    (W.  Perriniana,  ed.  2.) 

3  yf.  glabella  R.  Br.  Fern  smooth  and  glabrous,  pianate,  lance-linear  in  out- 
line, 2  to  5'  high;  Ifts.  distant  below,  subopposite,  ovate,  very  obtuse,  a  few  lines 
long,  the  upper  with  the  jiargins  only  crenate,  the  lower  deeply  cleft  into  3  to  7 
lobelets ;  indusium  ' .inged,  open. — Rocks,  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  (Vasey  1  in  herbi 
CurtisX  Willoughby  Mt,  Vt  and  Can. 

18.  CISTOP'TERIS,  Bemh.    Bladder  Fkrw.     (Gr.  Kvariq,  a  blad- 
dor,  iTTepig,  fern.)     Sori  roundish;   mduaium  hood  shaped,  vaulted, 


Ordbii  IflO.— FILICES.  823 

closed  and  subtending  tlie  sorns  on  tliree  sidcH,  opening  on  the  fourth 
wliich  looks  towards  the  apux  of  the  segment;  veins  forked,  free. 

1  O.  bulbifera  Bomh.  Frond  bipinniite,  narrowly  lanceolate,  seRments  of  tlie 
IftB.  oppiMsite,  obloriff,  sorrate,  the  lower  one  pinnatifid ;  racM»  butbi/ermu,  wing- 
Ifiait:  mm  routidiHli,  placed  gini^lv  at  the  clefts  hetweeii  the  lobelets. — In  damp 
woods,  frequent.  Frond  12  to  IS'^Iiififli,  remarkable  for  tlie  little  bull*  produced 
m  the  axilrt  of  the  rachiH,  which,  fallinj^  to  the  ground,  take  root.  Foliage  uar 
row,  tapering  to  an  acute  Buramit.     Stijw  smooth.     Jl.     (Aspidium,  Swta.) 

2  C.  frdgllls  Bemh.  PVond  biplnnate,  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  delicate  in  tex- 
ture;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  negm.  ol)long,  obtuRo  or  acute  (8  to  6")  incisely  lobed 
or  pinnatifid,  its  lobes  subeiitiro ;  rachin  winged  bi/  the  dccurrtent  lft».;  sori  single 
at  the  base  of  eiieh  tooth  ;  stipe  slender,  longer  than  frond.— A  delicate  Fern  on 
moist  rocks,  frequent.  Fronds  ft  to  12'  high,  dark  green,  its  divisions  rathel 
remote,  and  with  the  subdivisions,  considerably  variable  in  form.  Sori  small, 
about  I  at  the  base  «)f  each  lobe,  soon  naked.    Ja.,  Jl.    (Aspidium  tenue  Swtz.) 

19.  ONOC'LEA,  L.  ;j*:nsitive  Fern".  (Or.  Svo?,  a  kind  of  ves- 
sel, KXstbi,  to  close.)  Fronds  sterile  and  fertile ;  sori  clustered,  con- 
fluent; proper  indusium  very  thin,  lateral;  common  indusium 
formed  of  the  segments  of  the  frond,  whoso  margins  arc  revolute 
and  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  berry,  opening,  but  not  expand- 
mg.— Sterile  fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  ample ;  fertile  bipinnate,  with 
recurved  and  globular,  contracted  segments. 

O.  aensfbillB  L.  Common  in  low  grounds.  Fronds  about  a  foot  high,  the  barren 
ones  broad  an.l  somewhat  triangular  in  outline,  composed  of  broad,  oblong,  sinuate 
divisions,  the  uppdr  ones  smaller,  nearly  entire,  becoming  united  at  base.  Tho 
fertile  frond  is  very  dissimilar  in  its  form  to  the  others,  resembling  a  compound 
spike  enclosiu^f  tho  fruit  in  the  globular  segments  of  its  short  divisions.  Color 
dark  brown.  Jl._Very  sensitive  to  frost. 
A  obtu8ilob.\ta  Torr  Fertile  frond  segments  leaf-like,  only  partially  revolute, 
not  oonceiiling  tho  sori.— Mass.,  N.  Y.,  very  rare.     (0.  obtusiloba  St-hk.) 

20.  ASPID'IUM,  li.  Shield  Fern.  (Gr.  aam^,  a  small  shield; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  indusium.)  Sori  orbicular,  scattered, 
terminal  or  lateral  on  the  pinnate  veins;  indusium  orbicular,  peltate 
or  reniform  with  a  deep  sinus,  covering  the  sorus,  opening  all  around. 

I  Tipper  half  of  the  frond  fruitful,  contriMJted,  unliko  the  lower  sterile  half No»   1    2 

i  Upper  half  of  tho  frond  like  the  lower,  nut  contracted,    (a)  ' 

a  Frond  ulinply  pinniite,  Ifts.  ovate,  seinlaurlculatc No   8 

a  Frond  blidnnatc,  segments  seinlaiirlculate,  slinrp- toothed V.  . . . .        Nog   4   6 

a  Frond  biplnnote,  wginents  enuilatoral,  deeply  pimiatlHd '.'  No'  0 

a  Frond  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  leaflets,    (b) 

b  Sei?inents  siihcorlaceous,  with  tho  sori  near  tho  midveln Nos   7   8 

b  Segments  subcorlnceous,  with  the  Kori  at  the  margin No'  P 

b  Segmonto  soft  and  thin,— sinoothlsh.    Sori  In  2  rows .Nos!  10   1 1 

—hairy.    Sori  without  order No!  12 

1  A.  aoroBtioholdes  Willd.  Leaflets  of  the  frond  undivided,  subsesaile,  falcate- 
lancoolate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  at  hose,  ciliate-serrulate,  only  the  upper 
ones  fertile;  sori  at  length  confluent;  stipe  chaffy. — Common  in  rocky  shades. 
Frond  15—18'  high,  of  a  narrow-lanceolate  outline.  Stipe  with  loose,  chaffy 
scales.  Leaflets  numerous,  slightly  curving  upwards,  1—2'  in  length,  (incised  in  A. 
Schweinitzii  Beck),  tho  terminal  ones,  which  alone  are  fruitful,  are  contracted  in 
size,  the  under  side  becoming  overspread  with  the  sori.     June — Aug. 

2  A.  Ludovici&nam  Riddell.  Frond  tall  (2  to  4f),  rigidly  erect,  narrowlv  oblong- 
Ip^nceolate  in  outline,  pinnate  and  barren  below,  bipinnaU,  fruitful  and  contracted 
above;  lower  Ifts.  incisely  pinnatifid  with  very  obtuse,  subentire  lobes,  upper  with 
distinct,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate  segments;  indusia  peltate^  in  2  intra- 
margmal  rows.— Swamps,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.    The  short  stipe  and  long  rachia  chaffy. 

3  A.  lonchitia  Willd.    Frond  pinnate,  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  rigidly  erect 


824 


Obdir  160.— FILIOES. 


t-, 


J* 

II"'-* 


(8  to  12');  Ida.  obliquely  triangular-uvato,  auriclod  on  the  upper  sldo  at  baie, 
largest  (I'  long)  in  tlio  middlo,  gradually  reduced  above  and  boluw  to  the  base,  all 
beset  with  close,  upiny  teeth,  aad  covered  wittt  A'ult  beneath. — N.  Mich.  Br.  Am. 

4  A.  aoule&tum  Swtz.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  ovate,  subfulcato,  acute,  acu- 
leate-serrate, truncate  and  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  up{)er  loutluta  fer- 
tile; stipo  and  racliia  ohaflfy. — Manslleld  Mt.,  Vt,  and  Mts.  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y., 
(Macne).  Fronds  daric  green,  in  tufts  1—- 2f  higli.  Segments  of  tliu  leaflets  on 
very  short  petioles,  somewhat  dilated  at  base  ou  the  upper  side,  deeply  serrate, 
each  serruturo  tipped  with  a  short  spinous  bristle.     Sori  in  rows,  distinct.     Aug. 

5  A.  fr&grans  Swtz.  Frond  coriaceous,  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnntifid  or  pinnate 
Ifls.,  luncc-ovate  in  outline,  glandular  and  fragrant;  Ifta.  narrow-pointed,  with  a 
dozen  p.iirs  of  small,  obtuse,  bristly  serrate  segments  which  are  unoqMal  at  base; 
indusia  largo,  orbicular,  peltate,  covering  segments. — llocics,  Ponokoo  Iron  Range, 
L.  Sup.  (Lupham)  and  northwest.     Frond  6  to  12'  high.     Stipe  and  racliis  chafl'y. 

6  A.  spinul6suin  Willd.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  distn;ct ;  segments  distinct, 
oblong,  obtuse,  iucisely  pinnatifld;  ultimate  segments  mucronato-sorrato ;  stipo 
chaffy ;  indusium  umbilicato. — Woods  and  shady  pastures.  Fronds  1 — 2f  high, 
nearly  tripinnate,  the  foliage  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  acuminate  at  apex, 
abrupt  at  base.  Leaflets  also  acuminate,  but  the  segments  rather  obtuso,  all  dis- 
tinct at  base,  except  those  near  the  summit,  sorraturos  with  short,  aoii  bristles. 
Stipe  with  large,  tawny  scales.    Sori  large.    Jl.    (A.  dilatatum  Swtz.)    Variable. 

7  A.  Qoldiknum.  ITook.  Goldie's  Ferv.  Frond  ampk,  oval  or  ovate,  in  out- 
line (10  to  16'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide)  pinnate,  as  long  as  the  smooth  stipo;  Ifls. 
broad-linear,  alternate,  deeply  pianatifid,  crenate-appresaed-serrate,  acutish,  with 
2  rows  of  distinct  fruit-dots  near  the  midvein ;  indusium  roniform-peltato. — A  large ' 
Fern  in  rocky  woods,  N.  and  W.  States  and  Can.  Lfls.  close  together,  about  30 
pairs,  with  about  20  pairs  of  segments.     Stipe  chaffy  at  base,  scarcely  so  above. 

6  A  cristfltum  Swtz.  Stipe  with  a  few  largo,  oblong,  torn  scales,  chiefly  at 
base;  frond  narrowly  lanceolate;  leaflets  deeply  pinnatiiid,  remote,  short-petiolu- 
late,  broadest  at  base,  the  lower  triangular-ovate ;  sort  large,  in  a  single  row  each 
side  the  midvein  of  each  dentate  segment;  indusium  fixed  near  one  side. — Woods, 
Can.,  N.  H.  (Rickard)  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  A  beauti  ul  Fern,  20  to  30'  high.  Frond 
dark  green,  15 — 18'  by  5 — 8'.  Leaflets  grad-' Jly  narrowing  fVom  base  to  apex. 
Segments  nearly  distinct,  more  or  less  distinctly  serrate-dentate,  each  with  1 — 25 
dark-brown  sori  (lower  leaflets  fruitless).    July.     (A.  Lancastriense  Spr.) 

9  A.  marginMe  Swtz.  Marginal  Shield-Fern.  Segments  of  the  leaflets 
oblong,  obtyse,  decurrent,  crenate-sinuate,  repand  at  base,  lower  ones  almost  pin- 
natifid ;  sori  marginal ;  stipe  chaffy. — A  large,  handsome  Fern,  in  rocky  woods, 
common.  Frond  12 — 18'  high,  very  smooth  (rachia  a  little  chafly),  its  divisions 
nearly  opposite.  Segments  of  the  leafleta  distinct,  near  an  inch  long,  \  as  wide, 
contracted  at  base,  then  decurrent,  forming  a  narrow  margin  along  the  rachis. 
Fruit  in  round  dots,  in  regular  rows  along  the  margins  of  the  segments.  Indusium 
larg^,  orbicular,  with  a  lateral  sinus.    July. 

10  A.  T&eiyptera  Swtz.  Lady  Fern.  Frond  smootbish,  lance -ovate;  0s. 
slender,  distant,  deeply  pinuatifld,  gradttaily  shorter  from  near  the  base  upwards  ; 
segm.  acute,  matins  reflexed  in  fruit;  sori  in  2  lines,  as  near  the  midvein  as  the 
margin. — A  delicate  Fern,  in  damp  shades,  fVequent,  about  If  high,  half  as  wide. 
Lfls.  2  to  3'  long,  about  20  pairs,  lowest  pair  aa  long  aaauy.    Segm.  25  pair&    Jl 

11  A.  NovaboracSnse  Willd.  New- York  Fern.  Frond  smoothiah,  elliptic- 
lanceolate  ;  Ifts.  slender,  near  or  distant,  deeply  pinnatifid,  gradually  shorter  bo;h 
ways  to  a  point  from  Me  middle,  the  lower  reflexed;  segm.  obtuse,  oblong,  flat; 
sori  in  2  rowa  close  to  the  margin,  at  length  confluent. — Fern  as  thin  and  delicate 
as  the  last,  12  to  18'  high,  3  to  4'  wide,  with  about  the  same  number  of  divisions. 

12  A  patens  Swz.  Frond  soft  and  thin,  pubescent  with  rusty  haira  all  over, 
lanceolate,  pinnate ;  lfls.  linear,  pointed,  pinnatifld,  lobes  short-oblong,  very  obtuse 
entire,  with  simply  pinnate  veins ;  induaia  round-reniform,  small,  scattered  without, 
order  near  the  midvein. — Dry  woods,  Fla.  (Chapman).  Fern  12  to  18'  high,  ti-e 
stipes  a  third  of  this  length.    Lfls.  about  25  pairs,  segm.  18.  (Amolle  Kunze). 


^f 


ilJo  at  base, 
the  base,  all 
ioh.  Br.  Am. 

!,  aeute,  ac<)- 
•  loafk'ta  fer- 
X.  Co.,  N.  Y., 

0  leaflets  on 
H'ply  serrate, 
inct.     Aug. 

Id  or  pinnate 
nted,  with  a 
I'lal  at  baso ; 

1  Iron  Range, 
•achis  chaffy. 

ents  distinct, 
orrato;  stipo 

1— 2r  high, 
ato  at  apex, 
)tuso,  all  did- 

soil  bristles. 
:.)    Variable. 

wate,  in  out- 
:h  Btipo;  Ifls. 
ncutish,  with 
ito. — A  large ' 
ler,  about  IJO 
y  so  above. 

!8,  chiefly  at 
jhort-petiolu- 
glo  roiv  eacli 
de. — Woods, 
high.  Frond 
)aso  to  apex. 
1  with  1 — 25 
3pr.) 

tho  leaflets 
3  almost  pin- 
rocky  woods, 
,  its  divisions 
g,  \  as  wide, 
;  the  rachis. 
1.    Indusium 

; -ovate;  Ifls, 
ise  upwards  ; 
idvein  as  the 
balf  as  wide. 
25  pair&    Jl. 

hish,  elliptic' 
shorter  bah 

oblong,  flat; 
and  delicate 

'  of  divisions. 

iirs  all  over, 
;,  very  obtuse 
;ered  without. 
18'  high,  the 
e  Kunze). 


'y'v     ^ 


LATIN   INDEX, 


#%  Tha  namoK  ofiho  Natural  Order«,  and  of  the  liighor  divisions,  arc  in  Cupitnlw. 
Ai/noni/ms  and  iiubgtmra  ure  in  Uaiic«.  Tlic  ninnborH  iucloned  in  PHrentheKOs  refer 
•ISO  to  syiionyiiiH.  * 


Abelmoichns fjo 

AbleB BJI 

Abullloii 26H 

AcmcIa v!U9 

AcRlynlm 629 

ACANriIA«IK,B....  K« 

Acitiitlioloinoii 6U9 

Acer (287)  »« 

AUKRAIJK.B 288 

Acei-Htoii  694 

A'-elavi 60.> 

AchdleH 4ft; 

AL-hyrHiitheio 6I'J 

AaineUa. 453 

AoiiIiIh 6i{j 

Aconitiiin all 

Aoonw 6,0 

A(;K0(>KN<« 810 

Acrmllcliuni hih 

Aotffin 211,  212 

AotlnomeriR 451) 

Aetinotptrmuin 457 

AMia 6U0 

AUiKiriun 261 

Ailanoc.iiiloii 419 

AUlHiitiiii    8i0 

Alice 637 

Adliimlit 2i9 

Ai  >iii< 205 

-*/«"'<>/><      801 

/Kxipolliim ,<{8ti 

iStcliviioineiie 3oi 

./fSiuiiliis 287 

.*  Iiinn 388 

AK>ip«'itliiM 71 J 

i*'/  »'Al/l»lM 4^4 

Ak*vo 691 

Ai(flrAtii.n 412 

A^i'linoiiin 33; 

Ajfroste^niun 25i 

AifroHtls a75-778)  774 

Ailitntliiix 281 

Airs..   .f79J,  71>l,  795)  79> 
Airnptin   79,) 

•</■'«■<:   691 

Aicea 2l5'> 

AlcliemllU .S25 

Aletris  697 

All9in« (ij,7)  67i> 


AtnBlnnchler 829 

A  iwlliu 4;<8 

AniiHiitliliim 719 

Ammiinnia 349 

Animi H87 

Aiiii>ii>f>hilit 77H 

Aniorplm 315 

AinpelupaiH 2*J 

AiiiiihlmithuH 5'J5 

AniplilcHrpwa 322 

AmphlcarpiitD '84 

AmsoiiiH  aH9 

AiiiyKditleiB ,^25 

AniyKdHliiH 329 

A.VAl.ARDIAOKiB.  igU 

Aimchnrls 6i9 

AiihkiiIUm 605 

AnHiilherlx 694 

Aiidronied* 48H 

AndropoKoii 808 

A  iidrosHre 503 

Anemone iO> 

Anelliiim 382 

Anitellcn gHO 

ANdlOSPBRM.*...   199 

Anomi 215 

ANONACEiE 216 

Anonymiit 6.S4 

Anlennitiia 46I 

Antliemis 467 

Aulhopngon 80.S 

Anthoxiinthuin 789 

AntlvrrHmmH 821 


ArlMoIochln flOl 

ARISrol.OUHIACKiK, 

Armrria iyg 

Arinoi'HclK 237 

Ariiloii 464 

Anhrnnlherum 790 

Artemiiiin..     469 

ARTOUARPACEi*.  634 

Arum 668,  669 

Aiiindinaritt guo 

Ajiinilo 778,  800 

ANHinm 601 

A.SOI.KPIADACKiB.  690 


amsmaoh:*. 

Allluna 

Alloftruii 

AIniis 

Alopeciiriiii  .... 

Aloysiit 

Alnine 

Althea  .' 

AlysBnm 

AMARvNTAOR;fi 


61S 
7U 
819 
649 
778 
S39 
259 
266 
23H 

me 


■*™»rrtntns ((Jig)  617 

AMARYU,IDACKi«692 

Amari/llit 693 

Amborboa 466 

Ambrosia 443 


Antlrrhfiiiini 
Aiiyrhiit...  . 
Ap'iiyiig .... 
APKTAI,^. 
Apliyllon  ... 

ApiuH ^ 

Apiniti .'.'  388 

Aplectrnm 

APOCYNAUKifi.. 

A  pocynum 

Apogon 

ApiMjonia 

A|itfti'la 

aqijifoua(;e.« 

Aqiill«j;ia 

ArablR 

ARACEiE 

Araclili 

Aralla    

ARAMACRiE...'. 

ArhlttUH 

ArchRnKellca , 

Archemors , 

Arctium ._„ 

ArctoKtaphyliis \  485 

ArryphyUum 32I 

Arenarl».,..(26(),  261>  259 

Arelliniia 691) 

Ariremnne 223 

Arimenm 668 

ArhtW* ^..  J7(j» 


fil9 
(-:63)  262 
....   470 

601 

612 

320 


688 
.  688 
460 
,  807 
680 
496 
209 
231 
667 
306 
389 


AKCleplaa (694)  {91 

Accyrum 2)7 

Atimina 215 

AnpHrapiH 7I6 

AHpliodelus 7i;i 

A^pldlllm 823 

ANplonliim 820 

Aftenitilhimum jflft 

Adler (420-429)  420 

ASTEROlDEiB 419 

Aslljbe 371 

Amrafrnlnii 317 

Alhtiopof/on 805 

Atrof/rue 201 

Atilplex 16I6)  614 

Atropa 679 

AuUixanlhim 786 

AURANTIA«;KiB...  274 

Av*?* (790,791)  790 

Azalea,  (489). A«olla..  810 

liHcchariii 439 

llaldwinia 456 

Ballot* 665 

KBlFamlflutB 376 

UAI.SAMINAOEiB  .  2f0 

Kaptlala 301 

Karbareii 233 

Harlonia (368)  686 

ftaiMa 632 

UASEM.ACEiC: 611 

Katatiis 671 

hntnhia 661 


486 

m) 

380 
468 


Hefaih 
Btynnia 


491 
366 
366 
491 

429 
621 


HE(JONIACE/E... 

Itrjiu  ill 

Bellls 

Benioln „ii 

«KRHBRIADA(;EjE217 

RerbeilR 217 

Reichemia 291 

ISerlandiera 442 

Bf.mhardia 813 

Beta 612 

Be"''« 648 

BETULACRiB 618 

BIdtns 463 

BiirelOTla 4.'16 

Bliftionia 613 

BlONONTA'CEiB....  SI2 


Slotia 421 

BIrphllia 661 

Bletla 6^6 

Blilum 6lt 

linhmerla 637 

Ho«rhavla £03 

Holtonia 4'jj 

HiMiilin 343 

horhhiiwiia 47,1 

B<)KKAOINA(;RiK.  668 

BorrBRO 669 

liorrk'hia 440 

forya 600 

llotrycliiiini 816 

llonteloun fi(i6 

lloyklnlH 371 

llriicbycliuMn 4;o 

Brurhytlytrum 777 

Braaenia 219 

llraiiNica 226 

lirlckelliu ]  416 

Brl»a 799 

BBt).MKUA(;Ei«...  696 

Bromiii" 791 

BioiistiineHtiUia 611 

BrouHFonetia 6.36 

Bi'owRllla \  617 

Brugmaniria 681 

Brunei  la 662 

Bryonia 364 

Bryopliylliim 367 

Bryzoryrum 798 

Bucbne.a 6i8 

Bnckleya 6!^ 

Bnmelia joo 

Buphihalmum 444; 

Bupleiirnm S82 

Biirmannia 680 

BUU.MANNlA(;KiK.  680 

Buxua 632 

('aboniba 219 

CABOMBAlE*....  219 

CKcalia 462 

CAOTACK.* 369 

Cartut 3i  9 

faklle 239 

CalamngrroMli) 777 

Calamlnilia 647 

Oalceolnrln 61 J 

i.'Hiendiila... 466 

<;«ll* 669 

('alHimlrvm 421 

Oallicaipa. 6S8 

Callioprii 451,  462 

Cullir)  hoe 267,  268  . 

<'iill!ittephus 4:(9 

(!AI,LITRI(;HACEiE667 

rallllrlche. 667 

ra!opb«nes 634 

OalopoKon (SO 

Caltba 208 

OAl,VC.NTllAOEiE348 

Oiilycanthui ,»45 

Calycocarpum 217 


8-20 


INDEX. 


CtlpmrnUt, MS 

(July nyoiluii AM 

«/'»lrpii<i 0H6 

t;Mty»leKl» hi-i 

C^mlt•^^•t 1 .  7 10 

(.'•mallrm  2.17 

C!«raallU 'i,H 

(UMKI.MA(;h'.iB...  'm 

Citmp«i>»l<* «79>  «i« 

OAMPANUI.AOK^.   tiH 

OimutowiM 6£l 

(!»nn» 691 

tlKnnitlilii   t'lH 

CAPfAltlllACKifi.    2M 

Ctatii'in Sl'l 

OAPRirol.tACFS;*.  391 

OitpHAllit zw 

<>Ap*loiiin > 67H 

0  irditmlna (!33)  •&> 

tUrdiuHporniiiio 288 

Cx-il'twi 4W 

o»re« m 

0»ryi»  640 

Cikrpli«ptiorui 4U 

OarpliKM 64S 

CitrthAniu) 4IM 

t!»ru.ii. .■«J 

OABVOlMIYLLAtJK.* 

Guvmnitnt 4SI 

r,>%n»\ik »» 

Okssiopa IHi} 

Uutsneit •  lUi) 

OMtileJ* Vtl 

CAUlp* >   ••.•  ftlH 

OaUnaioho 471 

CAtUlain  6i3 

Cliiilopliyllulu 21  j 

Oaitnotliiiii 291 

OedronelU Mi 

«;BI..VHrRAOKiE....  289 

(^ttUnrim 289 

CjIoxIh 6ll> 

Ojltii 034 

OsiichriiR 788 

MsniAiirat (466)  465 

Centmrrllix 68  i 

CantioHein* 324 

CentiKiciiliM ttti 

CaphiiUnthus 4U1 

Cnraniktrii 647 

CeraDtium 257 

Oerasiis (328)  32ti 

OerfttloU 639 

CBBATOPHYM.A- 

OK/B 658 

OerHtoschuDiiiiii 745 

Oorcis SUl 

CS>c««ii 78i 

Oei-aus ....  mi 

Ohaeropliylliiin 38i 

Chmtit-ypei  M I'M'} 

{)h*mM\\t\\in\ "iM 

rhkniierops 66 

OhnptAllii 475 

(The<la»tbu4  . 8i9 

Uhelritnlhiis 'JXi 

Chelidoniuin 2J:i 

CUalona  S.'O 

Chaiiopoliim 616 

OI>etinH>liiim....(6l4)  6. J 
CllKN()P'>l>{AOKA  611 

CltimtphilH 491 

CliloganeR 481 

Chlo'i inllmi 599 

Ckiroiia 58:t.  684 

Chlorin 8iJ> 

(Miryiitntliuiuiim 4.58 

CKrjr^ew 224 

UliryMulial»ii«at 325 

ChrysobnlwnUM .   326 


nircwn SM 

CIraliiin 467 

fHm»» 3»l 

riHI'ACKiS 345 

Clktunierli H22 

ntnillui 305 

rilniii 374 

(^ImlHiitrll SUl 

CUdiuin 746 

t'lHrkU SM 

ClHylniilit ;iiJ4 

(llemitilii 2IM 

(;i(unia 34() 

(/'lurodandrum 538 

(MeilitA 492 

CiiiiUinU 714 

Clllurltt ,S24 

(^niciiii ...(468)  466 

(;ni<loHCOliii 63U 

Cocciihi* 217 

Corfilraria 217 

(;oi.x 8U9 

(;(illlnsiit 521 

Colliiitoiiitt 544 

roliilKH 319 

(.'oiiiiindi'H 622 

OdiiiHt'tiin 342 

(lomniBlyiia 726 

(,\>.M.>lKUYNAOKiK.  726 

CO-Ml'DSlTyB 4UU 

Cninptonlii 651 

yONIKKKi« 65J 

(Jiinlniialiuum 384 

Ooiiiiiiii 385 

(lonobeA 623 

(/'unocllniiim 418 

Coiiopliolii 512 

CniKuilyUK 697 

CoiivHlmiia (il5)  7>4 

<7()NVUl-VUI,Ai;KiK570 
Cji.volvuluB..  (J>7I,  4)  573 

I'onyM (4^.  44U)  438 

CmiuHiuaiilhat 701 

CoplU 208 

Coralloiliira 686 

Ciirchoiuu 272 

CoreiDit  6:19 

Ooreopiiia (450,  4)  450 

Coriniidiiim 388 

COKNAOKiK .S90 

(fortius 390 

(ToronllU 306 

(.'oiydMlls (225)  326 

Coiylii* 647 

Ooi yihliim 693 

i:oainaiilliuii (Mi6 

tlranicliiii  688 

(;miii»ia "^8 

ORAS.-<UI.AUK.*  ...  366 

CihUpkus XM) 

Orociid (00 

Orooiiiiit (03 

i.'rotiiliii'ia 3IU 

ty'roioii <K)U 

l/'roionophis 631 

CRliClKKIliB 226 

Oryplii.tcaiitliii> 635 

CrypxiH  7 !5 

Ciuptii 263 

i;ltYPTOUA.MIA..,.  810 

Crypiolienia iV6 

Ulviiiiiiu  806 

iMicuiniH  366 

CucuibUa 865 

(;Ut;U llinTACK.fi..  363 

.;unU» W» 

i.'tipliea  848 

Oiini CKHiia 603 

>.Ul*UI.IPKB>B 6;42 

(M'Viila 674 

UVOADACKiB 665 

665 


Cypripadlam IWI  tF.Qni8RTACBA....  S11 

Cyilllrt 49:t  I  KMiil««liiin 813 

Cyrlllea)  492 

tlyiiHiiiliani.. 5:mI 

*;vti«ii» 312 

l)«<t)li» 'iVS 

l)HC(yli)Ct«iiliim 8U1 

llalilia 429 

lUlva 316 

Dalibarda S4I 

ilHiiilioiiia (90 

DHpline 623 

Vmliya 623 

Jhirliiiytiinia 299 

DanjbloiiiH 6'.9 

DHliiia 581 

liauvii* 881 

htuimmrla    374 

Dulpliiiilum 210 

IKiiiHiiH 230 

Ui'unmiilliuii 299 

Dvkmudii.iii 907 

DeiiiielH 374 

l)|iiiiioi|>lia 368 

Dliiulhera 5.16 

IMhiiiIiiiii 264 

DiHiieiixIn 570 

DiHiiliviift (93 

DU'i'iitiH 236 

DIcuihikIiii 546 


(^hrynoiCOiiiinl 44oU'yciiil ;-  606 

Chrysopsis  437    OvcUmen 6*} 

OliryHospleniuin. 


ChruKftrMiaii . . 
Chtkbunin  . . 

nicer  

(liclinriicete 
Olcliorlmn. . 

<;ioiita 

Cimlciriiga  . 
Ciiielioiieie . 
(Tlnemria  .. 
Ciuiia.T..T. 


869 

462 

69(5 

sa3 

407 

469 

!."<aib5')  211 

•  ■■«■•  *nr* 

; 46:J 

776 


Cyclolnina 612 

('ydrnia S3.? 

Cl/m'iiiliuin 690 

<;yimra 4i>5 

(lynareiB 465 

i^yiiodon 804 

t'^ynoitloxxiiin  663 

<'ynoi.ciadium 389 

OviilhU   4,0 

OVHKllArRiB 7.SI 

OyparKb 7i>2 


DIcliKinu'iia 
IMck^ollia... 
IMrlipteia  .. 
DIciniiiiiuii. . 
Dicljif.ii  . 


574 
742 
820 
5;<5 
!82 
225 


llleivilhi 890 

DigilHlla 526 

Hil/iliii  lu 781 

JJiUiti  h 696 

Uiudia 402 

DIonica 252 

DIoKoiiea 701 

DUiSCUKKACKili..  700 

l)ii)n|)yioa 500 

l)ipli>lleia 218 

Diplocliniiira 366 

DiplopHiipiiH 427 

l)lP.SAt;KiB 405 

DipkHCUB 406 

Dipiciaeiiiilhiiii 534 

Diica 623 

Ulseupleuia 887 

l)odeCHtli«<>ii 603 

Uoliclioii (310)  323 

DiHxUa 820 

K.«\M 236 

ilriicuci'plmlum 662 

DioteiH 251 

lUiOSKUACKiG 251 

Drjas 837 

Uuihriiia 342 

Iliilldiiiim 732 

Dyeodia 454 

Katoiiia (94 


KrH|ri(mti« 795 

Kicvhiitvi 462 

KiIhiiUiui 807 

Krica 484 

KHIOACK.^ 419 

Krlciiit-IK 480,  484 

KrlKCiila.. 384 

KriKvron. 427 

Kriuliutrya 829 

Krioraiilon (730)129 

KK10C-AULUNAUU.i«, 
729 

RrlnKoiiiim. G04 

Krlouhoi  mil 740 

Krodluin 277 

Errum 805 

Kryiif(iiiiii 378 

Krjk  niiiin 233 

Kryiliia-a 684 

KrytliiiiiH 323 

Krythrniiiuni 707 

KncHllonia 873 

Knliaclioliiia 224 

Hurhrnma 531 

Eulophui. 885 

Kiioiiyiniiit 289 

KiipiitorfRCvr 412 

Kulintorliim.. 415 

Kiiplioi'bia 625 

KUHIUlKltlACKili.  624 

Kuplirasia 633 

Kuryhiii 421 

KuslHchya tOi 

Riitovlia 6li6 

iKuliiana 806 

KiixolUK 618 

Kinnim ...  584 

KXO(il'.Nil'i 199 

Kaha ■ii03 

KMKopyn.m 610 

KngijH 646 

Kcmuta (798,7119)  793 

KicuH 636 

FiliiKo 461 

t'll.IrKS 815 

KinibiiMylia 741 

Firm  iuna 27 1 

Klonkea 281 

KIA)l(ll>Ki£ 676 

Fadia 406 

Fimiculum .H82 

Foremiern £00 

Koi'Meronia Cb9 

Kor«ylli<H 699 

Kolheigilla 376 

KrMKUi  ia 341 


KUBNAOKjB... 

Kcliiiiac«H 

Kchliiocjsiln.. 
KchlnodoiUB  .. 
Kcliiiioaptsi'iniilii. 


500 
..  445 
..  St)3 
..  6(6 

663 


Kcliiiini 669 

Kclieveiia i68 

Kclipla 440 

Kl,AllNACK.iB 283 

Kliitiiie 253 

KI,.«ACiNACK.<K...  623 

KleHKOO" 624 

Kleoc'liHiiH 730 

Klepliiiiitopus 411 

Klviihiiie 801 

Klliottiii 49- 

VM.sni 863 

Klodea 240 

KlymiiM 801 

KlVtcaiiii 634 

Eniiliit 463 

KMPKTRACEiK....  (B8 

Rmneti'iini 6;il 

KNnOOKNiE CtHi 

Rn^lenia 695 

Kpldeiidrnm (i)[ 

KpiKwa 48.'' 

Kpilohliim 860 

KpilihcK"* ^" 


/ViDiA'iiii'd 274 

Kraheni 5^6 

FiHXii.iii> t<97 

Krllillaiia 7t» 

Kiuliehia 0^0 

Kuclmia i:54 

Knlieiii' 7S:6 

FiiniHii'i 226 

FLMAKlA(.i..U....  224 

Kiiiiklii 713 

(iNillaidia 464 

liMliiuiiiH: 4b:0,  405 

UHliicliii !.23 

(jhIhiiiIiiik (<94 

UaMlullii 419 

«R|«N 4!« 

(iiiliopiiiii Ctll 

(ialiiuii M9 

(JAMiil'KlAI.A!....  MtS 

(jaiililieiiu 4t<6 

aania 263 

(lH]Iuiu.HCin 4M 

UeUemiiiiiii 615 

(ieiiMa 310 

Uenliaiia £fc4 

(lKN'llANAi;KiV...  C^2 
URRANlACKili....  2'iti 

(iviHiiiiini 276 

Uaratdia 629,  5:0 

(jeiini 8;  7 

Uilla tt'9 

(illlellla S45 

(Jladioliis iW) 

lilHiiciiiiii >23 

(JlHlIX H«' 

Vjlvd.'uc'li.i. '•'M 


IHRTACKdR....  811 

■eliiiii HIS 

lunliii., 705 

hlilva 4tf2 

iiUiuii 807 

» tm 

OACKiK 4iW 

iiivw 48U,  4H4 

•iilit 384 

«ron. 427 

botry*. 829 

cinilon (730)  JW 

Ut'AULUNACK^, 
71-0 

Koiinm CU4 

uhniuni 7'tU 

lluin 277 

urn 8U5 

ii((iiiiii SiH 

h  mum 233 

llnu-rt M4 

lliiiiiit 322 

Ihriiiiiuni, 707 

nlloniii i'lii 

litcliulltift 224 

hrnma 531 

Dpliuf..... 885 

iiyiniiit. StiO 

iHlorlHCvR^ 412 

iHloriiim., 415 

ilioiliift 625 

I'lUlKltlACKiG  .  624 

ilimsia 53.1 

yhia 421 

iHchy* t04 

oc'liii 5I'>6 

liaKti 6U5 

lolUK Clti 

iriim 5H4 

OUl'.NA! lfl» 

iH :-,o3 

^opyn.m 61U 

\\i» 646 

tui'» (798,71)9)  i.?3 

UH 635 

•go 461 

.U;K8 816 

ibrlMyli 741 

miaiia 271 

vrkeH 281 

DKlDKiB 676 

lia 406 

'liculum .H82 

emiern 6U0 

Meroiila I,b9 

tylhlH 599 

heigillu 376 

KuiiR 341 

tiililhiiii 274 

item 5^0 

ixii>iii> t/97 

lillHiiii 7t9 

tlich'tt 0:u 

clmiH S;64 

lieiir 7!:6 

tiiHi ii 216 

)UlUA(.i..i:....  224 

iikia 713 

lllHitliH 454 

liiuiiin: 4^0,  4iia 

liicliii !.23 

liiiiiliiib t94 

Wicllii 419 

l«x 4!I6 

lioi'kiH C^li 

liiiM ii!) 

iynVWlAUM....  tits 

lililieilH 4M> 

niH 563 

yliiHKHCin 4M 

Uemiiiiiiii 616 

iiihtH 310 

ntiaim bhi 

.KllAVAV.KM...  tb2 
^.RANlACKil^....  2'iti 

luiiiiini 276 

rHrdiit 629,  &:0 

imi Si  7 

IlK W» 

llciilH !;45 

Httiolllfl 'itO 

niiciiiiii >23 

HllX..., WV 

l:«1.'uc'Ii.i> ',M 


INDEX. 


•lotiMliim SIS 

OI.UMIKKH^ii 731 

Olyoarln 7VH 

tityfin* 820 

llnapliHlltiin 460 

OoinMlireiiit 6IU 

Ooniolomuii 6UH 

Uoiiulobui 596 

non<(y«r» , AMD 

Oorilnnin 273 

UoMiyplum 27 1 

ORAMINKyR 770 

ORAMINUIUI-M'l...  731 

(InttiolM 623 

UKOH.SUI.AUK/G...  360 

UymiikilenlK 682 

aymii(>elnilu!t SOJ 

Uyinn<>p<i|rnii  .......  803 

UYMNK.  I'KKMiE..  669 

(lyoiiidropiiiii 2iU 

ll/t:M()l>UKA«;KiK.  OUci 

llHl><niH. AH6 

IIiil«>lit 499 

HA.MAMKI.A(:i3/C..  874 

llamHiiielU 876 

Hiimillmiia 622 

Hedeninit 641 

IImIdi  rt 8U0 

H'dyitlin 40.1.  404 

I  ledyNiirnm Sl)7 

Heli-nliim .(46*W  466 

UoliHiillielU 450 

llellHiilhemum 246 

Heliantliiii 447 

HeliohryHiini 4i>2 

Ileliopliytuiii 66'.) 

IleliopHJa ^416 

HelioDoludliiiu .'38;) 

Ileliutrophim 569 

llelloboruit 209 

Helonin* 7iy 

IlumernvikllU 71.'J 

HeiHiuHlhuf 526 

HeinirHrpliit 740 

IlepHtlcii 204 

Ileiaoleiim ,379 

Ufriiiioiii 69, 

Herniiiria 28.'i 

lierpesiiii (626)  52:1 

lle«pt'  l» Z\\ 

lle;er»mhei  a 7;il 

H  1' <•"«!•  rix 240 

llelerutlicca 4.3; 

lleuelie.ii S(2 

Hlbii<oiw....(270,  271)  2B9 

HierHriiini 4;o 

llieroclilo:! 789 

Hlppooiiniaiieie 287 

Hlppophie 624 

Hippiiris 868 

llolciM 789 

Honkenya 261 

Hordeum 801 

Holtunia 601 

Hountonia 402 

Ho.va 69o 

Hiid.'<oiila 246 

HiimiiliDi 638 

H.vacin.liim ,  712 

llyd'HiiKea ?C!;i 

HrdrantiM 212 

UVl>UO(mAKIDACEi£ 

Bi/droehant 679 

Hyiliorhlml 774 

llydrocolyle 37i 

liydroleA 6(J6 

HudroptltU 219 

HVUKOl'IIYMiACEiB, 
663 

Hydrophyllnm 564 

Ilygrrophila 535 

Hyiiieiiofiillif 693 

HymeiiopnppuH 466 

H  jo.icyumui' efc'O 

Huo'irU 47U 

HYPi>;RI(;A(;KiG..  .  246 

Hypericum 247 

Mypobrlchia 860 

Hypnporum 747,  774 

HypoxiB 696 

H)P"» 541 

I  iyHxopiis (651)  MS 

iberU 2S8 


tcUirn 

(Utg 

ll«m 

4Vri 

llluvabilnMD 

2M 

Illivliim 

2i:t 

llynHiitbiu 

624 

Imiiatianii 

IiinlKuhra 

"Mt 

819 

lii'ila 438 

I<Hlaiillm«.,, 229 

Ipomata (;;i)  f,72 

IpnmuptU 570 

IiokIiiu 619 

IRll)A(;KiB 697 

Irl» 69; 

InanlhUl 612 

IiialU 239 

hnitiilia 366,  ,356 

ImwlDK MO 

tMii-pU..  711 

UopiippoH 417 

iKopyruiu 208 

Ilea 273 

Iva 413 

Ixia 700 

,IArt.MINAi;iC.«. 596 

Jaamliitim 69i| 

Jalrophii 6;iO 

.li'trei'mjiilH 218 

JUOI.ANl)A(;Ki«..   640 

Jiiirlaiia 640 

JUNiJACKiK 722 

JiineitKliieK 676 

,Juiicu« 723 

,)uniperiiii 603 

.IiixaiM-a 301 

Jimlida 6;)t5 

Kallnli'wmlH 2i'0 

Kiilmla 484 

Kerria 34s 

Krolerla (7Ui)  793 

IvoBleletskyii 2(>9 

Krlgla (470)  4(i9 

KuUnla (4li)  416 

KylllnKia (741)  736 

I.AKlATiE 6;i9 

I.abiaiiiloin 47a 

Labraa 269 

Idibiiriium ,311 

lAclinocaiiloii ..  78O 

Laeii fljs 

I.HCiiarilbei 6911 

I.HCtucu 4;;i 

l,H(;eiiai'ia ,%4 

I.HK«>«>>(Bmia 348 

f.amium 666 

Ijampaana 469 

I  .iintana 638 

Lapathum 606 

LapWiaa 683 

l.apoi'lea 637 

l'"|ip« 4t>8 

l.ailx fitij 

IrfUliyriiH  .Ha) 

I.AURACE.* 6:0 

iMurui OHO,  6:il 

Lavandula 641 

Lavatera 207 

Leavenworthia 232 

I.ecliB>a iJ45 

Lreoiitia 669 

I^edum 491 

l^mia 77;! 

LIOlUJMlNUSiK i9fi 

Leiophyllum 492 

I^lliocarpha. 741 

Lerona 610 

liemiiaceae 670 

I.KNTIBULACEiK..  609 

[<eonotia fi58 

Lenntice 218 

Leoiitodou (47o)  470 

iieonurua jjj 

I.epHcliyn 44i 

!.epidiiim    238 

Lfplnniirii 627 

Leplanlhu». 722 

Lrptocauliii 386 

LeptochloH 803 

Leptopoda 466 

Leptuniii 801 

Lepuropetalon 373 

I^etipedeiut 3(n 

I<eiicanth«mum 468 

Leucas 567 


lj*uco)um 008 

Lfiiriiihof 408 

l.lHlrlH (411)  413 

l.ltfiiiiilcum 384 

l.ik'Mxtriim 509 

I.II.IACKjK :o6 

l.llliim 7oi 

LIMNANTIIADIOiC..  281 

l>lmnnnth«iiiiim 687 

l.lmiiMbliim 619 

LimnnthtiMt 7>36 

I.lmiikejla  625 

tJ.XAt'KyE 276 

Inarla 518 

Lindfirniii 624 

l.liiiiKa,  (393) .  Miiuro,  275 

I'lparla 688 

ijipm-arplia 74I 

I'ippla   (639)  M8 

l,)(|Uidambar 876 

i'.i'luUaudroii 216 

I.iateia 688 

l.illic>apermum...(662>  661 

I'OANACKiK 86H 

l«bvlln 4(6 

LOIlKMACKiC: 476 

■  .(XiANIACKiB  ....  514 

Lulnuleuria  489 

I'Ollum 802 

Loiilceia 394 

I'Opliaiitliiia 651 

i<5pliiiila 690 

l.npiiapliprmum 5  9 

l.uUANrilAUKiK..  ^21 

I'UilwiKia ,364 

I'Uimna 2.' 

I'Upinua 811 

l.uiuU 722 

Lyclinia 26/ 


liVclum 6bi 

l-Vroi'oniAC'EiE..  Ml 

I.ycopodiuni 811 

l.ycopala 6U) 

l.ycopua frl3 

I.ycorperalcuiii 5;6 

■  oKoduamla 473 

■OKodiura 817 

Lyonia 596 

Lyaimnchia 504 

LYTUKACKyK 848 

Lyllirum 849 

.Macbiidea 664 

•Macliira 635 

Mnvraiiiliura 628 

ilariuli/s 21 1 

.MAUNuMA 213 

MaKuoijacea; 213 

lUdhuiiia 218 

■Miijaiitliemum 716 

MulaxiH 687 

.Miilva (269)  'Mi- 

.Miivaceo! 166 

.Mulvaviacua 268 

.MHmmillnriH 360 

Maniaurus 804 

.MAKA.NTACKiK....  691 
.Marixcua...   (734,  736)  732 

.Miiirnbiiim 667 

.MHrahnllia 467 

"        ■  ..  810 

..  MO 
..  614 
..  467 
..  458 
..  2:9 
..  519 
..  718 
..  123 
706 


S2r 


M«nlh» Mt 

Mdiiull* BM 

.\l«iiyanlh«i WT 

.UaiiliMla 4k9 

M«ri«ii*ia M2 

>l>:sK.MI>KYA«>:i«.   26A 
,Me»«mbryaiiih«muin..  266 

Mfpilmi 881 

Mtnaiitlirmum 626 

MInumniu M  4 

Mktoaiylla Wt 

Mikanla 418 

Mlllliim (784)  788 

Mimoaa 298 

.Mlmuhii X....  622 

MiiHbiiia an 

.Vlllcliella 401 

Milella 369 

Mitirola AIA 

Modliila WT 

UKmrliia 161 

Uariuyia 260 

Moilngo 2U3 

.Moluifellii 66ft 

Momniiiicii 364 

.Munarda 050 

MoHuiiUlla 64< 

.Moiiewa 4M 

MoHorera 80K 

Monotiopa (49«i)  496 

MuiioiropcK (496)  4hO 

.Moniclia 619 

.Moms 634 

Mulileiibvi'Kla 776 

Mutlaiacen 407 

IiilKedium 474 

.«uaCHil 713 

Mytociirlum 49:1 


Marailea.. 
-MARSlLKAl^Kjfi 

Mai'lynia 

.Mai'ula 

Malrieitria 

.Maltliiola 

.Maurandia 

.MayHca 

.Mecoiinpais 

Medeola..... 

Medicago ]  sis 

Melampyiuiii 533 

MKLANTHACEifi..  717 

.Melantliera 444 

MelKntliium 717 

.MEI<A8TOMACRiE..  347 

Mella...   276 

.UEUACE.1G 275 

Melica 796 

.Melltolut 314 

■Meliaaa 648 

MelocHctus 860 

.Mrlotliria 364 

MKT4ISPERMA0R.fi  '216 
Meniapermuiii 216 


WyoaolU 562 

MyoMiiua 208 

•Myilcft 6iO 

.MYlU(;A(;KiK (MM) 

.Myrlophylh.in 867 

.VYHTACEiB 846 

•Vyitua 846 

Nabulua "71 

NAIADACKiK «,2 

Niijaa 67- 

NapcBB 267 

Narciaana 693 

Nardosmla 419 

Narihet'ium 72a 

NaHtuiilum 2lH 

Naimibnreia 504 

NeKuiido 287 

NK1.U.MI{IA0E^...  2I» 

Nuliiniblnm 220 

Nemiiatyli 699 

NeiiiopHiilliea 492 

Keniopliila 266 

Nepela 661 

Nerium 590 

Nesa-a Si9 

Neuropliyllum 381 

Nieandra 5J8 

Nicollaiin 681 

MerenibeiKia 6t)U 

Nigella 209 

Nollna 710 

Nupliar 220 

Niitlnllia 267 

NYCTAUINACKiB..  602 

NYMPHJSA 220 

NY.MPHiKAi;E.«...  220 

Nyaaa  892 

Oakttia 689 

Obioue 616 

Obolnria 887 

OMimaria 447 

Ocimum 641 

(Enauthe 8(!0 

(Knotheia 362 

Uldenlandia 4U3 

Olea (UOt)  699 


Di.EACEvK.... 
ONAGRAt'KjS 

Onoclea 

Unopordon 

Onoamodium 

<)nlilo);luaaum... 

Ojthioihiaa 

Ophryu 

Upllanieiiua 

Opuutia 


697 
36V 
823 
<6T 
660 
816 
616 
687 
7W 
314 


iii 


828 


TNDLX. 


M 


OROIIIDAOR^ 680 

Orchix (lit£i-685)  6U2 

(iriaHntiro 647 

OrmtliOKHliim |1U 

OROIiANOHAtJK^fi.  6U 

Orn'miiche 6Vi 

Oi'ontium 6;0 

Oryi* 773 

UryEopRis 781) 

(i*iii>\iilliiis &99 

asmorhiui 383 

Osmunda 817 

0«tryi» 647 

OXAI.IDACKvE 279 

Oxftlls 279 

OKybni.hus 608 

OxycocciM 483 

Oxydeiiili-ura 488 

Oxiflmin 803 

Oxyria 604 

Pachysaudra 6Si 

«>ie  mia 212 

PiepalanthuM 729 

Painfoxia 455 

ICALMAUKiB 666 

I'anax 390 

Paucratium 692 

Panlciira (787)  784 

I'apaver  224 

PAPAVKRAOEiE...  222 

Par.lqtitlhuH 700 

I'arietHria 638 

ParnH8»ia 252 

Parnassiew 252 

Paronychia 282 

Partheiiiiim 442 

PaspaiDm 7^> 

PagBlflora 363 

PA^SIKI-ORACEiE.  862 

Paiitlnaca S79 

Paulownia 522 

Pavia 288 

Pavonia 269 

PEOAI.lAOKiE 614 

Pediciilaiis 532 

relargonium 277 

Pel'aiidra  668 

Feiitdlophtu 561 

Penthoriim 368 

Pentittemon  > 5'20 

P'pHu 350 

Pei  iploca 691 

Ptrintylut 684 

Persea fO 

Pei'slca 32» 

PKTAUFER^. 666 

Petalostemon 316 

Pttitium 709 

FtlroneliMum 38S 

fetonia , 580 

Phaca 317 

Phacelta 665 

Phalangium 7  lU 

PhalariH (786)  789 

Pharbltis 571 

PhatieolnB H2I 

PhilailelphuB 374 

PhiHpaa 512 

Phleiim 779 

Phlo^ais 555 

Phlox 6ti7 

Plioradendro:i. 62 1 

Pliotlnla 329 

riiiHgrnltu 800 

Pliryma d-lS 

PlijrIlaDtbM 6:il 

Phygalis..... 578 

Phyxoalcuria. ...  i ... .  £54 

Phytolacca 610 

PHYTOLACCAOEiB  610 

Pilea 63; 

Pimpindia 308 

PUiokieyr 401 

P!r>ijuicula 509 

Plimx (661.662)  6;W 

Piptnthtrum 781 

Pisiim (304)  »i3 

PiHtia 6(1 

piTi6sp()RACE.«]  iis 

I'fttospnruin 2C 

Plaiiera if  J 

PUutago 1106 


PLATANACEiE   .  .  639 

Plataiilliera 6K4 

P!»tanii8 640 

I'leea 7-0 

Pluehea 4^9 

Pht'MitAOiNACEii!:  ao; 

PluiabKKO 508 

Poa (796,  (99)  196 

Podophjlliim 2ih 

PUDOhTKMIACBiB.  6i), 

Poilustenimn 657 

Podustigiim 594 

PoKonIa 69u 

PoranlKia 241 

POLEMONIACEjE..  667 

t'.y|«moniiim 569 

PolyBinhes 634 

Polycarpon 262 

Polytrnla i94 

P«)I.VOALACEiE...  29:1 
POLVOONACEjB...  603 

Polyifoiiatum 714 

Polyuroiiella 606 

Polygoiiiim 607 

Polvmida 440 

Polypodium 818 

I'olypoRon 777 

Polypremum 515 

Polypteiig 455 

Poly  taenia 879 

Pontedeiia 72i 

PONTEDERIACiSiB  721 

Popnlus 655 

I'oitiilaca 264 

PORTULAC'ACEiB..  263 

Putamogelon fH'A 

Potoniilla , 342 

Poterlnm 326 

Pnthos 669 

Prenantiici (471)  473 

Piltniilii 602 

PKIMULACEiE 601 

Pi'inos 497 

Prioiiopnis 437 

Prosartes 716 

Pi  oserplnsca 35', 

Prunella 552 

Piunus (326)  327 

Pxamma 778 

Pailocarya 742 

PKiioHttmoii SbO 

Psilotuni 313 

Psoialea 314 

Ptelea 28i 

'•tens 819 

Ptv.-ncaulon 439 

Pieroapora 49l> 

Pulmonaria 562 

Pulmlilla 202 

Punica 346 

Pycnaiithemum 545 

Pyo'.iu (32 

Pvrr.rnim 45j 

I'yiola 493 

Pyrol«ae 493,  480 

Pynhopprpuii 47:( 

I'yrijlaiia 622 

Pyrus 332 

Pyxiilanthera 670 

Qiiamoclit 571 

(^'ufltia 6J3 

tJueiciiB 642 

RANUNCULACEiE.  200 

Kan  nnciiluR 2U5 

Knphanuit 240 

litlmiilta..., ...  7»5 

Ketieda 241 

RESKI)ACEi¥. 241 

RHAMNAJE.* yOO 

'tUamnus 290 

Unenra 604 

Uhexia H4T 

RhinuniliuR J32 

RhododendrQD...(489)  49U 

Rhodora 491 

Rhus 283 

Rhynchosla .>i20 

Rhvncbotpora,..(746)  743 

Rhytglojsa '.....'.  636 

Rllieii S60 

Rlchardla 669 

Kleiniw.. tm 

Rlvln* 610 


Roblnia S19 

Kmhtlia 663 

Koiia 333 

ROSACEiG 324 

Kosniarinus 550 

Rottboellia (807)  806 

Koiibieva 614 

UUXULRUHIACEiE. 

703 

Rnbia 401 

Kl  UIACEi*: 398 

RiiIniH 339 

Kiidbeckia (447)  445 

HutWa HM,  535 

Rnnisx (604)  606 

Kiippia 673 

Rii;a 282 

RUTACEiE 281 

Sabal..  666 

Sabbatla 583 

Sacchariim 807 

8HKeretia 292 

Sagiiia 260 

SHgitlnria 677 

SAI-ICACE^ 661 

Salicornta 615 

Salisbiirla 664 

Sallx 651 

Salaola 616 

Salvia 648 

.Salvlnia 811 

Sambucns 396 

Samolua ,  606 

Sunguinaria 222 

Sai'giiiaorba 32A 

»ianiciila 3(6 

SANTAI.ACE.* 622 

.■^APlNDACEifi 287 

Sapindus 288 

Saponaria 254 

SAPOTAOEiE 600 

.Sanacenia 221 

SARRAt.'ENIACEiE  221 

Saasalrus 620 

Kalurrja 546 

SAl)KL'RACE.iG....  656 

Saiirui'iiB 657 

Saxil'i'Kga .*"....  370 

SAXIKRAUACE.S..  360 

Scubioba. 406 

Scandix (384)  383 

*!cariosi 426 

StVie  ichieria 678 

Schiutndra 216 

.SCUIZANDRACEiE  216 

Scliiioea 8I7 

ScliiKinthus 517 

Sc'iioeMOcaulon 719 

Schveuua 744,  746 

Scliollera 722 

Schiaiikia 299 

SuhwHJbea 532 

(iciiweiniizia 495 

.Scilla.  710 

Scirpeee 731 

Scivpus (742,744)  738 

ScleranthuB 263 

bcleiia 746 

Sclerolepia *12 

Scolopei^driura 8l2 

Scropnularia 520 

SCRUPHUI.AUIACEiS, 

516 

Scutellaria 552 

Secale 803 

Sedum 367 

Seliigiiielia 812 

Hempervivuiu 368 

ijrnebiera  239 

Seiiecio (462)  46:^ 

Seneclonids 439 

SenUra 696 

Serieucarpus 419 

SesainiiD. 514 

Seebaniii 316 

Sesnvium 264 

Sataria 788 

Bevinpria 629 


Sibbaldia 34.'^ 

Sicyo« 364 

SMa 268 

Sllene - 255 

Sllphlum '442)  441 


Sinapla 234 

;Si>on 386 

Siajmbrium (228)  2.H3 

Siayriiicbium 699 

Siiira (386)  387 

smila(;e.,« 701 

Smilaciiia 715 

Smilax 701 

SOLANACEiU 576 

SolHiiutn  576 

Solea 246 

Solidago 4£0 

SolivB 460 

t^oiichua 474 

-^oighnm 808,  809 

SPAniClFLORiE...  666 

Upargavophurtir 412 

8parganum 672 

gpariina 805 

SpeauUria 479 

Spergnia 26! 

Speigiilaria 261 

Spei  niHCoce 402 

SpigeliH 515 

tipilaulhea 454 

Spinncia 615 

8plra>a 343 

Spiianthea 689 

Sporobolua 776 

»pr«l<eliu 694 

8tacliya 666 

^tapelia 596 

Staph;  lea 289 

StHtice 508 

Stellttiift (269)  268 

Stennminiuni 719 

Stewo',  phrum 807 

Sterciilia 271 

STKlU;UUAOKiE..  271 

iStillingia 6'^9 

Stipa (781)  780 

Stipaccic 771 

Stipiilicida 262 

Stokeait 4U 

Rti  eptop\>8 715 

Stroph  iottyUa 322 

Struihiopleria 818 

Siuartis 273 

Stylipiu 338 

btyliama 674 

Siylophorum 221 

tity losanthea 306 

STYRAOACEiE 418 

8tyrax 499 

Siibulaiiii 2o8 

SuUiviiiiila 3(2 

Sicertia 687 

Syeua 728 

^yihphurivarpus 394 

.Symphytum 660 

SymplocHipua 669 

Syniplocoa 499 

S}  nundia 664 

Syiilbyria 526 

Kyphuiiichia 263 

hyiiniia 698 

Tagetca (454)  46S 

Tttliniiir. 26i 

TauHcetuin 41.9 

Taraxacun  47,1 

TAXAOl;.* 664 

Tuxodium 663 

Taxut: 664 

Tevoina tlj) 

Tvlanlbera 6I9 

'repbiokia 318 

Vetriigoixtht'C'tt 440 

'I'etranthcia 6:1 

Teucrit.m 541 

Thalia (j91 

Thalictium C^OS)  204 

Thiiptia £83 

Th-i.pium ^52 

Thnja 662 

ThiHibeigia 534 

'IHYMI-XACEjE....  62.1 

Thyruiic 647 

TliuonanOiiii 320 

Ti, "..  v„neiU'. .   . , . .  6116 

TiaVclla 870 

Tiednianiiia 3^0 

Tigrldia fi« 

Tllln 272 

TILIAOEjB 271 


INDEX. 


829 


2S4 

a«6 

m (220  2S3 

um 699 

(386)  3« 

iM 701 

716 

701 

CRM 676 

676 

246 

4E0 

460 

474 

»08,  809 

FLOKit:...  666 

ohurtir 412 

n 672 

806 

1 479 

26! 

iu 261 

:e 402 

SI6 

1 4S4 

616 

343 

i 689 

B 776 

, 69* 

666 

696 

289 

608 

(259)  248 

um 719 

rum 807 

271 

MAOKjE..  271 

6i9 

(781)  780 

771 

a 262 

411 

> 716 

lyHs 322 

leris 818 

273 

338 

674 

i>m 224 

lieH 306 

ACEiE 4!8 

499 

2E* 

i» 372 

687 

728 

carpus 394 

)m 660 

ipuB 669 

IB 499 

664 

I 626 

Ilia 263 

098 

(464)  468 

26i 

m 41,3 

m  47,'« 

:JE 664 

a 663 

664 

MS 

H 619 

1 318 

ttlit'VK 440 

eitt 6:i 

1 641 

t9l 

ID (^03)  204 

i83 

1 IS2 

662 

{1.1 634 

LaCEM....  62.) 

647 

l„( 320 

.l),i  .,6(16 

870 

IllH SfO 

fi« 

272 

iM 271 


Tlllaja 367 

TlllaiidBia 693 

TIpulariu 686 

ToSeldia 720 

Torreya 664 

Tonrnefortia 6S8 

Tradescantia 727 

Traifia 629 

TragopoKcn 47U 

Trautvetteria 204 

'IVepocarpus 389 

Irihulat 280 

Triclielostylis ...  741 

Trirhochlon 777 

'rrii'haphorum 740 

Tricho.Htemma M2 

Tricuipl* 792 

Trientalig 603 

Trirolium  312 

Tilglochlii 678 

TRILLIACEiS 704 

Trillium 704 

Triosteum 893 

Triphora 690 

TripUitU 793 

Tripsacum 806 

Tri8«tum 791 


'  Triticum F02 

1  TrolIiUH '.08 

iTKUP^OI.AUKvfc,...  180 

'i'rupieolum £81 

Troximoii 473 

Tubuliflora; 410 

Tuli(.a  707 

Tiirnera 362 

TCRNKRACKjE....  362 

Tiirritiii TJd 

TiifidiiHgu 419 

Jlypliii   0,1 

TVPHA«)EA; 671 

Udorii 0:9 

UI-MAC'KiE 632 

UIiiiuH 632 

U.ML<ELIFKRiE 376 

Uniola 800 

Vraehne 781 

Uriilepis. 792 

Urtioii (63,)  636 

UKTICAOEiE 636 

Utricularia 609 

Vcari- 216 

Uvulnria 7I6 

Vacciueic 480 


racclniam (484)  481 

VHchellia 299 

Valeriana 404 

VALKRlANACKiK.  404 
Valeriauella 406 


6i9 
7i8 
618 

6a7 

636 


Vallisiieria 

Veratrum 

Verbancum 

Verboiia 

VERBENAUEiK. 

VerbeRiiia (460)464 

Vernoiiia 410 

Veronica 6;6 

Ve«icariii.. 23; 

Vicia 204 

Victoria 221 

Viffna 320 

»:''/«••: 775,776 

Villurna 887 

Vinca 889 

Viola 242 

VIOI-ACE.*! 241 

Visiania 600 

VITAOEjE 292 

Vitex..(639)..Vilig...  292 
Waldeteiuiii. . ; 341 


Wares js* 

Windnoria ;ut 

Wiktaria 320 

Woodiiia fiJ3 

Woodwardia £20 

Xauihium 444 

Xanllioxylum 282 

Xeraiiiliuniiim 462 

Xeiopliyllum 719 

Xy  loiiteoii S94 

XVRlDAl.EiK 728 

Xjiis ',S8 

ViiccB 709 

Zaiinit'liellia 65S 

i^HiillioriiiH 209 

Zaptnim 628 

Zeii iij^ 

Heiiobid 487 

ZepliyrHiitliui (^ 

ZigHdt'iins 717 

Zinnia 444 

Zizania 773 

Ziila (382)383 

Zornia 305 

Zomera 673 

ZYOOPHYLLACBiB  239 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  POPULAR  NAMES. 


Abele 

Acacia 

Acantliads  

Adarasmd  Evo.. 
Adder 'a-tongiie. . 

Acrimony 337 

Albany  UeecUdi'ops..   496 

Alder 649 

AllseeJ 262 

Alnijnd 329 

Alou 694 

Alpine  BiHtort (K)9 

Alum-root 372 

Alyasiim  .   2>o,  2{j 

Aniitmiitli!) 61j,  617 

A'narylltds iyil 

Ainaryllis 69.1 

American  Oont liny..  581 
Amerio;ui  Iiturel 481 


Anetnaiie. 

Aiuelicii 

Aii'^elicaTruu  ... 

AuKalico  

Anise 

AiinnalB 

Apet  tlous  Plants. 

Apple  

Apple  H.iw 

Apple-ol-Peru 

Appleof  Sodom 


.iOJ,  20i 

;«J,  381 
...  389 

....  381 
...  38S 

....  215 
...  601 
...  332 
...  3il 
578 
6,8 


Apricot .1.1,  3J8 


AraliaJs. 
Arbor-vitflB   . 

Aroids   

Arrowarts  . . . 
Arrow-urass  . 
Arrowliead  . 
Arrow-woo". . 
Articluke  .. 
Artociips.. . 


;«9 

...  0)2 

6»,' 

.   ...  Gill 

678 

.   ...  077 

3»7 

.418,  4i}i 
6lt 


AMclepiads 6:41 

Anh  59/ 

ABii-maple 287 

AspamguB 7 16 

Aspen    6J5 

ARpliodel 713 

AHter IW-127 

Asterworts  ^03 

AtamHBCo  Lily.  ..',...  ^g-\ 
Anrlenia ^t 

Avens ,';;..  axr 

AWIWOll iSS 

;^'M'e'i  ....'..■..  489 

H  ichelor's-bntlon.  465,466 
llalloon  ^  inu 288 


656    Balm 548,655 

299    BHlm-of-Oilead 666 

533    lliilsamine i80 

687    Banrberry 212 

816    Hanvan 636 

Barley 801 

Barn-yard  Grass 787 

Basil 645,  648 

Bass-wood tji 

ilastard  Iioosestrife. ..   364 

Bastard  Toadflax 622 

Balh-liower  705 

Bay  berry  630 

Bay  Galls 620 

Beach  Pea, 301 

Beach  Plum 327 

Bean  i^aper  2J9 

Bearberry 486 

Bpard  Grass 779,  808 

Bei\rd  -tongue  620 

B  jar's  Grass 709 

Be.ir'g- Thread 709 

Beaver  Tree 21 1 

Belstraw  399 

Beech 646 

Beech  drops 496,   611 

Beet 6,2 

Beelle-we<jd  495 

Beggar-ticlis  663 

Be.^iiiads 3/56 

Beliwort 716 

Bellw.>rts    4-;^ 

Bengal  Grass 7^^^ 

Bant  Grass jj.j 

Barberids 217 

Berberry 217 

Bermuda  Grass )^ 

Big  Laurel 214 

Bilberry 482 

Blnd-wse'l.  ...570,  673,  609 

Birch   618 

BIrchworts 648 

Bird  claw  Moss 818 

Bird'snest 40} 

Birth  worl.    001 

Bishop'scap 370 

Bishnp-weed SSJ 

Bitter  l^resK 2S0 

Bjlter-nnt... (m 

Bitter-Rweet 677 

'lIsarrA         .,^. ^^   oi^ 

Black  Alder.  ..'..'.'.'  49^ 

Black  berry a.'W 

Black-haw ;^ 

Black  Hoarhound....  563 


Black  .M088 6f6 

Black  Night-shade...  677 

Ulaclr  Oat  Grass ',t[) 

Bliivk-root 439 

Black  Saltwort iOS 

Black  Snake-root....  211 

Black  Thorn 328,  SSu 

Bladder  Fern 822 

Bladder  Ketmia 2t9 

Bladdernui 289 

Bladder -pod 237 

Bladder  Senna 319 

Bladderwort 600 

Blazing-star 413,  720 

Blessed  Thistle 466 

Bllle 614 

Blood  root 222 

Bloodworts 696 

lllueberry 481,  483 

Blue-curls 642,  86: 

Blue-dangles 481* 

Itlue-eyed  Grass 69! 

nine  Flag 69 

Blue  Grass 79, 

Blue  hearts 61; 

nine -Joint  Grass ^;t) 

Blue  Palmrtto 667 

Bluets 40: 


Bugle- weed 643 

B"S'o»». 669,660 

"""•'■"''h  722, 7;  8 

Burr  Dock 46H 

Burnet,.  .326,316 

Burning  Bush 289,  iVO 

Burr-tloner 664 

Burr  Grass ;p8 

Buir  Marigold 463 


Burr  Reed 

Burr. teed , 

lUihli  tJlovtr 

Bush  Tieldil.... 
Button  liutb..!. 
Buttoiiwood 


672 
MH 
309 
107 
401 
640 


Bog  Rush 746 

lloueset 416,  41; 

lloiuiet  Grass 774 

Borrage 689 

Borrageworts 668 

Bottle-Grass ;^ 

Bouncing   Bet 266 

Bowmnn'i    root Si5 

Box  berry  4^ 

Box  Elder 287 

Box- wood 63i 

Brake 819 

Bramble £39 

Bridal  Rose 340 

Broccoli   236 


Bromeliads 

Brook  lime 

Broom  ("orn... 
Broom  Orass. . 
Broom -rape... 

Bryony 

Muck-Bean  ... 

K!irii?Te .  .287,  '^S 

Buckthorn r90 

Hnckwhcat 610 

BuckwheHt  Tree 493 

Biiglmne 211 


69.5 
....  627 
....  809 
.791,  809 
....  512 
....   .164 

387 


Butteicnps 206,  S07 

Bntleitiy-weed 693 

Buileiiiut 640 

Hutieiweed 4^4 

llnlinwort ttg 

•  Hbbiige ivj 

CBOtns lay 

('HlHbHbh.... 3(i4 

t.'ale JO. 

Calaminth 647 

Calico  Bush 465 

Califoi_nia  Poppy 224 

(camellias kh 

<^aiypso egg 

^■n'P'on 266,  267 

Canada  Thistle 4^ 

(.'anary  Cretper jgi 

Canary  Grafs ^yj 

Candleberiy »«n 

(aiidytult j« 

<'»iie fijg 

Ctinteibuiy  Bells 450 

Caper  Spuise e-g 

Capparifi" ^tO 

CapiK  hin jgi 

Caraway f jj 

Cardinal  flower 4-^^ 

Cardoon 46l)i 

Carnation 264 

(•aipet  t;re»s j;^ 

(Carpet  Weed JO 

Carrion-flower 709 

Carrot .'Si 

Cassenu  Tea 497  . 

Castor  oil  Plant e?0 

Cainipn 613 

Catrh  fly UO 

Calih-fly  Grass 7(S 

<"at-gut. .118 

Catiiep t61 


I- 

s 


630 


catun W' 

CBuliBower Ob 

Cayenne  Pepp«r 678 

Cedar *»» 

Oelrtndine ^ 

Oelery *° 

Century  "imu §W 

Chuffneed W2 

Chamomile «7 

ChaileTree M? 

Cheat 791 

Chevkerberry 488 

Chenopodi Oil 

Cherry. 326,327 

Cherry  Laurel Sm 

Ohe»« W 

ohBKiimt 5r 

Chick  I'ea 80»,  30t 

Cbickweed 257,  258 

Chick  Wintergreen...  Sw 

China  Astur <29 

Chinquapin Wb 

Chckeberry JS 


INDEX. 


CypreM  Vine. . 

ItaHudil 

Dahlia 

DaUuOn 

Daliiy 


6-1 

ma 

4tt. 


Choke-cherry 
Cinnamon  Kern . . 

Cinqnefoll 

Citron  Tree 

Clve» 

Clary 

Cleavers 

Climbing  Uoneset 


...817 
. . . .  S42 
....  276 
...  712 
....649 
399,  4U(I 
418 


naming  Pinxfer 480 

KImx,  Haxworls iio 


Climbing  Kern 817 

Cllntonia <J4 

ClotOrasi IM 

Clot-weed., 4U 

i;loud-berry |40 

Clover 312 

Club  Moss 811,812 

OtubKush ;  i38 

Cock'8-comb 322, 016 

Cockspur  GraM (87 

Cocoa  Plum B" 

Coffee  Bean 3U3 

Coffee  Tree 30U 

Cohosh 218 

Colic-root 897 

Oolocynth 3bo 

Colts-foot 419 

Columbine «• 

Colnmbo 686 

Comfrey '"^ 

Cone-flower 445 

Conlters 659 

Coral-root 686 

Corncockle 26« 

Coriander 888 

Cornels 39(1 

Corn  Klag 700 

Cornel 391 

Cotton  Crass 740 

Cotton  Plant 2il 

t^otton  Bo«e 461 

Cotton  ThlHtle 467 

Cotton  Tree 656,656 

Con. I  Grass 802,  M 

Cow  '"t\ne 380 

Co\i -wheat 533 

CrabGrass i83 

Crab  Tree ^^i 

Cranberry 481 

Crane'8-blll 276 

Ciape  Myrtle 348 

Creeping  Oreenhead. .  4(0 

Cresi..:. 228,332,^ 

Crest-flower «» 

CroeuH,... 700 

tJross  VIpe 61* 

CL9wb«rry 638,  689 

t>rO«ra«l» auo,  20S 

Or««ttbMT« 4S4 

OmWh  Imperial 709 

eMMtlcrs 2-6 

Cael^-Sower 2:il 

OkioiiaiiMit sej-.sce 

COeumbtMr  Trae. 

CucmUU 

Cudwe«d^...». 
Culver'«J?^jm«« 

Cap  ptr,r4-;-  --- 

Cupseed 

Currants 

Cut  GraM 

Oycades  ....... 

Cyptew , 


Dandelion 469,  4i3 

UaphnadH wj 

Darnel  Grats jO'i 

Day  l.'ly JU 

Deadly  Nightshade.,  mv 

Deei  berry 482 

DeergiiiSK 347,  Ii4 

Deer's-tongne 41X 

Devil'sblt 406 

Dewberry 339,340 

DewGrais 774 

Dill 38if 

Ditch  Grass 673 

Ditch  Moss 6i9 

Dlltnny 64S 

Dock 005 

DockniBckle »»7 

Dodder 674 

Docbnne 588 

DoKwood....284.  .S90,  891 

DniKOiiheHd 662 

l)i'MKonroot 668 

l)iop-Hower 471 

Dropreed  Grass. ..778,  77h 

l)ry  Strawberry 341 

Oncknu'Hi 670 

Dutch  Myrtle 660 

DiitfliiniinV-lireeches.  !f25 

DntcliniMii's  Pipe 602 

UwarVDwvdelioji 469 

Dwaif  (link 402 

....  810 
....  24l 
.225,364 

800 

....  679 
678 


427 
2.14 
68i 
•u4 
698 
bli 
169 


Dyer'K-lMOdm 
Dyer's  weed  . 

Kiirdrop 

Kboniids 

Kel  GraaK.. .. 
Kick  Plant 


KleatiHue 

Klixweed 

KloHtlng-li«Hrt  ... 

Kloviii  Oiass 

Klowei-de-l.uce.. 
Kloweiiiig  Kern.. 
Klower  ol  an  hour 

Kly  poison Mw 

KoK-fi'Xit 5^° 

Kool'n  Parsley 'M> 

Korget-roe  nut 662 

Korkeil  spike oJ» 

Koiil-meadow il» 

Konr-o'clock 40.! 

KoXElove 52b 

Koxl'iil •  ;<l 

Foxtail  (fia»i<.778,  (.9,  iN* 

Kraxinelirt 282 

French  Mulberry 6.18 

Fringe  •Ji"'"'' ,„, 

Fiiige  Tree tftj 

Frogbits •>(» 

Frost  Plant "■"' 

iPnmeworts 

Fumitory 

(>ale,  Guleworts. 

Galingale 

OargHt'Weed 

Garlic 

Gay -leather 41-J 

[Gentian ^' ^, 

Gentianwotts 682 

Geranium ^    ,'.? 

Germander  641 

Gill*.  ..., ••  ?*;!> 

Olll-over-lheground 


Ginseng. 


Bglanline 385,336 

Ktrypt ian  t;alla 6b9 

Kgyptian  Grass 804 

Killer 39t> 

Elecampane 438 

Klcphant's-ears .160 

Klephant's-foot.......  411 

Rim,  KImworts.    632,  C33 
Enchanter's       Night- 
shade   ■'i66 

Endive 46'J 

Kndogens bOO 

English  IJcnt 7i4 

English  Mint 4ii8    (loose-toot 

Engliiih  Moss 36>   (Joosegras* 

Eternal  Flower  46-UJonrd  .... 

Evening  Pflmrose  ...  3&2   Gout  weed 
Everlasting 460,  461 1  Grammell. 


(SUstiWort 6  6 

Globe  Ainarnnth 619 

Globe  Klower 208 

Gnatbnne 438 

Goai'N  beard 346 

Goat's-foot .^SS 

Goat's  Kue 318 

OoidenAlexanders.S82,.  8.t 

Golden  Uartonla 368 

Golden-chain 312 

Golden-club b,0 

Golden  Fern 818 

lioldenrod 4dO 

Goldthread 208 

Good  king-Henry....  614 


Heath,  Heather 484 

Healhworti 4i9 

Hedgehog MS 

Hauge  Hyssop..   .KS,  OM 

Hedge  Mustard ',f33 

Hedge  Nettle US 

lleliotruie £58,  U9 

llelieboie Ik9 

llemloik 161 

Hemp (>38 

Hemp  Nettle t6« 

Henbane UO 

llenblt t» 

Herb-Robert '41 

Herd's  Grass 774,  7(9 

Heion'sblll i77 

Hibiscus It9.  270 

Hickory  640 

High  (  lanberiy. !>«7 

High-water  Shiub....  448 

.,„    Hoarhound 41Z,  6W 

giil  Hobble  Hush i>97 

Hogweed 443 

Holly,  Holly worts.496, 487 

Hollyhock 266 

Honesty  238 

Honewort Slo 

Honey  Locust SCO 

Honeysuckle Bd4-S96 

Honeysuckles !i9S 

Hop 6:-8 

Hop  Hornbeiiin b47 

llornbenra  648 

Horn  Pondweed 673 

Horn  Poppy 2i3 

Hornwort boo 

Horse  Balm 644 

Horse  Bean 8w 

Horse  Chestnut  .  287,  288 

Horse  Devils SOS 

Horsimint 64.S,  860 

Horse  Nettle 678 

Horse  Kadish i37 

Horse-lBil feU.SI* 

Horse-weed 443 

Hound's-tongne 663 

Honneleek J^Jw 

llimseleeks K66 


246 
224 
226 
6u0 
632 
610 
711 


390 


481 
712 
b73 
6(iS 

6-15 


Gooseberry 


691 
6i2 

47:1 


Eveiliicting-Pea. 

Eyebriglit 

Falsa  Aioe 

False  lliiiilweed.. . 
False  Dandelion... 

False  Dng-leunel 454 

False  Flax 237 

False  Heilelmre 718 

False  .Mermaid ..  281 

False  Nettle 637 

False  Pennyroyal  ....  542 

False  Bedtop W 

False  Rice 7i3 

False  Rocket 22» 

ifalMj  Scablsh 457 

If^alse  Solldago 430 

raise  Syringa 3i4 

False  Violet 341 

Felwort 686 

Kennel »« 

Fentiel-flower 209 

Ferns 815 


904   Grape  Fern 


361,  362 
.(Gen.  3),  612 

343,400 

364 

388 

661 

816 


214 
....  SdS 
400,461 
....  5-27 

'.'.'.".  217 

....  seu 
..  .  773 

....  CtU 
....  603 


Fescue  Grass. . .   .  793,  791 

Fetter  Bush 487 

Kererfew 468 

Feverwort 3. 3 

Fig  636 

FIgwort  620 

li'lir^'OitM  ,  , 616 

F Tbert ..! 647 

F  inger  ( S  rass 78 1,  804 

Fireweed 462 

Kir.  Kir  Balsam...  .    661 
KUkes  2i» 


6:3   Grape  Hyacinth..^..  712 

Grapevine 292,  2M 

(irasses 77(J 

Grass  of  Parnassus...  252 

Grass  Pink o'JO 

Grass-poly.. 34» 

(}reek  Valerian 66» 

Green  Brier (01 

Green  Dragon obB 

Green  Violet 245 

Gromwell 6bl 

Ground  Cherry oi» 

Ground  Kir 812 

Ground  Hemlock bb4 

Ground  Ivy 551 

Oiound-ntit 320,390 

Ground  Pine 81'' ^''^ 

Groundsel 46.1 

Groundsel  Tree 439 

Guelder  Hose 397 

Gum  Tree ^92 

Oymnospermi 659 

Hair  Gras (74 

Hardback 344 


478 
. . . .  82J 
331,3:2 
....  XO 


Hare-bell 
Hart's  tongue 

Haw 

Hawthorn.... 
Hawkbit  .... 
Hawkweed... 

Haielnnt 

Heartsease 244 

Heart-seed 'Xo 


Huckleberry... 
Hyacinth  ... 
Hydrangea  . 
Hydrophylls 

Hyspop 

Ice  Plants 266 

Indiana  Vernlriim  . . ,  7  1 8 

Indian  Corn 80* 

Indian  Ciess    281 

Indian  I  Incumber  ....  706 

Indian  Kips 369 

Indian  Grass «» 

Indian  Mallow 2t.8 

Indian  MiUett 809 

Indian  Physic .146 

IndiiinPIpe 496 

Indian  Bice 7(3 

Indian  Shot t;9l 

Indian  Soapworts  ....  287 

Indian  Tobacco 477 

Indian  Turnip 6b» 

Indigo  Plant 3l9 

Inkberry •  4W 

Innocence 402,  6.1 

Irids 697 

Ironweed 41U 

Ironwood 647 

Italian  May 344 

Ivy 284,  390 

Jackln-the-Pulpit  ...  668 

Jacobea 4b4 

Jacobea  Lily f94 

Japan  Olobeflower  •  •  ■  jja 

Tapan  Rose «» 

Jasmine 896 

Jasmineworts 6» 

Jersey  Tea 291 

Jerusalem  Artichoke.  448 


470 
647 


Jerusalem  Cherry. 
Jerusalem  Sage  . 
Jessamine 

«^.„.l    _;.5jJ 

Jlmson-weed.... 

JIngko 

Job'stears.. 


677 
655 

696 
VRU 
f8l 
664 
80V 


Jonquil <J9S 


INDEX. 


831' 


r «4 

4(» 

!>13 

..   .&S,  bU 

d '^3 

£66 

....:68,  a» 

.  :fc» 

161 

tS8 

(M 

«0 

166 

«7 

....v,*,ri9 
i'll 

....it9,  KO 

640 

1} i« 

liiuli....  443 

4U,  667 

..487 

443 

vortH.496, 467 

266 

SS6 

816 

I SCO 

hd4-S96 

, h9S 

6:-8 

ni M7 

648 

;e<l 6(3 

213 

668 

644 

SOS 

lut  .  i87.  288 

SOS 

64.S,  660 

6(8 

I 137 

bl?.8U 

443 

giie 663 

...  £68 
'.'.'.V.'.'.'.\'.  866 
- 481 

U'i 

b"(3 

I 663 

6-15 

265 

ntriiui  . . ,  1 18 

iSM 

I    281 

imber  ....  706 

369 

« 608 

ow 268 

ett sua 

,ic 846 

496 

7(3 

I t9l 

)WortB  ....  287 

*cco 477 

lip 668 

nt 319 

498 

402,  6.1 

697 

410 

647 

344 
.  ■■.■.■.■.' 284,  890 
i-Pulplt  ...  668 

464 

ly 694 

}«flower  . . .  S46 

273 

696 

>rl» 696 

291 

Artichoke.  448 
Cherry..   .  677 

'••^  •:.:;:  M« 

d.......    .,  VMl 

led f»l 

664 

809 

C9S 


Jiidaii' Tre« 301 

Jiily-Hower  ., 229 

Juiifl  Onus 798 

JiKilpei' 6&i 

Kidney  KijHii 321 

Knap  weed 403 

Kniiwel .  26.) 

Knot  lllndweed 609 

Ki<rtKi'U8a 60/ 

I.ikbi'iKlnr  Tea 491 

Kitdlu"  Kiirdrop ,364 

Liilliix'  .Miintle 325 

I,k:liL's'  SllppBr.681,682,M7 

Liiillet' Treiisei 689 

I.  idy  Keni 8i4 

I.'iinb  l.ottuc* 4'J6 

I<ncli 662 

Liirkspiir 210 

Kiimel 621) 

I<iiiru.Htiiia 393 

li'tvetider 641 

liuiii  I'Unt 315 

I.oilwort 807,  608 

liB.ifciip 441) 

I<aiitlier-flower 201 

I^iitliei'-lenf 487 

l<aiitlierwood 623 

I'-;elt 711 

l<o.;iimliiouH  Plants  ..  296 

I<uinon 274 

'"""ce    473 

Ltvurwood 647 

1»  lie 598 

i'jly 707-709 

I.llyworln 703 

J<ily-<>r-tlie-valley  ....  714 

'•'">' Tico 272,274 

l<iiii  iitiitlis 281 

hi  lid  t!  1 2(2 

I.ln  liiiiblooras 271 

liio  i'»-eiir» ■..  858 

Lio  i'h  Coot 472 

Ijloii's-lieart 654 

J'lp  Pern 819 

Liveforcver 368 

lilverwoit 201 

l<lzii'd'(ail 657 

Lix.ir<luiU  Grass SUl 

I»o  IS  ids 388 


Meadow-beauty 347 

.Meadow  Grass  .  ..79«,  798 
Meadow  Kedlop  ..    ..  798 

Meadiiw  line 204 

.Meadow  Sweet 314 

Modick sO! 

.Melanths 716 

.Melnsionies 347 

Melic  Grass 795 

.Melllot siJ 

.Melon  Thistle 360 

Meiilspeimads 2(6 

.Merinuid-weed ;J6, 

.Mexican  Tea 613 

-Mexican  Vine 611 

.Miaml-mlHt 6fl<J 

•Mif^nonelte 241 

Milkweeds 691 

JJi'kwnrts  29:1,  29j 

.Milk  Vetch 317 

.Millet  Orass 783 

•Millfoil 367,457 

•Mint 842 

.Mistletoe 621 

.Mitrewort S69 


Ofelie 618 

UriiiiKv  worts 274 

Orchard  (;rasH 71,3 

Drcliidb 680 

OiThii 082,683,686 

Urpliie 368 

Osage  Orange '.  «,« 

Osier 651 

Ostrich  Kern gi8 

'Jxey* 445 

•."eony- 212,213 

I  Hinted  Clip  631 

P''1™««K» 666 

I  alms 666 

Panic  Oriiss 784 

P"n"y 242,244 


liobehiids 
Loblolly  Bay 

ItOcnst 

liOnK  .Moss... 
Inosestrire.. . 

I<opseed 

l<oqiiat 

I<oranths. 


....  4(5 

273 

319 

635 

..349,  601 
.  ...  618 

.S29 

621 


Inline  wort 532 

iiOViijfe 384 


Itovelie.i-bleedliig 

Iiucerne 

LiiiiKwuit 

hiipiiie ., 

I<ych  lidia  ..... 

Lychnis ., 

Lyine  (Jrass . 

MiMer  

Midder  worts 

M  id  won 

M  i'^  iiiliitits 

Mil  luiiliair 

Mill.iw 

Millows 

Mt>i;{el  Wni'tr.el. 

M  i.'i  II  Urasi,    .. 

M.it-»;'  tlij  KartU 


618 
313 

86.: 

311 

66, 

26( 

801 

401 

....  398 
....  233 
....  213 
....  82J 
.266-2tiS 
....  263 
....  61^ 
. . . .  7iW 
67:1 


....285,  286 

358 

465 

047 

443 


Mi|il 

M  tre'S'tall. . 

Mirii^oM  ... 

-Wirj  iritn  . . 

M  trsli  Kider 

.Mtrsli  KIcibiine. ..!.'.  439 

Husli  (irats '     803 

JJiisli  Mallow ."   266 

Mirsli  Mail^old 208 

S '■■"",  ""'emary 60S 

Mar  w. of.  Per,,/ gO.' 

Jiarvelworts 602 

JiMtwoiis  .^ 642 

681 


.Tinny  vii 
™m  Orass  .  , 
JJiv  Apple.  ., 
War  flower  .. 
Maywead  ..... 


.Mockerniit 641 

.Mock  Orange 374 

.Modesty 382 

Mole  trae 626 

Molncca  lialtn 855 

.Moneywort 805 

.Monkey  dower 822 

Monk's-hood 211 

.Moonseed , 2I6 

.Moonwort 816 

Morning  Glory 871 

.Moss  Pink 869 

.Moss  Plant 486 

•Motherwort 657 

.MonntHln  Ash .333 

.Honntain  Kern 820 

.Mountain  Kriiige 226 

.MonntHln  Heath 48* 

.Mountain  .Mint 550 

.Mountain  Uice 780 

Mountain  Sorrel 604 

Mourning  Uilde 406 

.>loiiKe-«ar 46I 

.Monsetall 208 

.Mud  Purslnne 253 

Mudwort 828 

Mi'gwort 459 

Mm  berry....  340.  034,  6J8 

■Mullein 818 

.Mullein  Pink 287 

.Musk  .Mallow 26( 

.Mnskinelon 365 

Musk  Plant 523 

.MustHrd 2:13-233 

J|y  ■•'!«,;•■ 346,492 

■nyrtleblooms 346 

Naiads 

Vail  wort 

Narcissus    .   .. 
Nasiurlion  .... 

Neck  weed 

.Nectarine 

Neliinibo 

.Vetile,  Neltleworis!!! 

.VuttluTiee 

.Vew  Voik  Pern 

■VigliiKhiides 576 

Niiieburk 

•Nipplewort [ 

.Vonesiich  \\ 

•Vut  (JiHSS \" 

.Viitmeg-flower  . .. 
.V  lit  Sedge 


218 
618 
218 
388 
328 
379 


77>i 
218 
485 


Oak... 

Oak  of' Jerusalem 

Oat 

Ogeecliie  Mme 

Okra 

Oil-mit ■ 

Oilseed 

Oldman's-beard  . . 

Oleander 

Oleaster.. 
Olive  ..  . 
Olives... 
Onagrads 
Oninn . 


467|Opliins  Poppy. 


..  67.; 
..  262 
..  693 

..  281 
..  627 
..  3^8 
.  220 
..  6% 
..  6U 
824 
,  &(( 
344 
469 
,  31.i 
(3t 
209 
....  746 
64.'-^  16 
...  613 
79J 
.19^ 
....  2(0 
....  622 
....  fill 
••   .  699 
. ...  890 
6«.  624 
.    . .  89<» 
...  ,197 
...    .IV) 
711.712 
...    224 


PapHw 

Paper  .Mulberry  . 
Pnppoone  Koot.. 

I'Hisley 

Parsley  Piert 

Parsnip 

Partildgebcrry .'."  JoT 

Pasque-flower 202 

Passion  .flower .S63 

PassionworlH 862 

•;«»•/ 303 

J.««ih 328 

Peii'iut 306 

}>'■, 332 

I  earlwort 260 

Pea  Vine 322 

I'ecaiiMiit 641 

Pedaliiids 514 

£e"",07 638 

Pencil-flower 306 

Penny  royal  844 

Pennywort 377,887 

'epP«f 678 

Pepper-uiid'KHit 384 

PeppcrgiMss 238,  239 

Peppermint 543 

Pepfierroot 230 

PeiiperworlH giy 

Periwinkle 689 

Pei'slrainon  600 

Pettytnonel 389 

Petunia 58O 

Pheasant's  eye..,. 205,  254 

Kh|ox 567 

Phloxworts 667 

Pickerel-weed 721 

PIcotees 264 

Pie  Plant 604 

Pigmy. weed 367 

}!!«•""-, 642 

illdweed ei.'},  617 

Pimpernel 605,  608 

i*!"* 659-661 


Pine -sap 

Pink 

Pink -root  .... 
Pinkworts  ... 

Piiiweed 

I'inxier-bloom 

Hil-es 

Pipewood  ..... 

Pipewort 

Pipsissiwa 

Pitcher  Plant  . 

Plane  Tree 

Plaiiiaiii 

I'liim 

Plume  (ii'Hss 

Poison  Haw 

I'dikon  Hemlock  . 

Piiii-on  Ivy 

Poison  Oak 

Poke,  Pokeworts. 

Pobir  Plant 

I'olypod 

Holypog  Grass  ... 

PomegrHnutu 

Pond  Uly 

Pond  Spice 621 

I'ond  weed 673-675 

I'oorniHirs    Weather- 
„  »r'««" rm 

••"•P''!-  2i.i.  655 

Pnppy 223,  224 

"•oppyworts 222 

P"*"»" 676 

Poverty  Grass 779 

Prairie  Uurdoek 441 


493 

251 

615 

«5;< 

245 

49J 

814 

488 

7i9 

49< 

221 

6i0 

60) 

.327,328 

807 

398 

385 

284 

?,S4 
6IU 
441 
M8 
777 
316 
220 


Prickly  Pear }6U 

{I'^^l'^'y  Vppy 2» 

Pride  ol  India sjfl 

Pride  of  Ohio 603 

Pride  of  the  .Meadow  .  846 
Prim rgo 

■a,  ..... VVW 

rrlmiose 502 

Priinworts 601 

Prince's-feather. .  .609, 617 
Prince's  Pine 'Jgi 

i;-^'"*' 690 

Pnccoon  jgl 

{•umpkin nt-6 

Pursfanes 263,  i:64 

Putty. root f87 

blinking  Grass 7ti9 

(jniimasli 710 

yiieen  ofthe-Praiiie..  844 

Qnich  Grass tH}i 

(jnillwort g,u 

y*''"" 8S3 

Kadish 240 

Hugged  Robin 267 

Knni'sheHd £82 

jUspberry S40 

Itattail  Grass H)6 

Kniilepod Jjo 

Rattle  snake  Kern 816 

Hull lesnake  Plantain.  6f9 

"«'^  ^«y 6J0 

Red  Hud 3m 

ge"!  Osier "  391 

Jjed  root 291,  696 

S«'*-«0P 7(4 

Keed  Grass 776,  77* 

Reed  Mace 671 

Rescue  Grass 791 

Rhiibnrb 604 

Rjhworts  , ■..■  606 

Rice 7-3 

Richweed ".  637 

Uiver-weed 667 

Robin's  Plantain 428 

Kock  Cress 231 

Ropket 234 

Bock  Polypod 822 

Rock  Rose 246,  246 

S°»e;-- ••, 333,337 

Rose  Acacia 319 

Hose  Campion 287 

Ruse  Hay 350,  490 

Rosemary 660,  6i9 


Roseworts  . . . 
Rosin  weed  .. 

Rue 

Rue  Anemone 
Rueworts  .... 
Rush 


....  324 
....  ■'41 
....  ViW 

■  -..  a'3 

■  • . .  i«i 

722-»j47 

Rutland  Ueauty......  b;n 


Rye.    

•Saffron 

Sage 

Saltwort.... 
Samphire  ... 
Saiidalworts 
•Sand  Grass. 
•Sand  Myrtle 
Sand  Reed  . . 
•Sandwort  ... 

Sanlcle 

Karsaparilla. 
•"^assHfras.... 
•Sailn  flower, 
^aururads... 
•Saw  (iiass 


•466,  7lM 

648 

..616.  616 

619 

622 

7W 

492 

ya 

it!) 

?;« 

702 
610 
ii6 
666 
(46 


3i>9,  701, 


SHj«frage  326,  369,  .S70,  i',  I 
Scabisli  4,^6 

«e«'«'<y 612 

Scorpion  •Senna stg 

Scouring  Rush  ..  813,  814 
Scratch  Grass 610 


Sciewslem  ... 

Scullcap 

Scuppertiong. . 
Scurvy  Grass  . 
Sea  Ox-rve  ... 
rcn  licctiit  .  . 
Sea  Sandwort  . 
Seaside  Oats  ... 
Sea  Wormwood 
P««-wr»ck  ..  .. 
Stdf 


732. 


664 
19;J 
i-M 
440 

i.v3 

rei 

fOO 

4ea 

673 

T47 


832 


Mc'tret 731 

M<i«J-liox Sfi6 

ttoir-hettl U2 

itdiiavA  iittu* 7tl9 

Hdiieca  tiuitke-root ...  'Hi 

su>ta» 3UU,  aui 

8a<itUiv«  Brier »W 

iitan»IUr*  Fern HJA 

Wmiidva  Pm 300 

M«iiaitt re  Plant... ^aM,  3U0 
fltrpant  Uueumbar  ...  3lii 

lihtMaa  OrMi iUii 

SliadJook  Tree 274 

MhndBowrar 329 

Mhitgbitrlc 6tU,  Ml 

Hhittaroclc 312 

Miksep-polBon 48  > 

ghsep'iorrel 606 

aiisll-aower U5 

Mtaphard'c-puraa  ....  'Ai 

HhtaldParn 823 

Wiriib  Trafoil 2l» 

Sicklepod 232 

Mad-Mtddla-Hower 22i 

M.I  :< -cottons 271 

Si  IK  weed  692 

Silver-weed 343 

Mliigle-seed  Caoumber  Si4 

Skiill-cap 527,  552 

Mkiink-obbitga 6u9 

Sloe 3-28,  89-( 

ShniU 313 

Smke  head 62U 

8n»p-dr«eon 519 

Mneeiewort 455.  458 

Snowball SW 

itnow-berry 391 

Hnow-drop 694 

Hnowdrop  Tree 499 

Siiuw-tlake 693 

Soap-berry 288 

iloapwort 254 

Sort  Grass 789 

SotomaD'8-8<'Hl...7l4,  7IS 

Morrel 6U3,  60ii 

horrelTroa 488 

Sorrelworu tOS 

Noutliarnwood 460 

How  Thistle 474 

Spanish -daggers TU9 

SpaiiUh-moas 69(i 

8p:init>h- needles.. 453,  709 

Spe;ir  Grass 796,  798 

Siiearmlnt 542 

i*|)e.irwort 'Mi 

Hpaadwell 626,  527 

.-•pico-wood 621 

Hplder-Howar 24U 

Mplderwort 726,  727 

Spiked  Bush 736 

Spikenard 389 

Spinacti,  Splnuiie  ....  615 

Spindle  Tree 289 

Spleenwurt..SS8,  820,  821 

l^>ongeTree 293 

Spooiiwood 485 

Spriiig-beanty 201 

Spruce 661 

Spurge 625 

SfHirge  Ntsttle 6:j0 

Spurvaworts 624 


INDEX. 


^ 


Spnrry 261 

Squasll 366 

dquaw-root 612 

Squill ilO 

Squirrel -corn 2:i& 

Squlrrsl-Ull  Urass  ...  801 

Siair  Tree m 

Stagger  Uualt 4i]8 

Standing  Uypress 669 

•St.  Andiew's-cross...  247 

.Star  Anise 213 

Star-or-Uethleliem      .  710 

Star  Orass 096,  W 

Star  Thistle  466 

Starwort 667 

St.  John's-wort...246,  217 

Stock 229 

Stone  -«rop 367,  368 

St.  Peter's-wort 247 

St.  Peler's-wrealh  ...  .<M4 

Strawberry S4l 

Strawberry  Tomato  . .  .579 

Succory 469 

Sugar  Berry 634 

Sugarcane 807.  806 

«ngar  Tree 286 

Sumac 283,286 

Snnmer  Savory 616 

Sundews 261 

SunHower 447,  418 

Supplejack 291 

Swamp  I.anrel 485 

Swamp  Pink 489 

Sweet  Knsil 541 

Sweet  Brier 336 

.•«weet  Cicely 383 

Sweet  Fern 651 

Sweet  KUg 670 

Sweet  IMIa KO 

Sweet  Oura  Tree 375 

Sweet  Pen 301 

Sweet  Pepperbush  . . .  492 

Sweet  Potato 671 

Sweet  Keedgrass 776 

Sweet-scented  Clover.-  314 
Sweet-scented  Shrub  .^346 

Sweet-Hultan 4H6> 

Sweet  Vernal  Unut ..  789 

Sweet  Viburnum 308 

Sweet-williani ....  254,  25r 

Swine-cress 239 

Sycamore 287,640 

Sycamores 639 

Tacamelinc 696 

Tallow  Tree 629 

Tamarac 662 

Tansy.   459 

Tansy  Mustard 234 

Tares 305 

Tassel  flower 462,463 

Tea  Rose,  Teaworts  . .  173 

Teasel 4(K> 

Thimble  Berry 340 

Thin  Orass 776 

Thistle 467 

Thorn 330,331 

Thorn  apple 681 

Thoronghwax 382 

Thoroughwort 417 

Threndfoot taj 

Thrav-birds 619,690 


Three-seed  Mercury. .  629 

Thrit BOB 

Thyme  647 

Tick  seed 46U 

Tiger-dower 699 

Tiiuulhy  Grass 7;9 

ToadKlar 818,  619 

Tobacco  581 

Tomato 570 

Tongue-grass 23ti 

Tooihache  Orass  ....  tlOti 

Touch-me-not 280 

Tower  Mustard 220 

Trailing  Arbutus 48: 

Tree  Asalea 490 

Tree-of  Heaven 283 

Tree  Urchis 691 

Triiliads 704 

Trophy  worts UW 

Trumpet-flower. . .  512,  613 

Trumpet-leHf 222 

TrnraiMt- weed 416,  474 

Tuberose 694 

Tulepo 892 

Tulip 707 

Tulip  Tree 216 

Turmeric    .jct 212 

Turk's  Ci 360,708 

Turnip 235 

Turtle-head. 620 

Twayblade 688 

Twin-flower 393 

Twin-Iesf 218 

Twist  loot 718 

Typhadn 671 

Umbelworts >375 

Umbrella  leaf 218 

Umbrellii  Tree 214 

Unicorn  Plant 614 

Union  Grass 800 

Valerian 404 

Vanilla  Plant 413 

Vegetable  Oyster 470 

Venus' -comb 38.1 

VeslBs'-fly-trap 252 

Venus'  Ijooking-glass.  479 

Vervain 636,637 

Vetch 304,306 

Victoria  i.iiy 221 

Violet 241.242 

Virginia  Creeper.  ...293 
Virginia Snakeroot...  602 
Virginia  Stone-crop  . .  368 

Vlrgin'sbower 2U0 

Wake-robin 704 

Walking  Pern 821 

Wallflower 232,233 

Wall  Pepper 368 

Walnut 640 

Water  Beans 219 

Water-carpet 369 

Water-«:ress 228 

Water  Dropwort 380 

Water-feather 601 

Water  Hemlock 386 

Water  Hemp 618 

Water  lloarhound 643 

Water-leaf 664 

Water  Lily 220 

Water  Melon 365 

Water  MUKoil 357 


Water  Kymph  

Water  Parsnip 

Water  Pepper 

Water  Peppers 

Water  Pitchers 

Water  I'laiiialn 

Water  Purslane 

Water  ^hield  

Water  'liiruet 

Wax  My  111.. 

Whx  riHiit 

Weather  Glass....... 

Wheat 

Wheat-»liief 

Whip  Grass 

Whislle-wooU 

While  l<av 

White  Hent 

While  Grass 

While  l.ettnre 

White-weed 417, 

While-wood 

Whitlow  grasN    

Wild  Bergamot 

Wild  Bulface 

Wild  Caraway  

Wild  KIder 

Wild  Ginger 

Wild  Indigo 

V/ild  Lettuce 

Wild  Mttndraki' 

Wild  Oats 

Wild  Pink. .4 

Wild  Potato. 

Wild  Kosemai y 

Wild  Kye....     

Wild  Sarsaparillu... 

Wild  Service 

Willow 651- 

Willow  herb 

Wllloworts 

Wind-flower 

Winter-berry 

Wintergreen 486, 

Witch  fiatel 

Woad 

WoHii-waxen 

WolPs-bane 

Wolfberry 

Woodbine 

Wood  Grass 

Wood  Nettle 

Wood  Sorrel 

Wormseed 

Wormwood 

Xyrids 

Yam  root 

Yarrow 

Yew 

Yellow-eyed  Grass.  .. 

YbIIow  Koxglove 

Yellow  Jessamine 

Yellow  Phlox 

Yellow  Pond-Illy 

Yellow  Poppy 

Yellow  Rattle 

Yellow-root 

Yellow-seed 

Yellow-wood 

Ynlan  

Zigadene 


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